0004446060 1..1978-3-319-68536-6/1.pdfMajda M. Thurnher † Àlex Rovira Editors Clinical Neuroradiology The ESNR Textbook With 1665 Figures and 249 Tables. Editors Frederik Barkhof

Clinical Neuroradiology

Frederik Barkhof • Hans Rolf JägerMajda M. Thurnher • Àlex RoviraEditors

Clinical Neuroradiology

The ESNR Textbook

With 1665 Figures and 249 Tables

EditorsFrederik BarkhofDepartment of Radiology andNuclear MedicineVU University Medical Centre (VUmc)Amsterdam, The Netherlands

UCL Institutes of BiomedicalEngineering and NeurologyLondon, UK

Hans Rolf JägerUCL Institute of NeurologyThe National Hospital for Neurology andNeurosurgery and University CollegeHospital (UCH)London, UK

Department of BrainRepair and RehabilitationNeuroradiological Academic UnitUCL Institute of NeurologyLondon, UK

Lysholm Department of NeuroradiologyNational Hospital for Neurology andNeurosurgeryLondon, UK

Imaging DepartmentUniversity College London HospitalsLondon, UK

Majda M. ThurnherSection of Neuroradiology andMusculoskeletal RadiologyDepartment of Biomedical Imaging andImage-guided TherapyUniversity Hospital ViennaVienna, Austria

Àlex RoviraDepartment of Radiology and NuclearMedicine Vall d’HebronUniversity HospitalProfessor of Radiology andNeuroimmunologyAutonomous University of BarcelonaVall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)Barcelona, Spain

ISBN 978-3-319-68535-9 ISBN 978-3-319-68536-6 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-319-68537-3 (print and electronic bundle)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68536-6

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole orpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse ofillustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, orby similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral withregard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Preface

The ESNR textbook Clinical Neuroradiology is inspired by the fine traditionof teaching by the European Society of Neurology, with many chapters writtenby teachers of their ECNR courses. Contrary to classical encyclopedic text-books, Clinical Neuroradiology offers a more practical approach that willallow the reader tailoring the neuroradiological examination to the clinicalsituation and integrating the findings in a meaningful manner to informdiagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning/evaluation. Each chapter startswith the clinical presentation and relevant pathology background of the par-ticular conditions, and then discusses the protocol for the examination,followed by a description of the imaging findings that are summarized inchecklist form, and sample reports, thus providing useful guidance for clinicalreporting. Treatment options are also discussed, in particular how imaging canbe used to assess response to therapy and its side effects.

While the focus is on diagnostic neuroradiology, interventional neuroradiol-ogy is discussed as well, with a focus on understanding the indications and typesof procedures available for vascular and spine disorders. We present a total of76 chapters in 13 sections including pediatric neuroradiology and neuromusculardiseases, alongside more classical topics such as tumors, infections, CSF flowdisturbances, inflammation, epilepsy, intocications and trauma. Information ispresented in a practical manner including tables of differential diagnoses andchapters on normal aging and incidentalfindings. Being an online book, chapterswill be updated regularly to maintain the state-of-the-art information, allowingeven for the introduction of new chapters. We hope this book will servepracticing neuroradiologists and students attending the ECNR courses.

We are indebted to the hard work of many colleagues who made this bookpossible. We are grateful for the inspiration given to us by our mentors andcolleagues including Jaap Valk, Ivan Moseley, Jordi Ruscalleda, MarcoLeonardi, Massimo Gallucci, and Pierre Lasjaunias, among many others, forwhom clinical reasoning and teaching were essential elements ofneuroradiology.

Frederik BarkhofHans Rolf Jäger

Majda M. Thurnher

Àlex Rovira

v

Contents

Volume 1

Part I Indications, Technique, and Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 Clinical Neuroradiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Frederik Barkhof and Àlex Rovira

2 Neuroanatomy for the Neuroradiologist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Christen D. Barras, Tarek A. Yousry, and Frederik Barkhof

3 Incidental Findings on Neuroimaging and NormalVariants That May Mimic Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Meike W. Vernooij and Tarek A. Yousry

4 Cranial Nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Sven Haller, Frederik Barkhof, Robin Smithuis, and BernhardSchuknecht

Part II Cerebrovascular Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

5 Cranial Vessel Embryology and Imaging Anatomy . . . . . . . 95Pedro Vilela

6 Major Artery Ischemic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Rüdiger von Kummer and Aad van der Lugt

7 Small Vessel Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Hans Rolf Jäger and Beatriz Gomez-Anson

8 Rarer Systemic Causes of Ischemic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Patricia Svrckova and Aad van der Lugt

9 Imaging of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage . . . . . . 223Sven Dekeyzer, Massimo Muto, Carlo Augusto Mallio, andPaul M. Parizel

10 Intracranial Vascular Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Luisa Biscoito

vii

11 Imaging and Management in SubarachnoidHemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299René van den Berg

12 Imaging of Cerebral Venous and Sinus Thrombosis . . . . . . . 325Pedro Vilela

Part III Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

13 Traumatic Brain Injury: Imaging Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355Sven Dekeyzer, Luc van den Hauwe, Thijs Vande Vyvere, andPaul M. Parizel

14 Spine and Spinal Cord Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401Jasmina Boban, Majda M. Thurnher, and Johan W. VanGoethem

Part IV CSF Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

15 Imaging of CSF Spaces: Anatomy, Physiology, andHydrodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431Mark S. Igra, Charles Anthony Józef Romanowski, andStavros Michael Stivaros

16 Hydrocephalus in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451Ian Craven

17 Obstructive Hydrocephalus in Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465Joanna Bladowska and Marek J. Sąsiadek

18 Communicating Hydrocephalus: Normal PressureHydrocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489

Àlex Rovira

19 Imaging of Spinal CSF Disorders: Syringomyelia . . . . . . . . . 519Julija Pavaine and Dominic Thompson

20 Imaging of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension . . . . . . . . . 545Anna Zimny and Marek J. Sąsiadek

21 CSF Hypotension and CSF Leaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557Joanna Bladowska, Daniel J. Warren, Mario Muto, andCharles Anthony Józef Romanowski

22 Radiological Assessment of Hydrocephalus Treatment andTreatment-related Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579Patrick John McMullan and Charles Anthony JózefRomanowski

viii Contents

Part V Infectious Brain Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

23 Neuroimaging in Bacterial and Mycobacterial Infectionsof the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601Majda M. Thurnher

24 Fungal and Parasitic Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625Tomás Freddi, Laiz Laurade Godoy, Fabricio GuimaraesGoncalves, César Augusto Alves, and Prasad Hanagandi

25 Infections in Immunocompromised Individuals . . . . . . . . . . 661Majda M. Thurnher

26 Imaging in Viral CNS Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691Tomás Freddi, Laiz Laura de Godoy, Fabricio GuimaraesGoncalves, César Augusto Alves, and Prasad Hanagandi

Volume 2

Part VI Inflammatory and Autoimmune Brain Diseases . . . . . . 725

27 Multiple Sclerosis and Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727

Àlex Rovira and Frederik Barkhof

28 Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD) . . . . . 769

Jens Wuerfel, Àlex Rovira, Friedemann Paul, and FrederikBarkhof

29 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis and OtherAcute Parainfectious Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787

Cristina Auger and Àlex Rovira

30 Vasculitis and Other Inflammatory Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . 809Esther Sánchez Aliaga

31 Autoimmune-Mediated Encephalitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849H. Urbach, P. T. Meyer, and G. Jamneala

Part VII Epilepsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861

32 Neuroradiological Evaluation of Patients with Seizures . . . . 863Nuria Bargalló, Xavier Setoain, and Mar Carreño

33 Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) and Neuroimaging . . . . . . . 891Juan Alvarez-Linera

34 Neuroimaging Evaluation in Neocortical Epilepsies . . . . . . . 915Nadia Colombo, Nuria Bargalló, and D. Redaelli

Contents ix

35 Long-Term Epilepsy-Associated Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951H. Urbach

36 Status Epilepticus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965Silvana Sarria-Estrada and Manuel Toledo

37 Surgical and Post-surgical Evaluation of Epilepsy . . . . . . . . 991Paolo Vitali, Cristina Rosazza, and Nadia Colombo

Part VIII Tumor and Tumorlike Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025

38 Clinical Presentations, Differential Diagnosis, andImaging Work-Up of Cerebral Mass Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027Francesca Benedetta Pizzini, Stefanie Thust, andHans Rolf Jäger

39 Glial Tumors and Primary CNS Lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051Philipp Kickingereder and Sotirios Bisdas

40 Neuronal and Mixed Glioneuronal Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075Francesco Carletti

41 Imaging Techniques for Neurosurgical Planning ofTumor Resection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1105Adam Kenji Yamamoto

42 Extra-axial Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115Stefanie Thust and Atul Kumar

43 Tumors of the Sellar and Parasellar Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151Fabrice Bonneville, Margaux Roques, and Francesco Carletti

44 Skull-Base Tumors and Related Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183JanW. Casselman, Stephanie Vanden Bossche, Elias Pretorius,and Bert De Foer

45 CNS Involvement in Non-CNS Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1217Marion Smits

Part IX Dementia and Neurodegenerative Diseases . . . . . . . . . 1249

46 Neurodegenerative Disorders: Classification andImaging Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1251Sven Haller, Valentina Garibotto, and Frederik Barkhof

47 Neuroimaging in Normal Brain Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277Meike W. Vernooij and Frederik Barkhof

48 Neuroimaging in Dementia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295Sven Haller and Frederik Barkhof

49 Neuroimaging in Movement Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1327Sven Haller, Valentina Garibotto, and Stefan Schwarz

x Contents

Part X Toxic and Acquired Metabolic Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . 1363

50 Exogenous Toxins and CNS Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1365Zoran Rumboldt, Hrvoje Vavro, and Martina Špero

51 Radiological Findings of Drug-Induced NeurotoxicDisorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1403Claudia Godi and Andrea Falini

52 Radiation and Chemotherapy Induced Injury . . . . . . . . . . . 1431Antonella Castellano and Nicoletta Anzalone

53 Acquired Metabolic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1459Charlie Chia-Tsong Hsu and Timo Krings

54 Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) . . . 1499Claudia Godi and Andrea Falini

Volume 3

Part XI Pediatric Neuroradiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1513

55 Brain Developmental Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1515Marinos Kontzialis, Asim F. Choudhri, and Thierry A. G. M.Huisman

56 Intrauterine Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1541Nadine Girard and Jean-François Hak

57 Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1585Maria I. Argyropoulou, Vasiliki C. Mouka, and Vasileios G.Xydis

58 Imaging in Spine and Spinal Cord DevelopmentalMalformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1609Andrea Rossi

59 Leukodystrophies and Inherited Metabolic Conditions . . . . 1641Saipriya Ramji, Frederik Barkhof, and Kshitij Mankad

60 Phakomatoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1677Vanessa Pfahler and Birgit Ertl-Wagner

61 Pediatric Stroke and Radiological Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1705Richard Roger Warne, Saipriya Ramji, and Wui K. Chong

62 Pediatric Tumor Neuroradiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1743Sotirios Bisdas and Felice D’Arco

63 Perinatal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1821Vasileios G. Xydis, Vasiliki C. Mouka, andMaria I. Argyropoulou

Contents xi

Part XII Spine and Spinal Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1849

64 Spine and Cord Imaging Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1851Gianluigi Guarnieri, Mario Muto, and Letterio Salvatore Politi

65 Degenerative Disorders of the Spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1873Teresa Popolizio and Roberto Izzo

66 Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders of the Spine . . . . . . . 1919Marcel Wolf and Marc-André Weber

67 Neuroimaging in Inflammatory and InfectiousDiseases of the Spinal Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1949Philippe Demaerel and Sarah Cappelle

68 Osteoporosis and Metabolic Spine Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973Teresa Popolizio and Roberto Izzo

69 Percutaneous Image-Guided Spine Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . 1995Mario Muto, Francesco Giurazza, Gianluigi Guarnieri, andStefano Marcia

70 Tumors of the Spine and Spinal Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2031Majda M. Thurnher

71 Imaging of Vascular Disorders of the Spine andSpinal Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2067Civan Islak and Naci Kocer

Part XIII Peripheral Nervous System and NeuromuscularDisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2101

72 Dystrophic Myopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2103Leroy ten Dam and Marianne de Visser

73 Toxic and Drug-Induced Myopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2129Soeren Andrew Peters and Rudolf Andre Kley

74 Neuroimaging in Non-dystrophic Myopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . 2145Susana Quijano-Roy and Robert Yves Carlier

75 Imaging of Inflammatory Myopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2185Umesh A. Badrising and Hermien E. Kan

76 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Peripheral Nerve . . . . . 2199Roberto Gasparotti and Michela Leali

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2235

xii Contents

About the Editors

Frederik Barkhof Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VUUniversity Medical Centre (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands

UCL Institutes of Biomedical Engineering and Neurology, London, UK

Frederik Barkhof received his M.D. from VU University, Amsterdam (NL), in1988, and defended his Ph.D. thesis in 1992, for which he received the PhilipsPrize for Radiology (1992) and the Lucien Appel Prize for Neuroradiology(1994). Since 2001, he serves as a Full Professor in Neuroradiology in theDepartment of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine at VUmc. In 2015, he wasappointed Full Professor of Neuroradiology at the institutes of BiomedicalEngineering and Neurology at UCL in London (UK) to translate novel imag-ing techniques and became a fellow of the Royal College of Radiology.

Professor Barkhof was the Chairman of the Dutch Society of Neuroradiol-ogy and the MAGNIMS study group for many years. He leads the QueenSquare MS Centre Trial Unit, involved in the analysis of multicenter drugtrials. He serves on the editorial boards of Radiology, Brain,Multiple SclerosisJournal, Neuroradiology, and Neurology. In 2018 he received the John DystelPrize by the AAN and NMSS for his significant contributions to MS research.In 2019, he became a senior fellow of the ISMRM.

Barkhof’s research interests focus on childhood white matter disease,multiple sclerosis (spinal cord MRI, gray matter, atrophy, and histopathologycorrelations), aging (white matter lesions and microbleeds), and dementia(structural, functional, and molecular MR and PET). He has (co)authored

xiii

more than 1000 papers referenced in PubMed, and is listed among the 3000most influential scientists worldwide by Thompson-Reuters. He is the authorof the books Neuroimaging in Dementia and Clinical Applications of Func-tional Brain MRI.

Cumulatively, he has received in excess of €25 million in grant money fromvarious national and international funding agencies and has performed con-tract research for all major pharmaceutical companies, with a cumulativecontract value exceeding €15 million. More than 40 Ph.D. students havegraduated under his supervision and 3 of them have subsequently attained afull professorship.

Hans Rolf Jäger UCL Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital forNeurology and Neurosurgery and University College Hospital (UCH),London, UK

Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Neuroradiological AcademicUnit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK

Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology andNeurosurgery, London, UK

Imaging Department, University College London Hospitals, London, UK

Rolf Jäger studied Medicine at the Universities of Freiburg, Germany, andMontpellier, France (as recipient of a bursary from the French government).He obtained his M.D. with “magna cum laude” at the University of Freiburgin 1983.

After 3 years in Internal Medicine, he underwent training in Radiology atthe Hammersmith Hospital, London, and obtained the Fellowship of the RoyalCollege of Radiologists in 1991. Subsequently, he trained in Neuroradiology atthe National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square,London, and in Interventional Neuroradiology with Pierre Lasjaunias atHôpital Bicêtre, Paris.

Rolf Jäger became Consultant Neuroradiologist at the National Hospital forNeurology and Neurosurgery in 1997, with joint academic appointments at theUCL Institute of Neurology, where he was promoted to Full Professor inNeuroradiology in 2014.

xiv About the Editors

During the course of his career, Rolf Jäger has been implementing advancedMR imaging techniques, such as gadolinium-based perfusion techniques,hemorrhage-sensitive imaging (T2� and SWI), carotid plaque imaging, intra-cranial vessel wall imaging, and ASL perfusion imaging and angiography.

He thereby created platforms for clinical translational research, the resultsof which made seminal contributions to the understanding of disease processesand influenced patient management.

His clinical interest and research focus are cerebrovascular diseases, braintumors, as well as neuro-infection (in particular HIV), and neurodegenerativediseases.

He has been the imaging lead of several national and international multi-center clinical trials in these fields with an overall grant funding of £5.6million.

Rolf Jäger has built strong research collaborations with leading academicinstitutions in Europe, the USA, and South America, and regularly supervisesvisiting fellows from these institutions. He has supervised 16 Ph.D. students atthe UCL Institute of Neurology.

He has published 180 peer-reviewed articles, including several publicationsin the New England Journal of Medicine, Lancet Neurology, and Brain.

He has published 1 book and 25 book chapters and is editor of theNeuroimaging Section of Grainger and Allison’s Diagnostic Radiology.

Rolf Jäger was Chairman of the Publications Committee of the EuropeanSociety of Neuroradiology from 2004 to 2009 and has been a regular memberof the teaching faculty of the European Course of Neuroradiology, as well aseducational speaker at the European Congress of Radiology (ECR) since 2003.

As an internationally sought-after speaker. he has given 60 invited talks inthe past 5 years.

Majda M. Thurnher Section of Neuroradiology and MusculoskeletalRadiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy,University Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Majda Thurnher is Associate Professor of Radiology at theMedical Universityof Vienna since 2001. Her primary focus is on neuroradiology, especially CNSinfections, demyelinating diseases, and spinal imaging.

Her published work includes 70 scientific articles and 40 book chapters.She has contributed as a reviewer and editorial board member to numerous

About the Editors xv

national and international journals, including guest editorship of special issuesof European Radiology and Neuroimaging Clinics of North America. She waseditorial board member of European Radiology and American Journal ofNeuroradiology AJNR, and is currently editorial board member of Neurora-diology, and Associate Editor of Journal of Neuroradiology.

She has delivered more than 370 invited lectures at national and interna-tional meetings, and has been a regular member of the program planningcommittees for the European Congress of Radiology (ECR) European Societyof Neuroradiology (ESNR) annual meeting, and Co-director of the EuropeanCourse in Neuroradiology (ECNR).

At the ECR 2011, Professor Thurnher gave a prestigious “Pierre and MarieCurie Honorary Lecture.”

She has been invited as a Guest Professor at numerous European andAmerican universities, and became the very first recipient of “The JohnsHopkins Milosh Petrovich Travel Grant” in 2008.

She was awarded the European School of Radiology “ESOR TeachingAward” in 2013 and 2017. Thurnher is the Honorary Member of severalneuroradiological societies.

Thurnher has served as President of the European Society ofNeuroradiology-Diagnostic and Interventional (ESNR) from 2014 to 2016,and is currently a CEO of the European Board of Neuroradiology (EBNR).

Àlex Rovira Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Vall d’HebronUniversity Hospital, Professor of Radiology and Neuroimmunology, Autono-mous University of Barcelona, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR),Barcelona, Spain

Àlex Rovira is a full-time neuroradiologist, who gained his M.D. in 1983 at theAutonomous University of Barcelona. After formal training in Radiology atVall d’Hebron University Hospital (Barcelona), he undertook a visiting fel-lowship at Shands Hospital (Gainesville, University of Florida) in 1989. In1990, he became staff neuroradiologist at the Section of Neuroradiology atVall d’Hebron Hospital (Barcelona, Spain). Rovira is Director of the Section ofNeuroradiology at University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona (Spain). Heis also Professor of Radiology and Neuroimmunology at the AutonomousUniversity of Barcelona.

xvi About the Editors

He is specialized in diagnostic neuroradiology and head and neck radiol-ogy, with particular interest in demyelinating diseases, stroke, neuro-oncology,hepatic encephalopathy, and head and neck tumors.

Rovira was past President of the European Society of Neuroradiology,member of the MAGNIMS (European Multicenter Collaborative ResearchNetwork on MRI in MS), member of the Executive Committee of the SpanishSociety of Radiology, and member of the World Federation of Neuroradiolog-ical Societies. He is on the editorial boards of the American Journal ofNeuroradiology, Neuroradiology, and the MS Forum, and member of theInternational Advisory Board on Clinical Trials in MS. He also served asPresident of the Spanish Society of Neuroradiology (2009–2015), on theLucien Appel Prize Award Jury of the European Society of Neuroradiology(2006–2012), as Editor of Neuroradiology in the Spanish Journal of Radiol-ogy, as Director of the 10th and 11th Cycles of the Pierre Lasjaunias EuropeanCourse of Neuroradiology (2008–2012), and as Chairman of MAGNIMS(2012–2018). Rovira has authored or coauthored more than 330 articles,30 book chapters or monographs, and more than 400 invited conferencepresentations. He has an H-index of 56.

He has been invited as Visiting Professor at the University of Toronto, atMcGill University (Montreal), at Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology(UCL, London), at Ottawa University, and at the University of North Carolina(Chapel Hill). In 2019, he will become honorary member of the PaulistaSociety of Radiology and of the Polish Society of Radiology.

About the Editors xvii

About the Section Editors

Hans Rolf Jäger UCL Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital forNeurology and Neurosurgery and University College Hospital (UCH),London, UK

Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Neuroradiological AcademicUnit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK

Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology andNeurosurgery, London, UK

Imaging Department, University College London Hospitals, London, UK

xix

Àlex Rovira Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vall d’HebronUniversity Hospital, Professor of Radiology and Neuroimmunology, Autono-mous University of Barcelona, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR),Barcelona, Spain

Majda M. Thurnher Section of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radi-ology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Uni-versity Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Johan Van Goethem Associate Professor of Neuro-imaging and BiomedicalImaging Techniques, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

Senior Staff Member, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium

Consultant, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium

President, European Society of Neuroradiology, Regensdorf, Switzerland

xx About the Section Editors

Charles Romanowski Consultant Neuroradiologist and Honorary ClinicalSenior Lecturer in Neuroradiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foun-dation Trust, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

Department of Neuroradiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK

Nuria Bargalló Radiology Department, Clinic Image Diagnostic Center(CDIC), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona and Magnetic Resonance Image CoreFacility, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain

Andrea Rossi Head, Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini,Genoa, Italy

About the Section Editors xxi

Rudiger Von Kummer Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden,Germany

Institut und Poliklinik für Neuroradiologie, Dresden, Saxonia, Germany

Sven Haller CIRD – Centre d’Imagerie Rive Droite, Genève, Switzerland

Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala,Sweden

Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

Mike Wattjes Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology,Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany

xxii About the Section Editors

Andrea Falini Professor of Neuroradiology, IRCCS San Raffaele ScientificInstitute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy

Mario Muto Department High Technology, Neuroradiology, Cardarelli Hos-pital, Naples, Italy

Tarek A. Yousry University College London, London, UK

About the Section Editors xxiii

Contributors

Juan Alvarez-Linera Neuroradiology, Hospital Ruber Internacional,Madrid, Spain

César Augusto Alves Neuroradiology Division, Children’s Hospital of Phil-adelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Nicoletta Anzalone Neuroradiology Unit and CERMAC, Vita-Salute SanRaffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

Maria I. Argyropoulou Department of Clinical Radiology and Imaging,Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece

Cristina Auger Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari Valld’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain

Umesh A. Badrising Department of Neurology, K5Q, Leiden UniversityMedical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

Nuria Bargalló Radiology Department, Clinic Image Diagnostic Center(CDIC), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona and Magnetic Resonance Image CoreFacility, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain

Frederik Barkhof Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VUUniversity Medical Centre (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands

UCL Institutes of Biomedical Engineering and Neurology, London, UK

Christen D. Barras Department of Radiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital,Adelaide, SA, Australia

South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, The University ofAdelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

Luisa Biscoito Neuroradiology Department, University Hospital SantaMaria, Lisbon, Portugal

Sotirios Bisdas The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery,University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK

Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK

Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK

Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany

xxv

Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, London, UK

Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Queen Square Institute ofNeurology, UCL, London, UK

Clinical Lead Neurooncology, Institute of Healthcare Engineering, UniversityCollege London, London, UK

Joanna Bladowska Department of General Radiology, Interventional Radi-ology and Neuroradiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland

Jasmina Boban Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Universityof Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia

Fabrice Bonneville Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pierre PaulRiquet, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France

Stephanie Vanden Bossche Department of Radiology, AZ St-Jan Brugge-Oostende, Bruges, Belgium

Department of Radiology, AZ Jan Palfijn, Ghent, Belgium

Sarah Cappelle Department of Radiology, University Hospitals KU Leuven,Leuven, Belgium

Francesco Carletti Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, NationalHospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (NHNN), and University CollegeHospital (UCH), London, UK

Robert Yves Carlier Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Ile-de-France Ouest,Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Garches, France

INSERM U 1179, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines(UVSQ), Versailles, France

Service d’Imagerie Médicale, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France

MarCarreño Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Neuroscience Institute,Hospital Clinic of Barcelona and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain

Jan W. Casselman Department of Radiology, AZ St-Jan Brugge-Oostende,Bruges, Belgium

Department of Radiology, AZ St-Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium

Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Antonella Castellano Neuroradiology Unit and CERMAC, Vita-Salute SanRaffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

Wui K. Chong UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK

Asim F. Choudhri Department of Radiology, University of Tennessee HealthScience Center, Memphis, TN, USA

Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center,Memphis, TN, USA

Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Cen-ter, Memphis, TN, USA

xxvi Contributors

Le Bonheur Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Mem-phis, TN, USA

Nadia Colombo Neuroradiology Department, Centro Regionale Chirurgiadell’Epilessia “Claudio Munari”, ASST Grande Ospedale MetropolitanoNiguarda Cà Granda, Milano, Italy

Ian Craven Department of Neuroradiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals,Leeds, UK

Felice D’Arco Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK

Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS foundation Trust, London, UK

Bert De Foer Department of Radiology, AZ St-Augustinus, Antwerp,Belgium

Laiz Laura de Godoy Neuroradiology Section, Hospital das Clínicas-HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo,Brazil

Marianne de Visser Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Centre,University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Sven Dekeyzer Department of Radiology, Antwerp University Hospital(UZA), Edegem, Belgium

Philippe Demaerel Department of Radiology, University Hospitals KU Leu-ven, Leuven, Belgium

Birgit Ertl-Wagner Department of Medical Imaging, The Hospital for SickChildren, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Andrea Falini Neuroradiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute andVita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy

Tomás Freddi Hcor - Hospital do Coração, São Paulo, Brazil

Valentina Garibotto Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva,Switzerland

Division of Nuclear Medicine andMolecular Imaging, Department of MedicalImaging and Informatics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland

Roberto Gasparotti Neuroradiology Unit, University Hospital SpedaliCivili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy

Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences andPublic Health, Section of Neuroradiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy

Nadine Girard Service de Neuroradiologie Diagnostique etInterventionnelle, Hôpital la Timone, APHM, Marseille, France

CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France

Francesco Giurazza Vascular and Interventional Radiology Department,Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy

Contributors xxvii

Claudia Godi Neuroradiology Department, Division of Neuroscience,IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

Beatriz Gomez-Anson Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Auto-noma, Barcelona, Spain

Fabricio Guimaraes Goncalves Neuroradiology division, Children’s Hos-pital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Gianluigi Guarnieri Department High Technology, Neuroradiology,Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy

Jean-François Hak Service de Neuroradiologie Diagnostique etInterventionnelle, Hôpital la Timone, APHM, Marseille, France

Sven Haller CIRD – Centre d’Imagerie Rive Droite, Geneva, Switzerland

Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala,Sweden

Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

Prasad Hanagandi Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Division of PediatricNeuroradiology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar

Charlie Chia-Tsong Hsu Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Med-ical Imaging, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia

Division of Neuroradiology, Queensland Diagnostic Imaging, Healius HealthCare, Varsity Lakes, QLD, Australia

Thierry A. G. M. Huisman Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology,Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Mark S. Igra Department of Neuroradiology, Leeds Teaching HospitalsNHS Trust, Leeds, UK

Civan Islak Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology,Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey

Roberto Izzo Department of Radiology, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievodella Sofferenza“, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy

Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples,Italy

Hans Rolf Jäger UCL Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital forNeurology and Neurosurgery and University College Hospital (UCH),London, UK

Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Neuroradiological AcademicUnit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK

Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology andNeurosurgery, London, UK

Imaging Department, University College London Hospitals, London, UK

G. Jamneala Department of Neuroradiology, Faculty of Medicine, MedicalCenter – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

xxviii Contributors

Hermien E. Kan C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department ofRadiology, C3Q, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

Philipp Kickingereder Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg Univer-sity Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

Rudolf Andre Kley Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiol-ogy, St. Marien-Hospital Borken, Borken, Germany

Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, UniversityHospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

Naci Kocer Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology,Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey

Marinos Kontzialis Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiologyand Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

Timo Krings Joint Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto Western Hos-pital and University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada

Atul Kumar Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute ofNeurology and Division of Neuropathology, London, UK

Michela Leali Radiology resident, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy

Carlo Augusto Mallio Department of Diagnostic Imaging, CampusBiomedico University, Rome, Italy

Kshitij Mankad Department of Neuroradiology, Institutes of Neurology andHealthcare Engineering, University College London, London, UK

Stefano Marcia Neuroradiology Department, Santissima Trinità Hospital,Cagliari, Italy

Patrick John McMullan Department of Neurosurgery, Sheffield TeachingHospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK

P. T. Meyer Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, MedicalCenter – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

Vasiliki C. Mouka Department of Clinical Radiology and Imaging, MedicalSchool, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece

Mario Muto Department High Technology, Neuroradiology, Cardarelli Hos-pital, Naples, Italy

Massimo Muto Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive andOdontostomatological Sciences, University of Napels Federico II, Napels,Italy

Paul M. Parizel Department of Radiology, Antwerp University Hospital(UZA), Edegem, Belgium

Friedemann Paul Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis ResearchCenter and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Department of Neurology,Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

Contributors xxix

Julija Pavaine Department of Paediatric Radiology, Royal Manchester Chil-dren’s Hospital, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic HealthScience Centre, Manchester, UK

Soeren Andrew Peters Radiologie Herne, Herne, Germany

Vanessa Pfahler Department of Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunich, Munich, Germany

Francesca Benedetta Pizzini Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnosticsand Pathology, Verona University Hospital, Verona, Italy

Letterio Salvatore Politi IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, HumanitasUniversity, Milan, Italy

Teresa Popolizio Department of Radiology, Fondazione IRCCS “CasaSollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy

Section of Neuroradiology. Department of Radiology, S. Giovanni RotondoHospital, Foggia, Italy

Elias Pretorius Morton and Partners Radiologists, Cape Town, South Africa

Susana Quijano-Roy Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Departments ofPediatric Neurology, Intensive Care and Rehabilitation, Assistance Publiquedes Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP) Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Ile-de-FranceOuest, Garches, France

INSERM U 1179, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines(UVSQ), Versailles, France

Saipriya Ramji Department of Neuroradiology, Imperial College HealthcareNHS Trust, London, UK

D. Redaelli Neuroimaging Laboratory Scientific Institute IRCCS EugenioMedea, Lecco, Italy

Charles Anthony Józef Romanowski Department of Neuroradiology, Shef-field Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Sheffield,Sheffield, UK

Margaux Roques Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pierre PaulRiquet, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France

Cristina Rosazza Neuroradiology Department, Fondazione IRCCS IstitutoNeurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy

Andrea Rossi IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Children’s Hospital, Genoa,Italy

Àlex Rovira Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Vall d’HebronUniversity Hospital, Professor of Radiology and Neuroimmunology, Autono-mous University of Barcelona, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR),Barcelona, Spain

xxx Contributors

Zoran Rumboldt Department of Radiology, University of Rijeka School ofMedicine, Rijeka, Croatia

Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University ofSouth Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA

Telemedicine Clinic, Barcelona, Spain

Esther Sánchez Aliaga Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU UniversityMedical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Silvana Sarria-Estrada MR Unit, Radiology Department, Vall d’HebronUniversity Hospital, Barcelona, Spain

Marek J. Sąsiadek Department of General Radiology, Interventional Radi-ology and Neuroradiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland

Bernhard Schuknecht Diagnostic, Vascular and Interventional Neuroradi-ology, Medical Radiological Institute, Zurich, Switzerland

Stefan Schwarz Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology, University Hos-pital of Wales, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK

Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School ofPsychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

Radiological Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medi-cine, Nottingham, UK

Sir PeterMansfield ImagingCentre,University ofNottingham,Nottingham,UK

Xavier Setoain Nuclear Medicine Department, Clinic Image DiagnosticCenter (CDIC), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona and CIBER-BBN, Barcelona,Spain

Robin Smithuis Department of Radiology, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, TheNetherlands

Marion Smits Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, ErasmusMC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Martina Špero Department of Radiology, Dubrava University Hospital,University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

StavrosMichael Stivaros RoyalManchester Children’s Hospital, Universityof Manchester, Manchester, UK

Patricia Svrckova Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital forNeurology and Neurosurgery, University College Hospitals London, London,UK

Leroy ten Dam Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Centre, Uni-versity of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Dominic Thompson Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Great OrmondStreet Hospital, London, UK

Contributors xxxi

Majda M. Thurnher Section of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radi-ology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Uni-versity Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Stefanie Thust Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Neuroradio-logical Academic Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK

Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology andNeurosurgery, London, UK

Imaging Department, University College London Hospitals, London, UK

Manuel Toledo Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d’Hebron Uni-versity Hospital, Barcelona, Spain

H. Urbach Department of Neuroradiology, Faculty of Medicine, MedicalCenter – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

Luc van den Hauwe Department of Radiology, Antwerp University Hospital(UZA), Edegem, Belgium

Department of Radiology, AZ KLINA, Brasschaat, Belgium

Aad van der Lugt Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, ErasmusMC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Johan W. Van Goethem Department of Radiology, Antwerp UniversityHospital and AZ Nikolaas, Edegem, Belgium

Belgium and Algemeen Ziekenhuis Nikolaas, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium

Thijs Vande Vyvere Department of Radiology, Antwerp University Hospital(UZA), Edegem, Belgium

Antwerp Surgical Training and Anatomy Research Centre (ASTARC), Uni-versity of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

Hrvoje Vavro Department of Radiology, Dubrava University Hospital, Uni-versity of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Telemedicine Clinic, Barcelona, Spain

Meike W. Vernooij Department of Epidemiology, Department of Radiologyand Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam,The Netherlands

Pedro Vilela Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures – Lisbon, Portugal

Hospital da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal

Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal

Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology Graduate Consultant, Hospitalda Luz, Lisbon, Portugal

Paolo Vitali Department of Neuroradiology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation,Pavia, Italy

René van den Berg Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicin Amster-dam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

xxxii Contributors

Rüdiger von Kummer Institute and Policlinic of Diagnostic and Interven-tional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden,Germany

Richard Roger Warne Department of Medical Imaging, Perth Children’sHospital, Perth, WA, Australia

Envision Medical Imaging, Perth, WA, Australia

Daniel J. Warren Department of Neuroradiology, Leeds General Infirmary,Leeds, UK

Marc-André Weber Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology,University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany

Marcel Wolf Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg, Hei-delberg, Germany

Jens Wuerfel MIAC AG and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Uni-versity Basel, Basel, Switzerland

NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin,Germany

Vasileios G. Xydis Department of Clinical Radiology and Imaging, MedicalSchool, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece

Adam Kenji Yamamoto Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, NationalHospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK

Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Instituteof Neurology, London, UK

Tarek A. Yousry University College London, London, UK

Anna Zimny Department of General Radiology, Interventional Radiologyand Neuroradiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland

Contributors xxxiii