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Page 1: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

450-1018

0 04500001018 50 04500001018 5

Page 2: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

Èȯ ÚÓ„‰

∂∞ ø¯

¯ˉ

ÌÚ

˙„

„ÂÓ

˙‰·

¯˘

Î ÏÂ

Ή Ì

‡‰

‰È˯˜ÂÓ„Ï Èχ¯˘È‰ ÔÂÎÓ‰➁❽❷��➂➀� ❸❽�❹❷➆❹❹➀❹� �➅➄❿➀� ➆❽❽➅➂❸� ❽�➂�➆� ➇❹❶� �❹❸�

�❹➆�❸❹�➁❽��❻➂���❶❸��❹➆�➂����❹❶➀➈➂➀❹�❽➂❹�➂❸�➃❹❼➀�❸�❽➈❹❶➀�➁❽❽�➀�➂➂��❹❷➅❹➂➀❹

➁�❹➀❽➆➈�❽➅❹➈❷���❹➂�❹➈�❹�➁❽❽❹➄❽��➆❹�❽�➀

❸�❽�❻❸�❽��❹➄��❸❹❹�➂�➆❷❽➂��❶�❸�❽❷❽�➀➆�❹�❹❻❽➀������➂➂➂�❸❽❼��❹➂❷➀�❽➀���❽❸�➃❹❿➂❸

❷❷❹➆➀❹�❽�❹�❽�❸�❻❽�❸�����❽�➆❸➀�➇�❹���❹❸�➁❽❽❼��❹➂❷�➁❽�❼�➂�➀��❷❹�➈�❸�❽❿�❷�❹

❽���❻❸� ❽❼❽➀❹➈❸�➁❹❽❸� �❷➅� ➀➆��➁❽��❹➄��➁❽➄❹❽❷�➁❹❺❽❽� ❽❷❽� ➀➆��❹�❷❻�❸�❽�❻� ❽❿�❷

➁❹➅�➈��❹➆�➂��❹�❸❽➂❷���❽�➄�❹�➆❹�❽��❽❷❽�➈��❽➀➆��➁❽��❹❻➂��❹➈���❸��❽➀❿➀❿❸❹

❹❽��❻➂

❽➂❹�❷�❽�❹��❝❽����❾�❹➆

❼❽➄�❶�❸➄❷➆�❝�❹�➀�❸��❹❸❸��➀❸➄➂

�❹❽�❹➂�➀➆❽�❝❸❽❽�➈➅❸��❿�❹➆

➃❽❽❼�➄����➄➆�➀❼�❹��➃❹➀❽��❽➂��❝➃❹�➀��❿❽�➆

➃➂❿❼���❷➄�❝❸�➈❸�❺❿�

➃❽❹➀��➁❸����❝➅❹➈❷➀�❸��❸

➃�❸�➃❹��❝❽➈�❶��❹�❽➆

❹❑➅���➁❽➀�❹�❽�➅❹➀➈�❼���❝�❷➅

❺❑➅���➁❽➀�❹�❽�➃❹➀❽❽��➅❹➈❷��❸➅➈❷➄���❻�❹➂�❸❽❽➄��❸�❹❷❸➂

�❜❜��❑�➅➂ISBN

❜�➁❽➀�❹�❽�❛�❷❑��❸❽❼��❹➂❷➀�❽➀���❽❸�➃❹❿➂❸

❛❛�❝➅�➈�❞❜❛❛❛�❛�❝➃❹➈➀❼

�❝❽➄❹�❼�➀����❹❷[email protected]

�❝❸❷�❹❸➀�➁❽➄�❽➄❹�❼➄�❼➄❽�❸������➁❽��➂➄�❸❷➂➆❸��❹�❽❽➄�➀❿www.idi.org.il

©❸❽❼��❹➂❷➀�❽➀���❽❸�➃❹❿➂➀��❹�❹➂���❹❽❹❿❺❸�➀❿�

Copyright by The Israel Democracy Institute

Printed in Israel 2005

Second edition published 2006

❽❿❷�➂❹��❹❷❽�➂�➃❷��❹�����❑❸❽❼��❹➂❷❹�❽➂❹�➀�➃❹❻❼❽�❑�❼�❽❹�➈❸���❶➅➂����❿➄��➈➅❸

��❽➄➂��

❽➀���❽❸�➃❹❿➂❸��❷➂➆����❻�❿❸��➁❽➈��➂�➁➄❽��❸❷➂➆❸��❹�❽❽➄��➁❽➂➅�➈�➂❸�➁❽��❷❸

❸❽❼��❹➂❷➀

Page 3: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

ÌÈÈÈÚ‰ ÔÎÂ˙

∫Ô¢‡¯ ˜¯Ù�❹➂❽❷�➂��❹�➆❸❹��❹�➂�

∫È˘ ˜¯Ù�❸➂❻➀➂❹�➁❹➀���❹�➆���➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸✉➁❽❽➀➀❿��❹➄❹��➆�

�➁❹➀���➆���➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸

�❸➂❻➀➂��➆���➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸

�➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�➀➆�❽❼➈�➂❸��❹➅❽�❸

➁❽❻�❺�➀�➁❽➂❻❹➀�➃❽��❸➄❻�❸❸

�➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸����➁❽�❽❷�➂❸�❽➂➆❼❜

�➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸➀�➁❽❷❶➄�➂❸�❽➂➆❼

➁❽❽➄❽��➁❹❿❽➅

∫È˘ÈÏ˘ ˜¯Ù➁❸❽➀❽➆➈❹��❹�❼�❽➄❹❶���❷❶➄��❽➂�➆�❸➄❶❸❹��❹➆➄❹➂��❹➀❹➆➈

·¯ ˜¯Ù∫ÈÚÈ�❹➄�➅➂❹�➁❹❿❽➅�

∫ÁÙÒ�❽��❸��❹������➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�

˙¯˜Ó

ø¯Â¯Ë‰ ÌÚ ˙„„ÂÓ˙‰· ¯˘Î ÏÂΉ ̇‰ ∫ÁÈ˘≠·¯

®„˜ÂÓÓ‰ ÏÂÎÈÒ‰© ˙ÚÂÓ‰ ‰‚ȯ‰‰ ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó ÏÚ

· χ¯˘È Ï˘‰ÊÚ·Â ˘¢ÂÈ❜

‰È˯˜ÂÓ„Ï Èχ¯˘È‰ ÔÂÎÓ‰ Ï˘ ‰„ÓÚ‰ ˙¯ÈÈ

dB²��dB²��dB²��dB²��dB²��❜

Summaryi-v

Page 4: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

µ

˙ÂÓÈ„˜Ó ˙¯ډ ‡Â·Ó

◗❑❷�❹➂➂�➀❹❿❽➅❑�❹�❘��➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�❽�❸➀�❸�❼➂❸�����➂�➂❸�❽➆�➂���❽❸�

➃❹❶����➀❽➆➈�❹��❷�➈➂�❽����❹��❽❼❽➀❹➈�❶❽❸➄➂�❝➁❽❹➅➂�➁❷��➀��❹➀❹➅❽❻➀

�❹�❼��❹➀❹➆➈➀� ◗❽➄❽➆❽❷❹➂� ➆❷❽➂� ❽➈➀❘� �❹❽�❻�����❹➄��➁❷�� ❹��➁❽➀�❻➂

❶�❹➂❸����➇❽➀❻❸➀�����❹❸❹��❽�❹❽❻�❸❽�❼❹➄❹�� ❑❷�❹➂➂�➀❹❿❽➅❑� ❽❹❼❽�➀

�❹➂❽�➂�➆➄➂❽❸➀�❽❷❿�❸❺�❽➆�➂����❹➂❽�❸�����❽�❿❸➀�❷➆❹➄❹�❑�❹��➄�❸❑

❽❼➈�➂❽�➅❹➂❸� ➃❹❽❷❸���� �❹❼❸➀� ❹�� ���➂�➆❽�❿❸➀��❹➀❹➀➆��➁❽➀❽➂�

❸❶❽�❸❑�❽➀�❼❽➄❸�❽❹❼❽����➂��❸➀�❹➄�❻��❸➀❽➀�➀�❹���❹❽❻➀�❸❺�❽➆�➂��

�❹➆❶❹➄❸� �❹❽❼➈�➂❹� �❹❽�➅❹➂� �❹➀������❹➆➂� �➆➄❹➂❸� ❸❶❽�❸❸� ❑�➆➄❹➂

��❶➅➂�� ❸�❹❶�❸❼❽�❸���❹➄���❸�➀�� ➃❶❹❸�❼➈�➂➀❹�➁❽❽❻➀�➁❸❽�❹❽❹❿❺➀

❸�❹❽�➅❹➂❹��➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸�➀��❸�❹❽�❹❻��➀���➁➆�❷❷❹➂�➄�❸❺�❸❷➂➆��❽❽➄

➀��➁➂❹❿❽➅�❹�❸���➂��❸➀�❽❹���➁❸���➁❽➂�➂❹�➂❸�➁❽�➄�❸�➀➆�➆❽��➄

�❹�❼❸�➁➆�➀���❽�➀��❸�❹❷❷❹➂�❸➀�➁❽❽➈❹➀❻�➁❽❽❼➈�➂�➁❽➆�➂���➃❹❷➄�➁❽��❷

➁❽➀�❻➂�➃❹❶����➀❽➆➈�➀���➄❹❹❿➂�❸❶❽�❸��❹➂�❿��❽❸��➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸

�❼�❹➄�➀���❽�❽�❶❸➄❸�❹��❽❷❹�❽➈�❷❽�➈���➀➂➂❸�➀❽➆➈�➀��➁❽���➁❽��➂�

���➂�❹➄➂�➁❽�❹�❿❸�➁❽❻❼���❹❺��❹❽➄❽❷➂❸➀❽➆➈❸�➃❿➀�➁❷❹��❷❹➆�❾��

➀���❽➀�➉❹❻➂�❹❺�❸❼❽��❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❸�❽❺��➀➆➈❹➂❸�❽➆�➂�����❹❷➂��➃❹❹❽❿�

❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❼➈�➂❸�❽➄❽❷�❽➈➀�❹�❹��❿����➃❹❻�➀��❽➃❽❻�❸➀��❽�❹❺���❶➅➂��

➁❹➀����➂��➁❽➀❻❸�➁❽➄❽❷❸�➃❽�❹�❸➂❻➀➂���➂��➁❽➀❻❸�➁❽➄❽❷❸�➃❽�

❙➃����❽�❷❹➂�❽➀❽❸➀�❸❷❹�1��❻➂��❸��❺➆�➀➆�➃❻

❹�➆➈❹❸���➂���➃❽❽❼�➄❽�❹��➁❽�❽➀����➆�➀�❸➀�➂➂➀�❽❼➈�➂❸�➉➆❹❽❸�➆�❼�❻➄❹➂❸���

�➂��❸➀��❽❹�➀���❽➀�➀❹❹➆�➁�❹❶�❑➁❽➀❹➅❽❻❑�❻❹➄❽➂❸�❽❿�❸��❻❹�❼➈�➂➀�➁❹�❹➈❸�➅❹➄❽❿�

� ➃❹➀�� ➃❹➆❷❶❘� ❑❷�❹➂➂� ➀❹❿❽➅❑� ❽❹❼❽��ı¯‡‰❷➆❹� ❸❷�➈❽�➄�❸� �➀❽❻�➂� ◗�

�❽❹➀�➃❹➆❷❶❘�➁❽➄❽❼➅➀➈��❹❺�❸❼❽���❹➀➅❹❻��➅�➂��ı¯‡‰◗�

�❹❿❽�❹�➁❷�❸��❹❽❹❿❺�➀➆�❸➄❶❸➀�❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸�➃❹❶��❸�❑➃❹➄���➀�❑➀�➇�❹�➂❸�❻❹❷�❽➈➀

❹➀❹➅❽❻�➃➂❽➅�◗❑➃❹➄���➀��❻❹❷❑�❝➃➀❸➀❘�❑➀���❽��➁❽❽❹➄❽➆�❷❶➄�❽�❹�❽�❸�❷➆❹❑➀❹�❸�❽�➅❸

➁❽➀❹➅❽❻❸��❹❽➄❽❷➂�➀��❸�➀❽❻�����➁❻➀��❽������➂�❹➄��❜����❽�➆�➃❽❽➅❹❻�➀�

➀���❽�➀���❽➂��❸

➃❿➄❽➂��❸❷�❽➈➂❽➀❹���➁❽➀���❽❸�➁❽�❼�❹➈➅❸�❽❻�❹��➀��➁➀❹➅❽❻����❸➂❶❹❷➀�❹��

➃❹➄�➀��❽❹❹�➅❹➂�➅��➆�2❻❽❽��➀��❹➀❹➅❽❻����❷➅❹➂❸�❽�➄��❽❷❽��◗❜���➂❼➈➅��❘

❸❺�➁➆�❜❛❛�➀❽�➈�����➅❽➄❹❼��❷�❸❽2❶❹�����❹��➄�❸❸���❹�❜❜���❹��➈���

❷�❸❽2❶❹�����❹��➄�❸➀�❸�❹❽�❻���❸�❷❹❸��➀�➀���❽��➃❽❽�➀��❽

➁➄❽��❜❜➂�❸�➄2❶��➄➂����❽➆�❹� ❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�➃❽❷❸�❽❿��❹�➅�➅❹�❶�➀�❹➄➂➆�2➈❹�➈

❸❽❶❹➀➄�❸�❾�❷�➀➆��❹❸�❸❺� ➃❽❷���❹➂❽�❸�❽❿❹� ❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❽➀���❽❸�❾❹➅❿➅❸�➀➆�➁❽➀❻

±

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�❽❼➈�➂❸�❹��❷❶❸�❽❸➂�❸➀��❸�❽�❶➀�❸�➆❸�➁❽❷�➄�➃❹❽❷❸����❻�➈➄�➁�❼�

❸➂❻➀➂���➂�➀��❹➂❹❽��❸➂❻➀➂❸�➃➂�❹➄❽❻�❸➀��❽�➁�❸❹��❹�❼❸���➂�➀�

➆���➀�➇�❹�➂❸��➇❽➆➅�❸➂❻➀➂�❽➄❽❷�➁❽➀❻�❽�➂�❸➀��➀�❸�❹��❸�➃➂�❷➂➀➄

❹���❺�❿❹➂�❸➂❻➀➂�➀��❸��➂�➀❿�➀➆��❹➄➂�❸����➀❽❻➂�◗❜❜❘�❸�➄2❶��❹➄➂�

�➇❽➆➅��❹�❽❿�➀��➁❽��➂❹�➁❽❷❷�❸�➃❽��➉�➈���❹➂❻�❾❹➅❿➅��❺�❿❹➂��➀

�❹➆❶❹➄❸��❹��❹❸❸������❹➈➂��➀❽❻➂� �❹➄➂�❸�➆���➀��❹❸�➁❶�➇�❹�➂❸

➁➄❽���➁❽�❹➂❻�➁❽❿❹➅❿➅�➀➆�➁❶�➁❽➆❹�➈❹�➁❽❻�❺��➃❹❶❿��❹➄❶❹➂��❹�❹��➀

�❹��❹❸❸������➀❹❻��➀➆�➁❽❿➅❸➀�❹➀❷��❽�➁❽❷❷�❸�❽❿�➆�❹�❹�➁❽❽➂❹�➀➃❽�

Pictet❷❻��❷�➂�➁❸�➁❽❽➂❹�➀➃❽��➁➄❽���➁❽❿❹➅❿➅��➁❽��❹➆➂❸�❽❿��❽❸�➂�

�❹��� ➀��❸�➆➂�➂➀� �➅❸� ❽���� ➃❹❶��� �❻�� ❷�➂❹� �❽�❽❼�➈��❸➀�➂➂

�❹❽�➆➂➀��❽��❻�❸✉❸➀��❽❹���❷❶❹➂��❽➀�❽�❹❼❽�❼�❸❷❽❻❽���➀➆❹➈❸��❹���

❘��❹➄➂�❸�❽�❹❻����❸➂�➆��➁❽❽�➀��➀❹❿❽Pictet, 1960, 36➀�❹�➂❸�❻➄❹➂❸�◗

❘�❑➃❽❹❺➂��❹➂❽➆❑��❹❸�❹➀�❿�➁❽❿❹➅❿➅�❽�❶➀armed conflict◗➁➄❽❻�❸➀�❽❷❿�

❽➅➀�❸�❸➂❻➀➂❸���➂➂

❹➀��❽�❽❿❹�❽➅➀��❸➂❻➀➂���➂�❹➄❽���❹�❼���❽❸��❻❹❹��❸➄➆❼�❸❺�➁➆

�❻��❸➀�➁❽➀❹➀➆��❹�❼�❽�➆➂��➅❽❶�❷❻➂�❝➁❹➀��➀��➃❸�❸➂❻❹➀�➀��➃❸�➁❽➄❽❽➈�➂

➁❽❷❷��❽➄��➃❽���❺�❿❹➂��➀�❹���❺�❿❹➂�❸➂❻❹➀�❹����❻��➂��➁❹�➂�➀❿�

➀��➁❽➆�➂����❹���➁❽➂➆➈�➀➆❹➈��❹�❼❸�❾❿�➀➆�➇➅❹➄❹��❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❸�❽❺�

�❹�❷❶❸❸� �➅❽❶� ❾❷❽�➂� ❸➂❻➀➂➀� ❹�❹❹�❸➀� ��➈�� ➃❿➀❹� �➄❽❹❺➂� ❸➂❽❻➀

❸�❷❶❸�❽➈➀�❝➁❽��➂❸�❽➄��➃❽��➁❽➀❷�❸❸�➀➆�➁❶��❹❷➂➀➂��❹�❼➀��❹➀�❹�➂❸

�❹��❘�❸➄❽❷➂�❸➄❽���❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸��❹��❸��❸❷�❹➆❸�➀�����❺�❷�➀�Gross, 2001, 199◗

❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸��❹�❼�����➂❸�❽❿��➂�➂�❹�❹���❹❽��❷�➁➆���➀��➂�❸➄❽��❹❺�❸➄➆❼�➁➀❹�

❘�❸➂❻➀➂�❸�➆➂➀��❹❸Gross, 2001, 198�❹➂❽➆❸��❸❷�❹➆❸�➇❹�❽���❸❺�❸��❻➂�❹��◗

❷�❿���➄���❹➂❽�❘��❽����❸➀❽��➂�➁❽��❹❽��➁❽�➄���❹�➀❻��➀❸➄�➂�➁❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸�➁➆

❸➀�❻�❽�➂❹❻���❽�❽➀���❹�❻�❽���➃❹❶❿��❽�����❹➀❽➆➈➀�➁❽�➂�➂❸�➁❽➄��➂��➈❽��

❾❹➅❿➅❸�➀➆�➁❽➀❻�❸�➄2❶��➄➂��➁➀➀❿�❹�❸➂❻➀➂❸�❽➄❽❷�❽❿�❸➄�➅➂❸�����❽❽❻➂�◗❸➂❹❷❿❹

❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❽➀���❽❸

❸�❶❹❸��❸�❽�➆��➁❽�❽�➂❸���❹❶��❹���❑❸➂❻➀➂�❽❷❿�❸➀❹➆�❹➄❽��❑�❝➇��➁❽➈❽➅❹➂❸�➁➄�❽❹

�❜�➉❑❶��❝➁❽❽❹➄❽➆�❷❶➄�❽�❹�❽�❸�❷➆❹❹❸�❽❷❽�➀➆�➃❹❽➀➆❸�❼➈�➂❸��❽�➀·Èˆ‰ „Ú‰ȯÂ

Æ®ÌÈω˙Ó ÔÈÈ„Ú ‰Ê ˜È˙· ÌÈÎÈω‰© χ¯˘È ˙Ï˘ÓÓ ß ÌÈÈÂÈÚ „‚

�❽�➆➂��❹➆➂�➂�➃❽��❾❿❽➈➀❹�❸➂❻➀➂❸�❽➄❽❷�➁❸�❹➀��➁❽�❹➂❽➆�➀➆�➁❽➀❻❸�➁❽➄❽❷❸�❸❺�➁➆

❑❸➂❻➀➂❑�❻➄❹➂���➂��❸➀�❹➄��➇❽➅❹➄�➃❿�➀➆�❸➂❻➀➂➂�➃❻�❹➂��❑➃❽❹❺➂��❹➂❽➆❑�❽❹❼❽�➀

➀���❽�➃❽��❸➂❽❻➀❸���➂���❷❶❸➀� ➁❽➄❽❼➅➀➈➀�➀���❽�➃❽��➃❽❹❺➂❸��❹➂❽➆❸�❽�❶➀�➁❶

��➉❑❶��➁❶�❹���➃❽❹❺➂��❹➂❽➆❿�➁❽➄❽❼➅➀➈➀˘¢Âȇ· Ï¢‰ˆ ̇ ÂÁÂÎ „˜ÙÓ ß Ô‡ÚÎ

�❛�❜�❜�➉❑❶��❞�◗❘�➀➆��χ¯˘È ˙È„Ó ß ‡˜Ò χ

❛�◗❘�➀➆��

Page 6: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

❹➄❽❽❸❘��❹❽❻�❺���❹�❼➂�➀��➃�❷➂�❸��➁❹❽��❹��❸❷➂�❸❑��❹❸��❹�❼��❻�

❑➁❽❽➄➂❻❹➀❹�➁❽❽❼❽➀❹➈�➁❽➆�➂����❹➂❽��❾❹�➂�◗�❹❽❼❽➀❹➈��➀❹��❹❽�����➀

❘Coll, 1990, 298➁❽➄➈❹�� ❽➄���❸➂❻➀➂➂�➀❷�➄��❹�❼❸� ❽❿� �❹➈��❸��➄� ◗

❽➆�➂����❹❹❷�➁➄❽���➁❽➆�➂��➀��❸�❹����➂��➂��❹❸��❽����❝➁❽❽��❽➆

➁❽�➆➀�➁❽❿➂�➄❹�➁❽➂❻❹➀��❹➆�➂���➁❽➀➆❹➈❸��❹�❼❸�❽➄❹❶����➄❽❹❺➂�❸➂❽❻➀

➁❽❽❼❽➀❹➈� ➁❽❿➀❸➂� ➃❽�� �❹��� ➁❽➂➆➈� ➁❽�➀�➂� �❹➀❽❸��� ❹�� �❹➄❽❷➂�

❸➆❽❶➈❸�❸��� ❸➂❻➀➂➀�❷❹❶❽➄�� �❽➄�� �❹➄❽❹❺➂��❹➀❹➆➈� ➃❽�❹�➁❽❽❼➂❹➀➈❽❷❹

�❹❽❻�❺���❹�❼➂�❷❶➄����➂�➃❹❹❿➂��❹�❼❸�❽�❹❹➀���❹���❽❸��❹❽❻�❺���❹�❼➂�

�➆�❹➄�➁❽➂❻❹➀❿�➁❽❹❸❽❺➀❹�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸�➀��➁❷➂➆➂➀��➆❶❹➄❸��➈➅❹➄�❸❽➆�

�❻�➂� �❽❻�❺�❸� ❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹�❸� ➃➂� ➁➄❽❻�❸➀� ❸��� �❹��� ➁❽➂➆➈�� ❾❿➂

���❸➀❶�➂�➁❽➂❻❹➀❿�➁�❹❸❺❹�❽❹➀❶��➁��➄����➁❽��❹➄�➁➄❽��➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼�

�➀➆❹➈❸�➀��❻❹❿❸�➃➂�➁❸❽�❹❽➄❿�����➁❽�❽�❹➂�➁❸����❿✉��❹❹❽❸➀�➀❹➀➆�

❸➄�➂❸�❸�➄2❶��➄➂�➀��➇❽➆➅�❻❹❿➂�➁❽❻�❺��➀��➅❹❼❼➅�❹➀��❽�➁❸����➂

➁❻❹➀❿�❸❸❹❺➂�❹➄❽���❽➂�➀❿➀�❻�❺��➀��➅❹❼❼➅❛

❽➄❽❷��❸➄�➅➂❸��❺❶❽❸➀�❸❽❹�➆�❸➂❻➀➂➀�❸❸❺�❹➄❽���❹�❼��❸➄➆❼❸�➃➂

‰ÓÁÏÓ‰�➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸�➀➆�❸❺�➀➀❿�❹��❹�❼���❹❷❷❹➂�❸�➀➆�➁❽➀❻�➁➄❽��

�➀�� ➀���❽�� ��❹�❸� ❽❼➈�➂❸� ��➂❸� ❽�❶➀� ❷❻❹❽➂���❹➆➂�➂� ❹❺� ❸➄➆❼➀

◗❜❘�❸�➄2❶��❹➄➂�➀�➇➅❹➄❸�➃❹���❸�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈➀�❸➈�❼�❸❜��❽��➀❹�❹❼❹�➈❸�

�❽➂❹�➀➃❽��❽➈❹��❽➀➆��➁➄❽���➁❽❿❹➅❿➅�➀��➁❷➂➆➂�����❹❹�❸➀✉➃�❹➂��

➀➀❿�❾�❷��➁❸�❹➀�❿❹❘��❹❽➄❹�❽���❹➄❽❷➂�❽���➃❽��➁❽�❻��➂�➁❸�➃❽���❸❺

�◗�❹�❼❸�❽��➂✉���➁❸❽➀➆�➀❽❻❸➀❹�➁❽❽➂❹�➀➃❽��➁❽❿❹➅❿➅�➀��➁❷➂➆➂➀�

❽�❼❽➄➂❹❸❸�❼➈�➂❸

�❹�❼❸�����❹��➀��❽��❸➄�➅➂➀�❸➀❽�❹➂�➁❹❽❿�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�➃❽❷❸��❹➄��➈

��❹❷➂� ���❿�➁❶� ➁❽❽�❼❽➄➂❹❸❸�➁❽➄❽❷❸� �❹�� ❹❽➀➆�➁❽➀❻��❸➂❻❹➀� ��➂❿

�➀�➂➀� ❹��� ❑�❹�❼� ❹❸➂❑���❹➄��❸�❻�❸➀Rawls, 1990, 307; Kopel and Olson,1996, 247; Gross, 2001, 91

❛�➀��❹❽��❷�➁❶�❹��Georg Nolte�❝➃➀❸➀❘� (Nolte�❼❽➅��❽➄❹���➅➄❿��❸➄�❽➄��❸���❸�

➀���❼❽➅��❽➄❹��➅➄❿❑�❝➃➀❸➀❘����➂�❷��❜❛���❑� �❝◗❑�❽��“Preventive Useof Force and Preventive Killings: Moves into a Different Legal Order”, p. 9

❜Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, andrelating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (7/12/

1978), 1125 U.N.T.S 3 (Protocol 1) ◗❑➃❹���❸�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈❸❑�❝➃➀❸➀❘�

➁❽❻➄❹➂���➂��➄�❹➄��❑❸➂❻➀➂�❽➄❽❷❑�❻➄❹➂❸����➁❹❽❿�➇❽➀❻➂�❑❽�❼❽➄➂❹❸�❼➈�➂❑�❻➄❹➂❸

➃❽➈❹➀❻➀�❸➀�

Page 7: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

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➀❸➄�➂❹�❸��❹�❾�❹➂➂��❹❸�❾❹➅❿➅❸����❿���❺❹�❞❽➂❹�➀➃❽��❹➄❽���❾❹➅❿➅�

❸❸❹�❶�❽����➃❹❶����➂��❽➀➆��➁❽❷❷��❽➄��➃❽�❽�❶➀�❷❹❻❽❽��❸➄❹❿➄�❹❺�❸➄�➅➂�

➃❸�� ��❹❷➂�� �❹�❼❸� �❹➀❹➆➈� ❽�❸�� �❹�❼�� ➀���❽� ➀�� ❽❻❿❹➄❸� ❸���➂

�❹➀❹➆➈� ➃➄❽�� �❹➆➄❹➂��❹❶❽�❸� ➀➆❹➈➀� ➀���❽� ❸�❽�❹➂� ➃➂➆��❹❷❷❹➂�❸��❹

➆���❿�❸❺➂�➀❸➄�➂❸�➃❶�❹�➂❹�❾�❹➂➂�❸➂❻❹➀���➂➂��➀❻��➀���❹❽❷�❹➈➅

❷❻��➀❿�❸➂�➆�❽�����➄�❽➀❿��➁❽❷❷�❸�❽➄��➁❽�➂��➂�❹❿➀❸➂�����❹�➁❽➄�

➃❽❷❸�➀��❹�❷➂➆�❽❸➂�❸➀��❸�➁➆�❷❷❹➂�❸➀��❽�❽❿�❸��➄�❾❿❽➈➀�❹�➀❹❿❽�❽➈❿

❤�➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸���❹➂❽�� ➃❽❽➄➆�� ❼�➈��❸➂❻➀➂❸� ❽➄❽❷❹� ➀➀❿�� ❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸

➁➆�❤�❹�❼�❷❶➄��❽➄�❷❹➂❸��❹❷❷❹➂�❸❸�➁➆�❷❻��❸➄���❸➀❹➆�❹❺�❸❷➂➆�➁�❸❹

➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼� ➃❽�❹�➁❽➂❻❹➀� ➃❽�� ❽❷❹➅❽� ➀❷�❸� ➀➆��➆❷❸������➀� ❽❹��� ❸❺

❽�❹❹➀���❹��➀➀❿�❾�❷���❽❸�❸➂❻➀➂��➆���❹❽❻�❺���❹�❼➂��❸➆❽❶➈❸��❹➂�❿

➃�❹➂���❹❽❻�❺���❹�❼➂�❷❶➄❿�❹�➀❹➆➈�������➂�➃❹❹❿➂��❹�❼❸���❺��➂❹➆➀

❸➂❻➀➂�❽➆�❹➈➀�➁❽��❻➄� ❹❽➀➀❹❻➂� �❽➂❽❼❽❶➀��➀�❸➂❻➀➂��❹❸��❹�❼❸�❸❺

❹➅➈�❽❽����❿❹�➁��➁❸❽�➆➂�➀➆�➃❽❷➀�❷❹➂➆➀�➁❽❽❹�➆�➁❸❹

❽❻❼��➀➆�➁❽➀❻��❹�❽❿❸�❽➄❽❷�➁�❸�❸➀��➀��➆❶❹➄��➈➅❹➄�❸➂❽❷�➂�❸�➆❸

A❸➂❿�❹➂�❻➄�❜❜❜❜�➁❽➄�❸�❾➀❸➂��➆❹❷❽❿�❤�❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸��❹��❸�➀��

❹❻❽�❽❹�❸❺➆�➁❿➅❸�➁❸❽➄❽�❹�❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸�➁➆❸�❶❽�➄�➇❑��➀�➀���❽�➃❽��➁❽➂❿➅❸

�❝➁❽�❹❺��❸�❹➀�➀�➁❽❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸�➁❽❻❼�❸�����➀❻➂❸A�B❹�C➁❽�❹❺�❸�

� ❽❻❼���➁❽❽❹�➂❸A❸❺� ➃�❹➂�� �➆�❿➂�❸❷❽➂��➁❽❽�➂�➆➀� ❸�➆➂➀� ❹❿➈❸�

�❹��➀� ❹��➆❹❸� ➁❸��� �❹❽➄❹❻❼❽�❸❹� �❹❽�❽❼�❼➅❽➄❽➂❷�❸� �❹❽❹❿➂➅❸�

❹➀➀❸�➁❽�❹❺�❸�➀➆��❹�❽❿❸�❽➄❽❷�����❹➈��➀❽❻❸➀�➃❽��❸�❹�❿➀��❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸

➁�❸� ❸➀��❸� ➃❽❽➄➆➀� ❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❼➈�➂��➆��➄��➆❽�❿➂❸� ➃❻�➂❸�➁➀❹�

�❽�❽❼�➈�❸�❸❼❽➀�❸�➃❻�➂��❹❸��❹�❿�❻❼���❹❸�➁❽❹➅➂�❻❼��➂❹➀❿�

Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70�❹➆�➂���❜❛��❸�❹❶��❽➄���❽��❸��❹����❸➆�❽���❸➈❽���❸➄❽❽➄➆��❸�❹❶��❽➄����➈�

�❹❷❹❹➀➅➀���➁❽❷�❹➂➀���➄�❸�➈❽➅�❸�❹❶��❽➄��❾❿➀�❸�❹❶��❹�❸❽➀➂➄��➁❽��❹➂��❻➄❸

❹➄❽���❸�❹❶��❽➄���❹➂❻�❾❹➅❿➅�➀��❹❿➀❸➂��❸��➆�❸��❽��❸��❹����❽❿�➃❽❷❸��❽��➆��

�❹���❸�➄2❶��❹➄➂�➀�➇�❹�➂❸��➇❽➆➅�❹❽➀➆�➀❻�❹�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�Military and ParamilitaryActivities (Nicar. v. U.S) 1986, ICJ 4◗❑❸�❹❶��❽➄����➈❑�❝➃➀❸➀❘�

· ÌÎÒ‰·„· ÂÁÈ¯È ¯Âʇ ‰ÊÚ ˙Úˆ¯ ¯·Ï χ¯˘È ˙È„Ó ˙Ï˘ÓÓ Ôȯ¯Á˘‰ Ô‚¯‡ ÔÈ

ÈÈËÒÏÙ‰ ÌÚ‰ Ï˘ ‚Ȉ‰ ¨®¢Û¢˘‡¢ ∫Ôωϩ ÈÈËÒÏÙ‰�❑❿�❜❜���➂❼➈➅��❛➂�

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Hague Convention No. IV Respecting the Laws and Customs of War onLand and Annex Regulations Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on

Land, Oct. 18 1907, 36 Stat. 2277 T.S. No. 539�❹➄��❑❹�❑❶�❸��➄➂�❑�❝➃➀❸➀❘�

◗❸➂��❸��❑❶�❸

Page 8: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

π

➀���❹�❽❿❸�❽➄❽❷�❽➈➀���❹❿❸�➀➆��❹➀❼❹➂❸��❹�❹❻❸����➆��➀�❻❹❿❸�❽➂�❽❷❽�

❸➄❽��❸�❹��❸�❹➄�➆❷➀�◗��❽➀�❿❽➂❹�❽➀�➈➄➃�❘�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❼➈�➂❸

�❽����❝�❹�❿�❻❼�����❹❷➂��❸➆❽��➀�➁❽➂➆❼�➁❶�➁➄�❽��➃❹❹❽❿��❽➆➂�➂�❷❻

➁❽❻❼��➁�❹��❾❹�➀��❹���➁❽➂➆➈�➀❑❸��➅➄❿➄�❸���➀���❷�➈❽�➄���➀❽❻�➂

❸❷�❹➆❸���❺�❷❹➆❹�➁�❹����❿➀�❾❽�➂➂��❹❸❹��❹➄❹���❹❽�����❹➀❹➆➈�➁��➆�❽�

�❸➀��➁❽❻❼��❽�❶➀��❹➂❽❹➅➂��❹❽➄❹❼➀���❹❽❹❿➂➅�❸➂�➆➀�❸�➂��➀���❽�✉

��➆➂�➀➆�❸❼❽➀��➃❿�❹➂❿❹�➃❹❻❼❽�❸❹�➉❹❻❸�❽➄❽❽➄➆�➀➆��❼➀❻❹➂�❸❼❽➀��➃❹❶❿

�➁❸➀�❸�❹❻➂❹�❸❽➂❹➄❹❼❹�❸�❽❻❼��➀��➃❽�❹❼❹�➃❽➅❹➀❿❹�✉�❽❸�➇��❸➆❽��➂�

�❹�❿�❻❼�����❹❷➂��❾❿�➀➆❽❻❼��➀➆�➁❶� ❾❿❽➈➀� A ❽➄❽❷�➀❹❻➀�➁❽❽❹�➆

❽➀�❹❼��❸���➂➀�➁��❸��❸�➄2❶❹�❶�❸��❹➄➂���❹��❹❸�❽➈➀��❹�❽❿❸

❘�➃❹➄���➀��❻❹❷�❹�� ÏÈÚÏ❛�2➂➆�◗�❸�➆❸

�❽❻❼��➀➆�➁❽➀❻��❹�❽❿❸�❽➄❽❷���➂❹❻❹�➀��➀❽➆➀�➁❽�❹➂�❸�➁❽��❷❸�❻❿❹➄➀B ❸❼❽➀�❸��

�❽❻❼��➀➆❹�❞❹❻❽�❽❹�❸❺➆�❽➂❿➅❸�❻❹❿➂�➀���❽�❽❷❽���❽❸�➁❸���❽➄❹❻❼❽�❸C�❹��➀��

❹➄❽���❼➆➂❿�➀❑❸�❹�❹❺�❸❷➂➆➀��❷❶➄�➂�❸➄❽��➀���❽�❸❼❽➀��➀❿�➁❸��➃❽���❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸

�❽��➆➂❸�❸❷❶��➁❽❷�❹➂➂�➁❽➀❹❿❽➅�➆��➂

Page 9: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

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ÚÂÓ ‰‚ȯ‰Ú· ˙ÌÂÏ˘ ˙Â˙ÌÈÈÏÏÎ ˙¯˜Ú ≠ ‰ÓÁÏÓÂ

�➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�➃❽�❹�➁❹➀���➆���➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�➃❽��➃❽❻�➂�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❼➈�➂❸

➀➆�➁❽➀❻�➁➄❽�❹�❷❻����➂�➀➆�➁❽➀❻�❸➂❻➀➂❸�❽➄❽❷��➃�❹➂��❸➂❻➀➂��➆�

➀➆�➁❽➀❻�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�➁❷�❸��❹❽❹❿❺�❼➈�➂�➀��❹❽�❹➄❹��➆�❸❺�➁➆��❻����➂

���➁❽�❽❷❶➂� �❹❽➂❹�➀➃❽�� �❹➄➂���➁❽➆❹��❸� �❹➄❹��➆❸� ➁❽��➂❸� ❽➄�

�❹❽❹❿❺➀��❹❽➂❹�➀➃❽���❹❷➆❹�➁❷���❹❸������➁❷��➀❿➀��❹➄❹�➄❸��❹❽❹❿❺❸

➁❽❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸� ❼➈�➂❸� ❽��� �❹❽❹❿❺� ��➈❸� ➀➆� �❹➄➆❼� �❹➄❻❹�❸� ➁❷�

❹➀➀❸��❹❽❹❿❺❸��➈❽❿��➀➆�➁❽➄❹➂���❹➄➂����❹��❻❸��❹➄❽❷➂❸�➀��➁❽❽➂❹�➂❸❹

➃❶❹❸�❼➈�➂➀��❹❿❺❸❹�➁❽❽❻➀��❹❿❺❸��❹➄➂➄��❹➄❶❹➂❸�➁❷�❸��❹❽❹❿❺�➃❽�

❸�❿❺���❼➀❻❹➂�❼➆➂❿��❹❿❺➀�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❼➈�➂�����❻➄�➁❽❽❻➀��❹❿❺❸

�➀��❷➂➆➂➀jus cogens��❽����❸➄❽��❸➄❽❷➂�➇������❻➄�❸➂�❹➄➀�❹➄❽❽❸�

❸�❹���❹➀➀❹❿❸��❹➄➂�❸�➀➆�❸➂❹�❻�❸➄❽��➁��➁❶� ❸➄➂➂�❶❹�❻➀�❹➄➂��

�❹❿❺�➀❹➀�➀�➃❽��❽❿�❹➆���➁❑❹�❸�➀��➁❷�❸��❹❽❹❿❺➀�❸❷➆❹❹❸❹�➁❷���❹❽❹❿❺➀

�❹➄❹❼➀�❸�❹➀❿❹❽�➃❸����❹�❽➅➄❸����❸�❽�❻��➀❽�❶❸➀��❽�❽❿❹�❽�❹�❽���➃➈❹���❹❺

➁❽❽❻➀�❹�❹❿❺����❹❸�➀❿�➁❷�➂�➆❽�➈❸➀❛�❹❽❹❿❺➀�❸➄➂�❸�➀��◗❘�➇❽➆➅�

�❹�➆��❹➀❽➈���❹�❹➅��❼➈�➂��➀��❶�❹❸➀��❹��❹❸�❽❿�➆�❹���❹❽➄❽❷➂❹��❹❽❻�❺�

➃❽❹❺➂�❾❹➅❿➅�❹��➁❹�❽❻❜➁❽❽❻➀��❹❿❺❸�➀���❽�❹�❽���❸➀❽➀�➀��❹�➂❶❹❷❸�➃❽��

��❹❽❷❽❽➂� ❶�❹❸➀��❹��❹❸� ➃❽❽➄➆��➁❷�❸��❹❽❹❿❺➀�❸❷➆❹❹❸�❻❹❷�� ❹��❹❸�✉

�❽❼➈�➂�❾❽➀❸��➀��❹���❹❽�❹�❽��✉➁➄❽���➁❽❼�➈�➀��❷�❹➂➂�➀❹➅❽❻�➆❽➈❹❸�

❽�➀�➂➂���➆➂��➁❽➄❹�➄

❼➈�➂➀��❹❿❺❸��❽❸�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❼➈�➂❸�❽❷❽�➀➆��➄❶❹➂❸��➈➅❹➄�➁❷���❹❿❺

�❹���❸❺���❹➄��❸�❻�❸➀ Ô‡˜≠χ Á„❘ ÏÈÚÏ❛❛�2➂➆�◗�❸�➆❸

Ì˘❜�2➂➆�

❛➀�◗❘�➇❽➆➅�❹��·‰ ‰Ó‡· ˙ÈÓ‡Ï≠ÔÈ·„˙ÂÈÈ„Ó ˙ÂÈÁ¯Ê‡ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ ¯��➂�❷���

❸�����➀���❽��◗❑�❹❽➄❽❷➂❹��❹❽❻�❺���❹❽❹❿❺➀�❸➄➂�❸❑�❝➃➀❸➀❘�❜�2➂➆���❑❿�❜❜

� ❝❸❺� ➇❽➆➅➀�➁❑❹�❸� ➀��➁❷�❸��❹❽❹❿❺� �❷➆❹� ➀��❸�➆❸❸� ➃❿� ❹➂❿❹� ❞❜❜�GeneralComment 3(16)

❜❸❺� ➃�❹➂���❽➂❽➄➈❸��❽➀���❽❸�❸�❽�❻���❹➆➂�➂�➀�❽���➀�➇❽➆➅❸���➀�➁❽�➀��❽

❹����❹➂�❽�➂�➆�❹��❹➄❽�❹�➁❽❽❻�➃❿➅➂�❻❹❿���❹➂❽�❸�����❽❷➅➂�❹➄❽��❽➀���❽❸��❹❻❸�

❸❺❿�❻❹❿�❼❹�➄➀��❹➅�

E/CN.4/1983/16 paras.74-75

Page 10: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

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➁❷�❸��❹❽❹❿❺���❷���❽➀➅��❽➄❹�❸�❸❺�❿❸��❸➆❹����❹❿❺❸�➃❶❹❸➃❿�❹➂❿❹�

➁❽❽➀➂❽➄❽➂�➁❽❼�❷➄❼➅�➆�❹�❸��❹❽➄❽❷➂❹��❹❽❻�❺���❹❽❹❿❺➀�❸➄➂�➀��➇❽➆➅�

➁❷��➀❿�❽❿�❹➄❽❽❸��❹➈❻❸���❺❻����➇❽➆➅❸�➆�❹�����❸�➃❽��➃❶❹❸�❾❽➀❸➀

➀��❹�❹❿❺����➃❿�❹➂❿❹�❼➈�➂��❽���❹�➂���❸❻❿❹❸��❷➆�➆�➈➂�➇❻❿��❺❻❹➂

➃➈❹���❸❽➄➈��➃➄❹❶�❸➀❹�❹❷❶➄�➁❹�❽�❸��➀❽➆�➀��❸�❹❸➂�����➆❷➀�➁��➄�➀❿

◗➃❽❷�❾�❹➆���❺➆❽❽�➁��➇�❘�❽�❽�➁❹���❽❿��➆�❹���❽➆❽��❸�❸�➄2❶��➄➂��

➁❹�❽❻��➆�����❹❷➂�➁��➇��➃❶❹❸�❼➈�➂➀�❹�❹❿❺����➁❷�➂�➆❹➄➂➀�➃❽��❸��➂

➃➂��➆➄❹➂��❽❸�❽�❸��➃❶❹❸�❼➈�➂➀��❹❿❺❸�����➀➀❹���➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸���❹��

�➀��❸➄❽��❸�➆➂➀❹�➁❷❶➄��❹❷�❻❸����❾❽�➈❸➀��❹➄➂❷❺❸❸����➁❽❷❹�❻❸

❽❿��❹❿❺➀��❽���❺�➁➆�❷❻❽�❼➈�➂�➀❸❹➄���➀���❹❹➂�➃❽❷��❺❶�➀��➀➆❹➈➀�❸��❹❸

�➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�➀➆❹➈❸�➀���❽�❹❸➀�❸❼➀❻❸❸�➀��❸❷❹➅❽���❷➂❹➆❸�❸➂➀❽❷❸

➀➆����➂�➆❽❷❹❸➀��❽�➆➂��❹��➈���➂❽❽��➁�❸�❸➀�������❸�➃❽���➆❶❹➄

❸�❹❿❺��➀������➁❶�❸➀➆➂�❸➂➀❽❷❸�❤❼❹➈❽�➀���❽❽�❸➀�➁❸➀���➈�➀❹�➁❽❷➆❽❸

�❽�❹❻��➀�❸➈❽���➀��❸➈❽❷❸�❸�❽➀❿����❽➂�➆�❸➄❶❸�❼❹�➄➀�❸➄❽❷➂❸�➀�

❸�❽�➆�❸�➆➂�➀➆�❸�❽➄➆��➀❹

�➀�❹�➂❸�❸➄➆❼❸�❻❿❹➄��❷❻❹❽➂��❹➆➂�➂❹��❹�❽�❻�➃❶❹❸�❼➈�➂➀��❹❿❺➀

➁❽➂❽❽�➂�➁➄❽��➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸��❾❿��❸�❹➆➄�❷�❹➂➂❸�➀❹❿❽➅➀��❹�❷�❸❸��❻��

�➀❹�➁❽❻�❺��❷❶➄����❸�➃❽���❹❽�❹❻��➀��❹❼❽���➁❽➀➆❹➈❹�❸➂❻➀➂❸�❽➄❽❷���

➁❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸�➃➂��➀❻�❷❶➄❿�➁❶�➁❽�➂�➄�➁❽��❷❸�➁❽➀❽❽❻�❷❶➄

➀❽❷�❸➀� �❹�❽❿� ❷❶➄❿� �❹�❻�� �➂❻➀➂� �❽❸� ➁�➀❹➆➈➀� ❸❽��❽❼❹➂❸�� ➇�

�➀���❽����❷❽➂�❸➀�❸❽��❽❼❹➂➂✉�❽❸�➇�❹���❷❹���❹❽❸➀�❸❽❹�➆��❸�❼➂�

❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❼➈�➂❸�❽❷❽�➀➆�➁❽➄❶❹➂❸�➁❽➅�❼➄❽�❸➂��➀❻�✉➁❽➆�➂�❸��❽�❸�

❘�➁��❼➂����❷�❸�➀➆�➁❽�❽➆➂�➁❽❼�❹➄�➁❸��➁❽➀❹➅➈❸Gross, forthcoming,

11➅❻❽❽�❸➀�➁❽➆❽�➂❸��❽��➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼�➁�❹�➀�➁❶���❹❿❺➀�❽❹���❸❺�➁➆�◗

❜❛���➂�❷����➁❑❹�❸�➀���❽➀➀❿❸����➆❸�❽❷❽�➀➆�❸➀���❸

❘� �❹❽➄❽❷➂❹� �❹❽❻�❺���❹❽❹❿❺➀� ❸➄➂�➀� � ➇❽➆➅ÏÈÚÏ❸➄➂➂��❶➅➀� ��➈�➂� ◗❛� ❸�➆❸�

❸���❸���❹➈❹❿����➂��➂�➀���❽�❑❸➂❹�❸�➁❹➀��➀➆�➁❽❽�➂❸�➁❹�❽❻���➂❑�➀��➁❽�➄��

➁❽❽➀❸➄➂�➁❽��➆➂�➃❽❽➄➆➀�❹�❜�➁❽➈❽➆➅���❹➆❹��❸��❹�❹❻❸�➃➂�❸❶❹➅➄❹�❹❺

��❑❿❘�❸➂❻➀➂�❽➂❽��➁❽❻�❺���➄❶❸���❷��❜❜�❼➅❹❶❹���➂�❸�➄2❶��➄➂��➀�➂➀�❹��

◗�➇❽➆➅�❑�❽➆❽��❸�❸�➄2❶��➄➂�❑�❝➃➀❸➀❘�◗❜�2➂➆

❘�➃❹���❸�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈➀��➇❽➆➅�❹��ÏÈÚÏ➁❽��➂�➀➆�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈❸����➀❽❻➂❸�◗❜�❸�➆❸�

❞�❽➂�➆�❸�❷❶❸➀�➁�❹❿❺��❹➂❽➂�❾�❹�➀��❺��❹�❽❿�❷❶➄❿�➁�➂❻➀➂����➁❽➂❻❹➀�➁❽➂➆�➁❸��

➀��➃❸❽�❹��❹❸����➀❽❻➂�����◗❜❜❘�❸�➄2❶��❹➄➂��➆���➀�➇�❹�➂❸��➇❽➆➅�➃❿�❹➂❿❹

➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸�➀➆�➁❽➀❻�➁➄❽��❸➀��➁❽��❷� ❽❿� �❹��� �❹�❽❿�➀��➁❽��➂�➀➆��❹➄➂�❸

➀���❽��➄❽❷➂����➅❹�❸➀�➁❽���➂❸

Page 11: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

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❘��➀�❹�❹�➁❽➆�❹➈�➀�❿�➁❸❽➀�Ì˘◗��❹❽��❽➆❸��❻�❹�❷❹➅❽��❹❽❹❿❺�➃➄�❽�

➃❶❹❸�❼➈�➂➀��❹❿❺❸��❽❸�➃❸��

ÚÂÓ ‰‚ȯ‰ Ƈڷ ˙ÌÂÏ˘ ˙

�❹➆�❹�❸��❹➄➂����❹➂�❿�➁❽❽❹�➂��➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�➀➆�➁❽❽➈❽�➈➅❸�➁❽�❹➅❽�❸

�➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸�➁❹➀���➆���➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�➃➄❽❽➄➆���❹➄➂��❹�❸➂❻➀➂❸�❽➄❽❷���

��❹➄➂��❽����❸�➅�➄�➁❹➀���➆�✉�❽�❹❺��❸❽❽➄�❸❹��❽➂❹�➀➃❽���❻�❸�

➁❽➆�❹�➂❸�➁❽➆�➈��➆❽➄➂���❷����❹❽�❹❽➄��➄➂���❽❸��❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❸➄➂�❸

➁❸❽➀➆�❸�❽➄➆❹��❽➂❹�➀➃❽��❸➄❶❸➀�➁❽�❿❺❸�➁❽�➄��❷❶➄❿❹❽➄��➄➂��❝➃➀❸➀❘�

�❽➄�❽�➈�❸�❷❹❻❽�❸��➄➂���❽❸��❽�❹❺�❸�❸➄➂�❸�◗��❹❽The Charter of the

❘OAU�◗Organization of African Unity❸➄❶❸��➈➅➀��❽❸��❹➄➂�❸���❼➂�

➃➂��➀❻��➃❿�➀➆���❽��❹➄❽❷➂�❽❶❽�➄➀❹�➉❹❻�❽��➀��❹➄❽❷➂�❽❶❽❸➄➂➀��❽❼➂❹➀➈❽❷

�❽➂❹�➀➃❽��❸➄❶❸➀�➁❽�❿❺❸�➀���➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸���❷❶❹➂��❹❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸��❹➄➂�❸

❘�➇❽➆➅�❸➂❶❹❷➀�❾❿�❑�❹�❼�➆�➈❑❿a❹�❻❽���❽❿�➆�❹����❹❽�❹❽➄��➄➂�➀�◗

�❽❸��❽➂❹�➀➃❽��❸➄❶❸➀�❽�❿❺❸�➁❷��➀����❻��❾�❷��❹�➈❽���❹��❹�➈❽❼❻

�❽➀❽➀➈�❸�❽�➆❿��➆�❹���❹�❼❸�❽❹❿❽❷➀��❽➈❹�❽�❸�❸➄➂�❸�➁❶��❽➀❽➀➈�❸�❽�➆

❸➄❶❸➀�❽�❿❺❸�➁❷��➀��❹�❹�❽❻�❹��❹➈❹❶��❹➂➀��❹❽❽❻�❷❶➄��➆�❹�➂❸�❸➈❽���➀❿

�❽➂❹�➀➃❽��❹➄➂��� ❸❽❹�➂�➁❹➀���➆���❹��➄�❸➀��➈➅❹➄� �❹➅❻❽❽�❸�

�❹➀➀❹❿�❸�❶➅❸���➆�➈��❹❸�❻���❽❿��❹➆�❹�❸��❹➄❹���❹❽➂❹�➀➃❽��❸�❶➅❸

❸�❶➅❸���❸�➆➂➀�❸�❹���❹❿➈❹❸�❾❿❽➈➀❹�❹❺�❸�❽�➆��❷❶���❹��➄�❸❸���

❘Schmitt, 1992, 621, ft 56◗

��❻��❸➄❽❷➂�➀��❸❻❼����❽�➆➄❸�➁❹➀���➆���➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�❹❺➂�❸��❽

❘� �❹➄➈�❹�� ��❽�➆❿� ��❻❽❸➀� ❸❽❹�➆aggression❘� ◗Beres, 1991, 233◗

➁❽�❿❺�➁➄❽��➁❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸�❽❿�➅❹�❶�➀�❹➄➂➆�2➈❹�➈�➀��❹�➄➆❼����➁❶�❹��

❘�➃❹���❸�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈��❸➀❽�❶�❽➂❻❹➀➀�❸➄�❹➂❸��➈❹❻�❽➂❻❹➀�➀��❷➂➆➂➀Gross, 2001,202-203◗

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes againstInternationally Protected Persons Including Diplomatic Agents, Dec. 14, 1973,

28 U.S.T 1975, 1035 U.N.T.S 167Article 1 of the European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism, opened

for signature Jan. 27, 1977, Europ. T.S. No. 90, 15 I.L.M. 1272 (entered intoforce Aug. 4, 1978)

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�❹➄➈�❹����❷❶❸���❷��➁❑❹�❸�➀���❽➀➀❿❸����➆❸��❼➀❻❸➀��➇❽➆➅❛➆�❹��

❷❶➄❿��❻��❸➄❽❷➂� ❽❷❽���❹➂❻�❻❹❿���❹➂❽�� ���❸� ➃❽���❽❸��❹➄➈�❹�� ❽❿

��❻��❸➄❽❷➂�➀���❽➄❽❷➂❸�❸�❹�➂�➆❹��❽➀�❽�❹❼❽�❼❸�❸�❹➂➀��❸�❹➄❹�❽�

❹�❷❶���❹➀➆➀��❹➈��❸❽❹�➆��➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸���❻��❾�❷��❹➀��➀❿��❸➆❽❶➈�❹�

�❹➄➈�❹�❸�➆�➈�➀�❜

❽❷❽�➀➆�➁❷��❷❶➄❿�◗➁❽❽❻�➃❿➅➂�❻❹❿❘�❽➄➀❼��❻❹❿���❹➂❽�� ➁❹➀���➆�

❝➁❽��❸�➁❽��➂❸�❽➄�➂�❷❻������➃❹��❻������❹❻➇❿❹��➁�❹❶

❽➆�➂��➃❽�❘�❽❻�❿❸�❽➆�➂���❽❸�◗➁❽❽❻��➄❿➅➂�❸➆❽❶➈❘��❽➄➀❼�❸�❸➆❽❶➈❸

�➂❹➀❿� ❑�❹❽❻�❿❸❑�❻➄❹➂❸�➀���❹➂❻❸� ➃�❹➂�� ◗�❹❻➈� �❹➂❻� ❽��➈�

❽❷❽❽➂�➃➈❹����➄❿➅➂❸��❽�❹❻��➀�❸➈❽����➈❽❷❸�❾�❹�➀��❽�➆➄�❸➆❽❶➈❸

◗�❽�❹❻��➀�❸➈❽���❽➄➈➂�❸➄❶❸❘�❹�❹�❽❻�❹��❹➈❹❶�➁❷��❽❽❻�❽�➂➂❹

❸➀❽➂❸� ➀�� �❹➂❻❸� ➃�❹➂�� ❽❻�❿❸� ❽➆�➂���❽❸� �❽➄➀❼�❸�❸➆❽❶➈❸

➀❹❿❽➅➀� ❹���➀❿❸� ➃➂��❽➅��➀�� ❹�❻❽����➆❽➄➂➀� ❹����➆➂�➆❹�❽�➀

➁➈❹❶��❹➂➀�❹�➁❸❽❽❻�����➄❿➅➂�❹�❻❽���➁����➆➂➀�❷❶➄�❸➀�❹�➀❹❿❽

��❶➅➂��❸➄❿➅��➆❽➄➂❘�❸➄❿➅❸��➆❽➄➂➀���❻���❹��➈��➃❽�❹�➁❽�❻��➀�

◗�❹❻��➈❽❿�

�❽❼��➄❹��❸➄❿➅��➆❽➄➂�❾�❹�➀������❹➂�❽➄➀❼��❻❹❿���❹➂❽�❸���➀�➁❽�➀��❽

❸�➆�➁❷�❸��❸�❽�➆❸���➂❹❻�➁�➆�➀➆�➅➅��❸➀�➀❹❿❽�❹➄❽�❹�➇❹❶➀�❹��➁❽❽❻➀

���➂❸��❽�➆�❹���❽➅��➀��❹➄❽❽➄➆��➀�➂➀❘�❸�❽❽�➆��❷❹�❻��❹❸��❹����➆�

❸❷❹�❻❸�❸�❽��➀➆�❽➄➀❼��❻❹❿�➀❽➆➈❸➀�➃❽��❾❿❽➈➀�◗�➅�➂�❹����➆➂➂�❼➀➂❽❸➀

➃❽���➁❹�➂���➆➂➂��❼➀➂➄❸❹�❸�❹��➅➄�����❶�❹��➀➀➆�➂�➀➆���❶❽�❸�

➅�❼➄❽��➀➆����❹❶�❼➀➂➄❸�❹��❷❶➄�➂❸�➀��➁❽❽❻➀��❹❿❺❸�❸➄❿➅�❸➄➂➂��➈��➄

�❽����❸�❽�❻��❼�❹➈➂❹���❹➈➂�❽❹❼❽��❽❷❽➀��❹�➀�❾❽�����❷❸❹��❹❻❸��➈❽❿�

❛��❹➄➈�❹����❷❶❸�➀➆��❸❼➀❻❸✉�G.A. Res. 3314, U.N. GAOR 24th Sess.Supp. No. 31 at 142, U.N Doc. A/ 9631 (1975) ��❷❶❸���❷��❸❼➀❻❸❸❑�❝➃➀❸➀❘�

◗❑�❹➄➈�❹�

❜��➇❽➆➅�➁❶�❹��Ì˘��❻��❽➈➀❿��❻��❸➄❽❷➂�➀��❻❹❿��❽➄❹���❸��❹➂❽�❸�❽❿�➆�❹�❸�

�❹➄❿➀�❶❹❸➄❘��❹➄➈�❹��➀��➆�➈�➆❹�❽�➀�❸❽��❿�➀➀❿�❾�❷����❻❽❽�➁❑❹�❸��➀❽❶➂➀�❷❹❶❽➄�

◗❑❸➄❹���❸�❸❽❽�❽❸�➀➀❿❑���❺

Frowein/Peukert EMRK- Kommentar, Artilce 2 Rz V2,4��➈�➂❸�❜❜❼❑❿���◗�❹➈❽❻❹���➆➂❘�❽➀❽➀➈❸�➃❽❷❸��❷➅��❷❹�➈➀�❜�➇❽➆➅�➁➆�❹❹�❸

❸➅➄➂�❹����➆➂➀�❷❶➄�➂�➁❷�❸�➁����➆➂❸�➆❹�❽�➀��❹�❷❸��❽�➅�❽➆�➂��➀❿�❼❹�➄➀

❹➄➂➂��➂❻�❸➀

Page 13: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

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➃❽�❹��❹❻➇❿❹��➁�❹❶�❽❷❽�➀➆�❽➄➀❼��❻❹❿���❹➂❽��➃❽��❽�❹❸➂�➃❹❽➂❷��❽

❝➁❸❽➄❽��➁❽➀❷�❸❸�➀➆�➁❶�➆❽��❸➀�❽❹���➁➀❹���❽❼�➈❸��❽➂�➆❸�❸➄❶❸❸

❽➄➈➂��❹➄➄❹❶�❸❘�❷�➀���❹❿��➀➆�➃❶❸➀�❽❷❿�❽➄➀❼��❻❹❿���❹➂❽���❽�❸➀�➃❽�

��❹��➈�❸�❹��❷❹�‰È‡❞◗❷�➀���❹❿��➀➆�❸➄❶❸�

➁�❹❽❸����❺❹��❹❻�➈❽❿��❽➂�❹❶�➀➆���❹❽��❹�❹➂❻��❹➀�❶➂�➀❽❼❸➀���➈�

❞❹❺�❸�❼➂�����➀❹���➄���❹➂❽������➀�➁❽➄➂❹�➂❹�➁❽➄➂❹❽➂

❞❽➄➀❼��❻❹❿���❹➂❽�➀��❹➄❹���❹�❸❺��➁❽❷�❸➀��❽

�❸➀❹➆➈➀�➃➄❹❿�❸➀��❽✉❸➅❽➅���❷➂❹➆❸�➆❷❽➂❸�����❹❽❷❹➅❽���❹❷�➀�

➅❹�➈➀��❹❽➀❽➀���❹❽❼➄�➀�❼➄➀�❸➂❶➂���❹❻❹❿❸�����❹❻➄❸➀�➃➂��❸➀

➁❽��❹❽➂�➁❽➄❹❿❽➅�➆❹➄➂➀❹��❽❻➈❸➀��❹❷➆❹❽➂❸��❹➀❹➆➈�❼❹�➄➀❹�❽❹��❿�➁�❹�

❞◗➆�➈➂�➁❽➈❻�➁❽❻�❺���❸➆❽❶➈�➀�➂➀❘

➆❹�❽�❸�➀���❽❼➈�➂�❽❹����❽�➂�➆�❸�❽❷��➁❽❽�➀��❽�➆❹�❽�❸��❻�➀

➃�❹➂��➃❹�❻��❽➆�➂�❿����➀��❽❸➀��❽❽❻��❽➄➀❼��❸➆❽❶➈�➀��❽➆�➂����❹➂❽�❸

�❽�➆➄�❸➀❹➆➈❸��➁❹�➂����❸�➃❽�❘��❽➂�➆�❸➄❶❸����❷➄❸�❸❺➂���❹❽��❹➂❻

❸❿❽���❸❶❽➅➄❸���❹❻�❽❿� ➃❹➆❼➀���➈�� ❷❶➄➂� ◗➁❽➄➂❹❽➂�➁❽➄➆❹��➂�❽❷❽�➀➆

➀��❸❶❽➅➄����❹❷➂��➁❹�➂��❽➂�➆�❸➄❶❸�����❷➄❸�❹❺➂��❹❻➈�❸�❹➂❻��❹❽❸➀

��❹❻❸��➈❽❿��➀➆�➁❽➄❹➂➂❸✉�❹❽❹����➀��❹❽❹➆➂�➂�❸➂➆����❹➄❸�❸❶❽➅➄�

�❽❻➈❸➀�➃❽��❸❺�➁➆�◗❸➈❽❿�❸��❹❽❹���➀��❸➆��❸❸�❻❹❿��❸➆❽❶➈� ➀�➂➀❘

❹��❹➆❽������❹❻❸��➈❽❿���❹❽❹���➀��➃❷�➂��❹➄❽�➂❹��❹➈❽��➀��➁�❹�❽�❻�

��➄���❹➂❽�❸���❼➂�➀➀❿❿��❹❻❸�➃❹❼➀�➀���❹❽����❷❹�❿���❷�➀��❹➈❹➅�

➁❽��➂�➁➄�❽�❹❶�❹❸➀��➀❹�❼➀➂❽❸➀�❹��➇❹��➀��➀❹❿❽�➁❷�➂�➆❹➄➂➀��❽❸�❽➄➀❼�

➃➈❹���❶❹�❸➀�❽❷❿�❽�❽�➀��❽➆�➂�❸����➀❹➀�➀�➃❽��➁❸���➁❽❽➄❹�❽�❹�➁❽❶❽�❻

❹��➁❷��❽❽❻➀�❸➄❿➅❸�❝➁❽��❸�➁❽�❹➂❻❸�➁❽�➄���❹�❽�❸➀���➈�❹�❽�❹❶❼�

❽➆�➂��➃❽��❞�❽�❷❹�❼➆➂❿❹�❸�❹����❽❷❽❽➂��❽❸�❹➈❹❶��❹➂➀���❸�❹➂❻�❸➆❽❶➈➀

❸�❹�➆➃��❹��➇❹❼❻��➀�❸➀�➀�➂➀❘�❸➄❿➅❸����➆❹➄➂➀�➀❹❿❽������❻���❽�➅

❹�➀❹➆➈�➃❽��➃❽❻�❸➀�➁❶�➁❹�➂�➃❽���❸➂❹❷�❸➀��➁❽�➄���◗➁❽❽❻��➄❿➅��❽❹�➂❸

❸➀❹➆➈�➃❽�❹��❽➄➀❼��❸➆❽❶➈�➁❹�❶➀�➃❹❹❿�❸��➀������❹❻❸��❹❽❹����❽��➀�

�➀❽➆➀�❹��❹���➁❽��➂❸��❽➂❸➀�❸➄❹❹❿��❸��➆➄�ÌÈ„ÈÁȉ ̉���➁❸���

❸❼❽➀�� ❸➄�❽� ❸➄❽❷➂❸� �❹❽❹��➀��➁❹�➂�� ❽➄➀❼�� ❻❹❿�� �❹➂❽�� ➃❹��❻�

���❹➆�➂�❸���❸➀���◗➁❽�❹�❿�➁❽❻❼���❹��❸➄❽❷➂❸��❹➀❹�❶�❘��❽�❽❼�➈�

❸➄❽��➁❸��❸❼❽➀�❸��❹❽�❽❼�➈��❘��❽�➀❻�❸❼❽➀���➁❽➄❹�➄❸�➁❽❻❼�➀�➆❶❹➄�

McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995

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❷�➀�❹� �❹❻� �➈❽❿�� ➀�� ➁❽➆�➂�� �❹�❽��� ➇❽❷➆❸➀� �❽� ➁❸�� ➁❶� ◗❸�➀➂

➁❷��❽❽❻➀��❽�➅��➀�➃❹❿❽➅��❸❿❹�❿�❸➄❽��❸➀�❿�➁❽➆�➂�➀��❹��❺❽❸❸�

ÚÂÓ ‰‚ȯ‰ Æ·Ú· ˙‰ÓÁÏÓ ˙

ÚÂÓ ‰‚ȯ‰ ÏÚ ÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ¯ÂÒȇ‰ Ʊ˙

❼➈�➂���❹�❹�➂�➀������➈➅➂➂��❺❶➄�❸➂❻➀➂��➆���➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�➀➆��❹➅❽�❸

❷�➀➂�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❽�❼❽➄➂❹❸❸�❼➈�➂❸�❽➀➀❿����➁❽➈��➂❸�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸

➁❽❼�❽❸�➁❶� �➆➄❹➂� ❸❶❽�❸� ❷❶➄� ➁❽➂➆❼��➁❽��❹➆➂�➁❽❽❼➈�➂❸�➁❽❼�❽❸❸

�❹➅❽�❸� ➀�� ❹�❽❼���� �❹�➅➄�❸❺���➈�� ➁❽❽❼❽➀❹➈❹�➁❽❽➄�➀➆❹�� ➁❽❽�➅❹➂

�➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�➆❹�❽��➀➆�❽❼➈�➂❸

➁➀❹��❶�❸❸��➀❹➆➈�➁�➆�➀➆�➀❻�➁❹➀���➆���➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�➀➆��❹➅❽�❸

❶❹�❸➀�❾�❹�❸�➀➆��➆�➆➂�❹➄❽��❸➂❻➀➂��➆���➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�➀➆�❽��➈���❹➅❽�

�❹��➈�➀��➆❶❹➄�❸➂❻➀➂��➆���➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸���❹❽�❽❽➆�❸��❽❹�❸�❽➀❽❽❻���

�➂��❸➀� ➃❽�� ❽❿� ➆�❹���❹�❽��❸� ➃❹��➆� ❑�❽➄❷❶❹�❑���❻❽�� ❹❺❿�❸❶❽�❸�

❘�❑➁❽❽➄❷❶❹�❑�➁❽➆�➂��treacherous�❹❽�����❹➀❹➆➈�➆❹�❽��❾�❹�➀�➁❽❽�➂�❹�◗

❘Wingfield, 1999, 309❸➀�❿�➁❽➆�➂����❹➂❽��➀➆�❼➀❻❹➂��❹➅❽�����❹❷➂�◗

��➂➀�❹❿�❷����➂➄��❽➂���❹��➄�❸�❹��➃�➂❹���➂��➆���❹��➄�❸�➀�➂➀❘

❽➂❿➅❸❸❹�❽❶❸➄➂❸�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❼➈�➂��❻�❹➈�����◗➃�➂❹�➄➂���➁❶�➉➂❹�❹�

❽➀❽➀➈❸�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�➃❽❷❸��❽�❸�➂��❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❼➈�➂❸��❽�������❿�

�❹��➄�❸❸�➀➆��❹➅�➀�❸�❽❽❸�➁❽❷➂❹➀➂❸�➃❽���❻❹❹�❸�❸➂❶➂❸�❸��➆�➆��❸

�❻�➂❸� ❽➀➀❿� ❹�� ➃❹➂�❸� ��➈❸❿� �➂❹➀❿� �❽➄❷❶❹�� �❹❶❸➄�❸❿� ❸��❹➈�

❘� ❸➂❻➀➂� �➆�� ➇��➄➀� ➇�❹�❸� ➃❽��� ➁❽❽➅❽➅�❸Zengel, 1991, 128◗

Prof. Abraham D. Sofaer �❹❽❹��➄�❸�➀➆����➀❼❹❸��❹➅❽�❸�❹❽��❷➀�❹❺�❸➄➆❼�➀➆��➀❹❻�

�❹��❹➂� ❸➂❻❹➀� ��❶➅➂�� ���� ❽➄❽���� �❹❽❹��➄�❸� ❹➀❽�❹� �❽❼❽➀❹➈� ➃��❼➂�

(Sofaer, 1989, 120)Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court UN Doc.A/CONF/ 183/9,

article 8(b)(xi)�➁❽➂❽❹➅➂�➁❽�➄����❹��➄�❸��❽�❸➀��❽�❽❿�❹��➅��❽➂�❹❽❸�❸❺�➁➆Emer de Vattel

�➂❹➀❿�❑�❹➆❽�➈➂��❹➀❹➆➈❑�➃❽�❹�❸�❹➅��❸➀❹➆➈❿��❹��➄�❸�➃❽��➃❽❻�❸➀��❽�❽❿���➅

❘��❹��❹➂� ➃❸�� �❽❹�❸�❸➄❻➂�➀���❹�➄❶�❸��❹➆�➂���❸➈❽��Zengel, 1991, 126◗

Hugo Grotius❾��➃❹�❽���❽❹��❷❶➄❿��❹➆�❹�➂❸��❹❽➄❷❶❹���❹➀❹➆➈�➀➆��❹➅�➀���❽��

❽➄���❸�➄�❸�➀���➁❽❼�❽➈�❹��➁❽❷❷❹��➃❹❶❿�➁❽�❻��➁❽�❽❹��❷❶➄❿�❹➀�❿��❹➀❹➆➈��❽�❸➀

❘�➁❽➄❹�❻�❸�❽➈➀❿�➁❽�❻��❹➂❹�❸�➀❿Grotius, 1925, 633◗

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±∑

❸�❽❽❸�➁❶�❹❸➀�❸�❼➂���❽❹�❸� ❽❶❽❸➄➂�➀��❸➈❽���➀❿�� ❾❿➀�❸➄❹❹❿❸� ➃❽�

�➁❽❷➂❹➀➂❸� ➃❽�� ➃❹❿➄❸��❹❸�❾➈❸❸� ❞❸�❹➅�Gentili� Grotius❹� de Vattel

➀➆��➀➀❹❿�❸➈��❸➂��➀❻❿��❽❹�❸�➀��❹❶❽❸➄➂��➈❽����❾❿�➀➆�➅❹❺➄➅➄❹��❸❽❸

���❹➂��❽❹�❸�❸➄❻➂❽❼➈�➂�➁❺❽➀���➀��❸➅❽➈��❾❹�➂�❸��➄❸�❽➈❿❹�❸❺�➁➆�

��� ➀❽�❶❸➀� ❹➈���➁❽❷➂❹➀➂❸� ❼➈�➂❸� ➀➆� ❻❹❿❸� ❽➅❻❽� �➆➈�❸�� �❽❿➂❸

❹❽❸�➁�❹�� ❹❻➄❸��➁❽➀❹�❽�❸� ❹❺❿��❸➈❽��➀��➂�➀�➁❽❽❹�➆❸�➁❽➆�➂�❸

�➅❽❶�❾❷❽�➂❹� ❑❸➂❽❻➀��➅❹➂❑�➀�� ❹➂❹❽��➀➆�❷❽➈�❸➀� ➃❹��❸� �➅❽❶�❷❻➂

�❹�❼➂� ➀➀❿� ❾�❷�� ❹�➂❽��� ➁❽�❽❿��➁❽❷�➈➂❹� ➁❽❿➀➂� ➀➆� ➃❶❸➀� ➃❹❽➅❽➄❸

❘��❹��➄�❸❸��❹➄❹❽➅❽➄➀��❹➈❷➆❹➂Zengel, 1991, 130◗

❸�➂❸�➀��❸➂❻➀➂�❽➄❽❷��❸➀❻❸��❹��➄�❸�➀➆��❹➅❽�❸�➀���❽�➆➂�❸�❽�❻

➅❽➅➄�➈�2➈❹�➈�❻➅❽➄��❽��❸��❹�����➁❽❻�❺�❸��➂❻➀➂��➆��❸��➆�➆��❸

❘� ��❽➀Lieber➃➀❹�➄❽➀� �❽�➄❸� ❽❷❽� ➀➆� �❽➂���➁➅�❹➈� ���� ❸➂❻❹➀� ❷❹�� ◗

����➄❹�❛�General Order 100�❹��➄�❸�➀➆���❹➈➂��❹➅❽��➀➀❿�❷❹�❸�

❝❸�➆➂❸�����❹��❹➈➂��❽❷❶❸��➀�❾�

The law of war does not allow proclaiming either an individual

belonging to the hostile army or a citizen… an outlaw, who may

be slain without trial by any captor [emphasis added]…on

the contrary, it abhors such outrage. The sternest retaliation

should follow the murder committed in consequence of such

proclamation, made by whatever authority.

�❹���❹➄❽����❽➀�➀��❷❹�❸�➃➂�❸➀❹➆❸��❹��➄�❸�➀➆��❹➅❽�❸�❽❿� ➃❽❽�➀��❽

�❻�➀�❻�❺��❹��❸➂❻➀➂�❽❹���➀��❹�❶❽�❸�➀➆��❹➅�➀��❽❸�❸➄❹❹❿❸�➁��❽�➂❶➀

❘�➅➈�➄�by any captor➃❽���❻��❷�➂�❾��❸�➀➂�❸�❷�❸�❾❿➀��❽�❺���❽�❸�◗

➀❽❽❻�➀��❹�❶❽�❸�➀➆��❹➅❽�����❹❷➂�➁����❺��➂❹➆➀�❹➄➄❽❽➄➆➀�❽❼➄❹❹➀��❸❺

�❹➅❽�➀�➁➆❼❸��❹���❽�➂❶➀��➀��❽❹�❸�❸➄❻➂��➀�➂➀�❽❹�➂❸�➁❽❹➅➂��❽❹�

❸❺❿

❽➄❽❷� ➀���❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❸�❽�❻❸��❹➄❹❽➅❽➄� ➀➆� ➆❽➈�❸� ��❽➀� ➀�� ❷❹�❸

➃����❹��❹❽➈❹�❽���❹➄❽❷➂�❸➂❿�➀��➁❸❽❶❽�➄�➀➅❽����❹�❶➈➄�❛��❸➂❻➀➂❸

➁➀❹➆➂�❸���❹���➀�❸➄➂�❸�➁➄➂��❸➂❻➀➂�❽�❹❻��➄➂��❻➅➄➀�❽❷❿�❸❽➅❹�

Grotius❸➄❽❷➂�➀��❸�❹❿❺��❹❸��❹➄❹�❽�❸�❽❽❹❼❽�➂�❷❻��❽❿���➅�➀�➂➀�◗�❜❘�

❸➂❻➀➂��❻❹�➈➀

Page 16: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

±∏

Èȯ ÚÓ„‰

∂∞ ø¯

¯ˉ

ÌÚ

˙„

„ÂÓ

˙‰·

¯˘

Î ÏÂ

Ή Ì

‡‰

❑➁❽❽➄❷❶❹��➁❽➆�➂���➁❽❷❽❻❽�❻��❑�➀➆��❹➅❽��❸➀➀❿�����➀➅❽�����❸�❸�❾�

✉❘�murder by treachery of individuals belonging to the hostile [nation

or army]➁❽❷➂❹➀➂❸�➀��➁❸❽�❹�❷❶❸�➃❽��❸�❹�❻❹�����➂�❸❽➀❹❻�❸�❽❽❸�◗

❸➂❻➀➂❸�❽➄❽❷���❶➅➂���❹��➄�❸�➀➆�➁❽❽❻❿❹➄❸�➁❽�❹➅❽�❸�➃❽�❹�➁❽➄❹���❸

❘�➁❽❽➄�❷❹➂❸Schmitt, 1991, 629◗

❘�➇❽➆➅���➈���➂�➀➅❽�����❸�❸b❶�❸��❹➄��➀�◗�❹➅❽��➀❽❼❸�����

�❹➆�➂��� ❹���➀� ❹�� �❽❹�➀�➁❽❿❽❽�➂❸�➁❽❷❽❻❽� ➀��❸➆❽�➈� ❹��❸❶❽�❸� ➀➆

�❹❶❸➄�❸❿���❹➈��❹➄❷❶❹�❸�➀��❽�❹❸➂❸��❽❿�➂❸�➁❽❽➄❷❶❹��➁❽➆�➂����❹➂❽�

❘� ❹�➂❽❺➂����➁❽�❶❸➀���➄�➂❸� ❽❷❽��❸➀➆�❸�❹➆�➂�����❽�➂�Zengel,

1991, 131➀��❶❽�➄�➁➆��❶➈❽❸➀�❹��❻❻❹�➀�➃➂❺❹❸�❷❽❻❽�❹�❹����➆��➀�➂➀�◗

➁❸�➀❿�➃❹➂��❽➅❻❽��❸❷❽❶�➂��❶❷❸��❼➅❸��❽❸���❷❸��❹➆➂�➂�❷❶➄❿��❷�❸

��❹❻���❻�❹➄❽��➇�❹�❸�❷�❸�❿�➁❶�❸➂�➆➀�❿��❹�➂�➀�➁❽❷❷�❸�➃❽��➁❽��❹�❸

➁❽➅❽➅❿��➀➆�➁❽�➅❹��➁➄❽��❸➂❻➀➂❸�❽➄❽❷�❽❿��❹❿❺➀��❽�❸❺�➁➆�❽❸�➀❿�➃❹➂�

�❺❻❸�➃❽�❹�❹➄❽���➆➈❸����➁�➂�➀��➀❻➀�➁❽��➈�➂❸�❸➂❻➀➂��❹➀❹�❻�❹❛

❽�❼❽➄➂❹❸❸�❼➈�➂❸�❽➄❽❷�➁❽�➂�➄��❷�➀�❹❜➁❻❹➀�➀➆�❽�❽❸�➁�➆��➃�❿➂�

➁❹�➂�❶�❸��❹➄���❽➈➀�❽➄❷❶❹��❽➆�➂����❹➂❽��❹�❹�❽➈�➃❽���❹➅➂➂�❹���❿�➂

➀❽��➂��❻�➈�❸�� ❽�➂❻➀➂�➅❽➅❿��❹�❸➆�➈❸❸�➁�❹❶���❹➂❽��� ��❹❷➂�

❸➂❽❻➀❸�❽➆�➂��➀���❽❶❹➀❹➄❿❼❸��❹➂❷��❸➀�❹➂❽��❽❿�➃❹➆❼➀�❽➀❹����➈��

❹�❽❹��➀❹➂�❽❹❿❽➅�❹➀�➃❽��❸�➆➂➀❹�❹❽➈➀❿�❸�❹����❻�❸�❷�➀�➃❽���❽➆�➂��

➁������➈➅�➁➀❹���❹�❽��❸�➃❹��➆����❷❶❹➄�➇�❹��❹➄❽❶❸❽����❹❻����❹➆➂

�❹��❺❽❸�➀➆��❹➅❽��❹➄➂➂��❽➅❸➀❹��❹�❽��❸�➃❹��➆����❾❿�❽❷❿�❻❹�➂➀���➈�

❑❻�➄➂�❽➆�➂�❑➀

ÏÈÚÏ�❸�➆❸�

❛��❽�❽���➈���➁���❸❹��➀❻❸�❷�➀���❹❽�➁❽➀❽➆❹➂�➇��➁❽➅❽➅❿��❽❿�➁❽➄➆❹❼❸�➁➄�❽

❘�➁❽❷❷�➀�➁❽❹❹���❹❷❷❹➂�❸�❽�➄�Swinarsky, Zimmerman and Sandoz 1987, 440◗

❜❘�➃❹���❸�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈➀��➇❽➆➅➀��➀�❹➂❽�ÏÈÚÏ�❹�❹➅���❹➀❹�❻��➃❸➂�➆�❹�❸�◗❜�❸�➆❸�

➃�➀�➀❶❷��➈➄❸❹�➁❽❽➀�❼❽➄��❹❻❹❿�➀���❿��❹�➁❽❷➂���❹➂❽��➃❹❶❿�➃❹➂���❸➀❽➆➂�➃❸�

❸➀❹�❻�❿

➃❽�❸�❼➈�➂❸�❽➈➀�➁❽�❹➅�❸�➁❽❽➄�❷❻��❹❽❶❹➀❹➄❿❼��❹➀❹�❻�❹�➁❽➆�➂��➁➄�❽�❸❺�➁➆

❶�❸��❹➄���� ❹�➅�➄❹���❹❽➂�➀�➅�➁❹�❶➀� ❹❷➆❹➄��➁❽➄❹����➄� ❽❶❹➅�➁❸� ❹➀�❿� ❽➂❹�➀

❘�◗❜❘ÏÈÚÏ�❽➈➀�➁❽❷❿➀❹➂➂�➁❽�➈❻�➁❶�➁❸�❹➀�❿❹�◗�❸�➆❸�Protocol Additional tothe Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of CertainConventional Weapons which may be Deemed to be Excessively Injuriousor to have Indiscriminate Effects and relating to the Prohibitions or Restrictions

on the Use of Mines, Booby Traps and Other Devices (Protocol II)

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±π

�❹➂�❿�➁❽�❹➅�❸�➁❽❽➄❷❶❹�❸�➁❽➆�➂�❸�➃❽��➁❽➀➀❹❿❸�➁➄�❽�➃❿�❽➈�➀➆�➇�

❘��❹��➄�❸❸����➀❽➆➀Greenspan, 1959, 317◗❸➅❽➈��➀��➀➄❹❽��❸��➃❿�❽❽�

�❽➀➄❹➅�➈�❿��➅➈�➄�❸➂❻➀➂❸�❸➂❻➀➂❸�❽➄❽❷�➀��❽�➅❹➂❸�➅❽➅���➉❹➆➄�❹❺

�❽�❽���❹�❽�❽�➀❿�➁❸❽➄❽��➃❽���➁❽➂❽➄❹➄��➁❽➀❽❽❻�➃❽���❽�➆➄��❽❸��➃❹❹❽❿

➁❸❹�➁❸❽�❹➄❽❷➂❹�➁❸❽�❹����➀��➁❽❶❽�➄❿�➁❽➅➈�➄�❹�❸�❽��➆�❽➄�➂�➁❽➀❽❽❻❸

➁❸➀�➃❽��➁❽➆�➈�➁❽➆��➂�➁❸�➃❽��❷❹➆�➀❿�❾❿�➀�����❹�❾��➁❽❶�❸➄❹�➁❽❶�❹❸

❹➄❹➂❽➅❹�➁❽➀❽❽❻❸�➀��➁❸❽➄➈�➀➆➂�❾➅➂❸��❷�❹❸�➁❸❽�➆➂➀��❽❼➈�➂��❹❽�❻�

�❽�➅❹➂❸❹��❽❶�❹➂❸��❽���❸����❸➄�➂��❹❹➂�➃�❿�➁❽❹➅➂�➀❽❽❻�➀��❹��❽❻�❹

❘�❷❹❷❽�❸�����❽❷�❸➀���❽❽❻➂��❽❸� ❸➂❻➀➂❸� ❽➄❽❷�➀�singling out➀�� ◗

�❽➀➀❿�❸�❷�❸➂�❸➂❻➀➂��❶�❸➀�❸�❷�❸❸�����❹❼❸➀�❸➀❹➀➆��❽❸❹�❷❽❻❽�❹�❹�

❘��❽➀�❹❷❽�❽❷➄❽�❸��❽➂�➆❸�❸➄❶❸❸�❽➄❽❷�➀➆��➅➅❹�➂❸�❸�❷�❸➀Gross, 2003,

8�❽❹�❸����➀�❾❽❽��➂❸�➀❽❽❻�➀❿��❶❽�❸➀��❹�❷�❸❸�➃➂��❻��❽❿��❹❿❺➀��❽�◗

�➄❹❿➂❿��❽❹�❸��➅❽➈���❸�❹➆➄��➀➂➂��❹❸��❷❽�➈�➀��❹�❽�❻�➅❻❽❽➀�❽➀�➂

➃❽��➃❿�➀➆��❹❻➈�❽➄❹❽❻�❹����❹❽�❽➄❹❽❻�❸❽�➀❻➂�❸❺❽��➆❹��➀�➃❽���❸➂❻➀➂

�❹�❼➂�➁❸❽➄�❹� ���❸�❸❷���➀❽❽❻➀�❷��➂��➀❽❽❻❸�➃❽��❸➄❻�❸➀��❹�❽�❻

�❹➀❹➀➆�❸➂❻➀➂❸��❹�❼➂�➀��❸❽�❺❽➀�❹❷❽�❽❷➄❽�❹�❸❽�❺❽➀➄❹➅�➈��❹❽➂❽❼❽❶➀

��❶➅➂��❶❹�❸➀�❸�❷�❸❸���❹�❸➂❻➀➂�➀���➀�❹�➂❸�❸➅❽➈�❸����❼❼❹➂➀

❼❹➆❽➂��❷➂➆��❽❸��❽➄❷❶❹�❿�❸➂�➆➀�❿��❹��➄�❸❸��➅❽➈��❸❺�➁➆�❹❺�❸➅❽➈�

➃❽�� �❻❹❹�❸� ❸➈��❸❸� ❽➈➀� �❻❹❹�❸� ❸➈��❸❸� ��� ��❼�➂� ❸➄➄❽��

�❹➅��❽➄❷❶❹��❽➆�➂��❸➂�➆➀�❿��❹��➄�❸❸

❻�❿❸���❿➈❹❸�❸➄❽��❹❺❿���❹���❸�❹➅��❸➄❽���❹��➄�❸❸�➁�➆��❸❷�❹➆❸

➁❶�❷❹➂➆➀�❸❽➀➆�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❼➈�➂❸�❽➀➀❿��➄❽❻�➂��❽�❹❻➀��❹��➄�❸�➀❿

❾�❹�❸�➃❹��➆�❽➈�➀➆�❽❻�❿❸��➀�➀�➅�➀��❹�➆❽➄➂❹�❽���❸�❾�❹�❸��❹➄❹��➆�

❸�❼➂❸��❶�❸➀��❽❻�❿❸� ❸➄❽�� ❹�❶❽�❸�➁��➁❷�����➄�❸➀� ➃❽�� ❽���❸

�❹��❹�❸�➃❽��➃❺�➀��❽�❽❿�➆�❹���❹❽�❷❽➂❸�➃❹��➆��❽❹�❸��➆❽➄❿�❽���❝�❽���❸

���➁❽➂�❽❽➂�➁�� ❾❿➂��❹➆➄➂❽❸❸��❹��❹�� ➃❽�❹� ➁❽❹➅➂�➁❷���❶❽�❸��

➃❽��➃❹❺❽�❸�❹❸➂����➀��❽�❽����❶❽❸➄➂����➄�❸➀�➁��❸➀��❸�➀➆�➃❹��❽➆❸

���➁❽❽➅��❹�❶❽�❸�➁�❸�➀�➂➀�❹�❶❽�❸❽���❹��❹��➃❽�❹�❹�❶❽�❸��❹��❹�

➁�❶❽�❸�➆➄➂��❾❿�❹�❷➂❹➆��❹❸�❹������➃❹❶��❸�����❽➀❻���❹❻➈➀�❹���❹➂❽➆❸

�❽❹�❸�➀��❹����➀➆�➅�➈��➀❼❸���❻�❽�❽❿����❹➂❽��➁❸�➁❽➈➅❹➄�➁❽�❹➅��➁❽➆�➂�

�➂�➂❸�➅❽➅❿�❿�❸➀❹❻�❹���➂�➆❹�➈�❽➄➈��❷➂➆❸❹��❹❻➀�➉❹❻➂�➀��❹���❹❸�❹��❹�➂�❻❸

❘�➃❹���❸�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈❸�➀���➇❽➆➅�➀��➉➂❹��➇��❸❺�➃❹�❻���❽❿�➂�❸➈❽��➀ÏÈÚÏ❸�➆❸�

➃❹➂���❸➀❽➆➂�❽❸➂�➆�❹�❸�◗❜

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➁❽��➂❸�❤❸➂�➄❹�➀❹➂❶��❽�➆➂�➀��➀❶➆➂�❻�➈��❹�❶❽�❸�➁�❸�❤➁❽➈➅❹➄�➀�

��❹❷➂��❽�❸��❽�❹❽❻�❹➄❶�❸��❸➀��➀�❸�❹��❸�➁��❝➁❽❽➄��➁❸�➁❽❽➄❹�❽�❸

❽���❸�❾�❹�❸�➃❹��➆����➁❶��❹❽�❷❽➂❸�➃❹��➆����➁❶�➁❽�❶➂❸�❽❹���❽➆�➂��

�➆❽➄➂��❾❹�❿��❹❸��➁❹�➂���❹❹❷��❽❽❻�➂�❽➆�➂��❹❸❺��➇����➈��➃❿�➀➆���❽

�❹��➀�➁❽�❻��➁❽➀❹�❽��➀➆���❹❶�❸❺�➀❹�❽��➁❽���➀��➁❷��❽❽❻�➀��➁❻❹➈❽�

❽�❸� ❸➂➀➅❸➀��❽���❸❶❽�❸❸���❹➈�➀���➈��➁�� ❷❶➄➂� �❹�❽��❸� ➃❹��➆

❸❺� ❽➆�➂����➂��❸➀� ➃❽��� ➃�❿➂❹� ➁�❶❹❽��❹➄❹��➆❸� ➃➂� ❷❻���➀� ➇��

❽➈❹��❹�➂❻➀➂➀��➀❹❷❶�❽����➃❹❶������❹❷➂����❿�❽❿��➂❹➀��❽�❽➀➀❿�➃➈❹��

❹➂❹�➂�❽❿�❽❹❿❽➅❸�❷❹�➂����◗❽➄❹❽�❽��➃❹❶��➂�➀�➂➀�➀❽❷�❸➀❘�❽�➀❹➈❹➈❽➂❹�➀

�❿❹��❹��➂➂�➀��❸➆❽❶➈�➃❹❶��➀�➁�❶❽���❽➀���❻��❽❷❽�➀➆�➅➈�❽❽�❶❹�❸❸�➀�

�❼❹❺�❽❷❹�❽➈�❷❽�➈���➀➂➂����❹❷➂����❿�������❽��➀❻�❸❺�➀❹�❽��❻❹❹❼

➀❹➂❶���❹➀❹➆➈��❹�❶��❽����❶❽❸➄➂��❸➆❽❶➈��➃❹❿❽➅❸���❺�❷❹➆❹� ❽➄❹➄❽��❹�

�❹�❹❶��➃❸�➃❹��❻���❽�❸➀��❽�❹❺��❹��➈���❿�➆❸����❹❽���❽�➅��❹❸�❸➂�➄❹

�❹❽➄❹❶����❹�❹❶�� ➃❸� ◗➁❽�❸❹�❹�❸❻➈�➂� ❽�❹��❘� ❶❹�❸➀��❹��❸�➀❶➆➂❸�➀�

�❹����❹�❹❶�➀��❹➈�➀��❽� ��❹❽��❽❿��❶❹�❸❸�➀��❹❷➂➆➂��➀❿❿� �❹❽➂➂➆❹

�❽➂➂➆�❽➄❹❶��❸�❸➂�����❹❽

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◗❛❛❘�❶�❹�➅�❼➈�❼➄➅���❸�❸��❸➄❹���➀��❿❺➄�����❸❺�❷❹➅❽���➆�❹��

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❸➆❽❶➈�❹��❽�����➆➂�➃❹❶❿�❽���❸�❾�❹�❸�➁➆�❷❻��❸➄���➁❽➀❹➆������❹❻➈

➁❽➂❻❹➀��➁❹�➂��❸➂❽❻➀�❽➆�➂��➁❽�➄���❹��➁❷���❸➆❽❶➈�➁��❸❺�➁➆�

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❸❺�➀❹�❽�❹�➁❷��❽❽❻��➃❹❿➅❽❻➀��❽�❸➀�❽❷❿�❹���❽��❽➆�➂���➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�

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Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive ProjectilesUnder 400 Grammes Weight. Signed at St. Petersburg, 29 November/11December 1868, reprinted in Schindler and Toman (eds.), The Laws of ArmedConflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions and Other Documents

(Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1981), 95❷❻��❸➄���❸➀❹➆��❽❸�❾��❽�❽❼❽❺❹➈❸�➃❽❷❸��❹��❹❸�����➈��➂�❸➄❽��❹❺�❸�❽❶�➁➄➂�

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Page 19: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

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➁❽➆�➂�� ❼❹�➄➀� ➃❽�� ❽❿� �➆�❹�� �❹❽�❷❽➂❸� ��❽�❷� ❸➂❻➀➂❸� �➀❸➄�➂

�➁��➁❽➂❽❹➅➂‰Î¯Ú‰ ̇ ÓÈȘ�❹�❼➂��❸➆❽❶➈�❹➀��➁❽➆�➂�➀��❹❹➀�❸➀�❸➀❹➀➆��

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❸➀❹➆➈❸�➀��❸❷❹➅❽�➁❽❻�❺���❸➆❽❶➈➀�❷❽➂��❼➆➂❿��➂�❹❶��➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸�

�❹➀❽➆➈��❹���❹�❼��❹➀❽➆➈��❷❹�❻❸�➁❷�❸�➀��❹������➁❽❽❹�➂❸�➆�➈➂�➁❽➈❻

❻❼���➁❷�❸���➂❽❽�➁❸���➁❽��➂� ���➀�❸����➁❹�➂� ��❻���❽���

❷❻❹❽➂�� ❸�❹�❻� ❹❺� ❸❽➆�� �❽❻�❺��❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹�➂� ➃❽❼❹➀❻➀� ❷❷❹�➂� ❽➀❽�❼➅

❾❹�➂� ➀➀❿� ❾�❷�� ➁❽➀➆❹➈� �❹�❼❸� ❽➄❹❶��� ➀�� ➁❸❽➀❽➆➈�� ❸❷�❹➆❸� ❻❿❹➄

❹��➁❽➄❹➂❽��❽❻❼���➁❽❽����➁❽➅❽➅���➁❽❽❹�➂�➁➄❽�❹��❽❻�❺��❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹�

➂�✆�❽❷➅����➀�➁❽❽➄❽❽➈❹�❸��❹❷�➈➀➆��➆��➄��❹❽�❷❽➂❸���➀�➁❽�➀��❽�

➁�❶➄���❺➄❸�❽➈�➀➆��➀❹�❸�➆➂➀���❹➆��❽�➅�❻�❹���❾❽�➆❸➀���➈����❺➄❸�❽➈

➀��❹�➂�➆�➀➆�➆❽➈�❸➀�➁❽➀❹➀➆����➂�➁�❹➈�➀�➃❽���➁❽➂�❹❶��➁❹�➂�➀➆❹➈�

�❹❼➀❻❸❸�❽➀��➂➂��❹➈�➀��❽�➅�❸❺�➃❽�❹�➃❶❹❸�❸❺�➃❽��➀➆❹➈��➁�❶➄❸��❺➄❸

❻❿❹➄�➁❶� ❽��❽�➅❸��❺➄❸��❹❽�❷❽➂����❾❽�➆❸➀�❸��� ❽�❹�➄� ��❹❿��❹➀❶➀

➀➀��➀��❽�➁�❸�➁➂❹�❽❽�❹�➁❽❽❼➄❹❹➀�❸�➁❽➄❹❽�❼❽��❸��➆❽������❹❽�❽❽➆�❸

❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹�➀❹�➁❽➀���❽❸�➁❽➀❽❽❻➀�➁�❶❽❸➀�❸➀❹➀➆��❸➆❽❶➈❸��❷❽➂����➁❶

❽➀❽➀➈❸�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�➃❽❷❸��❽���➄➂���❸➂❻➀➂�➆�➈❿�❸➆��➄��❹➂�❿�➁❺❶❹➂��❺➄��➂❽�❶

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�➀❼❸��❽❸��❹❽�❷❽➂❸�➃❹��➆�❽�➄����❷➂❹➆�❸➄❽���❹❺❿❿��❽��➄�❸�❹�❿➀��❸➀❹➆➈➀

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�❽➀❽➀❶�❽➀❽➀❘�➁❽❷➀❽��➁❸��➁❽➄❽❼➅➀➈�➁❽❻�❺���➀��➁�❹➂➀�❸➂�❶¨ı¯‡‰❜�

➃➈❹�❸�◗❑2➀❑➄❽��➃❽❷�❽��➀�❸❽❽➄➈�❽➄➈➀2�❸❷�❻����❹��➄�❸❸��❹�❻➀�❝➁❽��❹➆�➁❽�➈❹➅❑

���➂❼➈➅����➅�➂❻❸�❽�❽❿����❹��➄�❸❸�➃❹❽➅❽➄��➆��❸➀❹➆➈❸�❽❻�➀�❹➂�❹❽�❹��

�❹��➄�❸❸�➃❹❽➅❽➄��➆��❽�❷❽➂��➀�❽��❽�➅��❺➄����❹❷➂�❸❽❸�➁➄➂���❾❿�➀➆�❷➂➀➂

➁❽➀❽➆➈❸�❹��❹❸����❽�❸�➀➆�❷�➀��➃❹❼�➆���➀��➂��❸��➈�❸➀❼❹❸�➅�➂❻❸�❽�❽❿��

❹➀❹➅❽❻��➆��➁�❶➄��❽��❽�➅❸��❺➄❸�❽❿❹�❸➈�➄��❹��➄�❸❸�➃❹➀�❽❿�❽❿��➂���❽❿��➃❽��

�❹���❹❺�❸➀❹➆➈�➃❹➀�❽❿��➃❿�➅❸➀�➀❑❸�➀�➁�❶�❸❷�❻��➀�www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-2747855,00.html

➃❹❽�❽�❸❑�❝➃➀❸➀❘����➂❼➈➅��❹❷❽�➈��➁❹❽➅�➁➆�❸�➆➄��➃❹❽�❽����➂��❿❑��❸�����➃❶➅

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❤❻❹❹❼�❽❿❹���➁❽❽➄❽❷➂�➁❽❷➆❽��❶�❸➀�❸➀❹➆➈❸�➀���❽➀❽➀�❸�❹���❽�❹❽❻❸

❸➀❹➆➈❸�➀��❻❹❹❼❸��❹❿❹��❹�❻❹❹❼❸��❹�����❹➆➈�❸❸����❾❽�➆❸➀���➈��❷�❽❿

�❹�����❹➆➈�❸�➀➀��➀��❽�❷�❽❿❹��❹�❼❸��❽����➀➆❹�➁❽➆❹❶❽➈❸��❹➆❽��➀➆

❤❻❹❹❼��❹❿❹����❹➆➈�❸�➁➆�❻❹❹❼

· ‰Á·‰‰ Æ≤ÌÈÁ¯Ê‡Ï ÌÈÓÁÂÏ ÔÈ

➁❽➂❻❹➀�➃❽��❸➄❻�❸��➉❹➆➄��➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�➀➆��❹➅❽�❸�����❽❷�➂❸�➇➅❹➄�➃❹➆❽❼

�❽��➃❽❽�➀��❹�❻�❽�❼❽➄➂❹❸❸�❼➈�➂❸�➀��❹❽�❹❽��➂��❻���❽❸��➁❽❻�❺�➀

➁❽❻�❺�➂� ➀❽❷�❸➀❘� �❽➄❹❶��� ��❶➅➂�� ➁❽��❻❸� ➁❽➀�❻➂� ❶❹❹❽➅�� ❽�❹�

�❹➄➂��❶�❸��❹➄����❹❽�❹❶❼�❸�❽��➂��❻���◗➁❸❽�❹➀❹➆➈��➁❸➀�➁❽➆❽❽➅➂❸

➁❽➂❻❹➀�➁❸❽➂❹�➁❽❻�❺��➁❸❽➂�➁❽➆�❹��➃❸❽➀➆�❹➈➅❹➄��➁❽➀❹�❹❼❹�➈❸❹�❸�➄2❶

❶�❸��❹➄��❛➁❽�➀➂➂❸�❹➀��➁❸�➁❽➂❻❹➀�➀��❷➂➆➂➀�➁❽�❿❺❸�❽❿��❹➆�❹��

❝➁❽��❸�➁❽�➄�❸���

◗❘➁❽➂❻❹➀❸�➁❽❷❷�❸�➀��➁❽�❽❷➅�➁❽�❹➂❻��❹❻❹❿�❽�➄�

◗❘❝➁❽��❸�➁❽�➄�❸����➁❽�➀➂➂❸�➁❽�❻��➁❽�❷➄�➂❹�❸❽�❽➀❽➂��❹❻❹❿�❽�➄�

�❘◗❞❹❽❷❹�➈➀�❽��❻�❸�➁❷��➁❸❽➀➆�❷�➈➂

�❘◗❞�❻�➂➂�❹�❹❸❺➀���➈���➆❹���❸➄❻�❸�➃➂❽➅�➁❸➀��❽�

◗❶❘❞❽❹➀❶��➁��➄����➁❽��❹➄�➁❸

◗❷❘❞❸➂❻➀➂❸�❽➄❽❷➀�➁��❸��➁❸❽�❹➀❹➆➈����➁❽➀❸➄➂�➁❸

◗❸❘❾❹➅❿➅❸�➀��❷❻��❷�➀�➁❽❿❽❽��➂�➁❸

◗❘➁❽➀❼❹➄� �❽❹�❸�����❸�➁➆����� ❸�❹�❿��➀�❸❽�❹❼❽�❼�➀��❸❽��❹�

❸�❽❽❸��❽➀��➁❽�➀❹➈❸��❹❻❹❿➀�❷❶➄�❸➀�❽❷❿�❽➄❼➄❹➈➅�➃➈❹�����➄�➁❸❽❷❽➀

➁❸��❽�➄����❹�❽❷➅��❹❽�����❹❷❽❻❽���❶➅➂��➃❶���❸➀��❹❸��➁❸➀

❾�➂❸�����➈��❹���❸❺�➁❽➀❹�❽��❶❹➅��➃❹❽❷

❘�❿❑��❸�����➃❶➅�➁➆�➃❹❽�❽�� ÏÈÚÏ➀��❸❻➀�❸❸��❿�➆❸�❽❿�➃❶➅❸�❷❽➆❸�◗�❸�➆❸

�❼�➂❸��❷❹�➄��❸❽❹➀��➀❹❿❽➅��➀❹➆➈–➂�✆❸❻➀�❸�❹❽��❷➀��❽➄❽❷➂�❽❶❼�❼➅��❹���❽➆��

➂✆�❽➄❽❷➂�❽❶❼�❼➅��❸➄❽❻�➂�❹➀❽�❹�➁❽➀���❽�➁❽➆❶➈➄�❼❹➆❽➂�❽➈➀�➁❶��❷❷➂➄��❽➆��

➁❶�❾���❹�❼❸��❽�����❸➆❽❶➈❹�➁❹➂❽➄❽➂➀�➁❽➆❹❶❽➈❸��❷�❹❸�➀❹❿�➁❷❹���❹❸�➃❹❽�❼❽��❸

❹❽❷➆❽�����➂➂➀�➀❿❹❽�❽➄❽❷➂❸�❶�❷❸�❹�����➂���❽�❽

❛��❹➄��

Page 21: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

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❸❽❶❸➄➂❹� ❸➂❻➀➂❸� ❽➄❽❷� ���➁❽❷�❿➂� ◗�❘� ❽❹➀❶��➁��➄�➁❽��❹➄� ◗�❘❜

❸➂❻➀➂�❽❹���➀��❷➂➆➂➀�❽�❿❺�❽➂�➆�❹�❸��❽�❽➀�❸�❸�➄2❶��➄➂�➀��➇❽➆➅

❶�❸��❹➄���❻➅❹➄����❹�❹➂➀���❼➆➂❿��❽�➆➂

➁❽➂❻❹➀❸��❹❻❹❿➀�➁❽❿❽❽��➂�➁➄❽���❽➂❿�❸➀❽➀�❸�❾�❷�➀➆�➁❽�❷❶❹➂�➁❽❻�❺�

➁❽�➄�❑➀�➁❽��❻➄�➁❽❻�❺��➃❿�➀➆�❸➂❻❹➀❸��❹➀❹➆➈���➀❻�➁❽❻�❹➀�➁➄❽�❹

❸❺�➁➆�❸➂❽❻➀��❹➈���❸��➀�❷❹➆�➀❿��❽➆❽��❸�❸�➄2❶��➄➂��❽➈➀�❑➁❽➄❶❹➂

❽➄➈➂�➁�❹➄❽➅❻� ���➁❽❷��➂� ❸➂❽❻➀�� �❽�❽� ➃➈❹���➁❽➈���➂❸�➁❽❻�❺�

�➀�❷❹➆�➀❿❹����❸�❸❷���➁❽��➂➄�➁❸�❷❹➆�➀❿��❽❹�❸��❹❻❹❿�❽❷❽��❸➈��❸

❘�➁��➄����❹❻❽➄❸Pictet, 1987, 619◗❸❸❺�❼➆➂❿�❾➈❹❸�➁❷➂➆➂�❸�➆➂➀�

���❸�❸❷���➁❽➀❽❽❻➀�➃�❽➄❸�❸❺➀�❸❸❺�➅❻❽➀�➁❽�❿❺�➁❸❹�➁❽➀❽❽❻�➀��❷➂➆➂➀

➃❽❷➀�❸❷➂➆❸�❽➄➈➂��❹➄❽➅❻�❷�➀➂➁❽❻�❺��➀��❷➂➆➂➀�➁❽�❺❹❻�➁❸�➁➀❹��

❹➀❷❻��➆❶���➃❹���❸�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈❸�❹���❽➆❽��❸�❸�➄2❶��➄➂���❹➄❶❸➀�➁❽�❿❺❸

➁❽�❽�❽�➁❽➈���➂��❹➀����❹❸❺➀���➈����❽❸�❸❻➄❸❸�❸➂❽❻➀❸��❹➀❹➆➈➂

❜�❹➄➂��➀➆�➇➅❹➄❸�❽➄�❸�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈❸�❽➀➀❿�➁❸❽➀➆�➁❽➀❻��➁❽❽➂❹�➀➃❽��➁➄❽���➁❽❿❹➅❿➅�

�❹��❘�❸�➄2❶Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts,Protocol (II) 8 July 1977, 1125 U.N.T.S 609, reprinted in 16 I.L.M. 1442

[1977]◗6❑❽➄�❸�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈❸❑�❝➃➀❸➀7��❹➀➀❸�➁❽�➄�❸�➀❿�����➀➂➀��❽❽❻�➁❻❹➀❸�➃❽�

❸❽❸❽�➁❻❹➀�➃❿�➀➆�❑❻�❺�❑❹�❑➁❻❹➀❑�➁❽❶�❹➂❸�����❽❷❶➂�❹➄❽��❽➄�❸�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈❸��➁❹�➂

➁❻❹➀�➀➆❹➈���❹❸��❽➂

➀❿�� ❾❿� ➁❻❹➀� ➀�� ❷➂➆➂��➁❷��➁❽❿❺➂❸�➁❽�➄�❸����➁�➂�� ➃❹���❸� ➀❹�❹❼❹�➈❸

➀❹�❹❼❹�➈➀��➇❽➆➅�❹��❘��❽���❸�❸➀❹➆➈❸��➆��❽❹➀❶��❹��➄�������➀��❹❸�❹➄➂➂���❷➄�

�➀��➇❽➆➅���❻�➂❹�❸❺❸�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈❸����❸������➀�➀���❽�➁❽➄➈�➀❿�➀➆�◗➃❹���❸

❑❸�❽�➆��❷❶➄�➂❑��❽❸�➀���❽��➃❹❹❽❿�❹❺➂�❸��❽�❹����❽❹❻➂��❽❸�➃❽��❽❶❸➄➂���❻➄

❹����❽❹❻➂�➀���❽�❸�❽❽❸��➀�❸❺�➇❽➆➅�❽➈➀�❶❸➄➂���❹➄�❸❽❸�❹➀�➁❶�➃❹���❸�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈➀

❷❹➆�➁❽❽❶❸➄➂� ❹❽❸��➀❹�❹❼❹�➈��➁❽➆❹��❸�➁❽➀➀❿� ❽�❶➀�➁❽�❹➂��➁❽��❷❸�➃❽�� ❸❺�➁➆

◗➃➀❸➀�➃❹❷❽➄❸��➇❽➆➅�➀�➂➀�❹��❘�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈❸��➀���➁�❼�

�❹��Ì˘�❹���➃❿�❹➂❿�❽❶❸➄➂➀�❾➈❸�❽❿�➁❽��❹➅❸�➁➄�❽������➇❽➆➅�Cassese Antonio,Expert Opinion On Whether Israel’s Targeted Killings of Palestinian Terroristsis Consonant with International Humanitarian Law, written at the request ofthe Petitioners in HCJ 769/02 The Public Committee Against Torture et al. v.

The Government of Israel(proceedings are still under way) �❹�➆❷��❹❹❻❑�❝➃➀❸➀❘

◗❑❸➅➅��➀��❜��❑❸��2➂➆

➁❽❶❸❹➄❸�➁➄�❽�➃❿�➀➆�❸➂❻➀➂❸�❽➄❽❷�➀��❸�➈❸��❽❸���➄��➁❽❻�❺��➀���❹➂❽�❸�➁�➆�➃❿�

➁➄❽❻�❸➀�❽❷❿�❑➁❽❽�❹❻��➀�➁❽➂❻❹➀❑�❸➂❽❻➀❸��❹➀❹➆➈���➀❻�➁❽➀❼❹➄❸�➁❽❻�❺���❹➄❿➀

❼➈�➂❸� ❽➈➀� �➈➅❹➄� ❸❽�❹❶❼�� ��❽�❽➀� ❸➄❹❹❿❸� ➃❽�� ❸❺� ➁➆� ➁❽➀❽❶�❸� ➁❽➂❻❹➀❸� ➃➂

�❹��❘�❷�➀��❽�❹�❽��❻➄❹➂➀��➀��❽�❼❽➄➂❹❸❸Ì˘◗�2➂➆�

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���➁❽��❹➄�➁❸�� ❽�➄��❹� ➁❽➂❻❹➀❿��❽�❽❼��❸�➁�❹➀❽➆➈� ➀���❸➂❽❻➀�

����➁❹�➂��➁❽❽❹�➂❸�➁❽❻�❺��� ➆❹❶➈➀� ��➈��❾❿� ➀➆� ➇➅❹➄� ❽❹➀❶��➁��➄

➃❹���❸�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈➀��➇❽➆➅�❽➈➀��❽����❸�❼➂��❷❶❹➂➀��➁�❹��➂❽❸�

❽➄➈➂��❹➄❽➅❻�➁❸➀�❸➄�➂�❸➄❽��❑�❽➂❽❼❽❶➀�❸�❼➂❑��❷❶❹➂❸�➁❹�➂��➁❽❻�❺�

❸�❼➂�➇❹��➀�➃❽��❽❿�➆�❹�❸��❹❽�❷❽➂❸�➃❹��➆➀��❹➈❽➈❿����❺�❾��❸➈❽��

��❷➄➀���➆➂❹�➀➆➂��❹❸��❹❽❻�❺���❹�❼➂➀�➁❹�❶➀�❸➀❹➀➆�❸➈❽��❸���❺➄❸�➁�

�❽���❸�❸�❼➂❸��❶�❸�❾�❹�➀❘�Fleck, 1995, 163◗

➁❽➀❼❹➄❸�➁❽❻�❺�❑❹� ❑➁❽❻�❺�❑� ❑➁❽➂❻❹➀❑�➁❽❶�❹➂❸� ➀��➁❸❽�❹�❷❶❸

➁❻❹➀��❹❿❺❿�➃❸❽➀���❹❹➀➄❸��❹��❹�❸�➀����❹❽❼❽���➃❸�❑❸➂❽❻➀���❽�❽��➀❻

❸➀❹➆➈�❾➀❸➂����➂➄��❹❸����❿�����➀❹��➆�➀❿���❽����❸�❼➂��➂�➀�➀❹❿❽

❹❷❽➂➆❸➀�➃❽�❹�❸➂❻➀➂�❽❹���➀��❷➂➆➂➀�❽�❿❺��❹❸�➅➈�➄�➁��➁➀❹���❽���

❹�❽➄➆❸➀❹�➃❽❷➀�❹❷❽➂➆❸➀���➈��❸❺�➁➆�❸➂❽❻➀��❹�❹➈���❸�➁�➆�➀➆�➃❽❷➀

➈➂❹��❹❽�❹❻��➀�➃❸�➁��➆�❽����❹➀❹➆➈�➃❽❶�✎❻�❺��❸➂❻➀➂❸�❽➄❽❷�����❹�

❻�❺��❹➀❽�❹�❑➃❶❹➂�➁❷�❑�➀��❷➂➆➂➀�❽�❿❺�❸➂❽❻➀❸��❹➀❹➆➈��➇���❸��➀�

➃➂❺���➀❹�❷�➀��❸➂❽❻➀❸�❾➀❸➂��❹❶�❸➀���❹➂�❸➂❽❻➀❸��❹➀❹➆➈��➇���❸�

❹❽�❹➀❹➆➈�➀➆�➃❽❷➀�❹❷❽➂➆❸➀���➈��➅➈�➄�➁��◗❸❽�❻��❹��❸➂❽❻➀❸�❽➄➈➀❘��❻�

❸➀��➀�➆❶❹➄���❽��➂��❹�❽❸���❹�❽➀�❸❷➆❹➄�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❼➈�➂❸�➀��❹❺�❸❷➂➆

➁❽��➈�➂�❹➆��➄��➁❽➄❻�➂❸�❤❸➂❽❻➀���❹�❽�❽�➇���❸��❻�❺��❹��➁❻❹➀�❹❸❽➂

���❷��➆❽�❿❸➀�➁❽❽➄❽➆�❸��➂➀✉➃❽➆➂���➂�➂❸���➄❸���❽�➄�� ➃❽❻�❸➀�

❘� ➁❷�❸� ➀��❸�❷❹❸self admission�❽�❽� ❻�❹��� ➇���➂��❹❸�� ❾❿� ➀➆� ◗

❽➄❽➆❽❷❹➂��➂❹❻�❷❹➅❽�➀➆�❾❿��❼❽➀❻❸➀�➁❹�➂� ❹��❾�❹��➀❿� ➃❽�❹� ❸➂❽❻➀�

➇���❸��➀�❾���❽❹�❸�❷���❽❹�➂��❽➂�➀❿➀��❽��➂�❸➄❶❸��❻❼�❹➂�❸❺❿�➃➈❹��

❸➂❽❻➀�

➁❽➂❻❹➀�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼���❹��➀��❹��➈�❸�➀❽➆➀�➁❽�❹➂�❸�➁❽��❷❸�❷❹➅❽�➀➆

�❹➄����➁❽➄➂➄❸�➁❽�➄�❸����➁❽➂❽❽�➂�➁❸�➁�❸�❸➀����❸�❹�❿➀�❸❽❹➀�

�❹❻❹❿�❽�➄�➀�➅❻❽��➁❽➄❹❶���❽��❻❑➀�������❽�❽➀�❸�❸�➄2❶��➄➂��❹�❶�❸

�❹❹�❸➀� ��➈���❹➂❽❹➅➂��❹➄❽❻�➂�� �❹��� ❤❑➁❽�❻��➁❽�❷➄�➂❹� ❸❽�❽➀❽➂

�❹�❼➂�❷❶➄�❸➂❽❻➀��➁❽➈���➂�➁❸����❿���❺�➁❽�❽❷➅�➁❽➂❻❹➀➀�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼

“Objects which by their nature, location, purpose, or use make an effectivecontribution to military action and whose total or partial destruction, captureor neutralization, in the circumstances ruling at the time, offer a definite

military advantage”➃❹���❸�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈➀�◗❘�➇❽➆➅

Page 23: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

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�❽❷❹�❽➈�������➀➆��➃❹❶��➀�➁❽❿❽❽��➂�➁❸����❿� �❽❷➅�➃➈❹����❽❹�❸

➁❸❽�❹�➆����➁❽�❽❷�➂❹�➃❹❶��❸��❹�❽�➀�❼➀❻❹➂�➃➈❹���➁➂�➆����➁❽❷❽➂➆➂

❘�❸➂❽❻➀��❹➀❹➆➈❹��❹❷❽❽❼�❸�➁❽➄❹➂❽��❝�❽�����❹➀❽➆➈➀Paust, 2003, 32◗

�❸➂❻➀➂❸�❽➄❽❷➀�➁❽�❽❽�➂�➁➄❽��❸➀�❿�➁❽➀❽➆➈��❸❷�❹➆❸� ❷❶➄➂✉➀�➂➀�

�➁❽❻�❺���➃❹❹❿➂��➁❽➆❶❹➈�❹��➁❸❽❷❶���➁��➄����➁❽�❽�➅➂✉���➈�➂�❸➄❽��

❼➈�➂❸�❽➈➀�❸➂❻➀➂�❽❹���➀��❷➂➆➂➀�❽�❿❺❸�➁❻❹➀❸�➅❹❼❼➅����➁❸➀��❽➄➆❸➀

�❹➄❽➅❻�➁❸➀��❽➄➆❸➀��❽��❾❿➂��❽➅❸➀� ❽➄❹❽❶❸�❸❺� ➃❽��➁➀❹�� ❽�❼❽➄➂❹❸❸

❸➀�❶➂����❸❹�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼➀�➃❹��❽���➄➆❸�❸❽❸❽���❷❸��➆�➀❿��❸➈❽���❽➄➈➂

❽❿�➁❽➅�❹❶❸�➁➄�❽�➃❿�➀➆�➁❸��➁❻➀❽❸➀����➂❸��❻�❸�❷�❸�➀➆���❷�❹➂��➀

➃�❹➂❿� ❽❹➀❶�� ❹��➄������❹➄� ❹➄❽���❷���➂� ➀�❻➂��❸➆❽❶➈� ���➀� ��➈�

���➀�➃➂❺�❽❷�➃❽�❹�❹➈❹❶�➀➆���➄���❹➄�➁➄➂���❹❸��❾❿➀�❽�➂➂�❷�❻��❽����❿

❹➂�➆����➉�❹➈➀�❹➀�➁❹�❶❽�❸❺❿�➃❹❽➅❽➄�➃❿��❹��➆➀��❹��➈��➃❽��➃❿�❹➂❿���❺

➀��❹❷➂➆➂➀❹�❹�❹❸❺➀�������❹➆❼➀�❽❹❿❽➅❸❹��❹�❷❹❹❸❽���❽❽➆��❸❺�➁➆

�❹❻❹❿��➁❽➀❽❽❻�❽�❶➀����❹➆�➂�❸➄❽��❹❺�❸❽➆��❸➄❽➆�����❹➄��❹�❼❸�➃❹❶�����❻

➁��➄����➁❽��❹➄��❹❻➈➀� ❹��➆❹���❸➄❻�❸� ➃➂❽➅�➁❽��❹➄� ���� ➁❽�❽❷➅

➁❽➂❻❹➀❸��❹❻❹❿➀�➁�❹❿❽❽��❸� ��❷�� ❸�❷❹❸� ➃❽➆❿�➁❽�➅❹➂� ❾❿�❹� ❽❹➀❶�

�❹�❼� ❽➄❹❶��� ❽��❻�➀��❸➂❹❷�❸�❷❹❸�❻❽➄❸➀�➁❽��➈�➂❸�➁❽➄➂❽➅��❷➆❽❸�

❸❿�➆❸�➀➆��❿➂�➅➂❸�➁�❶❽�❸�❽�❸�➁❽➂❻❹➀❸��❹❻❹❿➀�➁�❹❿❽❽��❸���❷�

�➁❷�� ❽❽❻�➀���❽�❹�❽���❸➀❽❼➄� ❽❷❿��❹➀➆➀�❸➀❹➀➆� �❽�❽❼�❽❽�❹➅✉��❷�

➃❹���❸�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈➀��➇❽➆➅����➂➄�❹❺�❸➄�➅➂➀��❹❺❽❻��❹➅��➃�❹➂❿��❹❸�

➃❿�❹➂❿❹�❞❻�❺�➀���❻❽❽��❹❸�❻�❺���❹❸�➁❷��➁���➈➅�➀��❸��➂���➆�❹�❸

���❿➄❸�❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹�❸��❻❹❹�����❻❽❼�❸➀���❹❿❸�➀��❹��❹❻

❸➂❽❻➀�❾➀❸➂��❹❸�➀❿�➁❷��❽➈➀❿���➄���❹➂❽�❸��❹�❽��❾�❹�➀�❾❿❽➈➀

➀➆�➁❽�❽❸�➂❸�➁❽❷❽❻❽�❽�❶➀���➂❸�❸❺�➁❻❹➀����❹❷➂��❸❻❿❹❸��❹�❷➀��❽

❸➄❽❷➂❸� ➀➆� ➁❽➀❽➆➈�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❿� ❹�� �❹�❼� ❽➄❹❶��� ➀��➁❽❶❽❸➄➂❿�➁➂�➆

❻❹❿❑�➀➆❿�➁❸❽➀➆�❺❽�❿❸➀�➁❸❽➄❹❶���❹�❸➀��➁❽➀❽➆➈��➁❻➀❽❸➀��➄❽❽➄❹➆➂❸

❽➀❹�❽�➀��❹➈❽➈❿��➇❹�❻➀�❸➄❿❹➂�❸❽❸��❸➄❽❷➂❸�➁���➁❽➄➆❹❼❸�➁➄�❽�❑➃❽❹❺➂

�❹➂�����➁➅�➈➀❹�➁❽➄❽❹❺➂��❹❻❹❿�➁�❹��❷❶➄❿�❸➀��❽���❹❽��❸����➃❹❻❼❽�

❸�❷�❸���❽➀�❸❿❺❽❹��❷�❹➂➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸�❽➆��➂�➀��➁❽❽➈❹��❸➄��❽�➁❸❽➀❽➆➈

❘�❸➅➅��➀��❹�➆❷��❹❹❻ÏÈÚÏ❜❛�2➂➆�◗�❸�➆❸�

❘�❶�❸��❹➄��➀��➇❽➆➅ÏÈÚÏ◗�❸�➆❸�

Page 24: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

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➆➄❿❽❸➀� �❹➄➂❷❺❸� ➁❽��❹�➂❸� ➁❽➀❽➆➈➀� �❽➄➆❸➀� ❸➀❹❿❽� �❹➂�❸� �➈❽�❻

◗➁❽➀❽❽❻➀�❸➄❹�➄❸��❹��➈�❘

❷❻��❷�➂�❝❸➀❹➈❿��❽❸�❑➃❽❹❺➂�❻❹❿❑❿��❹�❼�➃❹❶���➀➆�❸❺�❿❸❸��❹➆➂�➂

❸➂❽❻➀❸�❽➄❽❷��➄❽❻�➂�❸➄❶❸�❹➀��❽❹�➆�❹➈➀���❻➄�❹➄❽��❸❺❿�➃❹❶�����❶➅➂��➁❻❹➀

➁❻❹➀➀��❹�➄➆❹➂❸��❹❽❶➀❽�❽�➈❸❹��❹❽❹❿❺❸�➀❿�❹❽❷❽��❸�➆➂➀�❸➂❽❻➀❸�➁�➆�➀➆

❽➂❻❹➀➀�➃�❽➄�❸❺❿�➃❹❽�❽���➁�❿��➂➂�❑❶❹�❸➀�➃❹❽�❽�❑�❹➀��❽��❽����❝�❽❷➅

�❹❽�❹❻��❹➀❹➆➈�➃❽❶��➃❽❷➀�❸❷➂➆❸�❽➄➈➂�➃❽➅❻��❹❸�❾❿�➀➆�➇➅❹➄�❷❶➄❿��❸➄❽❷➂❸

❽❷❽�➀➆�➅➈�➄�➁��❸➂❻➀➂�❽❹���➀��❷➂➆➂➀�❽�❿❺❹�❸➂❽❻➀❸�❾➀❸➂��❸�➆�

❽➀❽❽❻��➁�❿��➆�➀❿���❽➂❽❼❽❶➀�❸�❼➂�❾➈❹❸��❹❸��❻��❷�➂�❽❷❶➄❸�❻❹❿❸

➀➄❹❽��❸��➄❽❻�➂�➁❻❹➀❸�❻❹❿➀�➁❽❿❽❽��➂�➁❸�❷❹➆�➀❿�❸➆❽❶➈➀�➁❽➈❹�❻�❸➄❽❷➂❸

���❿���❽❽❻�➂�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼➀�➁❽➂❻❹➀�➀��➅❹❼❼➅���➄➆❸�❸➂❻➀➂❸�❽➄❽❷�➀�

�❹❿❺➀��❽�❸❺�❷����➆�➀❿���❽➂❽❼❽❶➀�❸�❼➂➀�➁�❹��❾❹➈❸➀��➄❽❽➄❹➆➂�❸➄❽❷➂❸

➁❽➀➆❹➈❸�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸�❹❺�❸�❿❸��❹�➆�➁➀�➀�❸➀❹➀➆�❸➄❽❷➂❸���❽❻➂❸���

➀❽➆➀��❹➂�❿�❽❿�➁�❘�➁❽➂❻❹➀�➀��❸��❹❽➀❹�❷➂➆➂➀�❹❿❺❽��❹�❹➅���❹❼❽��

��❶➅➂��❹➆�❽����❹❽�❹❻��➀��❹➀❹➆➈�➃❽❶��➃❽❷➀�➁❷❽➂➆❸➀��❹��➈�❸����❹➄

❸➄❽❷➂❸�➁���❹�❼�❽➄❹❶��➀�➇�❼�❸➀�➁❽�➄��❷❷❹➆➀�➇��➀❹➀➆�❸❺���❷❹�◗❸➂❽❻➀❸

➁❶�➀���❽�➀��❸�❷➂➆�❽❸❹❺�➁➄➂�❹❘�❸❺❿�❷➂➆➂�➁❸➀��❽➄➆❸➀��➄❽❽➄❹➆➂�❸➄❽�

❾❹➈❸➀�❸➀❹❿❽��❽❸�➃❽�� ◗�❹❽�����❹�❼➂�❷❶➄�➁❽➀➆❹➈�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸����❿

�➄❽❻�➂��❽➂❽❼❽❶➀�❸�❼➂�➁❸��❸➀�❿��➂❹➀❿�➁❽❽�❼➂❽➅��➁❽➂❻❹➀➀�➁�❹�

➀❽➆➀��❹➂�❿�➁❻❹➀❸�❷➂➆➂➀�➁❽�❿❺�➁➄❽��❾��❸➄❽❷➂❸

❽��❻� ➃❽❽➄➆➀�❸➈❽� ❹➄❽��➀❽➆➀❷�❻❹�❽➄❸�➀�� ❹❻❹❿� ❽❿� ❸��➄���❺��➂❹➆➀

➁❶�➀❸➄➀��➆��❸��➁❽❿❽�➂➂�❾��➃❹❶��❸��❹��➀�➁➂�➆����➁❽❷❽➂➆➂❸�➃❹❶��

❸➀��➁❽�➄��➃❽��❽❷❹➅❽❸�➀❷�❸❸��❽����❝➁❽➂➆❼�❽➄�➂���❺❹�➁❽❽❻�❺��➁❽❽❻

➁❸❽�➂�➂�➀❿���❹❸��➂❽❹➅➂��❽�����❿�➆➂➀�➁❽❿❽❽��➂❸�➁❽➂❻❹➀�➃❽�❹

➆❹✆➅➅❹�➂�❑➁❻❹➀❑�❶❹�❸➀���❽❸❸��❿�➆➂�❸�❹�➀�➁❽➄❹�➄�➁❽➂❻❹➀❸�➀��➁❸❽�❹�

�❽➄���➆❸�➀❿�➁❽➂❻❹➀��❽➂����❹❷➂�➃❽��➃�❿�❹➀❽�❹��➆❸�➀❿�➁❻❹➀�❹�❹❽❸�➀➆

➃❹❶��❸��❹��➀�❷❹➂➆➀�➁❷��❹�❹��➀��❹�❹➄❹❿➄���❷���❹�❷❹❹��➆❽�❿❸➀�❽�❹�❸

➁❽❽����➁❽➆��➂�➀������➈➅➂��➁❷��❹�❹���❹➈���❸�❸�❹�❿➀� �➆�➀❿�

➃❽��❽❼❹➈❽��➁❹�❹➈�❽➄➈��➆❽➈❹❸➀��➈➅❹➄��❹��➈��➁❶��❽➄➆❸➀�❸❽❹�➆��❹➂�❸��➈❽�❻

❸➄❽❷➂❸��❾❿➀��❹➈❽➈❿����❺�➁❷❶➄��❹❽��❸�����❹�➅➀�❽❷❿��❻���❺�➁❹�❹➈�❹��❽➂❹�➀

❻❽➄❸➀�❸���➁➀❹��❸➀❹➆➈�❹➂➆�➇��➀�❸➄❿❹➂❹�❸❺❿�➁❹�❹➈�➀��❸➂�❸��➂❺❹❽��➄➄❹❶�➂❸

❸❺❿�➁❹�❹➈➀��❽�➆❸➀�➁❽❿➅���❻❽➄❸➀�➃❽��❷❻❹❽➂�❹�❾❿➀�➁❽❿➅���➄➄❹❶�➂❸�❸➄❽❷➂❸�

❽❹➅❻�➆❷❽➂

Page 25: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

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➇���❸➀��❹➄❹❿➄��❹�❷❹❹��❻❽❿❹❸➀�❽❷❿�❸��➃❽��❾��❹❺❿��❹➄❹❿➄�➀➆�❷❽➆❸➀�❸❽❹�➆

❸��➀❻��➀❹�❸➄❽➆��❸��❹➄�❹❺❿��❹➄❹❿➄��❻❽❿❹❸➀�❹��➃❹❶��❸�➀��❸➂❽�➂�➀❿�

�❹�❷❶❹➂❸��❹❽�����❹�❼➂�❷❶➄�➀❹➆➈➀�➃❽❽❷➆�❸➀❹❿❽�❸➄❽❷➂❸�❽❿��❽❶❷❸➀��❽�❽❹➄❽�

➁❽➀➆➈➂❹�➁❽➄❹❶��❸��❹❼➂�➁❽➄❹➂❽���❹➄❻➂�➃❹❶❿�➃❹���❸�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈➀��➇❽➆➅�

❸➂❻➀➂❸�❽➄❽❷➀���❽❽�➂��❽❸��➀❿❿���❹➂❻���❹�❽❽➀

�❽➂❽❼❽❶➀�❸�❼➂��➂�➂❸�➁❻❹➀�➀��❷➂➆➂��❽➄➆❸➀�❽❹���❽❿�➁❽➄➆❹❼❸�➁➄�❽

❸➀�❿❿�❽❹➀❶��➁➂�➆�➀➆�❹�❽❸�❸��➀���❹�❼��❹➀❽➆➈��➁❽❷❹�❻➀�➁❶��➆�➀❿�

�❹�❼�❽➄❹❶��➀��❹❿❽❽��❸��❽➄❽➆❽❷❹➂�➆❷❽➂�❾➂➅�➀➆�➁❽❷❹�❻❸�➁❽�➄�➀�❸➄❹❹❿❸

❸➄❻�❸❸�➃❹��➆��❸�➆❽❶➈�❷❹➅❽�➀➆�❹❺�❸�❽❶➀�❷❶➄�❸➀�❽❹���➁��❶➅➂���❹➀❽➆➈�❹

❸❽�❹❿➀�❸� ➀➆❹� �❹➆❼➂���❻�� ➃❹❷➄� ❾�➂❸�� ➁❽❻�❺�� ➃❽�❹� ➁❽➂❻❹➀� ➃❽�

➁➆❼� ❽❼��❹➂❷❸��❼�➂❸��❹➄❹��➆�➁❹�❽❽�➀➆� ❹❺❿��❹❽➄❽❷➂�➀���❹❽➀❽➀�❸

❽➀❽➀➈❸�❽➈❹�❸��❹❸��❹�❼��❹➀❽➆➈��➁❽❷❹�❻❸�➃➂�❸❺❿�➅❹❼❼➅��➆❽➄➂➀�➇➅❹➄

❹➀❽�❹� �❹❽�❹❻� ➀➀❿� ❾�❷�� ➃❸�➁❽➂❻❹➀� ➀��➁❸❽�❹➀❹➆➈� �❹�❼❸� ❽�➆➂� ➀�

➁❽❻�❺��❷❶➄�➁❸❽�➆➂����➁❽➄❹❹❿➂❸��❹�❼��❹➀❽➆➈��➁❽❷❹�❻�➀��➁❸❽�❹➀❹➆➈

���❸➀➆��❸➀��➁❽�➄�➀�➁❽➂❻❹➀�➀��➅❹❼❼➅❸���➄➆❸��❽➀❿����❹❽➀❽➀➈�➃❸

➃❽��❸➄❻�❸❸�❷❹➅❽��➁➂�➆�➁❽➂❻❹➀��➆❶➈�❹�➁❽➂❻❹➀�➀��➁�❶�❷➀�➁❽➆�❹➈❸

�❽❹��❽➂❻❹➀�❶❹�❸➀���❽❸�➁❽➂❻❹➀➀��❽➄➆❸➀�❾�❹�❸�❽❹�➂�➁❽➂❻❹➀➀�➁❽❻�❺�

➁❶�➁❽❽➀❽➀➈�➁❽➆�❹➈�➁❸��➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼➀�❸❺❿���❽❸��❽➄➆❸➀�❸�❷�❸�➀❿�➃❽�

❸�❹➂❻��❽➀❽➀��❸❿➀�❸�❸❺❿���❽❸�➃�❽➄��❸➆❼➂�➁�❹����❽�❽➀

➁❽❷❹�❻❸�➁➆��❹❷❷❹➂�❸➀�❸❽❹��❸�❾�❷❸��❸➀❹➆�➀❽➆➀��➁❽��❷❸�➃➂

◗❸➂❻➀➂❸�❽➄❽❷❘�❽�❼❽➄➂❹❸❸�❼➈�➂❸�➀��❹❽➀❿��❹➆�➂���❸➄❽���❹�❼��❹➀❽➆➈�

❼➈�➂❸�❽➀❿��❹➆�➂����➀�� ❾❿➂�➆➂��➂❸�➀❿�➀➆� ➁❽➂❻❹➀❿�➁�❽❽���❹

➀➆�➁❽�❹➅❽��➆❹��➀�❝❸➀�❿�➁❽➆�➂���❼❽�➄➀��❻��❼❷➄➂��❽➄➆❸➀��❽�❽➀❽➀➈❸

❽➅➄➄❽➈❸� �❹�❽➂��➁❸➀� ➆❹❽➅� ➀➆❹� �❹�❼� ❽➄❹❶�����❹��❻� ➀➆� �❹�❼��❹➀❽➆➈

�❹➀❽➆➈➀�❻���➀��❽�➂❹➈��➁❹➅�➈❹��❹�❼��❹➀❽➆➈➀�❸�➅❸��❹��➀�❽�➀❹➂➆�❸❹

❷�❻➄��❽➂��❸❷�❹➆��➁❽��❹➂�❹➄��❹❺�❸➄�➅➂��❸❿❽➂��❸➂➆��❹❸❷❺❸�❹��❹❺❿

➀�➄➀�➀❹❿❽�❹➄❽���➄➄❹❶�➂�❸➄❽❷➂�➀��➃❽➆❽❷❹➂❸��❹❽❹���❽❷❽�➀➆��❹�❼��❹➀❽➆➈�

➃➂�❻❹➄➂�➆❶��➇��❹➀�➃❽��❸�➆➂➀�❹❽❽❻����➀❽�❸➀❹�➆➄❿❽❸➀��➂➂�➀���❹➄➂❷❺❸

➂❸✆�❽❸�❸��➀����❿���❺❹��➄➄❹❶�➂❸�❸➄❽❷➂❸��❹❽❹���❹❽�❻���❹➀❸➄➂��➇❷�

❹�➂❹➆➀�❸❺❿❿�❹�❹��❸❸❺❽�����❽➄❹�❽❻�➃➂❽➅�❸➀❽❶��❽➀�➂❹�➁❻❹➀❿�❹➂�➆�➀➆

❾�� �➆�➀❿���❽➂❽❼❽❶➀�❸�❼➂� ❽➂��� ➃➈❹����➂�➂�➁➄➂���❽❷➅❸�➁❻❹➀❸

❹�❽���❸�➈❹❻��➀�➂➀�➃❶❹➂��❹❸�➁❸���➁❽�➆❹��❹➂❹�➂�➁➄�❽�❽�➆➂�➃➈❹��

❹��❸➆❽➄❿��❹➆�➂���❸❺�❷➂➆➂➂��❹�➈➀�❽➄❹��➆�➃➈❹���➀❹❿❽��❹❸�❾❿�➀➆�➇➅❹➄

❽���❸�➃❹❶��❸�➃➂�◗➁❽❸❺➂❸�➁❽➄➂❽➅❸���➅❸��❹➆�➂��❘�➇❹����❹�❽➄ �❹��➈�

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�❽➄➆❸➀��➀��➃�❹➂❸�➃❹��❸��❹�➂➀��❹�❼��❹➀❽➆➈��❷❹�❻�❽➄➈���❷➂❹➆�❸➄❽��❹❺

◗�❹�❼�❽➄❹❶��➀�➇�❼�❸➀�➉❽�➂��➆❹➄➂➀❹❘�➁❽➂❻❹➀�❽➄➈�➀➆�➃❹��❽�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼➀

�❽❹���❸❺�❸❽❸❽��➀✉�❹��❹❸��➁❽➀❹�❽�����❻�❸��✉����➆�➀❿���❽�❸➀�

➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❿�➁❽❷❹�❻❸�➀��➁➂❷

�➆�❹�➂��❹�❼❸��❹➀❽➆➈����❿���❹➆�➂�➁❽❽➀❽➀➈�➁❽❿❽➀❸���❹➂❽���❽�❹�

�➄➄❹❶�➂❸�❸➄❽❷➂➀��❸❽�❹❼❽�❼➂�❹����❻��❸➄❽❷➂�➀��❸❻❼�➂�❸➄❽❷➂�❽➈➀❿

❸❽�❹❼❽�❼�❸�❹��➀➆�➁❽��❻�❸�➁❽➂�❹❶❸����❿❹�❞�❽�❽❼�➈��❸❼❽➀��❸��➃❽�

❻❼���➁❽❽❹�➂❸�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸�❷❶➄�➀❹➆➈➀�➁❽➀❹❿❽�➁➄❽��❹��➁❽➄❽❽➄❹➆➂�➁➄❽�

➃❹❽➅❽➄� ❽➄➈➂�❸❽❻�❺��➀➆� ➃❶❸➀�����➂❸� �➄➄❹❶�➂❸�❸➄❽❷➂❸� ➁�❼❽➀���

❽❷❿�❾❹���❹�❼❸��❹➀❽➆➈��➆❽➄➂➀��❹➂❹❺❽��❹➀❹➆➈�❼❹�➄➀�❸❼❽��➁❸��➆❹❶➈➀

➁❑❹�❸��➀❽❶➂�� ➆❹��❸� �❹➄❹�❽�❸� ➃❹��➆���➈❸❹� ❸�❺❸� ❸➄❽❷➂➀� ❸�❽➀➈❛

�❹�❼❸�❽➄❹❶����➁❽➀❽➆➈�❷❶➄❹��❹�❼❸�❽❶❽❸➄➂�❷❶➄�➀➀❿�❾�❷��❹❼�➄❽❽��❹➀❹➆➈❸

➁❽❷���➂�➁❽➀�❻➂�➁➆��❹❷❷❹➂�❸❸�����➈➅��➀������➂�❹❺�❸➀❹➆➈�❾�❷

❷❽❻❽❸�❼➅❽�❹�❼❸��❸��❸�❸➂�➆❸�❻❿❹➄❹�➁➆❽��❸➀���❸�❽�❹�❸�❻❿❹➄➀���❺

➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸�������➀�❽�❹�❸�➉➈➄�❽�➂❹❻➀�❹�❹�❽❶➄�❹❽❷❽��❺❿�➀�➁❹❽❿�➀❹❿❽

➁➆�➆❹➄➀�❼➅❽�❹�❼❸�➀❹❿❽�❸����❽➅❻❽❸��❹➀�❸❹�➁❸➀��❸➀�❻❸�❽�➂❹❻���❹

�❹➄➄❹❶�➂��❹➄❽❷➂➂�➆❹➄➂➀�❸❷❽❻❽❸�❾�❷❸��❻�❽��➁❹�➂�➀❿��❹��❹➈➀❹�➃➆❼➂❸

❸➀❹➆➈�➇❹�❽����❽�❽��❽❸��❹�❼��❹❿➂❹���❹➄❽❷➂�❷❶➄��❽�����❹➀❽➆➈�❼❹�➄➀

��❽�❸➀�❽❷❿��❹�❼❸�❽➄❹❶�������➂���❹❷❸�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�✉�➉❻➀��❹➆�➂���✉

�❹�❼❸� ❽➄❹❶���❷❶➄��❹❻��➈❽❿�� ❽➆�➂���➀❹➆➈➀��❹�❻���❹❽❹��❹��❹➀�➂➂

❸❺❿�➀❽➆❽�❽➂❹�➀➃❽��❸➀❹➆➈�➇❹�❽��➁❽❽��➂��➀����❿�➃❸❽❻❼���➁❽➀➆❹➈❸

❸➆❽❶➈�❹�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸�❷❶➄��❽����❸➀❹➆➈�➀����❸�❹➂❸�❸�❷�❸���❽❿❸➀��❽

❾❿��❸❿❹�❿❸��❹➄❹�❽��

❸➆❽❶➈➀�➁�➂❹�➂���❽❸���❺�➀❿���➈➅➂�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❼➈�➂❸�❽❿��❹❿❺➀��❽

���❿���❺❹� ➁❽❻�❺��� �➂❹➀❿� ➁❽➂❻❹➀�➀��❷➂➆➂� ❽➀➆��➁➄❽���➁❽�➄��

�❽�❽��➀❻��➀❽❼➄�❸❺���➀❻�➁❽➀❼❹➄�➁❸���➆�❹�❸➂❽❻➀���❽�❽��➀❻�❹➀❼➄

❽➆�❼�➃➈❹���➁��❼➂��➁❽�➆➂�➁�❹���❽❽�➆❿����➈�➂�❸➂❽❻➀❸��❹➀❹➆➈�

❛➀�◗❘�➇❽➆➅· ̇ ˜ÂÁ ̇ „Á‡Ӊ ̇ ÂÓ‡‰ ̇ ÏÈ‚Ó·‰ ÔÈ„‰ ̇ ÈÈÓ‡Ï≠ÔÈ❸➈�❹�➀�❸➅➄❿➄��

➀➆�❽❿�➆�❹��➇❽➆➅❸�◗❑➁❑❹�❸��➀❽❶➂❑�❝➃➀❸➀❘��2➂➆�❜��❑❿�❜���❹❼�❹����

❸�❹➂➀�� ❷❶➄❿� ❻❹❿�� �❹➂❽�➂� ❹�� ➁❹❽�➂� ➆➄➂❽❸➀� ➃❹❶���� �❹��❻❸� �❹➄❽❷➂❸� ➀❿

�❷�➀�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�➃❽❷❸��❽����❻��❸➄❽❷➂�➀���❽➄❽❷➂❸�❸�❹�➂�➆❹��❽➀�❽�❹❼❽�❼❸

�➀��❷➂➆➂�❸❺�➇❽➆➅➀�❽❿� ➆��jus cogens ❘�❸�❹❶��❽➄����➈�❹��� ÏÈÚÏ◗�❸�➆❸�

❜❜�❽�➂����➁❑❹���❸��❻❿�❸➀���❸�➀���❽

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❹❷❹❽�➀❹��❽❹�❸��❹❻❹❿➀��❺➄�➁❹�❶➀❜➉➂�➂➀�➁❹��➀�➃��❼➂���❹➀❹➆➈�❷❶➄➂�

❹➂❿�❸➂❽❻➀➀�➇❽�➆�➆❹❽➅�➃❿�❹➂❿❹�◗➁❽➂❻❹➀����➅❸�➀�➂➀❘�❽➀➀❿❸�❸➂❽❻➀❸

❹��❻❽❽��➀�◗���❸�❸❷�➀��❽�❽❸�➁�❹➈❽➅➀�❷❹❶❽➄�❘���❹➂❻��❽�❶�➂��➄❿❸

❘�❸➂❽❻➀�� �❽�❽��➀❻��➀❽❼➄➀Pictet, 1987, 619�❹��➈��❸➄�❽� ❸❺�➁➆� ◗

�➄➂�➀��➇❽➆➅�❽➈➀�➀❹❶❽�❹�❸➀�❻��❹➀❹➆➈��➁❽�➅❹➆❿�➁❽�➄��➁�❹���❹�➆➀

�❹➀❽➆➈���❹➅➆�❸❽❸�❻�❺�❸���➆�����➃�❽➄�❸➆❽❶➈➀���❽❸❸��❽➆❽��❸�❸�➄2❶

�❽�➂❻➀➂❞❸����➀�❸➅❽�➈��❹�����❻❽➄❸����❿�❸❽�❻�➀��➀❹�❸❽➄➈➀��➀�

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❹�� ❑➁❽➂❻❹➀❑❿�➁❽❸❹❺➂��➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸➀�➁❽❷➆❹❽➂❸��❸❻➄❸❸�➀➆�➅➅��❸�

❸❶❽�❸❸�❽❷❷�➂�➁❽➀➆➂�➀❽➆➀��❹➂�❿�❑❸➂❽❻➀���❽�❽��➀❻�➁❽➀❼❹➄❸�➁❽❻�❺�❑❿

➃❹❽➅❽➄�� ➉❹➆➄� ❽��❽➆❸� ➃❹➆❽❼❸� ❹❺� �❹❽➄❽❷➂���❹❼➀�➁❽➄❹➆❽❼� ❸➂❿��➆➄❹➂❸

➁❽❽➅❽➅�❸��❹➄❹��➆❸�➁➆�❷❻��❸➄���❸➀❹➆��➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸��❼❽��❽❿��❹��❸➀

➀��❽��❽➆❸�❹➄❹��❽���❹❽➂�➀�➅��➆❽➄➂�❸➄❹����❹������❸➂❻➀➂�❽➄❽❷�➀�

➁❽��➂❸��❹���❷�➂�❸➀�❹�➀❹❿❽���❹❸��➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸�➀�❹�➁❿❻❸���➄❸

❸�❹�❿➀� ➁❽�❽❹��� ❸�❽�❽� ❸➆❽❶➈��❽❹❹➀➄❸� ❸➆❽❶➈❸� ➁❹�➂�� ❽❷❿� ❾❹��

� �❽❻�❺�❸�❸�❽�➅�����❹❽➂❸❹✉�❹➂❻❸� ❾❹➅❿➅❸�����➄❽❽➈�➂❸�❸➆❽❶➈�

�➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸��➁❶�➁�❶➄�❽��❽�➅��❺➄�➃❿��❽➀➄❹❽�➄�➄❹�❸���➀�❸���➃❿��

❼➀❻❸��➁➀❹��❹��➆❹❶➈➀�➁❽���➂��➁❷�❸����❷❷❹�➀❹�❽�➂❶➀�❑❽➀❽�❼➅❑�❻❼�

��❹�❻���❹➀❹➆➈��➃❿�❽❽✉❹��➁❽��➆➂�➆❹�❽�➀�➇�❽❸��❹�❻���❹➀❹➆➈�➃❹❶❿�

❜❸➀❹➆➈����❹❷➂��➇��❸➂❽❻➀���❽�❽��➀❻��➀❽❼➄��❷❶���❽❸�➇��❸➀➆��➁❽❻�❺���❸➆❽❶➈

➀❽❽❻❸�➀➆❹��❽�❹❻��➀����❻➄�❸�❽❽❸�❸�❹�❸�➃➂�➁❻❹➀�❽❷❽�➀➆��➆���➂�❸�❽❽❸�❹➀�

➀❿��➃❽❷➀�❷❹➂➆❽�❸➂❽❻➀���❽�❽��➀❻�➀❼➄��❻�❺��➅➈�➄�❹➀❽��➃❽❷❸����❸❽➀➆���➀�❸❽❸

�❽�❹❻�❸➄❽��➁❻❹➀❸�❻❹❿➀�❹�❹➈�❼�❸�➁�➆��➁❹�➂�➅➈�❽❽��❸��➂

�❝➆�❹��➃❹���❸�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈➀�◗❘�➇❽➆➅“Civilians shall enjoy the protection affordedby this Section, unless and for such time as they take a direct part in hostilities”

(emphasis added)❘�❸➅➅��➀��❹�➆❷��❹❹❻ ÏÈÚÏ�2➂➆�◗�❸�➆❸

�❿➂➅➄��❽❸❹�❑�❽➂�➆�❸�❷❹❸❑�❸❽�❶➀�➃❽���❸❺�➃�❹➂��❸�❹�❿➀�����❽❸�➁❽�❽❹��➁�❹❽❸

���❸�❽�➄��❽❷❽��❹��➂➄���❹❽���➀➆

�➀��❻❹❹❽❷�❽➈➀The Palestine Monitor��➂�❷��➀����➂�❹➄��❛�➃❽���❸➈❹����

❹���➁❽❷➀❽�❹❽❸�➁❿❹�➂���❹❽❹��➄�❸❸�➀��➃❿➀❸➂��➁❽➂❽➂��➁❽❻�❺��❜�❹❶�❸➄�

www.palestinemonitor.org.factsheet/Palestininan_intifada_fact_sheet.htm

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�➁❽�❹➈❽❻�❾�❹�➀�❹��❽�➅�➁�➀�❻❼��➀➆��❹❼➀��❸✉��❹❽����❶�❸➀�❹�❽�❽�

➆�➈➂�➁❽➈❻�➁❽❻�❺��➀�

❘��❽➂��❸❶❽�❸�❸�➆➂➀��❽❸���❷�❹➂➂❸�❸➆❽❶➈➀named killing❸➄�❽�◗

��❽➂���➀�❸❶❽�❸���❹❹❷�❸❺�➃❹➆❽❼�❽➈➀��❽�➅❹➂�❸❿➀�❸�➁❶✉�❶❽�❸��➂❹➀❿�

��❽❹�❸������➀❽❽❻��❹❸��➁❹�➂����➁❷�✉�❽❸��➃❹❹❽❿��❽�➅❹➂��➀��❽❸�

�❽➀�❹❷❽�❽❷➄❽�❸�❹�❹❽�❹➄�����❷�❿➀��➀❹❿❽❸�����➀❼�➂❸➀❹➆❸�❸➄�➅➂❸�

❸➄❽❻�➂���❹❽�❸➄❹❿➄��❽➂�❸�❸❶❽�❸❸�❹���➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸���❹❹❷���❽❸�❾❿➂

❷❻❹❽➂❸�❷❽�➈�❸�➀���➁❽�➄���➆❹❶➈➀���➈�➂�❽�❽❼�➀➅❸�❶�❸❸� �❽�➅❹➂

➁❹�➂����➁❷��❽➄���❶❽�❸➂�➀❽❷�❸➀����➂❸���❶➅➂��➁❽��❹➄�➁❸��❷�❿➄❸❹

❑�❽❹�❑�➁❸�

‚˙Ó‰ ÈÓÚË Æ¥ÚÂÓ ‰‚ȯ‰Ï ÌÈ„˙

➁❽➈➅❹➄�➁❽❽➄�➀➆❹��➁❽➄❹➆❽❼�➀➆❹�➁❽❽❼➈�➂➁❽❽�➅❹➂�➁❽➄❹➆❽❼�❸➂❿���❹➅➆➄

❝�➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�➀➆�❽❼➈�➂��❹➅❽���➁❽❿➂❹�❸

ÌÈÈËÙ˘Ó≠ÌÈȯÒÂÓ ÌÈÂÚÈË Æ‡

�❼➅❽�❹�❼�❹➄❽���❹�❼��❹➀❽➆➈��❷❹�❻✉❽�❹�❽�❸❹�❽➂��❸�❻❽�❸�❽❿�➇��

��❹❷➂�➃❿���❷❸�➃❽��➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼�➀�❿��➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸➀�➁❽❷➆❽➀�➅❻❽❽�➂

�❹❽�❽❼➂�❹➄❹��❹❽�❷�❹➆��❹❿➀�❸�❸❺�➃❹�➄➀�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❿�➁❽❷❹�❻��❽➂�

❽❹❸❽❺��➀❹➈❽➀�❸➀❹➀➆��❹➆❼��❹➆❼�➀���❹��➈�❸����➃❹��❻���❽�❸➀��❽

❸➀��➀�����❹��❹�❼�➃❹❶����➀❽➆➈�➀��❹�➂❹��❹�❹❷❽�➈���❿�➆❸��➁❷�

�➆�❹➄� ❹❺� �❹��➈�� ❤�❹�❼❸� ➃❹❶���� ➀❽➆➈� �❹❽❸➀� ➇❽➅❹➂� �❹❸� ➁�❸

�❹➆❽❽�➅❸�❾❹�➂��❹���➁❽➂➆➈�➇➅�➄❸� ❽➄❽➆❽❷❹➂��➂❹❻�➀➆��❹❿➂�➅❸➂

➀�� ❹❷➂➆➂��❿�➆❸➀� ➆❶❹➄� ��❷❸�� ➀❿❿� ❹�❿�➆❸� ➀➆❹� ❸➀❹➆➈� ❽➈��➂�

❻�❺��❹���❼❹❺�➀❽➆➈��❹�❼�➃❹❶����❼➀❹��➀❽➆➈❘�❷�❹➂➂�➀❹❿❽➅➀�❷➂➆❹➂❸

❑�❷�❹�❸���❸❺❿❑��➄❽❻���❽➄❽➆❽❷❹➂❸��➂❹❻❸�➀➆���❹❹❽➆��❹❿➂�➅❸�◗➁❽➂�

❹❽❽❻��➁❷�➂�➃❹➆❽❼❸��❹❿❺��➀❽➀�❹�❽❼➈�➂�❾❽➀❸�➀��❹�❷➆❽❸��❽�❽❽➆���❽❸

❸➀❹➆➈❸����❿���❹❽➂�❶�❸��➆❽➄➂❹�➁❷��➃❹❿➅❽❻����➈�➂��➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸�❾❿�➀➆�➇➅❹➄

❸➀❹➆➈❸�➁��➃❿�����❸�➀➆��❷�➈➂❸��❽➄❹❼➀�❸�❹���❽���❸��❿�➆➂❸�����❽➈➀❿��➄❹❹❿➂

➁❽❶�❷❸�➀��➁❸❽❽❻��❹��➀�➁❽�❻��➁❽���❽❽❻�❹➀�➄❽❽��➄❽❹➆❸��❿�➆➂❸��❹❼❼❹➂�❸➀��❽��

�❷❽➂����❸�❽❻➈➂��➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸�❝��❺�❷❹➆❹��❿�➆➂�❸�❹���➁❽�❼❹❺❸❹�➁❽❽➄❹➄❽�❸

❹➈�❽❸���❹��➄➄❹❶�➂❸�❸➄❽❷➂❸�❽➀❽❽❻�❹❽➀��➁❽➈�❻➄��➃❹❿❽➅❸

❘��❽���➀���❼❽➅��❽➄❹��➅➄❿��❸���❸��➃➂❼❼➅�➀�❽➄❷�❶❽�❸�➃❹➆❽❼❸��� ÏÈÚÏ❝◗❛�❸�➆❸

“The Legitimacy of Targeted Killings”

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➁❽➆�➂�❸� ➁➆� ❷❻�� ❸➄��� ➁❽➀❹➆� ➁➄❽�� ➁❽❽➄❺�➂❸� �❹➈❿� ➀➆� ➁❽❽❹�➂

��❻➀�➆❽❶❸➀�❽❷❿�➁�❽❽➀���❹❷�❽❼��❹➂❷��❼�➂��➁❽❽❼➈�➂❸�➁❽❿❽➀❸❸❹

➁❽❽❼➈�➂�➁❽❿❽➀❸�➁❽➀❸➄�➂����❿�➁❶��❹➆➄➂➄�❽�➀��➃❸��❹❽❹➆❼��➂�❸

❹����❹❷➂��➁❷�❸�➀��❹❽➄➈��➁❽�➆➄❸�➁❽➄❶❹❸➃❸�❸➂❿❹�❸➂❿��❻��➀➆❹�

�❹➂❽�➀�➀❽�❹❸➀��❹➀❹➀➆��❹❽❹➆❼�❸➀�❿�➁❽❿❽➀❸��❷➆❽❸��➀❹➈❽➀��❹➀❹➀➆

➁❽❽❶❹➀❹❿❽➅➈❸�➁❽�➄�❸�❻❿❹➄� ❷❻❹❽➂�� ❸❺� ❽➆�➂����❷�❹➂��➀❹� ❺�➈❹➂

❸�❹���❸➄�❽���❹�❽�➀��❹��❸➀�➃❹��❸�➁❸��➁❽➀➆❹➈��❹❼➀❻❸❸�❽➀��➂�

�❿�➆➂❸��❻❽➄❸➀�➁❶�❸���❽��➂�❸➀❹➆➈��➈❹❻�➁❽❽�➀�❸➈❽��❸❹��❹�❼➀

➀❹➀➆❸�❽�❹�❽�❸��❽❻➂����❻�❸���❹➀❽➆❽��❸➂�➆�������➀�❸➄❿❹➂❹�❸➀❹❿❽

➀��➃���❹����❷�➀��❹➈❹➅��➃�❹➆➂�➂�❹��❹❽❹➆❼��❸�❷❹❸���➆��❹�❶❽❸➀

� ❽�❼❽➄➂❹❸❸�❼➈�➂❸� ➀�� ❽➅❽➅�� ➃❹��❽➆�� ❸➆❽❶➈� �❽❸� �❹❽❹➆❼✉�➄❶❸�

❽�❹�❽����❹❸�❶�❸❸�➃❶❹❸�❾❽➀❸�➀��➁❽❽➀➂❽➄❽➂��❹❷❹➅❽��❷➆❽❸��➁❽❻�❺�

�➆�➈➂�➁❽➈❻��❸➆❽❶➈✉�❹➆❽❶➈�❸�➅➂��➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸�❽❿�❸��➂�➃❹❽➅❽➄❸�

➁❹�➂�������➁❽❽❹�➂❸�➆�➈➂�➁❽➈❻�➁❽❻�❺�➀�➇❹❶�❹��➈➄���➂➂�➀�

�❽❻�❺��❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹�������➁❽➀➆❹➈�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸��❸❷�❹➆❸�❻❿❹➄�❷❻❹❽➂�

❸➂�❶❹�❹�❽��➀➆�➃❹❼�➀��➂��❸��➈�❸➀❼❹❸�❸❷�❻��❻�➀➅���❹��➄�❸�

�❽�❸�❷➂➀➄��❻�➀❸�➁❽❷➀❽��➁❸�❹�➁❽➄❽❼➅➀➈�➁❽❻�❺���➀��❶�❸➀

❹�➂��❸� ◗➀�❿➄�❘� ➅�➂❻❸� ❽�❽❿��� �❹��➄�❸❸� ➃❹❽➅❽➄� �➆��� ❾❿➀

�➄❶❸�➀➆�❸❷➈�❸➀��➃❽❽�➀��❽�➉➈➄��➂❹❻�➀��❸�❹❻➈��❹➂❿��➁❽➅❽❽❼❸

➂�➆�➈➂�➁❽➈❻�➀��➁❸❽❽❻✆��❹❿❸���❹❻�❻❿❹➄��❹�❽❿��❼�➂��➇�❹��❸➄�

�❹�❿❸�❻❼����❽❻�❺�❸�❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹�❸�➀��❸�❻❹❹�����❻❽❼�❸➀

�❸❽�❺❽➄➂❹❸❸❷✉➃❻➀❹��❽�❹❻�➂����❹❻➂�❸�❹������➁❷��➃�❽➄❸���❽❸❸�

➅➅❹�➂��❹�❼��❹➀❽➆➈����❹➆➂�❹➄❽��❹���➃➂❺❸���➈��➁❷��➀❹➅❽❻➀�❸❷❹�➆

➀❿� ❹❽➈➀❿�❼❹�➄➀���➈���❸�❹❻�❸�➀➆❹��❽❹�❸�➀��❸❽�❺❽➄➂❹❸❸❷�➀➆

➅➈�➄��❽➂�❽➈➀❿�➁❽➀➆➈❹➂�❹❽❸��➀�❸➀�❿�➁❽➆�➂���❻❽➄❸➀��❽�➅�❽➆�➂�

�➅➅❹�➂����❸➄❽��❹❺�❸❼❽��❑❹➄��➂�❷❻�❑�❸➀❽➂❸�➃�❹➂��❹➀➂���❹➄�➃�❿

❸�❻�❸➀❹��➈➅❹➄�❸❽�❺❽➄➂❹❸❸❷➀�❸�❽�➂�➇���❽❸�❝❸❽�❺❽➄➂❹❸❸❷�➀➆

�❸��➁❽��❹➆➂❸�➀�✉❸���❹❺�❸�❻�❸�➁❽➆��➂❸�➁❶�❹➂❿�➁❽➄➄❿�➂❸�

❽❽❻�➀➆��❹➄❷�❸���❹❻�����❸➂❽�➆➂❹�➁❷��❽❽❻�❾�➆��❹➀❽❺��❽❹❼❽��❽❷❽➀

❷❹�❻�➀��❹❽➄➈➂��❹❽❹➅❻��❹❽����➁❽�➂��➂�➁❸���➁❽➂�➂❹�➂�➁❽❿❽➀❸�➁➄�❽�➁➄➂�

➂�➁❽��➆➂�➀�➂➀❘✆�➂❹➄➂��❹❽��❸�➃❹❽➅❻❹�❹�➆❽❷❽���❹❻➈➀�➀❸➄�➂�❾❽➀❸❸�❾��◗➁❽❽➀❸➄

❼➈�➂❸��❽��❽❷❽�➀➆

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❸➂❻➀➂❸�❽➄❽❷��❹➄��➈��❹➄�❹���❹❻➄❸➀�❾❽���➁❷�❸��❹❽❹❿❺�❼➈�➂��➀❹❺❸

�➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸��❼❽��➀��❸�❹➅❽��❹��❸���❸��➀���

���❽��❹➂❽�➂���❻✉➀❹➀➆���❽��❹➂❽��❽➀����❹❸���❽��❹➂❽�➂���❻❸�

��❽��❹➂❽���❹�❽�❸����➆❽❶�❸➀�❾�❹�❸❹�❽�❹�❽��➁➆❺�➉❻➀���➆���❹❹❽❸➀

❸➀❹➆➈➂�❾❹➈❸❽❹�❸➄��❽�❷�❹➂➂❸�➀❹❿❽➅❸�➆❹�❽�➀�➁➆❼❸����❻���❹➆➂

➁❽➀❹�❽��❸➆��❸❹�❸➂�➄�❸�❽➄➆�➃❸�❸❽�❹�❼➂��❸➀❹➆➈➀�❸➆❽➄➂�❸��❼➂�

❸�❽➄➆��❹➀❹➆➈��❽�➂�❹➄❽������❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❼➈�➂❸�❽➈➀�➁❽�❹➅��❸➀�

�➂➂➀❹�➃➄❿�➀���❹❽�➀���❾❿➀��➀�➁❽�����❶�➂���❽��❹➂❽�➂���❻❸

���➂���➆��➁❷��➀��❹❽�➆➂➀�➅❻❽❽�➂❸�➆❷❽➂�❷❹➅❽�➀➆�➀❹❿❽➅��❹➀❹➆➈

��❻�❸�❹� ❞❷❽�➆➀� ❹❽�❹❽➄❿�➀❹�❸❹❹❸➀�➅❻❽❽�➂❸�❽➄❿❷➆�➆❷❽➂�❷❹➅❽�➀➆

➁❹�❽➂❸❹�➁❽➄➂❺❸�❻❹➀➀�➁��❸��➁❷��➀���➄➄❿❹�➂�❸❶❽�❸��❸❷�❹➆�

➁❸���➁❽��➂��❸❶❽�❸➂���❹❽�❸❻❹❼�❹�❸➀���❽❸�❸❶❽�❸❸�➃➄❿�➂�➆�❹��

�❹�❽➅➄❸�❽❷❽�➀➆�➁❽➆��➄❸�❸➀��➁❽➂�❹❶�➀➆�❸❼❽➀��➃➄❿�➂➀�➃❽�

�❾❽➀❸���➁❽��❹➆➂❸�➀��❸�❻�❸❹�����❸❻❽�➈��❹��❹❸��➀❹➀��➃❹�❷➂✉

�❷❸❸�➀➆�❸➀��➆���➀��❽�❽��➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸➀���❽❸� ➃�➂����❻�➁❽❽�

➀�➂➀� ➁❽�❻��➁❽��➂��➁❶�����❸❻❽�➈❸��❹��❹❸�➀➆�❸❷➈�❸❽�➀❹

➁❶� ➀❻➀❻➀��➂❽❽�➂� ❹❺� ❸➄❿➅� ❷❹�❻❸���� �❹�➆➀�➁��❼➂��➁❽��➂�

❑❹➄❻➄�❑➂��➀❻�➁➄❽���❸➀�❿�❷❹❻❽❽��❸➆❽�➈��➁❽�❻��➁❽❷❹�❻��➀❹➈❽❼➀

�➁❸���❹➀➈❼➂❸��❹❿�➆➂➀❹✉���❸��➂❹➆➀��❹❼❽�❸��❹❿�➆➂�

��❹�❼➀�➃❹❻�❽➄✉���❹❶��❽❸��➁❹�➂��❹�❼➀�➃❹❻�❽➄��❽❸��➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸�

➁❽➆�➂��➁❽❼�❹➄�➁❽➀�❻➂❸��➁�❿�➀❹➅➈�❽➆�➂����❹➂❽�➀�❸➄❽❷➂❸���

❸➄❽❷➂❸�➀��❽�➅❹➂❸�➃❹��❽❸�➁�➂❼�➂�❾❿��➁❸❽�❹�❼➂��❶�❸➀�➁❽➀❹➅➈

❸➀�❿��❹➀❹➆➈��❹➂�❹❶��❽�➅❹➂❸❹�❽❿❹➄❽❻❸��❺➄❸�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸��➂❹➆➀

�❹➆❽�� ➃❽�➀� ��� �❹❽�❹❻❿��❹❶�❹➂❹� ❸➄❽❷➂❸� ❽❷❽� ➀➆��❹�➆➄� ➃❸� ���❿

➁❽❷❽❻❽�❽❷❽�➀➆�❸➀���❹➀❹➆➈��❼❽�➄���➆�➁�❶➄❸��❺➄❸➂

ÌÈÈ˙ÏÚÂ˙ ÌÈÂÚÈË Æ·

�❽➀�❶❼➄❽���➀❻�➁❸�➁❽❽➄�➀➆❹��➁❽➀❹�❽��❽❿�➃❽❽�➀��❹�❻✉�❹➄�➆❷➀�✉➀��

❸➄❽��➁❽➂❷��❹❿❽➈��➁��➁❸➀�➁❽❽➄❹�❽❻�➁➄❽�❹��❽�➅❹➂�❽❼➈�➂❸�❸➄❽❻�❸

❸➄❹❿➂❸�❸��➈❸��❽❸�❸➄❽❷➂❸� ➃➂��❹➈❽���❹�❷➀�❸��� ❽❿�❻❿❹❸� ❹���❸��➂➀�❸➂❶❹❷

➁❷�➂�➆❷❽➂�➉❹➀❽❻�❾�❹�➀�➃❹�➂�❽❺❽➈�➉❻➀���❹➂❽�➀���❽❸�❸��➃�❽➄��❑➁❽❽❹➄❽➆❸����➈❑

�❹���❑�����➂�❸��➈❑➀���❻➄❸„Ú Á„˙Â¯È˘ Ï˘ ‰¯È˜Á‰ ̇ ÂËÈ˘ ÔÈÈÚÏ ‰¯È˜Á‰ ̇

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➇➅❹➄�❷�➀��❸❺�➅❽➅��➀➆�❹➀❹�❸➄➂➂�➆➄➂❽❸➀�❹❽➀➆�➃❹❻�❽➄➀�➇�❹�❸����❸�❽�➂

❸❽➀➆�➃❶❸➀�❸❽❽❼➄����❹➆�➂��❹❽➄❽❷➂➀��❿➈❹❸��➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸�➁��❾❿�➀➆

❾❿�❸➀❽❻�❿➀➂���❷�❹➂��❹❽➄❽❷➂❿�❸❶❽�❸➀�❽❷❿��❹➀❽➆❽�❽➀❹�❽����➂��❸➀❹

➁❽➆�➂�❸�➃❽������➀❿�➃❽���➀���❽��➁❽❽➂����❹�❹�➂�➀��❸➄➆❼❸�➀�➂➀

��❹�❼�❽➄❹❶���➀���❹❽➈❽�➈➅��❹➀❹➆➈�➃❽�❹��❹�❼❸�❷❶➄�➀���❽��❼�❹➄�✉�➀❼❹➂�

��� ❽�❽❼�❽❽�❹�� ➃➈❹��� ➃❹❻�➀� ❸����❹❼➀❻❸❸� ❽➀��➂➀�� �❽�➅� �➈➅�

❸❽❽❼➄❸��❽❸���❻��❸❽➆��❸❽�❹➄❹�➅❻�➀❹➂�❸❽�❹➄❹��❽����➀➀��➀❹��❹❽➄❽❷➂❸

❸�➆➂➀����❿��❹❽➄❽❷➂❸�➀��❻❹❹❼❸��❹���❹��❹❽❷❽❽➂❸��❹❿➀�❸��❷�➂�❸➀

�❽❼➈�➂�❸➄❽❻�➂��➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸�➀��❸�➆❽❶➈�❹��❸�➂❹������❾❽�➆❸➀��❽

�❹��❹�❸�❻❿❹➄�❻❹❹❼�❾❹��❹�❽➄➀➀❹❿����❸���❽➄�➀➆❹�❹��❽❼❽➀❹➈��❽�➅❹➂

❸➀❹➆➈❹�❸➀❹➆➈�➀❿�➀��❸❿�➆❸�❽❷❽�➀➆��➀❹�❸➀��❹❹➀➄❸

�➆��❸� ❝➁❽➀❽➆❹➂��❹❷❹➅❽� ❸➂❿� ❸�❹❻���➄➂❹❼� ➃❿���➆➄❹➂❸� ❸❶❽�❸❸

❽�➄���❹❽❻� ❞�❹�❼�❽➄❹❶��➀��❹➈�❼�❸➂�➁❽❽❻��➁❽�➈❻❸�➁❽�❷❻�➁❽❷�➈�➂

❽�➄��➀��➁➄❹❻❼❽���❹➆�➆❹�❞�❹���➅❸➀�➁❽���➂❹�➃➂❺��❽❷�❸➀�➁❽➄❹❶��❸

�➁❽➄❹❶��❸✉❸➆❽❶➈➀❹�➁❸➀��➅❹❽❶❸��➀❹❿❽���❻➈❸➀�➀❽�❹❸➀� ❽❹�➆����❷�

❾❿�➀➆�➇➅❹➄� ❸❽�❺❽➀�❹➂❸❷���❽�❽� �➂❹➀❿� ➁❻➀❽❸➀��❽➀➀❿❸�❸❽��❽❼❹➂�

���❿�❷❻❹❽➂���❹�❼�➃❹❶���❷❶➄❿��➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�❽➆��➂�➀���❽�❽➅➂�❸➈��➂

��➅➈❸➀�➁❽❿➅❸➀�➃❹❶��❸����➀❽�❹❸➀�❸❽❹�➆�➃❹❶��❸��❹❶❽❸➄➂���❷�❹➂➂��❽❸

❷❶➄❿�❷❹�➂��➀�❶❹➂�➁❽❷���➂�➁❽➀�❻➂�➆❽��❸➀��➀❹❿❽❸��❽➈�➀➆�➇����

❝�❹��❸��❹❽➀❽➀�❸��❹❿➀�❸❸�����❹➄➂➀���➈��❸➀���❹➄❹��❽

�❸➈➀❻❸➀�◗➁❽��➂❸��❹��❘�➁❽➄�❽➄��❹�❼❸�❽➄❹❶���➀��➁❽❶❽❸➄➂❸✉❾�❷��

➀➅❹❻➂��❶❽❸➄➂�➀❿➀�➃❿��❷�➀������❻❹❹❼➀�➀❽➆❽�❷�❹➂➂❸�➀❹❿❽➅❸�➀➀❿

➁❽➀❹❷❶�➁❽➄❹❶������❹❷➂�❿�❷❻❹❽➂����❺�➇❽➀❻➂��❹�➂➀�➀➀❿❿���➈�

�❼�➂�❷❶➄�➁❽➂❻➀➄❸�➁❽➄❹❶���➀�➂➀�❸�❻���❽�❹�❽��❸❿❽➂�➀�➁❽❿❹❺❸

❹���❹❽❼➂❺❽�❿��❹❽❹➂❷����❹❷➂�❿�➁❽➄❼��➁❽➄❹❶���➀��➁❽��➂���❹�❽❿

�❹��� ➇❽➀❻���❹�➂➀���❹❽�❸��� ➃➈❹❷� ❽��❹❽�➁❽�❹�❽❿�❽➀➆��➁❽�➄��

❸❶❸➄❸❸�❶�❷��❹➄❽���➀❽➆➈➀�➇❽➀❻➂��❹�➂➀�❽�❹��➃❽��

�➀�❶❹➂�❸➆��❸�❼�➈�✉➁❽�➄��➀���❹�❽❿�❷❶➄����➂����❹❷➂����❿�

➃❿➅➀��❹➄❹❿➄��➂❽❽�����❿�❷❹❻❽❽�❹�❸❸❹�❶�❸❽��❽❼❹➂�❾❹�➂�➁❽➀➆❹➈❸

➀��➂�➀➆��➆❽��➂�❼�➈��❸❽❸❽��❹➆➄❹➂��❹❶❽�❸➀��❽❹❿❽➅❸�➁❽❽❻❸���

❾❹➂➄��❹❸

��❹❽❷❷❸❹�➁❽➂❷�➀❶➆➂✉➀❶➆➂��❸❽➀❹❻�➁❸��➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�➀��➁❽�➆➂�

❸➂�➄➀�❸❽��❽❼❹➂���❽�❽�❽❷❽�➀➆�❹➂❽�➆❸➀❹�❹➄❽❺❸➀�❽❷❿�➁❸���❽❹�➁❽➂❷

�❹➀❹➆➈��❹�❽�➀��❽�❽���❷❸����❻�➁❽❽��❾❿�➀➆�➇➅❹➄�❸➂❽❻➀❸�❾�➂❸➀❹

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➀���❽➀�➉❹❻➂�➁❽❷❹❸❽�❽➈➀❿�➇�❹�➁❽➀���❽�➁❽❻�❺��❽➈➀❿�➁❶�❸❺�❶❹➅➂

���➀��❹��➈��➃❽���❹➄❽❹➆��❹➄❽❷➂�❽❷❽�➀➆�➃❽���❹�❼�❽➄❹❶���❽❷❽�➀➆�➃❽�

❸❺❿��❹�❽����❹��➈�❸����➃❹��❻���❻�➀�❽➀�➂�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼��❶❽�❸

➃❽���❸❷�❹➆❸�❻❿❹➄�❷❻❹❽➂����❺��❽�❽❸�����➂�❽❹�❶➄�➂❹�❿�❹➄❷❶➄�➀➆➈❽

➀���❹�❽��❽❿�❸��➄�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❼➈�➂���❹�❼➀��➀�❹�➂�❸�❷❶❸�➁❹❽❸

❽➆�➂����❹➂❽�➀�❸❽�➂❽❼❽❶➀��❹�❽➀�➀❹➀➆�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼��❶❽�❸➀�➀���❽

❸❽❸�➀❹➀➆�❸❺❿��❹�❽��❽❿�❻❽➄❸➀��❽�➅�➀�➂➀�❾❿�❸❽�❽❹��❽❷❽�➀➆�❸❺

����➁❽�❻�❹��❽�➂�❸❷➀❹❶�❸➀�➂➂❸������❶❽�❸➀�❸❽�➂❽❼❽❶➀��❹�❽➀

➁❽➀���❽❸� ➁❽�❼�❹➈➅❸� ❽❻�❹�� ➀�� ◗�➄❹➆❿❘� ➁➀❹➅❽❻� ➀➆� ❹❼❽➀❻❸

➃❿➄❽➂��❸❷�❽➈➂❽➀❹��

� �❹�❼��❹➀❽➆➈➀�➁❽�➄�� ➀��❸➈❽❻❷❹� ❸➆➄❸✉��� ➃❹��❻���❽�❸➀��❽�

�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸� ➀��➁��❽�➅� ➀➆��➂❽❹➅➂�❸➀❹➆➈� ❾�❷� ➀��❸➆➈�❸❸✉

❹��➁❸❽➈➀❿��❹❿❽➄➀�❸�❽�➂❹�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸�����❷❷❹�➂�❸�➆➈�❸�➁�❸

➁❷��➀❹➂�❸➂�➆�❽���➁❽➆�➂���❸�❹➆�❸➄❽❷➂❸���❹➂❽�❸�❤❾➈❸➀��➂�

�➂�➂��❹❸�❸����➆�❸�❹����❽�➂❻➀➂��❹➀❽➆➈����❹➆➂�❹➄❽���❷❽❻❽

❾❹��❸�❻❹❹❼��❹���➂❹�➁❷��❹�❹��➁➆��❹❸❷❺❸❹�❸❷❸����❹➆➂�❸�❼➂

�❹➂❽�❸�❾�❷�➀❿����❹❿❸�❷❶➄�➀❹➆➈➀�❸❽��❽❼❹➂❸�����❽�❶❸➀�➀❹➀➆���❷❸

➁❸➀� ➃❽��❹�❸❺❿���➄�➁❽➀❽➆➈➂�➁➄❽���➁❽�➄�� ❽➈➀❿�➁❿❻❹�➂���➄�

�❹➄❹��➃❽�❸�➀❹❿➅�❸���❹❻������❽�❶❸➀�➀❹➀➆�❹❽➄➈➂�➃➄❹❶�❸➀��❹��➈�

➁➆� �❹❸❷❺❸❸� ��� ❹����� �❽�❶❸➀� ❾❿� ��➆❹� �❻�❸� ❷��� �❹�❽❽❸❹

➁❽❽➀➄❹❽�➄�➄❹���➀�➁❽➆�➂����➂��❸➀�❸❽��❽❼❹➂❸���❹�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸

�➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸�➃➄❹❶�❸➀�➀❹❿❽�❹➄❽��➁❿❻❹�➂❸���➄❸�➀➆��➁❸❽➄➈➂�

�❻�➀�❷❽➅➈❸➀�❸➂�➁❸➀�➃❽����❹�❼�➃❹❶����❸➀❽➆➈❹�➀❽➆➈�➀❿➀��➄➂➅➂

❹❺�❸�❹❻��➀❹➅❽❻➀�❷➆❽��➀❽➂➂�➁❸��➁❹�➂��❹�❼��❹➀❽➆➈➀�❹➈�❼�❸�

❽➀➂➅❸��❹➂❽�❸� �❽➄❻����❹❷���❸➀�❸❽��❽❼❹➂❸�����❽�❶❸➀�❸➀❹➀➆

�❹�❶➀�➇�❹�❸❺❸���➄❸�❽➄➈��➆➄❿❽❸➀��➀�❝❸➀❹➈❿�❸➆➄❸���❹❽�❑❻�➄➂���➄❑�

❹❽➀➆

�➁❽❽➈❹➀❻�➁❽➆�➂����❹➂❽�➂��❹➆➄➂❽❸✉�➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�➀���❹➀❹➆➈➀���❽❸�

➁❽➀➀❿❹�➂���➆➂❹���➆➂�❽➆�➂��❻❹�❽➈��❸➆��❸➀�❽➀❽➀��➉❽�➂���❹❸

��➆➂�➀����❻��❾�❷➀��❹��❺❽❸� �❽�➆➂�➆➄❹➂�➁❶��❹❸� ➁❽➂❿❻❹�➂❹

��➄➀��❹�➅➂��❹➂❹�➂�❹���❹�❸➄➂��➈❻➀���➈��➁����➆�➀��❽�➁❽❷❹�❻

➆��➀�➁❶���➈����❹➀❻➂��❸❽❹➄��❹��➀❑❸��➀��❸❼❽➀�❸��❷❽➂��❻❼��

➃❹❿❽➅����❹❷➂����❿�➁❶�❹➄❽➀❽❽❻�❽❽❻�➃❹❿❽➅➂���❻❸��❽❸�❸❽➆�❸�➁❽��➆➂

❷�❹➂➂❸�➀❹❿❽➅❸��➈❷➆❸➀���❷�➀��❹➈❹➅��➀❽�❹➂�❸❺���❻�➀❹❼❽➀��❷�❹➂�

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�❹➆➄➂❽❸���❹❼➀�❸❺����❸��❸❽❼❸�❸❽❸���➀��❽�➆➂�➃➈❹����❹➈�➀�❸��

❹➄❽➀❽❽❻�❽❽❻➀�➃❹❿❽➅���❽�❽➂

➃❹��➈❸�➃❹❹❽❿��❽��➂�➉➂�➂�➆��❹➂��➀��❾❿➀�❸�❽�➂�➆➄❹➂�❶�❸�➀��❸❼❽�

❽➂❹�➀➃❽��➉❻➀��➀➆➈❸�❹�❽➂❹�➀➃❽��❸➀❹➆➈�➇❹�❽����❽�❽��❽���❽❹��❸

➁❽❿❽➀❸➀��❽�❸➀�❸�❼➂��➁❸���❹❿➂❹�❸��❹➄❽❷➂❸�➀➆❹��❹�❼❸�❽➄❹❶���➀➆

�❹➅❻❽❽�❸❸�� ��➈�� ➁❽➄❹❶��❸� ❽❷�➈➂� ❷❶➄❹� ➁❽➀�❻➂� ❷❶➄� ➁❽❽❼➈�➂

❾�➂��❸➆❽➈�❸��❹�❼❸�➁➆��❹❷❷❹➂�❸➀�❸➀❽➆❽�❸❼❽��➀�❿��➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸➀

�❹❿❽➆➀� ❸➂��❹� ➃❹❻❼❽�� �❷❶� �➂�❸➀��❹➅❻❽❽�❸❸� ➀➆� ❸❿❹��� ❸➈❹��

➃❹❽➈�➀�❸�❽�➂❹��❽����❸➆�❿❸➀�❸❽❽➈❽�����❹❽��❽❸�➃❿�➀➆���❽�❸➂�❸❸

�❹➀❽➆❽��❷❷❹➂�❸➀���➈��➁������➈➅�❸❽❷➆➀����❽➄❽❷➂❸�❸➂❺❽❸�➁❹❻��

❽➂❹�➀��❹�❻�➀����➂�➀��➆���➀➆��❹�❼�

➁❽❽��➂�➁❽➄❽❼➅➀➈➀�➀���❽�➃❽��➃❽❹❺➂❸��❹➂❽➆❸�❽❿��❽❿❺❸➀❹��❹�➀��❽�➇❹➅�➀

➀���❽�➀���❽�❽❼�➈��❸❼❽➀�➀�➃❹�➄❸��❹�❿�❻❼���❹�➀❻���❹❻➈➀���❺�➀❿�

�❽��➆➂❸�❸❷❶❸� ❽❻❼��➁�❹�� ❹➀➀❸�➁❽❻❼��❛➁❽❽❹�➂❸�➁❽➀❿❸�➀���❽➀�

➃❹�➄❸��❹�❿�❻❼���➁❽❽❹�➂��❽➂����❹❷➂��➀❿❿��❷➅��❼➀�❸➀���❹❿�➀❿�❽❷❽�

❸➂❻➀➂�❽➆�➂��➀❽➆➈❸➀��❽����➀���❽�➃❽��➀���❽�➀���❽�❽❼�➈��❸❼❽➀�➀

➀���❽�➀➆� �❹❻� ❽➆�❹➈�➁❸���❹��➀��❽�� ❽➂�❷❶➄❿� �➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�➁➀➀❿�❹

➁❽��➆➂❹�➁❽❽➀❽➀➈�➁❽❿❽➀❸�➁❽��➆➂�➁����❹�❷�➀���❹❼❽��❽➆�➂��➀❽➆➈❸➀

➂✆❽❹���➃➀❸➀�➃❹❷➄�➁❸����❽➂�➆�❸➄❶❸�➀��➁❽�❹��❸�➁❽��➂❸�❼➆➂➀�➁❽❽➀❸➄

❾❹���❽�❽❼�➈��❸❼❽➀��➁❸��❶❽�❸➀���➈���➁❽❻❼���➁❶�❹❺�❸�❽❶�❼❹�➄➀

�❽�➅�➃❹❿❽➅��❼❽�➄�❽❷❿

· ÌÂÎÈÒ ÆµÌÈÈÈ

❻❿❹➄❹�❻�➈➂��❹❽❹➂❷�➀��➁❽��➆➂�➆❹�❽���➁❽❽��❸�❻❿❹➄� ��❷�➀�� ❹➈❹➅�

❹➄❽�❹❻❹❿➀�➃❹❿❽➅���❽�❽�❷❶➄��❹❼➀❻❸❸�❽➀��➂�➀���❽➄�❹➂�❼➆➂❿❸�❸❽❼❸❸

➁❽➂❽❹➅➂�➁❽��➂���❹➆➄❹➂��❹❶❽�❸����➀�❹❼❽❽��❹❼➀❻❸❸�❽➀��➂��❻❽➄❸➀��❽

➁❽��❽❸�➃�➂➀�➁❽�❹��❹�➁❽�❷❹➅➂�➁❽❿❽➀❸�➆❹��➀��❹�❻�❹❺�❸❻➄❸�❷❹➅❽�➀➆

➁❽❻�❺��� ❸➆❽❶➈➀� ❸➄❿➅❸� ��❹� �❹➆❼➂���❻❸� ��� ❹�❽❻➈❽� ���� ❸➀�❿

➁❽➂❽➂�

❛�❹��➄�❸❸��❻�➀�➀➀❿��❼➀❹��➀���❽�➃❽��➁❸���❸❺➆��➆❹���❽❻❼�➂�➀❽❷�❸➀

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➃❹❽➅❽➄❸�➀➆��❹❿➂�➅❸�❾❹�➂���➆➂�➀��❸➈❹➀❻❸����❸➀❽❻��➃❹❻�➀��❽

�➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�➀➆�❸❼➀❻❸❸�➁❽➂❹❷�➁❽��➂��➁❽��➆➂�➆❹�❽�����❼�❸�

❸�❽❽❻❷➀���➅❸❹���➆➂❸��➈❹➀❻��❿�➆❸�➀��❼�❹➈➂�❻❹�❽➄�➀❹➀❿➀���❽❽❻

❷❽�➈����➂�❽��➃➂❹❽➂�➃❼➈�➂�➇���❽��➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸��❹�❽�➀�❾❽➀❸�

❷❹�❻❸�❷❶➄❿�❶�❹➂❸�➆❷❽➂❸�➀➆��➆�➆➀�➀❼❹❽�❹❽➀➆�❑➃❼�❸�❼❽➀��➈❑

��❹��❹➆➂�❸❽❸���❽❹��˙ÈÁ¯Ê‡Â ˙È‡ÓˆÚ ˙ÈËÙ˘Ó❾❽➀❸��

➀❹❿❽➅��➀❹➆➈�➀��❸�❹�❽��❾�❹�➀��❹��❷➄❸��❹❽��❸��❽❼����➆❹��➀��❽

◗➁❽�❹����➀❹�➁❽➄❹❹❶➂�➆❷❽➂��❹�❹�➂�❽❹�❽�➀�❸�❽�❷�➀�➂➀❘�❷�❹➂➂

�➂��❹�❷❹�❻❸�➃➂�➇��➄❸�❽➀�❹❼���➃❹❿❽➅��❸➀❹➆➈❸�����❹➄�❸➀��❽

❽�➆➂��❹�❼��❹➀❽➆➈��❹➀���❽❷❽�➆�❸�❽�❽��❹��❹➆➂➀�❸❸❹�❶��❹���➅❸

➃❽❽➄➆➀�➁❸➂�➆�❹➄��❸➂��➄❽❻�➂����➃❹��❻��❹��❹❽�❷❹�❻❸�➀����➆❸

�❽❷❽�➆❸�❹�❹➄❿❹➅➂

�➂����❹❽❸➀�➁❽�❽❽❻�❸❿�➆❸❸��➅➅��➂�➁❸❽➀➆��➁❽❽�❷�❹➆❸�➁❽��➂➂❸

�❽➀❽➀➈�❸➆��❸➀����❷➄❸��❹�❷❹❹❸

❽➆�➂��❼❹�➄➀❹�❹➀❹➀���❾�❷➀❹�❽��❽�➅❸��❺➄❸��❿�➆❸➀�➁❽➀➀❿�➆❹��➀��❽

�➆❺➂➀�❽❷❿�❷❹�❻❸�❷❶➄�❹�➂��❽�❹�����➄❸❹�➃➂❺❸�➁❹�➂❸�❽➈➀❿��❹�❽❸❺

�❽❻�❺�❸�❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹�➀��❺➄❸���

❛❸❼➀❻❸❸��➀��➀��❽�❸��❾❽➀❸❸����❷➆�➀��❽�

❜�➇❹❶�➁❽�❸➀�❽❹��ȇӈÚ❹➀���❸���❹❼➀❻❸❸�������❽��

❽❷❽➀� ❹➂�➆� ��� �❽❶➅❸➀� ❹➀� ��➈�➀❹� ❷❹�❻❸� ��� ���➂� �❽❸❺❸➀� �❽

�❹❽❹��❸❜

�❽❷�❸➀� ❽❷❿�➁❸�� ➃❽��❸➀��➁❽➀➀❿�➁❽❼�➄➄�➁��➁❶� ❹➄�➆❷➀�� �❽❶❷➄

❸❽�❺➄�����➆❺➂➀�����➀���➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸

❜��❸�➆❸�➁❶�❹��ÏÈÚÏ

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≥∑

˙ÈÓˆÚ ‰‚‰Â ˙ÂÚÂÓ ˙ÂÏÂÚق̉ÈÏÈÚÙ ¯Â¯Ë È‚¯‡ „

➀��➁�❹➀❽➆➈� ❽➄➈➂�❸➂�➆� ➀➆� ➃❶❸➀�❸➄❽❷➂� ➀��❸�❹❿❺���� ➃❻�➄�❸❺���➈�

��❹�❼�❽➄❹❶��✉�❽�����❽➂�➆❸�❸➄❶❸❸��❹➄❹��➆�❽❷❽�➀➆��➀�❶❹➂❸��❹❿❺�

➃❿➂��❻�➀❹�➁�❽����➀➆�➁➂�➆��❹�❼❸�❽➄❹❶���❷❶➄�❸➀❹➆➈➀��❹�❷�❸��➃❹❷➄

��❹➆➂❸�❷❽❻❽❸���❸�❷❶➄�❹��➁❽❽➈❽�➈➅�➁❽➀❽➆➈�❷❶➄�❸➀❹➆➈➀��❹�❷�❸❸����➃❻�➄

�➂��❸❷�❹➆❸��➂❽❹➅➂�❸➀❹➆➈�✆����➁❽�➄��➁❽��❽➄�➅��➂❸�➀���❻�❸�❹❷

➆❹❶➈➀�❸➀❹❿❽�❸➄❽���➆❸�➀❿�➁❸��➆❹❶➈➀���➈��❹�➁❽➂❻❹➀❿�➁❽�❷❶❹➂�➁➄❽�

�❹❿❺❸�❽❿��❹�❻➀�❸❽❸�❶❹❸➄�❸➄❹�❻�➀�❷➆��❽➂�➆�❸➄❶❸➀�❸➄❽❷➂❸�➀��❸�❹❿❺�

�❹��❸� ❹�� ❸➄❽❷➂❸� ❷❶➄� ❸➀❹➆➈➀� ❸�❷�❸� ��➂�➂� ❸➄❽�� �❽➂�➆� ❸➄❶❸➀

➁❽❽❹�➂❸�➁❽❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸��❹❻❹❿❸��❹➀❽➆➈����❸�❽�����❸➂❿➅❸���❹➀��➂❸

�❹�❼❸��❹➀❽➆➈���❹�❽�❽��❹➈���➂��❹��❸�❹��❸➄❽❷➂❸����❿����❽❿❹�➃❻❼��

�❽��❸��❹����➀➆��❹�❼❸��➈��❸��❻�➀�➁➀❹���❽➂❽❼❽❶➀�❸�❼➂➀��❹❿➈❹❸�➃❸

���❸�➄❽������❸❼➀❻❸� ➃❹❻❼❽�❸���➆❹➂�❸➀�❽��� ��➂❼➈➅���

❸❼➀❻❸➀��❹�➂����❻��❸➄❽❷➂�❽➈➀❿�❸➄❽❷➂�➀���❽➂�➆❸�❸➄❶❸➀��❹❿❺❸��❹➄��➈

❝➁❑❹�❸� �➀❽❶➂� ❽➈� ➀➆� �❽➂�➆❸� ❸➄❶❸❸� �❹❿❺� ��� ❸�➆❹➂❸� ����➂

“Reaffirming the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence

as recognized by the Charter of the United Nations…” ❹❺�❸�❸�❸�

��➈�➀��➀❹��❹�❼❸��❹❶❽➂➀�➀❹➆➈➀��❹➄❽❷➂❸�➃➂��❹❽❼➀❻❸��❹➆❽��➀��❹�➂��❽❸

❸➂❿➅❸❸� ➇❹�❽��� ��❺� ➃❻❼�➂� �❹�❼� �❹➀❽➆➈➀� ➆❹❽➅� ❹�� �❹�❼� �❹➀❽➆➈

�❻�➀�➃❼➅❽➄❶➈�➀��❽��❸��❹������❽➀➈➀�➃❹❻❼❽�❸���➆❹➂�❸➄�➄��❸�❽����

❽➄���❹❻➈➀�➆❹��➀�➃❹❻❼❽�❸���➆❹➂��➄❹❹❿�➀➆�➁❽➆❽��➂����➂❼➈➅��

❝�❽➂�➆�❸➄❶❸➀��❹❿❺❸��❹➄��➈���❷��➁❽➀➀❿

❽❷❽�➀➆�❻�❿❸���➀❹�➁❽➄❹❶���❽❷❽�➀➆��❼❹❹➄➂❸�❹❺�➁❶��❹�❼��❹➀❽➆➈��

❑❸�❹➂❻�❸➈��❸❑➀����❻➄❹❘�➁❑❹�❸��➀❽❶➂�❽➈➀��❽➂�➆�❸➄❶❸�❸�❽❷�➂��❹➄❽❷➂

◗❸➀❽❶➂➀��➇❽➆➅�❽➈➀

❸❻❼�➂� �❹�❼� �❹➀❹➆➈� ➆❹�❽�➀� ❸➄❽❷➂� ➀�� ❸�❽����� ❸➂❿➅❸� �

�❽❸�❸❻❼�➂�➀❹➆➈➀� �❹�❼❸� ❽➀❽➆➈➂� ❹➆➄➂❽���❹➀❹➆➈��❼❽�➄➂�❸�❹➆➄➂❽❸❹

SC Res. 1373 (Sept. 28, 2001), 40 ILM 1278 (2001)

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Èȯ ÚÓ„‰

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�➈��❹➂❸�❸➄❽❷➂❸����❸❿❺➂❹�❸➄❽❷➂�❸�❹��❽❷❽�➀➆��❹➄❹�❽�❸�➃❹��➆�➀��❸�➈❸

�❽➂�➆�❸➄❶❸➀��❹❿❺�

❸➄❽❷➂❸�❽❿��➈➅�➃❽���➂❽❹➅➂�❸➄❽❷➂�❷❶➄��❹�❼��❹➀❽➆➈�❸➀❻❸��➆❶�➂

❸➀�❿��❹➀❹➆➈�➀��➃�❹❿�➂�❸�❽➄➈➂�❸➂�➆�➀➆�➃❶❸➀��❽�❿❺➃❽��➃❽❻�❸➀��❽�

�➀❹➂❶���➀❹➆➈�➃❽�❹��➆➄❹➂��❽➂�➆�❸➄❶❸��➀❹➆➈✉�❸�❽➄➆��➀❹➆➈��➂❹➀❿�✉

��❹❽�❹➄❽��➃❹❶��❸����❿��➃�❿➂�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❼➈�➂❸�❽➈➀����❹➂�❸➄❽��

��❷���❹❽���➃❽�����❿�❹��◗❹�❹➀❽➆➈➂�➀❷❻����❿�➀�➂➀❘�❸➄❽❷➂➀�❸➄❿➅�❷❹➆

❽➈➀❿��❽➄❻❹❿�❸➀❹➆➈�❼❹�➄➀�➃❽��❸➄❽❷➂❸�❷❶➄��❹➀❹➆➈��❾❽�➂❸➀�➃❹❶��❸��➄❹❹❿

�❽➂�➆�❸➄❶❸��❷❹➆���❹❷➂��➀�➃❿��➃❹❶��❸

❸�❽�➅�❸➈❹➀❻��❷➆❽❸❹��❧❽�❷❽➂��❧❽❷❽❽➂�➁❸��❽➂�➆❸�❸➄❶❸❸�❽�➄��❽�

❽➄❹��➆�➃➈❹���❸➄❽❽➄➆��❹❽❷❽❽➂❸���❽�❷�❸�❽➂❶��❹➄��➈��❹❽❷❽❽➂❸���❽�❷➀���➀

❸❿❽���❸➄❿➅❸��➂❹➀❿�❸�➆❽➄➂➀����❷➄❸�❸➀❹➆➈❸❹�❸➄❿➅❸�❝�❹❽�❹❶❼��❽��

❸�❹�❷��❹❽❸➀�❸❿❽����➆➄❹➂❸�❸➀❹➆➈❸�➁❶���➀��❷�➀��❹❺��➀❹��❽❷❽❽➂��❹❽❸➀

�❽❷❽❽➂�❸➄❿➅�➀��❸�❹➀❽➅➀����❷➄�➃❿���❽❷❽❽➂�❸➀❹➆➈�➀➀❿�❾�❷��❽❷❽❽➂�➃➈❹��

�❽❷❽❽➂�❸➀❹➆➈����❷➄�➁❽➂➆➈➀�➁❽❽��➈�❸�➁❽��➂❸�➀❿�❽�❶➀�➃❹❿➄�❸❺�➃❽��❾�

�➆❽➄➂➀�➁❽❽❷❽❽➂�➁❽➆�➂��❹❼�➄❽❽��➀�➁���➁❹�➂��❽❷❽❽➂�❸➄❽���❸➄❿➅�➀❹❿❽➅➀

❸❺❿� ��➂�� ��❹❽� �❻❹�➂��➀���➁�❹��❼❹�➄➀��❹��➈��❸❽❸���➀� ❸➄❿➅❸

❸�❽�❷❸����➃❽�❸➀��❽� ❾❿���➈�➅❸➀�❽❹��❹� �❽❻�❿❸��❽❸�❸➄❶❸❸��➀❹➆➈

�➀��❻❹❦��❽❹❼❽�❿❹�➃❽❽➈�➂❿��❽❷❽❽➂�❸➄❿➅➀˙‚˙Ó‰ ‰ÏÂÚÙ‰ ̇ ˆÈÁ�❽❸��

➁➆�❷❻❹❽➂�❹� �❹�❼❸�➁➆��❹❷❷❹➂�❸❸����➁❽➄❽❽➈�➂�❸➀��➁❽��➂� ��❽➆❸

❹➅➄❿➄���❿���❻�➀�➁❽❷���➂�➁❽➀�❻➂����➀�➁❽❽❹❿❽➅❸�➁❽❷���➂�➁❽➀�❻➂

➁❷❶➄�➀❹➆➈➀��❷�❹➂�➃❿�➀➆❹�➁❽�❹➀��➆❹❶➈➀�➁❽➄❽❽➄❹➆➂�➁❸�❸���❸➄❽❷➂❸�❻❼�➀

�❹➀❹➆➈�❼❹�➄➀� ��➈�� ➆❹❶❽➈❸��➄❿❸�❾➀❸➂��➇�❹�➁❿�❷➀� ❹��❽�➁�❼��❷❹➆

❽���❹➀��➅❹❼➂❸�➉❹�❽➈➀��❹➀�➀��❸�❹❽�❻��➃❽❽➄➆��❸❼➀❻❸❸➂���❹❽��❿➀��❽❻�➂�❸❺�➃❹��❽➆

�❝➁��❸�❿❺➄���❿��❹�❼��❹➀❹➆➈�➆❹�❽�➀�❸�❽�����❸➂❿➅❸�❽❿�➁��❷➄➀❼❹�➅“Everystate has the duty to refrain from organizing, instigating, assisting orparticipating in acts of civil strife or terrorist acts in another state oracquiescing in organized activities within its territory…” (emphasis added)

� ❹��U.N. Res. 748, U.N. SCOR, 47th Sess., at 65, U.N. Doc. S/PV.3063,S/RES/748 (1992)

❹���❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❼➈�➂❸�❽➈➀��❹�❼�❽➄❹❶���❷❶➄❿�❸➄❽❷➂�➀���❽➂�➆❸�❸➄❶❸❸��❹❿❺�➃❽❽➄➆➀

�➀�➂➀Blum, 1970, 136�❞Baker, 1987, 43

❑➃❽❽➀❹����➄❽�❼�❹❷❑�❸➄❹❿➂❸�❸➄❽�❼�❹❷��❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❼➈�➂��❹➆��➄�❸➀���❹➄❹��➆

�❹��Gross, 2001, 209-210

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��❹�❼❸��❹❽����❷❶➄�❸➀�❿✉�❹➄❻➂�➃❹❶❿��❹❽����➃❽➆➂�❹���❹❽�����❹�❼➂�

➃�❹➂❿���❺��❹�❼❸�❽➄❹❶����❹❷�➈➂❹�❸➀�❻�❽�➂❹❻��❹�❽❽➀��❹❷�➆➂�➁❽➄❹➂❽�

�❹❽�❷❽➂❸�➃❹��➆��❷❹➂➆❽���❹❹❽❸➀�➀❹➀➆��❽��❽�➅❸��❺➄❸��❾❿➀��❹➈❽➈❿�

➀➆❹➈➀�➁���❹❸����➁❽��➈�➂❸�➁❽�➄�❸�➀❹❿❽➅➀�❸➀���❹➀❹➆➈�❹❼�➄❽❽��➀�➁�

�➀���➁➂�➆�➁❽➆❹❶❽➈❸����➆❹➄➂➀���➈��❸❽❸❽��➀��❻❽➄❸➀��❽�➅�➁❽➆❹❶❽➈�➀�

❽�❼❽��➃➈❹���➁❽➀➆❹➈❸�➁❽➄❹❶���❽�❶➀���❽➆��➁❽➄❹❿➄�❸➀��➁❽��❷���❹❽��❻❹�➂

❽➀➄❹❽�➄�➄❹���➀���➄�❶❽�❸➀�➁❽���➂❸�➁❽➄❹❶��❹�➁❽❻�❺��❷❶➄�➇�❽❸��❻�❹

❸➈❹➀❻��❷➆❽❸❹��❹❽�❷❽➂�➀��➁❽➈➅❹➄❸�➁❽�➄���➁❶�❷❹➂➆➀��❽� �❹➂�❿

➁❽��➆➂�➃❹❻❼❽���❷❶��❹❽❸➀�➁❽➀❹❿❽�➁❽❽➈❹➀❻�➁❽➆�➂��❸➄❿➅❸��➈❽❷❸➀�❸�❽�➅

❻❹❿���❹➂❽��➁❽��❹❷�➁➄❽�❘� �❽❻�❺�❸�❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹�❸����➁❽➄❿➅➂�➁➄❽��

➁�❹��➁❽➆��➂❸��❹❻❹❿➀��❽�➅��➀�➃❹❿❽➅�➁❽��❹❽�➁➄❽�❹�◗➇�❽❸��❻��❽���

❽➀��➂� ➀��➁�❹➄❹❿➄� ❽❿� ❸➀❶❽� ❹❺� ❸�❽�❷� ❽�❶➀� ❽�➆➂❹� ❻❿❹➈➂�❼�➂�➁➀❹�

❸❼➆➂❸�➃❹�➀��❸➀❹❷❶�❸➄❽��➁❽❽➈❹➀❻�➁❽➆�➂���❹➄❿�❽❸���❽❿❸➀��❹❼➀❻❸❸

❽➆�➂��➀��❹➂❹❽�����➀❹➀�➀�❸❽❸���❹❼➀❻❸❸�❽➀��➂��❽❽❼➄��❻❽➄❸➀��❽�➅

❸➄❽❷➂❸� ➀�� ❸❽�❹❻❹❿➀� ◗�❽�➅� ➁❶❘� ➃❹❿❽➅� ��❹❽� ❸❺� ❽➆�➂�� ���❿� ❽➈❹➀❻

�➄➄❹❶�➂❸❸➄❽❷➂❸����➁❽❿➈❹❸�◗➁❽��➆➂�➃❹❶❿❘�➁❽❽➈❹➀❻❸�➁❽➆�➂�❸�➃➂��➀❻�

�❽➄❹�❽�❸��❹��❸�❹��❸➄❽❷➂❸����❸➈❽➀❻➂❸��❹❻��➈❿❹���❹��➀��➈��❹➂❸

❸❽�❹❻�����➈��❹➂❸�❸➄❽❷➂❸��➈❿❹��➁❽�➆➀��➈��❹➂❸�❸➄❽❷➂❸��➀➆❹➈�❸��

➁❽➂❽��➂�➁❽�❹❻�➃❽��➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼➀�❼➀�➂�❸�❽➄➆➂❸�❸➄❽❷➂�����❿�❸➀�

❸�➈❸�❾���❹➄❹�❽�❸�➃❹��➆�➀��❸�➈❸��❹��❹❶�❸➀�❿��❹➀❹➆➈�➁�➀❹➆➈��➆❽➄➂➀

�❽➂�➆�❸➄❶❸��❷❶����❷�❹➂�❹❺❿�❹�❼❸��❿➂❹��❸➄❽❷➂❸�➁❸���➁❽�➄���

❸➄❽❷➂➀��❽�❸➀�❹����❺��❹�➆➀�❸��❽➅❹��❹❻❸��➈❽❿���❸➀❹➆➈�➇��➀�❸➆��➄

❾❿�➁�➀�➀❹➆➈➀��➈��❹➂❸

�➈❽��� ❽➄➈� ➀➆� ❸��➂� ➀❿�� ➁❽➈❽❷➆� �❹❻❸� �➈❽❿�� ❽➆�➂�� ➁�❸

�➀�➀�➅��➆❽➄➂�➃❹��➆�❽➈➀❹�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❼➈�➂❸�❽➈➀�❸�❹�❿➀�❤➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸

�➈❽❿��❽➆�➂��➃❹�❻��❽➆�➂��❷❽➂���➂�➀�❸❿❽����➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸�❽❻�❿❸

�➀��❶�❹❸➀�❸��❹❸�❽➄➈�➀➆❹�❽➄➀❼��❻❹❿���❹➂❽��❽➄➈�➀➆�❷❽➂��➁❽➈❽❷➆��❹❻❸

�❹➂❽���❽����❝➁❽❽���❽➄��❸�❹❻���➄➂❹❼�❹❺�❸�❽❶�➁➀❹��❽❹���❽❼➈�➂�❾❽➀❸

➀��❹❽�❹❼➀❻❸�➀➆�❸����➃❹➄❶➄➂�❷❹➅❽❽��❹➆�➂����❹❽❸➀�❸➀❹❿❽�❹❺�❸❽❼❸�➁➆��❹❷❷❹➂�❸

❸❿❹➂➄�❷➅❹❹❽❽�❸❺❿�➃❹➄❶➄➂���❹�❽�➅❸�❸❺�➁➆�➆��➂❸�❶�❷❸

❘��➃❹❻❼❽�❸���➆❹➂��❼➀❻❸�❹��ÏÈÚÏ❸➄❶❸➀��❹❿❺�➃�➂❿����➈�➂❸�◗�❸�➆❸�

�❹➅❻��➄❽❷➂��➁❽➀➆❹➈❸��❹�❼�❽➄❹❶���❽➈➀❿�➁❶�❸➄❽❷➂➀��❽➂�➆

Page 38: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

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➃❸��❽❻�❺�❸�❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹�➀�➃❸�❷�❿��❽❻➂�➁❹�❶➀�➀❹➀➆��❹❻��➈❽❿��❽➆�➂��

❹�� �❹�❼❸� ❽➄❹❶��� ❽��❻� ���❿� ➀�➂➀� ❾❿� �➄➄❹❶�➂❸� ❸➄❽❷➂❸� ❽➀❽❽❻➀

❸➄❽❷➂❸� �❹❻❹❿� �➅❽➄❿➀� ❻❹❿�� ❷❶➄�❸➀� ➁❽❽❹➈�� �❽❻�❺�❸� ❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹�❸

���❷❽➂➆❸➀��❽❸�❸�❽�❷❸��➇��❾❿�➀➆�➇➅❹➄��❹❻❸��➈❽❿��❾�❹�➀��➄➄❹❶�➂❸

�➃❹❿❽➅���➄➄❹❶�➂❸�❸➄❽❷➂❸�➀��➁❻❹➀❸�❻❹❿❸·Ò¯È❽�❸��❹❻��➈❽❿��❾�❹�➀�

❸➄❿➅❸������➈�❸�➀❿❿��❽❻➈❸➀� ❹❼❽❽� ➀❽➆➀��❹➂�❿� �❹❼➀❻❸❸�❽➀��➂�

❸❽�➈❹�❸�����❽�➆➂�❸➄❽❻�➂��➈➅��❸❷❽➂➆➂�❹❺�❸❷�❹➆�➁�❼❽➀�����❹❻❹❿➀

➁❸❽➀❽➆➈❹��❹�❼�❽➄❹❶���➀��❸➈❽���❽➄➈�➀➆��❹❻��➈❽❿��❽➆�➂����❹➂❽��➀�

❽➄❹❶������➂�➁➄❽❽➄➆�➀❽➆➀�❹➄❻�➄��➁❽➆�➂�❸�➀❿�❽❿��❽❶❷❸➀��❽�➁❹❿❽➅➀

➀���❽�❽❼�➈�❸�❸�❼❽➀�➀�➁❽➄❹�➄� ➁➄❽���➁❽❻❼�� ❾❹�➂�➁❽➀➆❹➈� �❹�❼❸

�❹❷❷❹➂�❸❸�❽❿��➈➅�➃❽��❹❺❿�❸❼❽➀��❸➄�❽�➁❸���➁❽❻❼����➄➄❹❶�➂❸�❸➄❽❷➂❸

��❹❷➂����❿�➁❶�❷�➀���❹❻��➈❽❿��❽➆�➂����❽❸�❸➀�❿�➁❽➄❹❶���➁➆�❸❽❹��❸

❶❽�❸➀❹��❹➅➄➀��➄➄❹❶�➂❸�❸➄❽❷➂❸�➀➆�❾❿�➀➆�➇➅❹➄�➁❽�➆�➄❹�➁❽➄❿❹➅➂�➁❽➆�❹➈�

➁❷��❽❽❻➀��❽�➅��➀�➃❹❿❽➅���❹❽�❹➄❽����❷❸����❿�❻❼����❽�❽❼�➈��❸❼❽➀�

➀�➂➀�❾❿��❹❻❸����➇❹❿�➀�❸�❹�����➁❽➆�➂�❸����➀➆❹➈➀��❽�❹❸➀�❽❷❿

❷❷❹�➂�❻❼��� ❽❹�➂❸�➁❷����❹➅➂��❹➆�➂���➆❹❶➈➀��❹��➈��❸➄�❽����❿

❸❺�❽➆�➂��➇❽❷➆❸➀��❽❹�❹��➆➀�➁❶���➈���❻❽➄❸➀��❽�➅�❽➀❽�❼➅❹

��❹➄❷�➈��➄❸�❸➄❿➅�❽➄➈➂�❸❽❻�❺���➄❶❸➀��❹❿❺❸�❸�❹➂��❸➄❽❷➂�➀❿➀��❾❿

�❹���❹��❸➄❽❷➂�➀���❹➄❹�❽�❸�➃❹��➆���➈❸��❾❹�❿���❷❸����❿�➁❶�➁❸➀

❸➄➂➂�➁❽❻➀�➂❹��❹�❼�❽➄❹❶���➀��➁❸❽���➁❽➀➆❹➈�❸���❸❽�❹❼❽�❼����❻�

❻❼����❼➀❹�❸��❹��❸�❹��❸➄❽❷➂❸����❿���❷�❹➂�❹❺❿�❸�➈❸�➁❸❽➀❽➆➈���

�❹➂�❿�➁�➀❹➆➈�����➆➄❹➂�❸➄❽�❹��❹�❼❸�❽➀❽➆➈�➀➆��❹❻❸�����➈❿❹��❸➄❽�

❷➆❽� �❽❸�� ❸➄❽❷➂❸� ➃➂��❹➈�➀� ➃❽�� �➈��➄❸�❸➄❿➅❸���➂❹❻� ❻❿❹➄� ➀❽➆➀

➀❹➆➈➀�❽❷❿�❽➄❹�❽�❸�❸❻❼�➀�➁❽➄❹❶��❸�❽➀❽➆➈��➅❽➄❿➀�➃❽�➂����❹�❼❸�❽➄❹❶��➀

������➀�➁❽❽❹❿❽➅❸�➃❿��➃❹➅����❸��❹❽❸➀�❸➀❹➀➆�❸➀❹➆➈❸��❽❽❸�❸�➁❷❶➄

��➈��➃❿�➀➆���❹❽��➁❽❿❹➂➄�➀➀❿�❾�❷��❹�➀❹➆➈➀���❽���❿���❻�➀�❼➅❽�❹�❼❸

➀��➀➆❹➈➀�❸��❹❸�➁❽➄➄❿�➂❸�➁❽����❹��➁❽❷❽❻❽�➁❽➆❶➈➂��❸➆❽❶➈��❽❷�❸➀

➃➆❼➂❸����➀��➂�❷���➂❸�➀�❻➂❸����❿�➃❹❶❿�➁❽➂❷�❹➂❸�❹❽�➀�����❿�➆❹❶❽➈

��❿�➁❸�❸➀��➁❽�➆➂�➀➀❿❿�❸➀❹➆➈➀����➀�❸��❹❸�➀��➂��❹❸����❿�❹�

�❹➀��❶❹➅❽❽�❹��❼�❻�❽�➆��➂❸��❽❹❿❽➅❸❹�❑➃❹�❽�❹�❸��❽❽�❻❑��❷❶�

����➃❹���❸�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈➀�◗❘❹�◗❘�➁❽➈❽➆➅���❹�➂➀���➈��❹❺�❸➄�➅➂��❸❿❽➂�

❘�❸�❽�❸�❽�➆➂�❻❹❹❼����➁❽�❽❻�➂hostilities❽➆��➂��➀�➀❹��❹❻❹❿❸��➅❽�➈��➀�➀�◗

❸➈��❸❸�����➀�❸➄❿❸❸

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❸➄❿➅❸� ���❿� ➇���❸➈��❸���❿➂❹���❽➂�➆❸�❸➄❶❸❸��➄❽�❼�❹❷�➁❶

➃❹❹❽❿�➁❽❽❷❽❽➂��❹❽❸➀�➁❽❽❹�➆�❸➀❹❿❽➅➀�➁❽��❷➄❸�➁❽➆�➂�❸��❽❷❽❽➂�❸➄❽�

��❹❽��❻❹�➂�❸➄❿➅❸����➀❿➅➀���➈��❸❽❸❽��➀�❸❺��➀���❹❼�➄❽❽��➀➂➀��

❘Robinson, 1984, S 131(b), (c)����❸➄❿➅❸��❸�❽�❷➀��❹➈❽➈❿����❺�◗

❸�❻�❸�➀���❹❽�➆➂❸��❹❽➆�❸���❺�➁➆�❸�❹➂❻�❸➄❿➅��❽❸�➆❹➄➂➀�➁❽���➂

❹➀➀❸�➁❽➂❷�❹➂❸�➁❽�➀�❸�������➀�❸���➀➀❿�❾�❷���❸❷�❹➆���❹�❹➆➄�❹❺

❽➂�❷❶➄�❸➀❹➆➈➀���❽❸�➃�➂�❽➄➈�➀➆�❸➈❽❷➆��❹➂�❿���❽❸❸��❽❽➄�❸�➃❿�❽➈�➀➆�➇�

��❹❽�❸➄❼���❹➆❼❸��❹���➅❸�❝❷�❹➂➂��➀❹�❽➀➀❿��❹❸�❹❽➈➀❿�➁❽❽�❸�❷�❻❸�

��❹❽���❸�❹➂�❸�❷�❸❸❹

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��❶➅➂���➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸�➀��❸�❹❽�❹❻��❹➀������❹➄�❷��❸❺�❸❷➂➆��❽❽➄�

➀➆�➃❸�❹➀���❹➀���❹➄❻��➁❽�❹�❿❸�➁❽❻❼����❹�❼��➀���❽�➀��❸�❹❷❷❹➂�❸

❸❶❽�❸❸���❽❸�❹➄�➄�➅➂�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❼➈�➂❸�❽➈�➀➆�➃❸�❽➂❽➄➈❸�❼➈�➂❸�❽➈

�➀➂�➃➈❹���➁➂�➆����➁❽❷❽➂➆➂��❽➂�❽➈➀❿���❹�❾���➂�➀�❸➀❹❿❽��➆➄❹➂❸

➁❽➄➂��➂��❽➂�➀�➂➀❘��❹���❸➀�❿❿�➁❽❹❸❽❺�❹�➁❽➀�❻➂�➃❹❶���➀��❹�❹��➀

➁❽❻�❺�❑�❽➈➀❿�❹��◗�❹�❼�➃❹❶���➀��❸❷�➈➂��➁❽❽❹�➂�❹��➁❽➄❹➂❽��❸➄❻➂�

➁❽��❹➆➂�➁❸� ❸����➂�➂❹�➂❸���❶➅➂�� ❑❸➂❽❻➀�� �❽�❽� �➀❻�➁❽➀❼❹➄❸

➁❽❷❹�❻� ❷❶➄� ❽❹��� ❽➆�➂���➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸���❹��➀� ➃❽�� ❸➂❽❻➀��❹➀❽➆➈�

❽➄❽➆❽❷❹➂�➆❷❽➂�➅❽➅��➀➆��❹�❼��❹➀❽➆➈�

➃❸��❹�❼��❹➀❽➆➈��➁❽❷❹�❻❸�❽➈➀❿��❹❻��➈❽❿��➀��➁❽➆�➂��❼❹�➄➀��❽

➃❽���➁❽❻❼���➃❸�➁❸���❽�❽❼�➈��❸❼❽➀���➄➄❹❶�➂❸�❸➄❽❷➂➀��➁❽❻❼��

❽➂�❹❶➀��❽➄➆❸➀��❽�➁❽�❽�➅�➁❽�➄���❸❶❽�❸➀�❸➀❹❿❽��❽❸�❾��❹❺❿�❸❼❽➀��❸➀

�❹➄❶���❸❸�➁�➆��➀➀❹❿�❸➀��➁❽➆�➂����❹�❼��➀➈❼➀��❻��❼❷➄➂�❸➈❽❿�❸

�❹�❼�❽�➆➂�➆❹�❽�➀�❸�➅❸�❹�➀❹❷❽����❹�❼��❹➀❽➆➈�➃❹➂❽➂��❹❽❶❹➅➀�➆❹❽➅�

❹➀➀❸�➁❽➈���➂❸�➀❿����❸➀�❿�➁❽�➆➂�➁➆��❹❸❷❺❸❹�❻���❽��❷��➆➂�❸�❹

➁❽➆❶➈➂❸�➀���❹➂❽❻❸��❽�����➆❹❶➈➀��❽�➃❿�❹➂❿�➃❽❷➀��❽�❸➀❹��❹�➆➀��❽

❽�❼❽➄➂❹❸❸�❼➈�➂❸�➀��❷❹➅❽�➃❹��➆�➁➆�➁❽��❽❽�➂��❹❻❸��➈❽❿��❽➆�➂�

❽❼❹➈❽�� ❾❽➀❸��➀�� ➃❽❷� �❺❶�➁➄❽��➁❸� ❽❻�❿❸��➀� ➀�➅� ➀�� ❹�➆❽➄➂� ��❷�

➁❽❽❻➀�➁❷��➀❿�➀���❹❽➅❽➅�❸� ❹❽�❹❽❹❿❺� ➀➆���❹❽�❸�❹❼�❸➄❶❸�➁❽��➈�➂❹

�❿�➆➂❸� ��� ➁❽�➀�➂� �❹❻❸� �➈❽❿�� ❽➆�➂�� �❽���� ➃❶❹❸� ❼➈�➂➀❹

➁❸� ❷❹�❻❸� ❷❶➄� �❹➄❽➂�❹� �❹➀❽����❹❽��� ➇❹➅�➀� �❹�❼❸�➁➆��❷❷❹➂�➂❸

❹�➅➂➄��❸➆❽��❸��❹❽������➁❽❺❸➀�❽❷❿��❹❽����❽�❸➀�❷❹�❻�➀❿➀�➁❽��➈�➂

➃❶❹❸�❾❽➀❸➀��❹❿❺❸����❹➀�➁❽�❽➄➆➂�➁❸�❾❿�❹�❼➈�➂��❹❶�❹❸����❹�❹➄❹❽➆➀

❹�❹❸❺➀�➆❶❹➄���❹➆❼�➀���❹❽➆��➁➆�❷❷❹➂�❸➀�➁❽��➈�➂�❸➀��➁❽❿❽➀❸��❽➄�

❸❷❻�❸➄❻�❸�➁❽��❹❽�➁❽❿❽➀❸❸��❽�❽➀���❹�❼❸��❹➀❽➆➈��❷❹�❻❸�➀��❹�➀❻➀❹

�➄➆❹➂�❾❿�❹��❹❻��➄❽❷➂�➀��❸❿�❷�➃❽�❹�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸�➀��➁❸❽❿�❷�➃❽��❸�❹��❹

❸➄❻�❸❸���❽➂�➀��➆❽❽➅➂�❹❺�❸�❽❶��❽➆❽����❸�❹➂�❽�➅❹➂�➃❹��❽�❸➄❽❷➂➀

�❽�❹❻�❸➄❽���❸�❼➂��❸➆❽❶➈��➆➄❹➂��❽❸�� ➃❹❹❽❿� ➁❽➂❻❹➀➀�➁❽❻�❺�� ➃❽�

❸➂❽❻➀❸��❹➀❹➆➈���❽�❽��➀❻�➀❼➄��➀��❸�❹�❸�➃➂�❻�❺���❽��

❽➆�➂����➂��❸➀�❹❼❽❽��❹❼➀❻❸❸�❽➀��➂��❾❿��❸�❿❸❸�❻❿❹➄�❸❺�➁➆

❸❺� ❽➆�➂�� ❽❿��❷❹❹➀��❽�� ❾❿�� ❹➄❷�➁❽➂❽❹➅➂�➁❽��➂���➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�➀�

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�❽➆�➂�❿�❷❽➂��➀��❽❽Ô¯Á‡❸❼➀❻❸❸��➀��➀�➁❽�❹���➁❽❿❽➀❸�➆❹��➀��❽�❽❿❹�

◗➁❽❽➄❽�❸�➁❹❿❽➅��❼�❹➈➂❿❘�❸❽➀➆�❸���➀❹�❸�❹➂❽➂�➃➈❹�➀

➁➄❽���❽➂�❽�❶➀�❽�❹❸➂❸�❽�❹�❸������➀➅➂�❸➄❽��❸➀��➁❽❿❽➀❸��❼❽�➄

◗➃❹❶��❸��❹��➀�❽➀❼❹❼�➃➈❹���➁➂�➆����➁❽❷❽➂➆➂�➁➄❽���❽➂❘�❑➆���❽➂❻❹➀❑

❸❺�➁➆� ◗➃❶❹❸�❾❽➀❸��❷➆❽❸❘� ❽➄❹❽❷❸❹� ❽�❻❿❹❸❸� ❽�❹�❸������➀➅➂�❸➄❽�❹

�➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸➀���❹���➁�❼❽�➄➂��❹➆➄➂❽❸�❽➄➈�➀➆�❸➈❽❷➆�➁❽❿❽➀❸❸��❼❽�➄

�❹❸�� ❻❼��� �❽�➆➄� �❽❸� ���❿� �❹❽�❹❻� ➀�� ❸�❹➀�� ❸❺❽❻�� ❹➀❽➈�� ➃❽�

❸�❹���➆��➂❸�❸➄❽❷➂❸�➀���❽�❽❼�➈�❸�❸�❼❽➀���❹��❸�❹➄❹�❽��

➀��❽➆�➂���➂�➀��➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸�➀��❸�➂��❸����❹➄�❷��❾❿�➀➆�➇➅❹➄

��❻��❸➄❽❷➂��➁❽❽❹�➂❸�➁❸❽�❹❽���❹��❹�❼❸�❽➄❹❶���❽➈➀❿�➃❸��❽➂�➆�❸➄❶❸

➁❸❽➀❽➆➈�❽➈➀❿�➃❸�➁�❹➀❽➆➈����➆❹➄➂➀�❸➀❹❿❽�❸➄❽��❹���➄❽❽➄❹➆➂�❸➄❽�����

�➁❽❽➈❽�➈➅❸✉��❹❽➀❹❻❹�➁❽❷❷❹��✉❸➄❽❷➂�➀❿➀��❾❿��❹➄❷�❹➀➀❸�➁❽➄❹❶��❸�➀��

��❷❸����❿�➁❶�➁❸➀��➈��➄❸�❸➄❿➅�❽➄➈➂�❸❽❻�❺���➄❶❸➀��❹❿❺❸�❸�❹➂�

❸���❸❽�❹❼❽�❼����❻���❹���❹��❸➄❽❷➂�➀���❹➄❹�❽�❸�➃❹��➆���➈❸��❾❹�❿

❹❺❿�❸�➈❸�➁❸❽➀❽➆➈����❸➄➂➂�➁❽❻➀�➂❹��❹�❼�❽➄❹❶���➀��➁❸❽���➁❽➀➆❹➈

�❹❻❸�����➈❿❹��❸➄❽��❻❼����❼➀❹�❸��❹��❸�❹��❸➄❽❷➂❸����❿���❷�❹➂

�❹➄❽❷➂➂�➆❹➄➂➀�❸❷❽❻❽❸�❾�❷❸�➁�➀❹➆➈�����➆➄❹➂�❸➄❽�❹��❹�❼❸�❽➀❽➆➈�➀➆

➇❹�❽����❽�❽��❽❸��❹�❼��❹❿➂❹���❹➄❽❷➂�❷❶➄��❽�����❹➀❽➆➈�❼❹�➄➀��❹➄➄❹❶�➂

��❽�❸➀�❽❷❿��❹�❼❸�❽➄❹❶�������➂���❹❷❸�❽➂❹�➀➃❽��❸➀❹➆➈✉�❹➆�➂���

�➉❻➀✉❽➄❹❶���❷❶➄��❹❻��➈❽❿��❽➆�➂���➀❹➆➈➀��❹�❻���❹❽❹��❹��❹➀�➂➂�

❽➂❹�➀➃❽��❸➀❹➆➈� ➇❹�❽��➁❽❽��➂��➀� ���❿� ➃❸❽❻❼���➁❽➀➆❹➈❸� �❹�❼❸

➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼�❷❶➄��❽����❸➀❹➆➈�➀����❸�❹➂❸�❸�❷�❸���❽❿❸➀��❽�❸❺❿�➀❽➆❽

❾❿��❸❿❹�❿❸��❹➄❹�❽���❸➆❽❶➈�❹

❸➄❽�❼�❹❷❸�❽�➄����❹❷➂❹➆�❸➀�❿��❽➂�➆�❸➄❶❸��❹➀❹➆➈��❸➄�➅➂➀�❹➄➆❶❸

����❽❻�❸➀��❽� ❽❿� ❹➄➅�❶� �❹❽�❷❽➂❹��❹�❽�➅� �❹❽❷❽❽➂� ❝�❽➂�➆�❸➄❶❸�➀�

➁❽➆�➂�� ❼❹�➄➀� ��➈��❽�� ❾❿� �❹�❼❸� ❽➂❹❽�� ➃❽❽➄➆➀� �❹❽❷❽❽➂❸� ��❽�❷

�❹➆➄➂❽❸��❸��➂�� �❽❷❽❽➂�❸➄❽���❸➄❿➅�➀��❸➀❹❿❽➅➀��❽❷❽❽➂�➁❽�❹�❷❸

��❹❽��❻❹�➂��➀���❸➄❿➅❸����➀❿➅➀��❹��➈�❸�����➀➀❹��❹❺❿�❸➀❹➆➈➂

➇❹❷❸➀���✾❽��❹➄➆�❸�➃❿�➀➆� �❽❻�❿❸��❹➄➄❹❶�❸❸��➀❹➆➈��❸��➂�� �➂❹➀❿

❹���❽➄❹➂❸�❸❷➂�❸➀���➄���❽����➀���➃❹❶❿�➁❷�❹➂��➀���❽❼➅❽�❹�❼�➁❹❽�

�➂❹❻���❹❶❻���❹❷❽❽❼�❸❸��➆��➀�➂➀❘��❹�❼�➆❹❶❽➈�➀��➀➆❹➈➀�❹���❹❸��➀��

◗❾�❷➀�❸�❽�❽❸�➃➂❺��❹��➉➈➄

❼➈�➂❸� �❹➄❹��➆� �❹❼❼❹➂�❸� ��� ➆❹➄➂➀� ❽❷❿� ➁❽��❷� ➀�� ➁➂❹❿❽➅

➃❶❸➀�❽❷❿❹�➁❽❻�❺�➀�➁❽➂❻❹➀�➃❽��❸➄❻�❸❸����❸➄❹����❹�����❹�❽�❼❽➄➂❹❸❸

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��❹❽➅❽➅�❸�➁❷�❸��❹❽❹❿❺�➀➆✉�➃❶❹❸�❼➈�➂➀��❹❿❺❸❹�➁❽❽❻➀��❹❿❺❸�✉�❽�

�❹�❼❸�❽➄❹❶���➀➆�❽➂❹�➀➃❽��➉❻➀��➀➆➈❸❹�❽➂❹�➀➃❽��❸➀❹➆➈�➇❹�❽��❷❷❹➆➀

➁❽➀�❻➂�❷❶➄�➁❽❽❼➈�➂�➁❽❿❽➀❸➀��❽�❸➀�❸�❼➂��➁❸���❹❿➂❹�❸��❹➄❽❷➂❸�➀➆❹

❷❶➄�➀❹➆➈➀��❽�❾❿�➁�➀�❹��➁❽��➂➄�➁❸��➁❹�➂�➀❿��➁❽➄❹❶��❸�❽❷�➈➂�❷❶➄❹

➀➆❹➈➀�➁❸❽�❹❽➄❿������❽�❹❸➀��❹�❼❸�❽➄❹❶��➀�➁❽��➈�➂❸�➁❽❼➀�➂���❽�❽

❸➀�➆❽❽➅➀�❽❹�➆�❸❺�❶❹➅➂��❹➂❺❽�➁➆�➀���❽�➀��❸➀❹➆➈�➇❹�❽��➆❽�➈➂�➃❽��

➉❹❻❸�❷��➂�❸❽�❹➀❹➆➈���❽➂❹�➀➃❽��❸❿❽➂��❸➀�❶❽�❸➀❹��❹�❼��❸���➂�

❸�❹��➉❽➈❸➀�➀➆❹➈❹��❹❷���❸�❽➆❹❶❽➈�❷❶➄��❽➂❹�➀➃❽��❸➄➂��➁❺❹❽�❽➀���❽❸

❸➂�❹➄❿�➆❹��➀����❹��❸➄➂�❸�❽➂❹�➀➃❽��➁❿➅❸❿�❸➂❽�❻➀��❹�❺��❹➀�➂➂➀

❘�➉➈➄��❹�❹❶❻���❽➈��➃❹❶❿�➁❽➆❹❶❽➈➀�➆❹❽➅��❹➀❹➆➈�➁❶��❽➀❽➀➈ı¯‡‰➅�➂���

◗❼�➈��➁❽❷���➂❸��❹�❼�❷❶➄❹�➀➀❿���❹�❼�❷❶➄�❽➂❹�➀➃❽���❼�➂�➃❹➄❽❿�

➁❽➀❹❿❽� �❹�❼❸�❷❶➄❿��❽�❹❻��➀��❹➀❽➆➈➂�➀���❽� ➀��❸�❹➆➄➂❽❸�➁➆�❷❻❽

�❹❽�❹❻��❹➀❹➆➈���❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸�❸➀❽❸�❸��❿❽➂�����❶❽�❸➀�➀���❽➀�➆❽❽➅➀

�❹�➀�❽�❹���❽�❸❺❿�❽➂❹�➀➃❽���❼�➂��❷➆❽❸���❽➂�➆�❸➄❶❸�❾�❹�➀�❼❹�➄��

��❹➂❸�➃➂�➁❽❶�❹❻�➁❸����❿�❸➂���➁❽➀➆❹➈��❸➀��➁➆❹�❸➄❽❷➂❸�➁➆�➃❹��❻

�❹�❼��❹➈��❸�❽➄➈➂�❸❽��❹�❹�❸➄❽❷➂❸�❽❻�❺��➀➆�❸➄❶❸�➁�➀

�◗❘�❝�❹�❼�❷❶➄��❹➈➅❹➄��❹➄➂��❽��➀�❸�➂❽�❻����➀���❽�❸➈�❽����❿��➀�❸❺‰Ó‡‰

¯Â¯Ë‰ ȈˆÈÙ ÈÂÎÈ„Ï�❹���◗❜❜❘�International Convention for the Suppressionof Terrorism Bombings, 37 I.L.M 249 (1998)◗❘� ❞�¯Â¯Ë‰ ÔÂÓÈÓ „‚ ‰Ó‡‰

� ❹��� ◗❜❜❜❘International Convention for the Suppression of Financing ofTerrorism, 39 I.L.M 270 (2000)➀➆�➇➅❹➄�➃�➂❽�❻����❹➈�❽���❹❺�❸��❹➄❽❷➂�➃❽�➂�

❘�❸❽�❽2❶➀�❹��❹➀����➀���❽ı¯‡‰◗�

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ÚÂÓ ‰‚ȯ‰ ∫ÁÙÒ·‰ ˙ˆ¯‡· ˙˙ȯÔÁ≠Ô·‡ ˜È¯„ÂÓ ÈÏȉ ˙‡Ó

�➆�� ❸❷❽➆��➀�� ➃❹❶��➂� ➁❽�➄�� ❸�❽�� ❹➀➅❹❻� � ��➂�❹➄� �❽����

❽2���❸➀��❽➀➆�❸❽❸�➁❽❶❹�❸❸�➃❽��➃➂❽�����❽�➂�❺❹❻➂��❸��❹➈�❸�➁�❽➄❹❿➂�

�➀���❹�❼❸��➈��➂�➃❹➄❿����❹��❹➆➂��❷�❻➄����❹�❑❽➀➆�❹��❑�❸➄❹❿➂❸

��❽➄�❽�➂�❸���❻�➂❸�➉❹�❽➈�❹���➂❼➈➅�Cole➀�➂➂��➁❽�❽❿���❹�❹�➂�

➅❽❽❼��➀➀�➅❹❼➂➂�❑�❽❽➈➀❸❑�❽➀❽❼�❽�❽➂�➆�➄�➉❹�❽➈❸�❽❿�❹��❽��❽➄�❽�➂�❸

�❽➄❹❿➂❸���➆➀❛➁❽��❹➆➂�➁❽➄�❽�➂�❸�� ❸➄❹���❸�➁➆➈❸�❸�❽❽❸��➀� ❹❺�

�➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�➆��➀�➃❹❽➅❽➄��❹���➆➄❹➂�❸❶❽�❸�

�❹��➄�❸❸� ❹�� �➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸��❽❽❶❹➅�� ❽➄�❽�➂�❸� ❽�❹�❽�❸� ➃❹❽❷❸

❘assassination➇❹➀❷➀�❹➀❻❸��➆�❸�❹���➁❽➆��❸��❹➄���❽�����➀❻❸���❿�◗

�❹➄❹❽➅❽➄�� ➁❽❽➄�❽�➂�❸� ���❸❹� ➃❽➆❽❷❹➂❸� ➀�� ➁�❹��❹➆➂� ��❷�� �❹➆❽❷❽

➁❽�❽�❸❹�➁❽�❽➂❻❸��❹➄���➁❽�❺�➁❽❶❽❸➄➂�➀❹➅❽❻�➀���❹❽�➂➂��❹➀❹➆➈�❹

❹➀❽2❺❹�❼�➀�➈��➀��❹➀❹➅❽❻❹�❸�❹��❼❽➀��❹�❼➅��➀❷❽➈�➀��➀❹➅❽❻❸�➃❹❽➅❽➄�➁❸❽➄❽�

❘��❽➄�❽➄❽➂❹❷❸�❸�❽➀�❹➈�❸�➃➂Johnson, 1992, 405◗

��❹��➆��❹❼➄➅❸�➀��❹�❹�����❸❷➆❹�❜��❼�➄➅❸�➁❽�❸�❸➀���❹➆❹➂�

◗❑2➉�2���❷➆❹❑�❝➃➀❸➀❘�➃❽➆❽❷❹➂❸��❹❽❹➄❿❹➅�➀��➁❽➆��➂❸��➄❽❻�➀�2➉�2���➄�➈❜

�❹❽❹��➄�❸�� �❽��❸� �❹���� ➀�� ❸�❹��❹➆➂� ��❷�� �❹➂��❸❸� �➄❽❻�➀❹

➇❹�❽�❹��❹❼➀❻❸��➀���❾❽➀❸��❸➈�❻�❸❷➆❹❹❸�➁❽➄❹�❸��❹��➄�❸❸��❹➄❹❽➅❽➄�❹

❽❷❿�➆❷❽➂�➁❽�❽❿�❸�➁❽❷❽�➈❸�➃➂�❹�❽�➅❸�➁❽�❼❹❺❸�➁❽❷❽�➈❸�➁❹❶➈�❸➀❹➆➈

❹❽❼�➈� ��� ❹➆❷❽�� ❽➀�� �❹��➄�❸❸� �❹➀❹➆➈� ��� ���➀� ❹➀❿❹❽� ➁❽�❽❿�❸�

❸��➂���❽�❹�❽�� ❸➂��❸� ❽➄➈➂�➁❽➄❶❹➂� ❹❽❸❽� ❾❿❹� ➆��➂❸� ➀��➁❽�❽❹❷➂❸

❽❿�❸❷➆❹❹❸�❸�➅➈���❺��❹��➆��❹➈�❻❽❽�➁❷❽�➀➆�➁❽��❹�➂❸�➁❽➆��➂❸�

�❹❻���❽�❻�➀➆�❸�❽➀➂❸❹�❸➂❻➀➂�❹➄❽�����➂���❹��➄�❸❸�������➀�➃❽�

❘�❸❺�❽➆�➂����❹➂❽�❸�����❹➅�❽�Pape, 2002, 64-65◗

➀➆❹➈❸�➀����❽��❹➅❽�❸❹���❻➄��➀�❸❷➆❹❹❸�❹❽➀➆�❸�❽➀➂❸���❹❻❸�➁➀❹�

➂� ❹�� ➀�� ❹�❹➂❷�✆❘� ❽➀❸➄executive order❷�❹➈� ❷➀�2❶� �❽�➄❸� �❽�❹❸�� ◗❛

❛www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,77340,L-2224418,00.html❜US Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect

to Intelligence Activities, “Alleged Plots Involving Foreign Leaders”, S. Rep.No/ 755, 94th Cong., 2d sess., Book 1, 7

❛Executive Order No. 11,905 3 C.F.R 90 (1977)

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❹���❽❼❽➀❹➈��❹��➄�❸��➇���❸➀�❽➄�❽�➂��➀�➂➂�❷❽�➈�➀❿�➀➆��➅��❹�❸

➂�❹���❹➆�➂����❹➅❽�❸��❻�❹❸�➇��❜❛��❸➄❹➄❿��✆�❽�➄❸��❽�❹❸��❽➀❸➄

�❹�➈➅➂❹�➃❶❽❽�❛➁�➀❹➆➈�❽❿�❷❹�➁❸❽�❹�❼➂�����❽❷➅❸�����❸❺�❹��

➂��❸➈❽�➆��❹➈���❸�➀➆�➁❶��➅��➁❽❽➄�❽�➂�❸�➃❽➆❽❷❹➂❸�❽�❹�❽��➀�✆❽➆��

�❹❽❹➄❿❹➅�➀➆��➅�➄�� �❽❸���❷❸��❹➆➂�➂� ❸➂❻➀➂� ➃➂❺���➀���❹��➄�❸

❹�❸��❹➂�❿��❹❽❹��➄�❸�➃�❹�➆�➆��➀�➁❽�❻��➀❷�➀��❹❽➄�❽�➂�❸�➃❽➆❽❷❹➂❸

❸❿�❷➆�➁❽�❼�➂❸�➀❿��➀❼❹���➀

➀��➃❹❶���❽��❻���❹��➄�❸❸��❹➀❹➆➈��❸�❹�❿➀�❸➀❹➆�➀❽➆➀��❹➂�❸�➃➂

➃➄❽����❹��➄�❸��❹➀❹➆➈� ➃�❹❽❸�� ❽�❹�❽�➄❸� ❹�❸� ➀��❸�➈❸� ➃❸� ❸❷❽➆��

❸➂❻➀➂�➃➂❺���❹➆�❹�➂❛�➈➅�➃�❹����❻�➀�➁❽➄❹➂�❸��❹➄��➆�➂���➁➀❹��

❽➄�❽�➂�❸� ���❸� ➀�� ❽❼➈�➂❸� ❸❿�❷❸❸❛❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸� ➃❽❷❸� ➇❶�� ➃❽❿❸�

❑�❹��➄�❸❑�❻➄❹➂❸������➈➂❸��❽❿❺��➀�➂➂❸�➀��➉❹❻❸�❽➅❻❽���➀❻➂�

❸➂❻➀➂�❹��➁❹➀���➆���❹�❹➅�����❹�❹���❹➀➀❿➄❸��❹➀❹➆➈❸�➃❸➂��❽�➅➂❹❛

�❹��➄�❸�➀��❸�❷❶���❹➀❹➆� ➃➄❽����❹➀❹➆➈� ➃�❹��❾➂➅➂❸�❼�➈➂� ➃❿� ❹➂❿

❸➂❻➀➂��➆����❹➂��❻�❸�➃�➀❻❹�➁❹➀���➆���❹��❹➂�➃�➀❻����❹

�❹��➄�❸❸� ❸➂❻➀➂��➆�❹�➁❹➀���➆���❹��➄�❸� ➃❽�� ➃❽❻�➂�❾➂➅➂❸

�➆���❹��➄�❸❸��❹❽❼❽➀❹➈��❹�❼➂➀�❸❷➆❹➄��❸❶❽�❸❿���❷❶❹➂�➁❹➀���➆�

�➆�❸�❹���❽❹�❸�➀���❹❻➀�➉❹❻➂�➀��❸��❹❸❑❿���❷❶❹➂��❽➀➄❹❽�➄�➄❹��❸➂❻➀➂

❸➆�➈❸�➀���❽❿�➂�➃❸���❽��❸➂❻❹➀��❹➀❹➆➈���❺��➂❹➆➀�❑❹����➀➆�➅�➈

�➃❹➂���❸➀❽➆➂�➀��➁❽�❽❿�➂��❹➀➀❹❿�➃➄❽�����❹✉�❹➀❹➆➈�➃�❹��➀❿��➂❹➀❿�

� ❹➆➄❿➄��➀���❽❹�❸� ❽➀❽❽❻����❶❹�❸➀��❹➄❹❹❿➂❸✉�❹���➄� ➃➄❽�❹� �❹��❹➂�

➀➆❹��❹�❽➅➄��❽❹➀��➆➄❿❽❸➀��❹��➈�❸�➃�➂�❽❿�➃❽❽�➂�❾➂➅➂❸�❑�❹��➄�❸❑

❸❽➀➆�❸➈��❸�❾➀❸➂��❹�❷❽❻❽�➀��❹�❹➄���❿��➁❽�❹❷❿�❻❼➂➂�➀❽❽❻��❶❽�❸�➃❿

❸�❹➅���❹��➄�❸���❻❽���➀�❸➈��❸❸�❾➀❸➂��❹��➄����❻❽➄❸����❹❛

❸➂❻➀➂➀� ❼�➈� ➁❽�❻���❹➂❽➀�� ❽��➂�� ❾➂➅➂❸� ➃❽❻�➂� ❾❿� ➀➆� ➇➅❹➄

�❽➂�➆� ❸➄❶❸� �➂❻➀➂❹� ❸➀❽�❶� �➂❻➀➂� ❝�❽➀➄❹❽�➄�➄❹�❛�➂❻➀➂�� �❻�➂�

�➀➀❹❿� ❸➄❽���❸➂❻❹➀�❹� ❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹�❸� ���➂�❸➂❻❹➀���➄❽❽➈��➂�❸➀❽�❶❸

❛Executive Order No. 12,333, 3 C.F.R 200 (1981), 50 U.S.C. # 401❛❽�❹�❽�➄❸�❹�❸�❽➈➀��❹➅��❹➄❽��➃❽❽➅❹❻�➁�❷➅�➀��❹❽➄��➀❹➅❽❻���❺��➂❹➆➀

❛U.S. Army Field Manual 27-10❛Memorandum of Law: Executive Order 12,333 and Assassination, printed in

The Army Lawyer, December 1989❛Ì˘��2➂➆

❛❸➂❻➀➂���❶➅➂��❸➄❽���❸➀❹➆➈��❽❸�

Page 46: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

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�➀❹�❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹�❸���������➅❸��❸➀❽�❶�➁❻❹➀�➀��❹�❶❽�❸�➁❽❷➂���❽�➀

➃❽❽�➂�❾➂➅➂❸���❺�❷❹➆❹��❹��➄�❸➀���❻❽���➀�❸➄➂➂�❹➂�➆����➀❽❷�❸

➁❽❻�❺�❸�➃❽�❹�➁❽➂❻❹➀❸�➃❽��➀❹�❶❸�❹������❹�❷❹❹��❼❼��➀���➈��❷❽➂���➀�

❻❼����❽➆��➂�❸➆�❿❸➀�➃❹�➄�➃❽❽➄➆❸�❽❿❹�➁❽➂❽➂�❸❛

❸�❹➀��❸➄❹➂�❾➂➅➂❸��❽➂�➆�❸➄❶❸���❶➅➂���❹��❹➂❸��❹➀❹➆➈➀�➆❶❹➄�

❸➂❽➀��❸➈��❸�❽➄➈���❹➄➄❹❶�❸�➀���❽�➂➂�❸➀❹➆➈�❝�❽➂�➆�❸➄❶❸�➀��➁❽❶❹➅

❽❷❽❽➂� ➃➈❹���❸❽❹➈�❸�❻❹❿��➀➆➈❸�➆❹➄➂➀�❸��❼➂��❸➀❹➆➈� ❽����❻❹❿� ❹�

➀➆�➁❽❽�➀�❽❹�➆❸�❻❹❿�➁❸��❹�❼�❽➄❹❶���❾�➂�➂�➁❹❽��❷❶➄❿�❸➄❶❸��➀❹➆➈❹

�❹➀➀❸�➁❽❿�❷❸�➃➂��❻���❸➄❽❷➂✉�❽➂�➆�❸➄❶❸�➀��❸➀❹➆➈��❹�❽❷�➂❸�➁❽❿�❷�

�❽➂❽❼❽❶➀�❸�❼➂��➂�➀�❽❹�➆�❽➂��❽❸�❸���➅❹➆�❾➂➅➂❸���➈➅❹➄�❸➀��

�❹��➄�❸�❸❽❸��❹�❶❽�❸��❾❿�❹❺❿�❸�❼➂��➂�➀�❽❹�➆�❹➄❽��❽➂❹�❸➂❻➀➂��➆�

➁❽❻�❺��❶❹�❸➀���❹➂�❽�➂�❸➀��❸��❽❸�❹❺❸�❸➄❻�❸❸�➀����❺❶➄❸�❸�❹➅�

➁❽❻�❺�� ➃❽�� ❾➂➅➂❸� ➃❽❻�➂� ❸➀❽�❶� �➂❻➀➀� ❹��❷❽❸�� ❤❸➂❻➀➂���❶➅➂�

❷❹➅❽� ➀➆� ❸➂❽❻➀��➁❽➈���➂�➁➄❽���➁❽❻�❺�� ➃❽�❹� ❸➂❽❻➀��➁❽➈���➂❸

❸❺�➁❽�❹��❸�➁❽�❹�❽➂� ❽➄����➀❸➄�➂�❸➀❽�❶❸��➂❻➀���❽➅❽➅�❸�❸❻➄❸❸

➁❽�➀❻➄�❸➂❽❻➀��➁❽➈���➂❸�➁❽❻�❺�❸�❽���❹�❽➄❽❷➂�❝❽❻�❿❸������❸❺�

� � ❝�❹❽�❹❶❼���❹➀�➀Military operations�✉�❹➈���❸��❽�➆➂�❸➂❽❻➀�

� � ❞➁❽❽����➁❽➆��➂�Military effort�✉❸❹�❶❸�❸❼❽➀�❸❹�❷❹�❽➈❸� ❶�❷�

�❸❹�❶❸�❽❼❽➀❹➈❸�❶�❷❸�➃❿�❹➂❿❹�❽����➃❽➆❽❷❹➂❹�❸�❽❼➅❽❶❹➀✉❽��❻❹�➁❽❶❽❸➄➂�

� � ❞➁❽❽❺❿�➂�❸❶➀➈➂War effort�✉➁❻❹➀❸�❻❹❿➀� ➆❽❽➅➀� ➃❻❹❿����❹➀❹➆➈�

➃❽➆❽❷❹➂�➃❹❶❿��➂❽❹➅➂��❽����❸➀❹➆➈➀��❹➅❻❽❽�➂�➃➄❽���➇���❽❹�❸����➅❽�❸➀

�❽❼❽➀❹➈❸�❷��❹�➁❽❽➄❽����❽❼➅❽❶❹➀❹�➅❹❽❶❹�➃❹➂❽��❽➂❹�➂✉❾❹➂➄�❸❶❸➄❸�❶�❷�

➃➈❹���➁❽➆❽❽➅➂��❽➂�➁❸�❸➂❽❻➀��➁❽➈���➂�➁➄❽���➁❽❻�❺��➁❽��❻❸����❹

➁❽�➅❹➂��➀�❹��➃❹❶��❸�❽��❻➀�❸➅❻➂�➁❽➄�❹➄��❽➂�➀�➂➀�❸➂❽❻➀➀�❽�❽➅➈

�➈�❸�❹���➁❽❽❹�➂�➁❽❽➀�❽�➄❼❹➈�➁❽➅❽❽❶�➂���❺��➂❹➆➀�➁��➂❽❸�➁❹�➂���

❘�❽➀➀❿❸�❸➂❽❻➀❸�➉➂�➂➀�➁❽➆❽❽➅➂❸�➁❽➈���➂�➃❽��war effort❽➂�➃❽�❹�◗

➁❽➈���➂�➁➄❽��❛❛�❹❽�❹❶❼�❸��❹➀���➁❽➀➀❿➄❸�➁❽❻�❺���❸➀❹➆�❾➂➅➂❸�➃➂�

❛❸❽�❹�❼➂� ➃❸➂� ❸➀��➀�❾➂➅➂❸�➀�� ❹�❹��❷❽❸���❶➅➂��➁❶�❸➄❹❷❽➄� ❹❺�❸❽➆�� � 2➂➆

➃➀❸➀�➃❹❽❷❸�❹���❤❸�❹➅���❹��➄�❸��❷❶��❸➀❹➆�❸➄❽����❽����❸➀❹➆➈�➀���❹❽➂❽❼❽❶➀❸

❛❛�❽❼➂❹➀➈❽❷❸�❸❷❽➆❹❹��➁❽➄❹❽❷❸��➆��➁❶�❹➀➆�❑➁❽❻�❺�❑➀�❸➄�➂��❹❽�❹❶❼����❽�❽➀��❹➆�❸

�❹��� ❹❻❷➄�❾�� ➃❹���❸�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈❸�❻❹➅❽➄➀Bothe, 1982, 294-295➁❹❷�❸��➀�❸�

❹❻❹➅❽➄�����➀��❽❼➂❹➀➈❽❷❸�❸❷❽➆❹❹��➁❽➄❹❽❷❸�❹���❸➂❹❷�➃➈❹���❹➀���❹❽�❹❶❼���❽❷❶❸

�❝➃❹���❸�➀❹�❹❼❹�➈❸�➀�CDDH/III/SR.2 para 9➁❽➂❻❹➀➀�➁❽❻�❺��➃❽��❸➄❻�❸➀�➆❶❹➄��

�➀���� ❸➆�❿❸➀� �❺➆� ❽➀➀❿� ❸➂❿� ➆��� ❽➄�❽�➂�❸� ❾➂➅➂❸� �❽➀➄❹❽�➄�➄❹�� ❸➂❻➀➂�

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�❻��❸❽�❹❶❼�➀��❹❿❽❽��❸❸�➁�➆�➁���❹����➀�❾�� ❸➂❽❻➀��➁❽➈���➂

�➆�➀❿��❾❽❽��➂��➆❹❶➈➀����➈�➂

➁❽❻�❺�❸�➁���❹➅��❹➄❽��➁❽❻�❺��➀��➃❹❹❿➂��➀�❶�❸��➁❶�➆�❹��❾➂➅➂❸

���❸�❸❷��������❹❸�❹�➃❹❿❽➅�➁➂�➆�➀➆�❹➀❼➄❛❜❹➆��➄��➀���❺��➂❹➆➀�

�❻��❹��❸❺��➀❻�❹➀❼➄��➁❽❻�❺��➀��➁�❶❽�❸�❽�❶➀��❹❽➆➂�➂�❷❻��❹➄�➅➂

➁❽❷�❹➆�����➁❽❻�❺����❝�❺➆�❽➀➀❿�❸➂❿�❹➄❽❹��❾��❸➂❻➀➂❸��❹➀❹➆➈➀�➆❹❽➅�

➁�❽❽❸��➃➂❺�➀❿�❾�➂➀��❽➂❽❼❽❶➀�❸�❼➂�➁❽�➂�➂��❽����❸�❼➂��❹❸��➁❹�➂�

❸➄❽��➀❽❽❻�❹����❽➄�➀➀❿�❾�❷���➁❹�➂��❻�❺��➀��❹���❸���❞➁❹�➂�❹�❹��

❹�❷❹�➆���❶➅➂�����❸�������➂��➁❷��❶�❞❸➈❽���❽➄➈➂��❹➄❽➅❻�❹➀�❸➄�➂

❸➂❹��❸➂���❹❽�❸➀❹❷❶�❽�➂❻➀➂❸�➉➂�➂➀�➁❹�➂�❹�❹���❹�➂❹��❹��❽❻�❺�❸

�❽➂❽❼❽❶➀�❸�❼➂��➂�❽�➀❽❽❻❿��➈➅➀�❽❹�➆�❸❽❸�

�❽❷�❸➀�➃❹❽➅❽➄���❽��❸��❹��������➂�➀�➁❽➀❹❿❽�➀❽➆➀�➁❽�❹➂�❸�➁❽��❷❸

❸➄❶❸��❹➀❹➆➈❿�❸❷❽➆��➀��❽➀❽➆➈�❷❶➄�❸❼�➄���➆➄❹➂❸�❸❶❽�❸❸��❹➀❹➆➈���

➁❽➂❽➂��➁❽❻�❺��➁➄❽����❹�❼�➃❹❶���❽��❻�❽➈➀❿❹�❾�➂�➂�➁❹❽��❽➈➀❿��❽➂�➆

➁❷�����➄�❸➀���➈�❽��❹�➀�❶❽�❻�➀➆�❸�❹❽��❽�➄❸���❽❸��➈➅❹➄��❹��➈�

➃❹❻❼❽��➀➆�❸➄❶❸➀����❷➄�❸➀❹➆➈❸��❻❽❿❹❸➀��❽�➄❸�➀➆�❾❿�❾�❹�➀�➁❽❹➅➂

��❷����❹❷�❸➀❹➆➈❸���❹��❹❸➀���❷❽❸➀❹�➅�❶➄❹�➀�❾❿�➀➆�❻❹❹❷➀�❸➄❽❷➂❸

❘��❽�➄❸����❹❸��❸➄❽❷➂�❷❹➅❿��➂�❽❸➀�➇��➀❹❿❽�❸➀❹➆➈❸�➀��❸➂❹❽�Pape,

2002, 66-67➃❽❹❺➂��❹➂❽➆�� ❹��❸➂❻➀➂�� ��❹❷➂��❸➄➆❼❸� ��❺��➂❹➆➀� ◗

❽�❽➅➄❼➄❽�❹�❾�❹➂➂�❽����❾❹➅❿➅����❹❷➂��➀��➁❹�➂�❸�❽�➅��❽��➄�❸➄❽�

❸❸❹�❶��❽����➃❹❶����➂���➀➆❹➈�➁❽❷❷�❸�➃➂�❷❻��➀❿�❹��

❷❹➂➆��❼➅�❼❸�➇❹❶���❹➄❹❷❽➄❸��❹❽�❹❶❼�❸�➃➂��❻�➀�➁❽❿❽❽��➂❸�➁❽❻�❺��➀��➁�❹➄❽➅❻

❻❹➅❽➄�❾�❹�➀�➁❸➂��❽�❸➀���➈���➃❿�❽❽�❾��❸➀❽�❶��➂❻➀�➁➄❽❽➄➆�➃❽��❹➀��➁❽➀➀❿�❸❺

�❹�❼�❽➄❹❶����➁❽❻�❺�➀�➁❽➂❻❹➀�➃❽��❸➄❻�❸❸�➃❽❽➄➆➀�➁❽➀➀❿

❛❜���➃�❹➂❿��❹➄�➀�❽❹�➆������❹❽�❷❽➂❸�➃❹��➆�����❿❺�➂�❹➄❽��❸❺�❾➂➅➂���➀�❹➂❽�

➁❽➂❽➂��➁❽❻�❺��➀��➃❹❹❿➂��➀�❶�❸➀�❽��❻�����❸�➃❽��❸��➂�➀❿��❽❿�❸➄�➅➂❸

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❜�2➂➆

➃❹❶���➃❽�➀�➀���❽��➄❽❷➂��➀�➂➂�➃❽��❹❻❽�❽��❹❺�❹�❸❺➆��➆❹�����❷��➁❿➅❸

�❑❿�❜❜���➂❼➈➅�❛➂�❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸�➁➆❸�➀��❶❽�➄❸�❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸��❹�❻�❸

�2➂➆��2➅➂�

�2➂➆�❛❜�❻❑➅�❶❑➅��❸�❸➆❽�➈�❽➄❹❶�������➂��❹❻

➇�❹�➀�❸➅➄❿➄� ❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸� ➃❽❷❸��❽����❹❻❹��❹❷❻❹�➂❸��❹➂❹�❸��➀❽❶➂

�2➂➆�❜��❑❿�❜���❹❼�❹����

Charter of the Organization of African Unity, May 25, 1963, 2 I.L.M

766 (1963).

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against

Internationally Protected Persons Including Diplomatic Agents, Dec.

14, 1973, 28 U.S.T 1975, 1035 U.N.T.S 167.

Definition of Aggression, G.A. Res. 3314, U.N. GAOR, 24th Sess.

Supp. No. 31, at 142, U.N Doc. A/ 9631 (1975).

Executive Order No. 11,905 3 C.F.R 90(1977).

Executive Order No. 12,333, 3 C.F.R 200 (1981), 50 U.S.C. # 401.

European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism, opened for

signature Jan. 27, 1977, Europ. T.S. No. 90, 15 I.L.M. 1272 (entered

into force Aug. 4, 1978).

Hague Convention No. IV Respecting the Laws and Customs of War

on Land and Annex Regulations Respecting the Laws and Customs

of War on Land, Oct. 18 1907, 36 Stat. 2277 T.S. No. 539.

International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism Bombings,

37 I.L.M 249 (1998).

International Convention for the Suppression of Financing of

Terrorism, 39 I.L.M. 270 (2000).

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949,

and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed

Conflicts (7/12/1978) ,1125 U.N.T.S 3 (Protocol 1).

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Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of August 12 1949,

and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed

Conflicts (Protocol II) 8 July 1977, 1125 U.N.T.S 609, reprinted in

16 I.L.M. 1442 (1977).

Protocol Additional to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions

on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be Deemed

to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects and

relating to the Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines,

Booby Traps and Other Devices (Protocol II).

SC Res. 1373 (Sept. 28, 2001), 40 I.L.M. 1278 (2001).

S.C Res. 911 U.N. SCOR, 43d Sess., at 15, U.N Doc. S/Res/911 (1988).

S.C. Res. 678, 45 U.N. SCOR, at 27, U.N. Doc. S/Res/678 (1991).

S.C. Res. 262 S/Res/262 (1968).

Statute of the International Criminal Court UN Doc.A/CONF/ 183/9.

U.N. Res. 748, U.N. SCOR, 47th Sess., at 65, U.N. Doc. S/PV.3063,

S/RES/748 (1992).

United Nations Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from

Enforced Disappearance, G.A. res. 47/133, U.N GAOR, 47th Sess.

Supp. No. 49, at 207, U.N. Doc. A/49/47/ Sess., 1992.

E/CN.4/1983/16.

US Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with

Respect to Intelligence Activities, “Alleged Plots Involving Foreign

Leaders”, S. Rep. No. 755, 94th Cong., 2d sess., Book 1, 7.

™Ë¯Ëȇ ȯ˙‡Â ˙ÂÂ˙ÈÚ ¨˙ÂÁ„

❑➁❽❷�❹➂➂�➁❽➀❹➅❽❻�➀��➀❑❸���❹❽➄❽❷➂��❾➂❹�� ➃❽❽❼�➄❽�❹�❑� ➃❹➆❷❶� ➃❹➀�

ı¯‡‰���➂�❷���

�➃❹➄���➀�✉❸�❽�➅❸��❹❿❽�❹�➁❷�❸��❹❽❹❿❺�➀➆�❸➄❶❸➀�❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸�➃❹❶��❸�

�◗�❽➄❹❽❘�➀���❽��➁❽❽❹➄❽➆�❷❶➄�❽�❹�❽�❸�❷➆❹❹❸❹Ï˘ ÌÈÏÂÒÈÁ‰ ̇ ÂÈÈ„Ó

·Ó·Â χ¯˘È ˙È„Ó≤∞∞≤ ¯‡ÂÈ≠≤∞∞∞ ¯

� ❑➁❽❷���➂��❸❿❽➂��❷❶➄�❸➄➂���➂❺❹❽�➀���❽❑� ➇❹➀��➃�ı¯‡‰➅�➂���

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www.knesset.gov.il/Tql/mark01/h0006001.html

www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-2017413,00.html

www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-274337,00.html

www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-2224418,00.html

www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-2747855,00.html

www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340/L-2747737,00.html

www.palestinemonitor.org.factsheet/Palestininan_intifada_

fact_sheet.htm

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Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicar. v. U.S), 1986, ICJ 4.

Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1,ICTY, App.C., (2 Oct. 1995).

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�❹❸�❽���❝➁❽❽��❽➆➁❽➄➈❹�❽➄��❸➂❻➀➂➂➀❷�➄�❹�❼❸❑❝�➂�➄*➂➆�

❷❹➆�+�➄❽❹❺➂❸➂❽❻➀❽➆�➂���❹❹❷➁➄❽��➁❽➆�➂�➀�❸�❹���➂��➂

➁❽�➂��➂➁❹❽❸❹❺❸�❽➂�➁➆➁❽❿➅➂❽➄➄❽�❑,❸➂❽❻➀��❽➆�❸❺❸➂❻➀➂��

➁❽❽��❹���➁❽➆�➂��➁❽❽➄❽❷➂➁❽➆�➂��➁❽❽➀❿➀❿➁❽➆�➂��❸➂❻➀➂�

❸➀�❸➁❽�❹�❽➂��❹�❼❸❹➂❿�❹❽❷��❽❷➂➂���❽❸➁❹❽❸❸➂❻➀➂❸❸�➆➂➀

❸�❹��❸➄❽�❹❺❽��➆❸➁❽�❻�➁❽�❹�❽➂�❿�➀�❽�➂�➀❷�❸➁❸❽➄❽�➃❽�

➂❹��❽�❹❸➂❸❸➂���❹❸➂➀✍➁❹➀�➃❽��❽➅➀�❸❸➄❻�❸❸➁➆➁➀�❽➄❽�❽❿�

Page 57: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

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❹➄❽��❹�❼��❽❸�❹��❸�❹❽➆�❸�❻�❽�❸�❹�❼➀����❸�❸➂❻➀➂➃❽�➀

�❹�❼��➂❹➀❹➄➀❻❹➄�➀�❹�❷�❹➂❹�❹���❹�❽➅➂��➂➁❹�➁➆��❽❽�➂

�❹�❼�❽�❽❼❽�❹❼➄❽�❹�❹➂➆➃➈❹��➁❽�❽❶�➂❹➄➀❹❿�➆�❸�❸➂❻➀➂�❹❸

➁❽❷❶❹➄➂➁❽❶�❹➂❽➄�➁❸➁❹➀�❹

❸❺�❽❽➄��❺❹❻❸�❽❼❹➂❸✉❹➂➆➁❽❿➅➂❽➄❽��✉❾❽���❹�❼��❹❸

�❹❸��❹�❼❝�❹�❼❽❶❹➅❽➄��❽❽�➆❷➀�❽➀❽➀➈❸��➆❷❽➂�❼➆➂❿�❹❽❸➀

❸➄❻�❸❸❹➂❿�❽❸➁❸❽➄❽�❸➄❻�❸❸❸➂❻➀➂❸�➆➂�❹❸��❹�❼❹�❽➀❽➀➈❸��➆

�❻�➀❽❽❻❶�❹❸➁❷��❸��➂➃❽�❹�❽➀❽➀➈❸��➆�❻�❹�➁❷�❹��❸��➂➃❽�

❹�❸��➁❽��❹➆❸��❸❷❹�➄�❽❸�❹❺❽��❽�❽❹�����➀❽❽❻�❹❸�➁❹�➂

➁❽➆❹❷❽➁❽➄❽❽➈�➂��❺➆�➁❽��➂❸❽➄�➃❽�➃❽❻�❸➀��➈�❸❺❸

�➀❸➂❻➀➂❸❽➄❽❷�❽❽❶❹➅�❸❷➂➆❸�❽❽➄�❸�➆➄�❻❹�❽➄�❾❿➀➆➇➅❹➄

➁❸��❽❿➂❼➈�➂❸�❸➂❻➀➂❸❽❶❹➅❽➄�➃❽�❸�❹��❸➄❻�❸❸��➆➄✉➃❽�

�❽➀➄❹❽�➄❹❹➄❹��➀❸❸➂❻➀➂❸➃❽�➀�❽➀➄❹❽�➄❹❹➄❹�❸❸➂❻➀➂❸

➀❹❿❽➅❸➉❑❶���❶➅➂�❸➄❽❷➂❸�➆❷❹❸��❹❿❹��➃❹❷➄❸➁❽��❹➄❸❷❻�

➃➂❸��❸ ➁❽❻�❺��❹➂❻➀➂➀��❽➅❻❽❻�❹➈➂�➀❸ ➃❽❷❸�❹❸❷�❹➂➂❸

�❽➁❽❻�❺��❹➂❻➀➂��❹➄❹❿➄➃➄❽�❸➂❻➀➂❽➄❽❷➃❽❽➄➆��❹❼➀❻❹➂❸�❹➆❽��❸

❾�❷➀➆➁❽�❷❶❹➂➁❽❻�❺�❸➂❶❹❷➀❸❿❹➈❸❸�➆➂➀�❽❸❸��❹�❸�➁❽��➂

�➀❻➁❽❻�❹➀➁➄❽�❹➁❽➂❻❹➀❸�❹❻❹❿➀➁❽❿❽❽��➂➁➄❽�❑�❽➂❿ ❸➀❽➀�❸

�➄➂�❽➈➀➆*➁❽➄❶❹➂➁❽�➄�*➀➁❽��❻➄➁❽❻�❺�➃❿➀➆❸➂❻❹➀❸�❹➀❹➆➈�

➁❽�➄�❸❺➁➆ ◗ *➂➆❘ ❑❸➂❽❻➀� ❹➈���❸�➀❷❹➆ ➀❿ �❽➆❽��❸❸�➄*❶

�❽❹��❹❻❹❿❽❷❽�❸➈��❸❽➄➈➂➁�❹➄❽➅❻��➁❽❷��➂❸➂❽❻➀�➁❽�➂��➂�

��❹❷➂�❿➀�� �❽➀➄❹❽�➄❹❹➄❹� ❸➀❽❶�❸➂❻➀➂���❹❷➂�❿➁❽➄❹❿➄➁❽��❷❸

❸➀❽➂❸➂�❹��❸➂❹➂➆����➄➁❽➂❻❹➀❸��❷❶❸❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❹➄❽��❼�❽➀➈➄❹��

�❽❹➁❽❽❹��➃❽�➀��➁❽➆❹�➈�❽❹➁❽❶❹�❸�❽❹➁❽➂❻❹➀�❽�❑❼�❽➀➈➄❹�❑

❸�❹�� �➄�❹➄ ❸➄❽� �❽➆❹��➂❸ �❹�➈➅❸❹ ➀❽�❹❸ ➃❽❷➀ ❷❽➅➈➂❸ �❷➂➆❸

➁❹❻��❽❸➁❽❻�❺��➂❻➀➂�❹➂❿�❸➄❽❷➂❸��❹���❹➄�➂�❸❽➆�➀❸�❽➂➆➂

❻�❹➈➂�➀➁❹❻��❽❸�❹�❼�❸➂❽❻➀➁❶❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂�❻�❹➈➂�➀

➃❽�❸❼�❽➀➈➄❹�➀�❹➅❻❽❽�➂❸�❹�❽➂�❸���❹❹�❸➀➃❹❿➄�❻❹❼��➀➃❿➀❹

�❷➅❹➂�➀➁❹❻��➁❽��➂➄❹➄❻➄��❼➀❻❸�❽��➈��❹�❼�❸➂❻➀➂➀❽➂❹�➀

❹➄❻➄���❹❽❶❹➀➄�❸➃➂�➀❻➀����❽��❹�❽��❹❸❹�❹�❹❹�❸❾�➆�❽❽➄❸

�❹➄❶❸➀➁❽�❿❺❸➁❽❻�❺�➀�❷➂➆➂➀➁❽�❺❹❻➁❸❑❝�❹�❿*➂➆�➁❽�❹➆

�❹➀❹➆➈➂ ❹➀❷❻� ➆❶�� ➃❹���❸ ➀❹�❹❼❹�➈❸ ❹� �❽➆❽��❸ ❸�➄*❶ �➄➂�

��❻���❹➀❻➂�❽❸❺❸��❹➄❸➀➆ ❸➆❽��❿➁❽�➂�➄➁❽��❷❸ ❑❸➂❽❻➀❸

��❿❾�➂➄�❸❺��❹➄�➃❹❽❷➀❽�❹➂➁❹❷�❸�➀�❸❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂�➇�❽❸

Page 58: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

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➆❶��➁❽❻�❺�➀�❷➂➆➂➀➁❽�❺❹❻➁❽➂❻❹➀�➃❹❿➄➁�❸❝❸➀��❸➁❽➄��➂❻

❤➁❻❹➀��❻❽❸➀�❽➅➈➂❸❺❿➁❻❹➀�❹❽❷�❽�➂❤❸➂❽❻➀❸�❹➀❹➆➈➂❹➀❷❻�

❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂❸❹➀❽➈���❹❸❹�❹�❻❷❻�❻�➀�❽��❹�➅❽➄�❸❺➃❽❽➄➆�

❹�➀❹➀❿❹��❹❽��❽�❹❹❸��❹❽��❷❹➅➂❸�❹❸�❹��❹➄❽�❸➂❻➀➂❸❽➄❽❷➀�

❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂❸�❹��❹➄❽��❹❸➁❶➀����❹❽�➀❹❷❶❸�❹➄➂�❸�➈➅➂

❹➄❽❽➄➆�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂❸➁❶❾❿❹❻�❹➈➂❹➄❽�➁❽❻�❺��❹➂❻➀➂❹➄❽❽➄➆�

➃❽❼❹➀❻➀��❹➂❹�➃❽❼❹➀❻➀�❹➅�❹❸�➂�➆❹��➀➀❹❿❽❽➄❽�❾❿❽➈➀ �❹�❼

❸➂➆❹��➀❹�❽➆➂�➂❷❻❸�❹��➁❽➀❿➁�❽❽➀➆❷❹❽❽➄❽�❸❷❽➂❸�❹��➀��

�➀❸➂❹❽��➈�

*➂➆� ��➅❹➆ ❽➀� ❸��❸ ❸�➆❸❸✉❻❹❿� �➂��❸➀ ��❹➂ ❽�➂

��❹➂➃��❶➅➂���❹❽�❹❶❼�❸�➂❻��❼�➈➂�❽❽➄❸�❽➂�➆❸➄❶❸��❶➅➂�

❷❻�❷���❽➄➈➂��❹❽�❸�❹�❻❸➄❻�❸❸❻❹❿��➂��❸➀�❹❻➇❿❹�➇❹❶➀

❽���❸❽�➂❻➀➂❸➁➀❹➆❸��➂➄❽➄�❸❷��❹�❹❻❸➇❿❹�❽➀❽➀➈❸➁➀❹➆❸��➂➄

�❹❿�➀➆❸➄❶❸�❽➄➀❼�❻❹❿��➂��❸➀�❹➅���❹�❹�➅�❹➄❽❷➂❸➀❿�➀

�❽��❸�❹������➂➄➃����✉❽➄�❽�➂�❸���❸➀����❸❻❽�➈❸�❹��❹❸

�❶�❹➁❽❽➄❹�❽�➁❽��❷❸❾❿❽❷❿❷➆➃❽❽➄�➀➆➃❶❸➀�➄➂➀➆❶❹�❸➀�❹��➈�➂

�❽❸�➁❽➅�❹❶➁❸➂➁❽��❹➁❹❻��➁❽➄❼➈�➂❸�����❽�➀❹➈❹➈❸➆❷❸➄❽�❹❺

�❽➀➂�❹➈❸�➆❸❿❽��➆❸���❽➆➂❽➄�❸�❽�➅❸➄❽�

�❹❻❸�➈❽❿��❽❽❶❹➅➁➆❸❷➂➆❸�❽❽➄��❹❷❷❹➂�❸❸��❺➇�❻✉❽➄�❹

�❽➀➀❿ ❸�➆❸➀ ❸➂�❿ �❽➄❼�➈ ❸�➆❸� �➂��➂✉❸❻➄❸❸ ➀➆ �➅➅��➂

❷❷❹➂�➂❹➄❽��❽❽➄❸�❹�❼➁➆❷❷❹➂�❸➀➁❽➀❹❿❽�❹❻�➈❽❿�❽➂�❹❶❹➁❽�❼❹��

�➆❷�❹❹❻❸����➄❷�❹➂➂❸➀❹❿❽➅❸❽➆❹�❽��➈❹���❽���❸❷�❹➆❸➁➆

�❷➂➆� �❿➂❹�❸ ❸❷➂➆ ➆❽�❸ �❹❸ ❸❺➅� ❹❽➄❹❼➄� ❽�➀❼❽� ❸❻➂❹➂ ➀�

�➈❽❿� ❽�➄� �� ❾❽➂➅❸➀❹ ❸➀❹➆➈❸ ❽➄➈➀ �❽❸❺❸➀ �❽� ➇❽➅❹❸❹ ➁❽��❹➆❸

➁❸❽➀➆ ❷���➂➀�❻➂❿➁❸❽➄❽➆�❷❹�❻❸➁❷�➁❽�❹�➁❸���❿��❹❻❸

❶❹�❸➀��❹➂��➅➂�❹❸➁�❸❸❷❺❽��➄➂➀➆❹❽❷❶���❼❹�➈➀❹�❹��❽❽❻➀

❹�❹�

�❼❹�➂�❹�❷➀❾❽���➁❽❿➅➂❽➄➄❽�❸➄❹���➁➆➈➁❽❽➂➆➈➁❽❿➅➂❽➄❽�

�❽ ❽❿ ❼�➈�❸➀ ❹➀�❹�❹❸➀ ❽❷❿❷���➂➀�❻➂❿❷❹�❻❸➁❷�➀����❸➀

❶❹�❸➀➁❽➀❽❽❻❹➁❽�❼❹�❾❽➂➅❸➀➁❶➁❽❿➅➂ ❽➄❽� ❶�❸❽❽ �❼❹�❸� ❽❹❿❽➅

➃➂❺� ➃❽➄*❶�➁❽➆❹�❽�❸❷❻�� ❹➀❽➆➂��❼�➈�➀�❹❸� ❽➄➈➂��➁❷�

❸���➄➁❸➂❷❻�➀➆❹ ❼�➈�❸➀➁❽�➄�➀➁❽➀❽❽❻❹�❹❸➃❶➂�➂❹❻➆��➂

❸❽➆�❹➀❸�❽❽❸�����❸❺�❹❷❽➂�❽�❸��❹❶�❸➁❽❽➀❽❽❻❸➃❼���❹❶❻

��❹❶❻❹➂❿❸���➄�❽❸�❹❻�➂��➀�❹�❶�❸❿➂�❸�❹❶❻❸❹❸�❷�❸❷❹➂➆�

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➁➆ �➂➆�❸➀ �❹❻ �➈❽❿� ❽�➄�➀ �➂❹➀ ❸➀❽➀�❸ ❸❽❽❼➄❸� ����➂ ➉➈➄

�➈❽❿�❽➆�➂������➂�❹�❽�➂��➂➂➀�➁❽❽����➀��➄➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼

➁��➁❽❷❷❹➂�➂ ❹➄❻➄��➁❽��➂➀ ❽➀�❽❹❹❽�❼ ➃❹��➈➁❽➄�❹➄➁➄❽��❹❻❸

�❻��➂���❿��➂❹���❺❽➀❽➀➈❸❼➅❽�❹�❼➀➁❽➆�➁➄❽�❸➀�➁❽➆�➂�

➆��➀�➁❽➂➆❼➂�➄�❷❹�➂➀❷�➄❹➄❽��❹❸➁❽❽❶❹➀❹�❷❽�➁❽➂➆❼➂�➄�❷❹�

➀❷�➄❹➄❽�➁❽❽❶❹➀❹�❷❽�➁❽➂➆❼➂➃❽❿➅�❹��❻��❶❹�❸➀❸➅➄➂�➁❷�➇➅❿

❽❶❹➀❹�❷❽�❸❼➅❽�❹�❼❸��❽❸❸❽➆�❸ ❷❹���❼➂➀❶❹�❸➀❸➅➄➂�➁❷�➂

�❹ ➁❽❽�➂❽❻➀➁❽➆�➂��➁❽�➆➀�➂��➂✆➁➄❽��❹❻❸�➈❽❿� ❽➄❹➄❶➄➂➁�

❷❷❹➂�❸➀➁❽➀❶❹➅➂

❹➄❽� �❽❽➄❸� �❹�➅ ❽➄� ❝�❽➂�➆ ❸➄❶❸➀ ❻❹❿� �❹➂❽�❸ ❽➀➀❿➀ ����

❽�➂�❸❽�❹�❸➁➆❷❷❹➂�➂✉➁❽�❼❹��➁❹❽�❹➄❽�❸❺❸➁❹❽�❸❶❹➅❸�➆➂➀

❶❹➅❸❺➀���❹�❼➀�➁❽❹➅➂❶❹➅��❸❺�➂��❹��❷❷❹➂�❸➀➁❽➀❶❹➅➂

��➅❹➆��➄❽❽➄➆➂❸�❽➂�❸➆❽➈❹➂❜*➂➆�➁❽��❷➂❹➄❻➄�❹❽➀➆��❹�❼❸

❹��❽❻�❹❹➄❹➂❽➅❑❝➁���❿➄❾❿❹❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂��❹��➄�❸❸�❽❽❶❹➅�

❽➄❽❷➀��❽�➅❹➂❸❹�❽❶�❹➂❸�❽���❸��❸➄�➂�❹❹➂➃�❿➁❽❹➅➂➀❽❽❻➀�

❘❷❹❷❽�❸���❽❷�❸➀��❽❽❻➂�❽❸❸➂❻➀➂❸singling out❷❽❻❽❹�❹�➀�◗

❸�❷�❸➀�❽➀➀❿❸�❷�❸➂❸➂❻➀➂�❶�❸➀❸�❷�❸❸���❹❼❸➀❸➀❹➀➆�❽❸❹

❑�❽➀�❹❷❽�❽❷➄❽�❸�❽➂�➆❸❸➄❶❸❸❽➄❽❷➀➆�➅➅❹�➂❸

�❹�❼➂� ❷❽➂� ➁❽➆❶❹➈ ❸➂❻➀➂� ❸➀� ➁❽��❷ ➀➆ �❹➀❻➀ ❸�❹� ❽➄�

➃❹���❸��❷❸➁❽�➄❼❷❹❷❶�➀��➄❸���❿❤��❷❸�❹�❽➈❸➂�❹❽➀�❹❷❽�❽❷➄❽�

��❼➂❑�❹❸❻➄❹➂❸����❹�❷�➈➂❸�➄❼���➆❹❶➈➀�❹❸❾�❹�➁❽❷➂➀➂�

�❽❸❸�❸➆❽❶➈❸�❸�❼➂��➀�❾�❹��➄❿➅➂�❸➄❿➅���❹❷➂➃❽�❑�❹❿❽�

�❹�➅❽➄���❹❽➁❽�❿�❹➂➁❽��❷❸❽�➆❷➀�❽❹�❸❻❹❿➀❹�❼➄➀��❹❽�❸➀❽➆❽❸

�❿�❹➂��❹�➁��❹❸❑➀❽➆❽❑��❹�❸➁�❷�➈➂����❸❽➆�➂��➆❹❶➈➀�❽�

➁❽➀❽❽❻❸➀�❹➂�❸➆❽❶➈❸➂❾❽➀➆➁❽❽�➂�➃❹❿❽➅❸➂�➆�❹➄❹➀��❹➄��➈❸❹

❷�➈➂❸��➀❹❿➀➁❷❹�❶❹�❸➀❸�❽❽❸❸�❼➂❸➃❹�➀❹➈➄�➈❹��� ❸➂❶❹❷➀

�����➀➀❹❿❸❽�❺❽➀�❹➂❷➀➁❽�❽�➂❾❿��➁❹�➂❤➆❹❷➂➃➀❶❷❸��❹❽�❻�❹

➀➀❿❸��❹❽➁❽��➁❽➀❽❽❻➀��➀➀❹❿❸➅❹➄➂❸❽❸�❸❽�❻�➀�➁❽➀❽❽❻❸➀❿

❸➄❽�❸❺➁❹❻��❸❽➆��❽❸➂❻➀➂��❸�❽➂�❸➃❿➀❹➁➀❹➆➂❸➄��❸�➀❸❺❸

�➀��❽�❽�❸➁�❹❸❺➀➀❶�➁❽�➄��➆❹❶➈➀➁❽❼❽➀❻➂❹➄➄❽�❽❽➀➆�➀�❹�➂

❹➄❻➄�➁❽➀�❻➂➃❹❶�����❹❷➂��❹❽❸➀��❽➄❹❶��❸➁❷❽�➈�❹➁❷➂➆➂➀➀❶�

❶❹�❸➀��❹➂❸➂❻➀➂���➈➅➃❽���❺➀❿�❹�❽���❸❸❽❶❹➀➄�❸��➁❽�❹➆

➄❹➀❽➈�❹➀�➄❶�❹❸����➀�➄❶›�➂�✉➀�➄❶�❹❸����➀�➄❶❶❹�❸➀➁❿❻

��❶❹�❸➀�❽��❸�❹➄�❹�➆�➃❹❽➅❽➄❸�❹❽�❹❻➀➆���➂➃❹❽❷➀❸➄�❸❹➄➂❺�

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❸ ➀� ❷❻❹❽➂ ➆��➂ ➃➄❿❹� ➀➂❹�SAS❸❽❽➄�❸ ➁➀❹➆❸ �➂❻➀➂� ❽❼❽��❸

❸�❽❽❸❸❻➄❸❸❹�❹���❶❹�❸➀❹❽��➆➂❸��❷➂�➀➂❹�➀�➃❹❹��➀➅➄❿❽❸➀

��❻�❸�❽❷➂➀❸�❽�➅❸❻➄❸➁❽➄➂�❶❸➁❽➀❽❽❻❸➀�❹➂��❼❼❹➂�❹�❶❽�❸�

➀❸➄�❸ ❽��❿❺❸� ➃❹❽❷❸ ❸➂❻➀➂��❹�❻❷❽�➈�❸�❻❽�❸➂❺❽�❿❸�❾❿�

�❿�❹➂➃❹❽❷➀❸➄�❸❸➂❻➀➂❽➄❽❷➀❽❼❽��❸❾❽�❷➂❸��❹��❿�❿❸❽➀❶➄��

➁❽❽�❹❻❹❽❸➀➂❹���❹❾❽�❷❽❽❸��❶❹�❸➀�❹➄❹❽➅❽➄❸➁�❸➀��❸➀➆

�❹❸���❹❻❽➄�❹❸➂❻➀➂�❑❷❹❷❽�❑❸��➀❽�❶❸➀❽➄❹❽❶❸�➀��❹�➅❽➄�

�❹❸❸➂❻➀➂❸❽➄❽❷�➃❹��❽➆❸❸➂❻➀➂❸❽➄❽❷➀�➃❹��❽➆➁❹��➆❶❹➈❹➄❽�

treacherous killing❹�❹�❽➈❹✉❹➆➂�➂❿❹❼❹�➈✉➁❷�➀❿❶❹�❸➀�❹➅��

➃❽�❸❼➈�➂❸�❸➄❶❸➀�❸➆�➀➀❹�❽➄❾❹��➀❹�❷❷❹�➂❹�❹❽❸➀���❽➀�

�❹�➈❻�❸❝❸➂❶❹❷➀❸➄❶❸❸��➅❹�❸➀➁❽➀❹➀➆❸❽�❹��➆��❹❸➄�➂❽➂❹�➀

�������❹❶�❹��❶❽��❹➀❹➆➈➃❸❽�❹➈��❹❹��❽�➀�❹�➈❻�❸❹�❽❹�❻�❺�➀

➁❽➄❽❽➄❹➆➂➁❷�❽➄�❿❹➄➀❹❿��❹➄❶❸❹❷�❹❿❽�➀❸❽�❹��➆�����❸❸❷��

❶❹�❸➀�❹➅❽�➀❻❸➂❻➀➂�❹��❷❽❻❽❸➁❹�➂❸❸❺���❹❻❽➄�➃�❹�❹❷�❿❽�

➁❽❹➅➂➁❷�

❾�❹�➀❿➀�❽➄❼�➈❸�➆❸�❽➆❸➀❽❷❿❽❽��❷��➀�➄➂❽➄��❹�➃❿➀❹

❸➂❻➀➂❸❽➄❽❷��❹❽➀➄❹❽��❹➈❹�➈❸❹��❹❽�❷❽➂❸➃❹��➆➀�❹➅❻❽❽�❸�❽�❽❽➄❸

➁➆�➁❽➄❹�➁❽❻❹➅❽➄❸�❹➀��➆❽➈❹➂�❹❸❹➁❽➂➆➈�❹➀��❹❻➈➀➆❽➈❹➂�❹❸

❸❽❽❼➄�❽❹�❹❽�❷❽➂❽❶❹➅❽➄�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂��❽➁❽❿➅➂❽➄➄❽�➁�➀❻

❸➄❶❸❸�❹❿❺➀��❹❽�❷❽➂❸�❹❸➃❹���❸❶❹➅❸➁❸❽➄❽�➀�➀��❸➀➁➀❹➆�

❸�❹❶�❸➀➆�❽➂�➆❸❸➄❶❸❸�➀❹➆➈��❶➅➂�❸�❹❶���❸�❹�❽➈❹�❽➂�➆❸

❸❷❽➂➀�➃❹�➀���❹❷➂❸❺���❸�➁❹❽�➀❹❸➄❿➅➀�❽➀➄❹❽��❹➈❹�➈�❹❽❸➀

➃❽��❻�❸❽❽�❽❸�❽❷❻�❻�❹���❹❸➁❹❽�❸➁�❝��➂❹���❺❸❷❽➂❷❶➄❿

❸�❹❶��❽➂�➆❸➄❶❸�➀❹➆➈��❶➅➂�➁❽�❽�➈➂�❹�➂��❺�❹��➆�❻❹➀�➀

❶❹➅❸�❽➂�➆❸❸➄❶❸❸�❹❿❺��❶➅➂��❽➀➄❹❽��❹➈❹�➈❸�❹❶�❿�❿❹��➀��❺❿

➆��➀�❹➅��❾❿➀❸➄❹❹❿❸❸➂❻➀➂❸❽➄❽❷➀��❹❽➀➄❹❽��❹➈❹�➈❸�❹❸❽➄�❸

❸�❽�➅➀❹��❹❽�❹❻�➀�❹�❼➂➀❹�➆�➈➂➁❽➈❻➀❽❹➈�❸�❺➄❸���❿❸➈❽��

�❹��➆�❽❹➈�❸➃❹��❽➀➅❻❽�❽�❷❽➂❹➄❽�◗❸❽❸❽���❻❹➅❽➄❸❸❽❸❽❘�❽❻�❺�❸

❸➈❽��❸

�❹➅���➂�➄❹➁❽❷❻➁➄❽�➁❽❻❹➅❽➄❸➁❽➂➆➈➀❤❸�❹➈➄❸�❹➆❼❸❽❸➂➃❿�❹

❸�❷❻❸❺��❻�➈�➂�❹➄❹�❻�❸➁❽➄�❸�➂❻���❷➄❸➂➀❹❷❶❻❹❿��➂��❸➀

➆�➈➂➁❽➈❻�❸➆❽❶➈➀❸��❸➄❿➅➃❽�❹�❽�❹❻❸�❼➂➇�❹�❸��➁�❸❽➈➀❹

�➂���➀�➃❹❼❸�❽➂❻➀�❸��➈�❸�❼➂❸��❷❽➂�❸➀➀❹❿❽❸��➁�❽❺�

❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂❸��❽�➄�❸�❼❽➂➀➃❹❼➇➀�➀��❹��➈➁❽➈➀����➆�

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➀❿❽�❹❻❹➆�❼➂�❹❸�❽➆�➂�➀❿��➂��❸➀❾➀��❹➂��❺❿❸�❽�❷➃❽�

➁�❸❹❽➆�➂�❸❸➂➀��❽➀➄❹❽��❹➈❹�➈�➀❽��❽�➅�❺➄➀➀❹❻➀❽❹➈�❾➄❽�❷❹➆

❤❸�❼➂➀❽❷➂➃❼�❹�❸�❼➂➀❽❷➂➀❹❷❶�❽❼➈�❹❸❽➆�➂�❸✉�❹❸❷❹➆➀❿

�❽���❸�❼➂�❽➁����❹➈➂❸�❽�❷➃❽�➆�➈➂➁❽➈❻➀➆➆❽➈�➂❹➄❽�

❽➆�➂�❸ �� �❹��➀ ❾❽�� ❽���❸ ❷�➈➂❸❹ ❽��� ��➄❹� ❹➂❿ �❽➂❽❼❽❶➀

�❹❸❞❸�❽�➅�➁❽❻�❺�➃❽�➁��❹➀�❶➂❹❽➀➆➀❽❼➂❹➄❽�❼➈�➂❸❸➈❽��➀

➁❽�➂��➂���➄❸➁�❽�❹❻❽�➀���➄���❹❷➂➁��➀��❹➀�❶➂➀❽❼➂❹➄❽�

➃❽�❹��➄❹��❸➆❽❶➈❹➁❽�❽�➈➂➇➀��❻❽➀�➃❽��❹❻�➀➁❽➀❹❿❽➁�❹❽�❹❻❹�

❸➀�❶➂➁❹�➀❽❼➂❹➄❽�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂❸❷❻�➁❿❻❸❻➄❹➂➀❽❼�❻❽➀�

❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸ ❼➈�➂❸ ❽�➂ �❹❻�➀ �❹❽❹��➈�❸ ❽��➂ ❹❺❽�� ❸�❹➂ ❹➄❽�❹

�➀� ❸�❽�❷ �❽ ❺�❹❘ ❽➂❽❿ ��➄� �➂��❸➀ ➀�➂➀ ➁❽�❹� ➁� ❤��➆�➂

❸�❽�❷�❽➃❹�❻�❸❸��➂�➁❽❻�❺��❽❸�❽�➅��❹�◗❸❺❿��➄��➂��❸➀

❽➆�➂�❸���❹❻�➀❹➁❽➆�➂�❸➂❷❻�➀❿➀�❽➀�❽�➄❼❹➈❸�❺➄❸��❾❽�➆❸➀

➃❽�❸❼➈�➂�➃❽��❹�❽��❹❽➀➄❹❽��❹➈❹�➈�❺➄❸❽❸❽❹➄➂➂➁�❶❽❽��❺➄❸�

�❽➂�➆❸❸➄❶❸❸➀��❹❽�❷❽➂�❸➆❽➈❹➂�❸❷❽➂❷❶➄❿❸❷❽➂➀�❸�❽�❷❸❽➂❹�➀

�❹➄�➀➆❹�❸➀��❹�❻❸➁➀❹➆❸➂❻❹�➀❸➃❽❽➄➆➂❹❸�➂�➂�➄*➂➆�

❽�➀❹➈❹➈❽➂❹�➀❽➈❹�❹�➂❻➀➂➀�➀❹❷❶❽���➃❹❶�����❹❷➂���❿❑❝�❹➀❽➆❽❸❹

❶❹�❸❸➀�❹➂❹�➂❽❿❽❹❿❽➅❸❷❹�➂��◗❽➄❹❽�❽�➃❹❶��➂➀�➂➀➀❽❷�❸➀❘

➀�❑❻❹❹❼�❿❹��❹�➂➂➀�❸➆❽❶➈➃❹❶��➀➁�❶❽��❽➀��❻�❽❷❽➀➆➅➈�❽❽

❽���❶❽❸➄➂�❸➆❽❶➈�➃❹❿❽➅❸❑❝��❺❷❹➆❹�❼❹❺➀❽➆➈�❹❸❶❹�❸❸�❿�➂❹❻❹

�❽�❸➀❾❽����❹�❿❸�➆➂➀❑��❹❽��❽�➅�❹❸❸➂�➄❹➀❹➂❶��➀❹➆➈�❹�❶�

❸➂�➄❸�➀❹➆➈��➃❹��❻�

❽❹��❿➁❹❽❿➀❸➄�➂❹➄❽�❹�❹�❻❽➄�➀➆❹�❸➃❹❽❷❸��❽➆❸➀�❽❸❺➃❽❽➄➆�

➁❽➀❸➄➂❹➄➄❽�❸�➆➂➀��❽❸➀���❽➀��❹❽➄❽❷➂❸➀➆❽➀��❹�❹�❽�❸�❻�

�❹❽�❹❻❸ ➀➆ ➃❹❽❷ ➀❸➄�❸ �➀ ❸➄� ➁❽��➆ ❾�➂�� ❽➈❿ ❽➄�➀➆❹� ➃❹❽❷

➀❹❿❽➅❸➃❽❽➄➆�➁❽❽�➄�❽➄➈➀❷➆❽➄�➀➆❹�➃❹❽❷➀❸➄�❸�➀❾❿➁❽���❹➅❽�❸��

➁❽�❹❼➁❽❷�❹➂➂❸➁❽➀❹❿❽➅❸➁�❸➀��❸➀➆ ➃❹❽❷ ➀❸➄�➂ ➃❽� ❷�❹➂➂❸

�❷��❺➂�➄�❽❽➄❸➀❿❾�❹�➀➁❽❽�❹❻➁❸➁����➀�❾❹��❻❹❹❼➀➀���❽➀

�❹�❼❽➄❹❶�����❹❷➂���❿��❹❹❷➀��❽➄�➀➆❹�❸➃❹❽❷➀➅➄❿❽❸➀❾❽���

➁❽➀❹❷❶➁❽❽���➁❽➄❹❶�����➈➅➃❽��❽➅❻❽❸➀❽➆❽❸➀❹➆➈�❹❸➁❽❷❽❻❽➀❹➅❽❻

❸❿❹➂➄�❽❸➁❽❷❽❻❽�❸➆❽❶➈��❹➀❽➆❽❸➀➂❹��➂❶❹❷❿➁❽�❽��❶❽�❸➀❼�➈

❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸➁➀❹➆➀➁❽����➂�➀❿❿❹��❹❽➃❼�➃❹❶��❸�➀❿❿➀��❽❷➂➀

➀�❽➀❹❶➅❸➀��➂❸��❽❸❾❿➀❸�❽➅❸��❹❽➀❹❷❶❾�➆�❽�❹➀❽➆❽❸�➄➆❼➀

➁❽��❷❸➁❽❽���➁❽➄❹❶���➁➀��➂➂��❹❽➀❹❷❶❸➀�❿➁❽➄❹❶���➁❽�➄�

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➁❽❶�❹➂➁❸��❽➆➂���➀�➁➂➆❻❿❹❹�➂❽➄➄❽�❸❷➂➆❸�❽❽➄�➁❽�➂�➄❸➀�❸

❽➀❽➀�➃❹➆❽❼❿

∫ÔˆÈ È˘❽➆�➂� ➀� �❹❽�❹❻❸ �➀�� ➀➆ ❸��❸ ❾❿ ➀❿ ➁❽��❷➂� ➁❹�➂

�❹➄�➀➆❹�❸�➀��➀➆�❹❻➈❸��❸➁❽��❷➂❷�❹➂➂❸➀❹❿❽➅❸

„ ∫¯ÊÈȯ χÈ❷➂➂�❽�❽�➅❹➂❸❸➄❹��❸❹➄❽❽➄➆���➈❹➄❽➄➈➀�❽❽�➆❷➀

❷❻� ❽❿ ❽❼➈�➂❸ ��❹➄� �� ❷�➂�❸➀ ➃❹❿➄ �➀ ❽�➆❷➀ ❸➄❹��➀ ❽�➅❹➂

❸���❽❼➈�➂❸❽❽��➀❹➂�➆��➀❽�❶❸�➀�❹❸�❸❺❸�❽❽➄❸➀��❹➄❹��❽❸

➃❽❼❹➀❻➀❸❽➀➆�➀❹❻❽➄��❸�➅➈�❽*➂➆�❽�❻����❹➄❸➀�✉❸�➅➈❸

❽❻�❿❸�➀❸➀�➅❸➃❹��➆➀���❸��❸❶❽�❸➀❹�❷�❹➂➂➀❹❿❽➅➀�➅❻❽❽➂�

��➄❽➀❿❽❶❹➅➀��❹❽�❹❻❸➀➆��➀❻❸❺❸➃❹��❽➆❸❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂�

�❹❽�❹❻➀�❹���❸➂�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂�➀➆➃❹��➆❹➄❽��❹❸➁❽➂❽❹➅➂

�➂❽❽�❸➄❽���❺❸�❹�❶➄�❸❸➃❿➀❹❸❺❿❽➀➀❿➃❹��❽➆�❽❿➂❽➄➄❽��❹➀❹➆➈

❽❽➄❽➆�

∫È˘ Ï·ÂÈ�❹❽➄❽❷➂❼❹�➄��➀❸➄❽❷➂❸�❸�❽�➆�➃➆❹❼➃�❽➄❽�➁❶❹➃➆❹❼❸��

❸❺�❹���❷➄➀��➆➂❸❺➁��❽❸❸➀��❸��➆➂�➈❹➀❻�❽���❿➀❹❿❽➅➀�

➁❽❽�❸➃❽❷❸�➄❹➂���➇��➂

„ ∫¯ÊÈȯ χÈ❸❺❸❽�➄�❸��➂❹❸❸➂❻❹❿➂❹➄➂�➆��❹➄➀��❽➄�❹➃�❽➄❽�

➁❽❿❽�� ❹➄❻➄� ➁❽��❹❽➂ �❺➄❹ ➀�➅ ➀� ❽�➄�❸➂ ��➂❹❸ �➀ �❹❸ ❽�➆❷➀

➂➀❸�❽❶❹➀�❽�➂❸➀✍❽➀��❹➀❹❷❶❸�❹�❹�❽�❸�❻�❹�❹�➂���➆❷➀❽❷❿➆�➈

➃❹❽➆����❹❷➂�❹➂❹�➂❸➂❿❷❹➆�❹*➂➆�➃❹❷➄�➃❽❽➄➆➀�➆❶❹➄�❽❽➄❸➀➆

❷❻�➃❹❿➄➃❽�➂❽➄�➁�❹�❸➂❽❻➀➀❽�➄�❿➃❽❹➆➃❹❶��❿➃❹❶��➀➆❺❽�❿❸➀

��❺❸�❽�❽❽➆�❸�❹➀❽➆➈❸�❹❶➅➂➃❽❽➄➆�➁❽➆�❹➂❸➁❽❽❼��❹�❹❽�❸➁❽➆�➂�❸

➀�❹�❹❸❺➀�����❹�❷❹❸❽❸���❹❸�❽➅❻❽❸�❽�➅�❽�❽❼➂�❹➄��❶➅➂�

➁❸➀��➀ ➃❹❶��❿�❽➂��➁❸❽➀➆ ❺❽�❿❸➀➆❽�➂��❽➄➂�� ❽❿❷�➂ �❽❹�❸

❽❿➀❸➂➁❷❶➄➀❸➄➀❸❽�➂❽❼❽❶➀�❽➁❽➆➄❿➄➁➄❽�➁❸➁���❹➆➄❿❽❸➀�❹➄➂❷❺❸

➁❽❽���➃❽➆➂❸➂❻➀➂

❸�❽�❷❸��❸�❽❿❺➂➃❽❹➆❻❹❿➀➆❿�❹�❼➃❹❶��➀➆❺❽�❿❸➀❸�❽�❷❸❽❽➄❽➆�

➃➂❸➅➈�❸�❽�❷❸➂❻➀➂❺❽�❿❸➀➁❽��➆❸❸�➂❸�➀❽❻��❸❶❹❸➄❸�❽❽❸�

❽�➆➂ ➀➆ ➁❽❺❽�❿➂ ➃❽�� �❽❸ �❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸ ❸➂�❹➄❸ ➁❹❽❸ ➃➂❺➂ ➁➀❹➆❸

➁➀❹➆❸�❸❽➆�❸➀➀❶��❽❹�❸�❹❸❺➀➆❽➂��➃➈❹��➁❽➆❽��➂➃❽�❹❸➂❻➀➂

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❹❽❸➁❽➆���❸�❹➄��❷❹➆ ❸➀�❿�❹➀❹➆➈��➈�➂❹➄❽�➁❹❽❸➀��❿�❹➂❸

❽�➀�❼➆➂❿��➂❹❻❹➀��➂❶➄❸❺❺�➂➀���❹❽➂���❹➂❻➀➂�❹❺�❿❸❸➂❿

�❹❸❺➀�❽❸�❹❽➆�❸�❻��❹�❼➃❹❶�����❹❷➂���❿��❺�❹�➆➀❽��➈�

➁➆➈➀❿�❹ ➁❽❶➀➈❸➂❿ ❹➀�❽ ❝➅�➂❻❸ ➃❹❶��➀�➂➀ �❽❹❷➂�❸❺❿ ➃❹❶��

➁❽���❹➂�➀❹➀❿➀❹➄�➀�➄���❹➂❽�➀��❹❷❻��❸➀➆❺❽�❿❸➀❹➄�➀�➄�

❶➀➈��❹��❻�➃❹❹❽❿➂❹���❹➂❽�➀��❹❷❻��❸➀➆❿❹❽➀➆➁❽❺❽�❿➂�➃❹❹❽❿➂

❽➀��❹�❸❺❹�❺�❿❸❽➂➀➆�❹❽❷��➆❷➀❾❽��❸���❽➀❽➀➈❸��➆➀�❿➈❹❸

�❹❸➁�❼➈�➂�❽��➃❹❽❷➀❸➄�➂➁❹❽➀❿�❹�❷❻❶➀➈❷➀❹➄➁❹❽➀❿��❽�❻�

❽�❹❸➂➃➈❹����❺❸❸��❹❸❸➁➆➁❽❿➅➂❽➄➄❽�❹❽➀➆�❺�❿❸�➃❹❶��➀❾❽❽�

➁❶❽➄��❹�❼��➂❻➀➄�❸➄❽❷➂➂❹❺➃❽➆➂❸�❽�❷�❹�❷➀➃❹❿➄�➀���❹❻❽➄�

❽➄� ❷� �❽❷❶❸➀ ❽❼➄�❸➄❽�❸ ❽�❹�❸ ➀➀❶� ❸�❹� ➁�❽❽➀ ��➈�❽�� �❹�➅

�❹�❼➃❹❶��❿

➃❹❶���➁❻❹➀��➂�➄❹��❺❸❸❺�❿❸❸➀�➀➄❹❽��❸��➅❸❾�➂➄*➂➆�

➀� ➁❽�❽❿� ❸�❹� ❽➄� ❹❺ ❸❷❹�➄� ❸➄❶❸ ❹➀ ❸❽❸�❹ ➆�❹➈ ��❻❽❽ �➀ ❸❺❿

❷➂➆➂���❽❿�➆❷❻❸�❹��❹���➁❽��❹➆❸❸��➉❑❶�➀❸�❽�➆��❹➄➆❼❸

➀❹�❹❼❹�➈�➁❽❽❹��❸❺➀➀❿�❸➂❻➀➂❸❽➄❽❷❽➈➀�❹❽❹❿❺➀➆�❷➂➆➂➁➆➁❻❹➀❸

❽�❻�❽➀❽➀➈➃❽❷➀❷➂❹➆➁❻❹➀�➃❽❼❹➀❻➀�❹��➁❽❻�❺��❹➂❻➀➂➀➆❽➄�❸

�❽�❹❻❸�❼➂❹➁❻❹➀�❹❽❸➀➀❹❿❽➁❷��❹❽➂❽❼❽❶➀❹➀➃❽�❹❹�❹�➁❽➅➈❹��

�❻�➃❽❷➀❸❷➂➆❸❽�➀��❹❽➂❽❼❽❶➀❸➂❸➄❸❽❽�➀�❹❸��❺➀❿�❹❸➈❽��➀

�❹➂❻➀➂�❸❺❿�➁❽➄❽❽➄➆��➂�➁❹❽❿��❿�❽❿➂❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂❸ ❾❿

➀➀❶��❹�❼��➂➀➆➀❹❻➀❾❽��❸➂❹❷❹❸�➂�❸�❽❽❸❹➄➀�❸➄➆❼❸➁❽❻�❺�

❽➂❽❼❽❶➀➁❻❹➀��➂❹➀❽�➆❷➀���❹❻*➂➆�❸➀❹❿❸�➅➈❸❸➂❹❷❸❸�❽❶❹➀❸

➀➆❸➀��➃➂❽➅�❽�➂❽➄�➃❽❷➀❷➂❹➆❹➄❽��❹❸❹�❹❽❹❿❺❹➀�❽�➁❻❹➀❹�❹�❽➈

❸�➅➈�➁❽➆❽➈❹➂��❹❸❺❸❽➄➂❽➅

❸❽➈➀❹�❹❽➀❽➀➈�❹��➆➀➁❽➀�❻➂❸❽�➆➂➃❽�❸�❹❹�❸�❺➂�➄*➂➆�

❸�❹❹�❸➀❷❶➄�➂❽➄�❸➂❽❻➀❸�➆➂�➀❹�❽➀❽➀➈❸��➆���❹❸�❹�❼❸�➆➂➀❿

➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼➁➆➁❽➀❽➀➈�❷❷❹➂�❸➀❽�❹�❸➀➆❸�❹�❻❸�➆❸�❽❛*➂➆�❹❺

❽�❹�❸�❹❸❸➀➆❹➂� ❽�❹�❸ ❽�❽❽➆�❸ ❽�❹�❸ ❹➄❽�❸➀➆❹➂� ❽�❹�❸➀��

❸❷�❹➆❸�❹❸❽❽➄❽➆�❽�➂�❸❽�❹�❸❾�❸➄❿�❸➄❽❷➂➂�❹�❼➁➆❷❷❹➂�❸➀

➁❽➀�❸❶❹➅❸➃➂�❹�❼❽�➆➂➁➆➁❽❷❷❹➂�➂➁➄❽��❹❻❸�➈❽❿�❽➆�➂��

�❹❽❼��❹➂❷�❹➄❽❷➂��❹❻❸�➈❽❿�➃❹➄❶➄➂�❾❿��❹❷❹❸➀❾❽��❾❿➀➆➇➅❹➄

��➆❸❽➆�➈➁➆�❹❼❷❷❹➂�➂�❹❸�❹❽❷❽�➆�❹��➆➁➆�❹❼❷❷❹➂�➂❹➄❽�

➆❹➄➂➀➆❷❹❽❹➄❽�➀��➆❹❷❽❸➆�❹➈❸��❹�➄�❸❷❷❹���➃❽❷➀❷❽➂➆➂�❹❸

��❸�➄�❸❷❹���

Page 64: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

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❽�➆❷➀ ��❹❷➂ ❝ *➂➆� �❹❽➄❽❷➂➀ �❹�➀➂❸❸ ��➆ �➂❽��➀ ����

���❷➅➀❸�➀➂❸�❸�➆➂➀��❹❷➂ ��❹❽��❹�❹�❻❹�❹❽❼➂�❷�❹�➀➂❸�

�➂❹����❷�➂➀❸�❹�❽➄���❹❽❸❽❹��❸�❹��❸❼➀❻❸❸�➀��❾❽➀❸�

�❽�❽❽➄�❸❼➀❻❸❸�➀��❾❽➀❸�➀➆❸���❸�❻�❸➃❿❹�➂➁❽❽����➀❸

❸���➇❷❹➆➅❽➂➆❸➀➃❹❽➅❽➄✉�❽�➂�➆�❽❻�❺��❽❼➈�➂�❹��❹➆➂➃❽❷❾�❹➆

��❽❸�➅➂➆❸❽�➆❷➀�❽❷❽�➆❸❸�❽�❻❸�❷➆❹❹➀❷❹➆❽����➂❽�➂�➆➇❹❶

❜❜��❹�❽❶❸❽�❽�❺�➂��❽❿❺❸➀❸�❹�❽➄�❸➆�❸��❹�➀�❽����❺❸

➃❼➈�➂�❸➆�❸❸�❻�➁➆➈➂��❹❽❸�➀➆➁❽��❹❶➂❸➁➆➃❹❽➅❽➄❸❽�❻�

➆❶❹➄❸ ❽➄❹❻❼❽�❸ �➂❹❻❸�����❽❸❹�❶ ❽➄❹❻❼❽� ❶❹❹❽➅ ➀➆� ❽�❽❼�❽❽�❹�

➁❽❼➈❹�❸➀➆❹❿➂➅�➀❞➁❸❽➀➆❑❷❹�➆➀❑➃❹❽➅❽➄❸�➆➄�➀��❷❹❹➀❽❷❿➁❽��❹➆➀

�❽�❽❼�❽❽�❹� ❸❽❸�� ❸➄❽❷➂❸ ➀➆ ❹❿➂➅ �➀❹ ➁❽❽�❽❼�❽❽�❹� ❹❽❸❽ ➁❸�

❽❼➄❶❽➀❼➄❽�➃❹➆❽❼❸➀❸❽❸�➀➁➀❹➆➂❽❿➁�❸❺❸❾❽➀❸�➀❸❷❶➄�❸❸➄❽❷➂❸

➁❶➁❸❽➀➆❾➂➅�➀�❹❸�➁❽�➄�➀�➂❹❻❸��❶❽�❸➀❷❶➄�❸❿❑��❸❾❿➀

❸���➃❹➄❶➄➂❽�➆❷➀➁❽➆❹❷❽➁❽❽❻�❺�➃❽❷❽❿�❹➆➀��❹➂�❹❽➄➈➀❹��❹❸�❿

❹���❹❽❻➀❸➀❹❿❽�❿�➆➂❸�➃❹➄❶➄➂�❹➄�➀�❽❹➃❹❿➄➃❹❽➆��❹❸

❹�❹�➀➂❸�❹❸❹❽➀➆❷❹➂➆➀❸�❹�❽➄��❽➄�❸➃❽❽➄➆❸✉�❹❽��❸�❽❼

➂❽➆�➂�➀�❿❷�❹➂➂❸➀❹❿❽➅➀➁❽➅❻❽❽�➂➁�➁❽❽�❷�❹➆❸➁❽��➂➂❸❹✆❽➀❸➄

➁❽�❽❿�❸➁❽❷❽�➈❸�➀❿❿❽❺� ❾❿❹❽➀�➅❻❽❽�❸➀�➀�❸���➃❽�❽�➆❷➀❹

�❹�❿�❹➂�❹➂�❹➄❹➆��➄❾❿❽➀❽➀➈❾❽➀❸❽➀�➁❷�➀❹❸�➂�❹�➆➀❸❼➀❻❸❹➀�❽�

�❹�❽❶➀❹�❽➀❸➄➂��➆➂➀➁❷��➅➄❿❸➀��❷➄❸�➂❹❻❸�➂�➀������❹❽

���❿�➂❹❻��❹❽❷�➂�❸�❹���❹❷❹➄❽�➁❹❽❸❾❽➀❸�❸�❾❿➂❷�❼❹➂❽➄�

�❹�❽❶� ❹� ❽➀❸➄➂ ��➆➂� ���❷➄❸ ❸➂�❸ ❹➂❿ ➁❷� ➀� ❹�❶❽�❸� ��❹❷➂

➃❽��➁❽❻❽➄➂�❾❿❽❷❿❷➆➆❹❷❽➁❷�➁❽➂➆➈➀�❾❿➂➆�❹➄��❷❸�❹��➁❽➂➆➈

➁❸��➁❽��➂❹❽❸��➈➅➀➀❹❿❽❽➄�➀��❹��❹��❸�➂❹❻❸��❼�➈➀❾�❹�

➃����❽�❸➁�❸➀��❸➀➆➃❽❽➄➆➂➃❹❽❷❻�➈�❸❹❸❸❹�❶❼❹�❽➈�❶�❷❽���❷

❽➀��➂ ❽➄➈➀ ��➈➄ �➂❹❻❸ ➀❿� ➁❹�➂ �� ❻�➈�❸ ➃❹❽❷❸ �❹❽➄❽❷➂➀ ❽❹��

➁❸�❹��❷➄❸�➂❹❻❸�➂�➀➁❽�❹��➁❽❷�❷➄❼➅➆❹��➀�❽❾❿❽➈➀�❹❼➀❻❸❸

�❽➀➂❽➄❽➂❸➂� ❹❺❽�➁❶❹ ❸➈❽�❹ ❽�➂ �➂❹❻� ➃❽❽➆➀❾❽�� ❽➂ ❹➂❿➁❽➄❽❽➄➆

❾❽��❸❺���❽➄➂��❽❿❷�➂➀�❸�❽➂�❸➂❶❽❽�➅➂❽➄�❸❺❿�➂❹❻➂���❷➄

❽➄��➁❹�➂��❽➀❽➀➈❼➈�➂�❸➆��❸➀�❽�❸➀❽❷❹�❸❽❸❽��➂❹❻�❹❽❸➀

❸❺❽❽➄❽➆�❽➀❽➀➈❾❽➀❸�➀❽��❸❽❸�➀��➂❹❻➀➆❾➂�➅❸➀��➈����❹❻

❸➆❽➂��❹❷➆➀➀❹❿❸➂�➆❽❿�❷�❶�❹❸�❽❹➅❻�➂❹❻➁❶❽➅➀�❽➀❸➄➂❽➆�➂�

�❹❽❷❸�❷❽➂➀❸�❽❽❸❽❿❷�➂❾➀�❸➄❹❹❿❸➁��❹❽�❹❻�➀��➅�❹➄❺�❸➀➀❹❿

➀��➀�➀�➆❽�➂❽➄��➂❹❻❸➀��❹➀❽��❸�❷❽➂���❹❷➂➁��➂❹❻❸➀�

Page 65: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

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∫È˘ Ï·ÂÈ�➅➅❹�➂❸❺�❶❽�➂❹�❹❼❹➃❽❽➄➆➂�❽❽➄❸�➀❹❿➀➁❷❹��❹�➅❽➄�

�❹❽�❽❼➂�❹➄❸�❹�❶➅➂❸➀��❷❹➅➂��❹❽���❽❹➈❽➂�❹�➆➀�❹�❻❽�➆❷➀

❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❾❹➅❿➅❝➁❽❽��❽➆➁❽�❽❻��❸�❹➀�➁�➆��❽❾�➆➄➃❹❽❷❸➃❿❹���

�❹�❿❻❼��❹�❽➄❹�❽�❻❼��➁❽➆���➂�➁❽➀❹❿❽➅❹❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❹➄❽��❾❹➅❿➅

�➀➃❸❸➂❻❹➀➀➁❽❷❷�❸➀��❹�❹❻❸❹�❹❽❹❿❺❸�❹❿�➆➂❹➁❽➀❹�❽�❸�❹❿�➆➂

➁❽�➄�➀➆��❷➀��➈�❽�➀�➂➀➁❽�❽❻��❸➃➂❷❻�➀❿��❹❿�➆➂➃�❹�

��❻�❸➄❽❷➂➀�❻❼��➀❹❿❽➅➁❽�❹➆�❿�❽➆❽��❸❸�➄*❶�➄➂�❻❹❿➂➁❽➄❶❹➂

❸��➂❸ �➀ ➁❽❹➅➂ ➃�❹➂� �❹❸ ❽➀���❽❸ ❸��➂❸ ��❹❹❷ ❹❺ ❸➄❽❻�➂

�➆��➂�❽��❸�❹����➁❽➀❹❿❽➅❸�❹❸❽❼➂❶❽❷�➈❸❸��➂❸❽❼➂❶❽❷�➈❸

�➅➄❿➄ ➀���❽ �➄❽❷➂�❿ ❸➄❹�❻�❸ ❸➈❹��� ➃❼➅❽�➈� ❹� ➃➂❽�� ➀�➂➀

�❹�➂➀➁❽➀❹❿❽❹➄❻➄�❸��➃❿�❽❽❹➁❽➀➀❿➀��➈➅❹➄�❿�➆➂�❽➁❽❻❼�➀

➁❽��❷➂���❿��❽❸❾❿➀❸�❽➅❸��➆➂❸�➈❹➀❻➀�➆❶❹➄❸❸➂➀❽❷➀➃❹❶❽➆❸��

�❽❞➁❷��❹❽❹❿❺❽➄❽❷➀�❸➀❹❻�➁❶�❽�❹�❿❻❼��➁❽➄❶❹➂➁❽❻�❺�➀➆

➁❻❹➀❸❷�❸➀�❹❻❹❿��❸➀❽�❶➂��➈➅❹➄�❽�❽❼➂�❹➄�❿�➆➂

�❹�❷❹❹❸➇➅➃❽❽➄➆��➄❺❽❽�➀�❽➄❷➀�➁❽➄❹�❻�❸❹❽��❷➁➆➁❽❿➅➂❽➄�

❸�❹�➀��➀❽➀❸��❹❸❷�❿❸�❽�❷❹❺���❹❻❽➄�➁❽➀❽➀➈�❸➆��❸➀➉❹❻➄❸

➁❽➀❽➂�❽❹➈�❸➃❹❿❽➅❸➀❷❹❶��➃❹��❻��❽�❸➀❽➀��➈�❹❶❾❿➀❿❸�❹��

➇�❽❸��❺➄➆��➀❹�➀❹❿❽��❽➁❽❹➅➂➁❷��➆❷❽➂❹➄❽❷❽��❽➁��❹�❻�

�➂��➆❷❽➂➇❹➅�➄➁����➆❹��➀➁❽➀❹❿❽ ❹➄❻➄��❻❹❼��➀ ❽➄� ➀❹❷❶

����➂❸❺❹❽❽❻��➀❹➀�➀➁❽➀❹❿❽❹➄❻➄�➁❽➀❽➀➈�❸➆��❸➀❸�❹❻➄❸�❹�❷❹

�❹❽➄❽❷➂❸��➁�❽❽➀�❹❻�➈❽❿��❹❽❹��➀�❽�❹�❸➃❽❽➄➆��➄❺❽❽�➀�❹❽��❷➀

❸❷�❹➆❸➀���❹❻�➈❽❿��❹❽❹��➀�➁❽❽�❽�❹��❹❸❸❺❸❽�❹�❸��❺❸

❹❽➀➆➁❽➀❻➃❽��❸➄�➅➂➀❹➄�❹�➀❽�❹❸➀❸❿❽��❸➄❽��❿�❹➂��➂���❹❷➂�

➀���❽❿❺❸��❽➄➂��❽❿❷�➂�➁❽➀❸➄��❹❽➆�❸�❹�❽➄➄❽�➁❸�➀❿➁❽➀❸➄

➁❽❼❽��❸❹�➆�❸➂��➁❽➄❻❹����❿➁❽➀❸➄❸�❹�❽➂❶➁❶❾❿➃❹❿❽➅❸➀❷❹❶❿

➆❹�❽�❸�➁❽➄❽�➂➃❹❷➄❹➀��❽�❻�❸��❿��➁❽➆❹❶❽➈❸❽�❻�❽�➀❽❺��❸❻�❺�➀

➃❹❿❽➅�❽���❿➆�❹➂❸❶❹➅❸➃➂❽�❽❽��➇�➀��❹��➈�❸�➅❹❻���❽❻➂➂

❸�❹❷�❹�➈❸�❹�❽�❷�❷❹➂➆➀➁❽➀❹❿❽ ❹➄❻➄��❻❹❼��➀ ❽➄�❹ ❽❷❽➂❹❸❹�❶

❹➄❻➄�➀�� �❹➄❶❸❸➀❿���❹�❺➀ ❹➄❽� ➃❹��➈❸ ➃�❹➂❿ ➆❽�➂��❽➄➂���

➁❽➂❹❽�➁❽❶�❽❽➂�➁❽❽➄❹�❽�➁❽��➂➀❹❽❷�❽❶��❹❸�➃❻�➂�❹�➂➀➁❽❿❽��

❹❽➀➆��❷➂��❽➄➂���➀❸❹➄❸��❸❺❿��➂�➁❽❽�➀➁❽➀❹❿❽❹➄➄❽�➁❸❽➄❽➂➀

✉�❽�➅�➈➅❹➆❷❽➂➇❹➅❽��❹❷➆❹➁❹❽�

�❹�❽�❸➃❽❽➄➆��➄❺❽❽�➀�❽➄❷➀�❹❽��❷➀➇�❼�❸➀❸�❹�❽➄�❝�❻�➃❽❽➄➆

❹��❹➄❶❸➀➁❽�❿❺➁�❹❽❸ ➃❽�➀�❹❽➂❽❼❽❶➀�❹�❼➂➁❸�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼ ➃❽�

Page 66: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

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➀�❸❽❽��➄❹➈❹❺❽❽➄❽➆��❽�❹❻❸➀❹➆➈❿➁❸➀�❸➂❽❻➀❸➀�❸➅❽➈�❸➁�➆➀

❹➄❽��❾❹➅❿➅�❹➄❻➄�➁�➁❽➀➆❹➈❹➄❻➄�❸❿❹����❽�❽❼➂�❹➄❸��❶➅➂❸

��❶➅➂�❸➂❽❻➀❸���❽�➂ ❹➄❽� ❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂❸❺� ❽❿ ❽➂❹�➀➃❽�

➁�❸➀��➀�❽❷��❹❸��❺❸❸➂❽❻➀❸���➅❹�❹➄❽�➁❶�❹❸➀����❺❸

❸➄❽❷➂❸➀�❽➀❽➀➈❸➃❽❷❸❽➈➀�❺❶❽❽��❷❸�❽�❹❻�➀❹��❽�❹❻�❽❸❸➀❹➆➈❸

�❹➄❽➅❻�❽ ❝➁❽�❻�➁❽��❷❸ ❽➄➈ ❽➂❹�➀➃❽� ❾❹➅❿➅��❶➅➂� �❽❼➄❹❹➀�❸

❽❹❸❽❺❾�❹�➀➁❽��➂➄❹➄❻➄�❸❿❹���❸➂❶❽❷�➈➀�❹�❽�❻�❽➃❿➀❹➁❽➂❻❹➀➀

�❽❹❷➂❸➀➀❿❸

❹��❽�➁❽❻➂❹➂�❷➆❹➀�❻❹❷➁➅�❹➈�❹➆❹��❸➂❿❽➄➈➀❝➁❹❽➅➀❸�➆❸

�➂*���❷❹❷➁❽❼�❽❸❽➄❽➂➀❿➂❸❺❸��❹➄❸��❹➄❻�❹❸�➄*❶�❼❽➅��❽➄❹��

➃➈❹��❸➄❹�❸➄❽��❸❷➂➆❼�❹➄❻❹❷❸ �❽➀���❽❸❸❷➂➆❸��➁� ❶�❽❽

➉❑❶��❸➄❽❷➂❸❸❶❽�❸�❸❷➂➆❸➂❽❼➂�❷

∫ÔˆÈ È˘❻❹❷❸�❼❹❽❼❹➄❽❷❽��❽�❹➄➆❷❹❸➉❑❶�➀❹➄�❶❸�❸➄❹�❻�❸❸�❹���

❷�❹➂➂➀❹❿❽➅�❹➂❽❿➅❸➁❽❻➂❹➂❸➀❿❽➄❹��➆➃➈❹���❸➀❹➆❸➄➂➂�❸❺❸

�➄❽❷➂❹��➃➈❹�❸��➆❷➀�❹�❻�❹�❻�❹�❸➀�❿�❹�❽➅➄�❽�❹❻❷➆��❹❸

➁❽❻➂❹➂❸❽➄❹❽❷➀�❷❹➆❽��❹❸❻❹❷❸➀���❸➁❽��❷❸��❸�❹�➀���❽

➁❸�➆❹❶➈➀��➈��❹➁❽➂❻❹➀➁❸➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼�❸➅❽➈�❸��➀��➂�❹❸❹

❸➂❽❻➀❸❽➄❽❷❽➈➀

∫¯Â„È¯Ó Ô„❸❺❸ ➃❽❽➄➆➀���➀➁❽➄❹❿➄�➁❽❽➀➀❿➁❽��❷ �➂❹➀❸�❹� ❽➄�

�❹❸❽�➆❷❽➈➀❹��❽➄➂��❽❿❷�➂��❹❿❹�➀❻➀➆���➂➃❹❽❷➀❸➄�➂➁➀❹➆�

➁❽��❷❸➀➆��❷➀❹➄➀❻❹➄❹❽➄➈➀���❽➄➀���❽���➂➀�➀❹➁❽❽➀❹�➀➆❶❹➄

��❹❻ ❽➄� ❷�❹➂➂ ➀❹❿❽➅�❹�➆➀ ��❹➂➁❸��➁❽��➂�❹�➂➀❹➁❽➀❹❷❶❸

➁❽���❸�➁❶�➀�❸❺❸���❸����➀➁�➀❽❻�➂��➀�➀❻❸➃❹�❷➂❸➂

➆➁❽�❻�✏��❺❻�➂���❽❸❸�➄��❸�➀❹➁❽➄��❿❹���❽❸❸❺➃❽❽➄➆�❽�❷➂

➀❸❹➄➃❽❽➄➆�➁❽��❷❸�❶�❸❾�❷➀➆➃�❽➄❽�➁➆��❹➀❻➂❽➀�❽➃➂❺❸➁➆

�➭❸➄❽�❹�❽�➂�❸➄❽�❽❽➄❽➆��❸➄➆❼❸❽➀❸➆❽�➈➂➀❹➅➈❹�❹➂❻�❹❸�➃❿

➁❽➀���❽❸➁❽➀❽❽❻❸���➀❹❽��➆❸��➀❽�❸➀❷➆❹➄➃❿�➀❸❹➄❹➀❽�❿❸➄❹❿➄

➁❽➀❽❽❻❸��➀❽�❸➀��➈�❾❽�❸➀���❹�➅➆�➁❽��➁❽➄❹❽❷�❽�➈���❸

�❻�❶❹➅➂❸➂❻➀➂❹❺❽❿���➂��❹➄❸❾❿➆➂�➄�➀❸❺➉❑❶��❹➁❽➀���❽❸

�❹�➆➀��❹➂�➂➀➆❽➀❹❿❷��❽➀�➁❸��➁❽��➂�❽��❷❹➅➂❸➂❶❽❷�➈➃❽�

❸➄❿➅❸❹��❻�❾�❷➃❽��❿�❽➂�➆❸➄❶❸➀�➁❽�➄��❹➄❽❽❸❷❷�❹➂➂➀❹❿❽➅

❻❼��❽➀���❹➅�❽�❷❹�❹❸➁❽�❻�➁❽��➂�➁❽❿➅➄❹➄➀❹❿❾❿➀�❽❷❽➂

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∑±

�➀➀❹❿❸❸�➆❸❸���❽➆➂❽➄�➃❿➀❸❽➆�❸➁�❹�❹���➀���➄�➀❹❷❶�❹➈�

��❺❸

❸❺��❹➄�❽❼�❹��❸➁➀❹➆❸❽➀���❽❸➃❽❽➄➆➀�❹❺❻➀❸�❹�❽➄�❹❽�❿➆

➁❽❽➄�➀❽➄❿❼➃➈❹���➀❻�➂✉❷❻�❷�➂�❹❻❸�➈❽❿�➀�❽➀❽➀➈❸➁➀❹➆❸

�❽➀���❽❻❼�❾❹��➃❽❷❸❹❸➂�➈➅➁❹�❽❽➄❽➆�➃❽�❽➄�❷�➂❸➂❻➀➂❸❹

❼➅❽�❹�❼�➆❹❶➈➀��❹➂➁�❸➁❽�❹❻�➁❽❻❼��➃❽❷❸❸➂�➄❽❽➄➆➂❸➀��

�➆❶❹➄❸➄❽��❽❸➀➀❿❾�❷�➀���➄❽❽➄➆➂❸➀����❺❤➀❹❷❶�❻�➂���➂➄�

➆❶❹➄❸❽�➂�❸➃❹❽❷❸❸❺�➀➃➂❽���❽��❸�❹���➀�➂➀❸❶❸➄❾❿➀���❽➀

�❹❶�❹❸❹➁❽❻❼��❸❷❹�➆�❹�❹➆��❹❽����❹❷❽❻❽���❹❷➂➀���❽�➄❽❷➂➀

❸❼❹�➈❸➀���❽�➀➁❸❷❻❹❽➂➁➀❹➆➁❸➁❽❻❼�❸��❺❿❾�❷�➁❽�➄�

➁❽�➄�➀➅❻➀➀❽❻�❸➀�❹➅���➈➅➃❽�❸����❷❹➅➂❸�❽➄❹�❽�❸❸➄❽❷➂❸

➅➄❿❽➄�➀��❹❻�➈❽❿� ❽➄❽❷❹�❽➂�➆❸➄❶❸ ❽➄❽❷�❽ ➃�❹➂❿ �❹➂❽�� ❽➈➀

❹➄❻➄�➃❸��➀➀��❼❹�➈➃❸➀➆❶❹➄❸➃❽❷❸��❹➀��❸➀�❹❽�❿➆➁❸❽➀�

❹❽�❿➆➁❽➄❷

➁❸➂➁❽�➄�❸❹➂❽❽��❸�➂��➁�❸❸❽��❹❼❽➅❸❽❸➂�❽❸❸➀��❸

�❽➂�➆❸➄❶❸➀����➁❽�➄�❸✉❑❾�❹�❸�➄❶❸❑❸➄❹❿➂�❹➆❼��❸➂✉❽➈➀

�➆�❹��❹❻❸�➈❽❿�➁�➀�❽�➅❻❹❿��❹➂❽���❷�❸➂❹ ➃❽�➄❹➆❸�❹❻

❽��❽➆❸��❷❸❸➄➄❽��❽❸➀���➄❽❽➄➆➂➀❑❹❻�❸�❹❻�❸❸➀��❸❷❹�❻��➆➂

❸�❹�❽➄�❼➀❹��❽➁❸��➁❽❻❼�➀�➆❶❹➄❹➄➀�➆❶❹➄��❽��❽➆❸❸➀��❸

❸➀➆➂�➁❽❼➀❹�❹➄��❸❷�❹➆❸➃❿�❹�❽❶�➃❽❽➄➆➃�❹➂❿❸❺❽❿❸❼❽➀��❽❷❶❸➀

➆❽�❽�➀�❽��❽➀❸➂❷➄➁❽❻❼�����➂➄�❽❸�❽➈➀➆➇�❹❸�❹��➁❽➂❹❷�

➁❽��❹�❸➁❽❻❼�❸➂➁❸❽❿➁❽�➄�❶❹�❸➀��❹➂❸❽❸❽➁❽➂❹❷�❸➀➆➂��

�❽➀���❽❸❼❽➀�➃❽�➁❽➂❹❷�❸➀➆➂��❸�❽➂�❸�❽➀❸➂❷➄❹➁❽➀���❽➁�

❸❼❽➀��➁❸�➁❽❽��➆➁❽�❹❺�➀➆❽�➆❷➀➀❻➃❽❷❸❹�❹��❹➂❶❷�❹➅���❽❸

➁❽❻❼��➁❽�❹❺�➀����❸➂�❽❸❸➀��❸➃❹�➂❹��❹❸❷❹❸❽�❸�➀➂�❽➀���❽

➃❹❽➅❽➄�➁➀�➀❾❽����❽❻➂�❹➃❹❺❽��➃�❿��❹❷➂❸�➀➂❸➄❽�❸❼❽➀�❸➁❸��

➁❽�❻�➁❽➆�➂��➂❹➆➀➃❽❷➀❹���❸❹➁❷�❸�➅❽➈�❽❷❽➀➆�❹❻❸��➇❹❿�➀

➀➀❿❸➀��➀❸➀��❹❺

❸❺➁�❸❹�➁❽❼➀❹�❹➄��❻❼�➁❽�❽❷❶➂❾❽��❽❸�❽❼➈�➂❸❸➀��❸

�❽�❸ �� �❽�❸➀ ➀❽��� ❸❷❽❻❽ ➁➆ ❹❽➀� ➅➄❿❽❸➀ ➁❽➀❹❿❽ ❹➄❻➄�� ❻❼�

➁➀�❷❹❷❶➅❽➄❿❸➀❾❽��❽➄�➁��❽❻➂➀�➆❶❹➄❸➀��❸❤➃❽❷➀❹�❹�❷❽➂➆❸➀❹

❸�➆➂❸❺�❽❿❷❻��❹�❻�➀➁❷��❽�❸➀➀❽���➁❽➀❽❽❻❸➀❿��➃❿➅➀❹

❸❷❽➂��❹❽❸➀❽❹�➆❸❺❺�❽❿❸❺➂�❹❻➈❹❸�➂���❹❷➂➁�➀��❽❹��❹➄❽�

➀❹❿❽➁�❸➁❹❽❸❹➄❽❷❽➀➆�❼➀�➄❸�➆➂➀➁❿�➃�➀❹�❹❻��❸➈��❹❷➂➃❽�

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➁�❸❤➀❑❸�➁➆➆❶➂��❹�➀❽➀�❸➄➂➂���➀❹➁❿�➀➁❹❽❸➅➄❿❽❸➀❽��➆

�➂❹➀��➈�❽�❤➀❑❸����❹�➆➀❽➀�➁❿�➀�➀❻❹��❿❹➅➅❽➄❿❸➀��➈�

➁�❸❸�❽�➅➂�➁❽�❹❺��➁❽❼➀❹�❹➄��❽�❷❹✾➁❿��➁❹❽❸➁❽❼➀❹�❹➄➄❽��

❹➄❽���❻�❾➀❸➂�❹�➆➀�❽�➅�❽❻➂❸➁�➁❽➀❶❹➅➂�❹❽❸➀➁❽�❹➂�❹➄➄❽�

❷❽➂�❸❼❹➄❽➄�❽➄❹��➆➃➈❹��❼➈�➂❽➀��❽�❸➀❹➅❽❻�➀❽�➄❹❹❿❤❸❶❽�❸

➀���❹❻�➀❿�❹�➁❽��➂➄�➀�❻❼��➁❶❸❺❸➉➂�➂❸���❹�➆➀❼❽➀❻❸➀

❽❻❼�➃❽���❿❽➀➀❿➃➈❹��❽❽��❷���➂❹�❽➄�❹�➁❽❼➀❹�A, B, C ❸❺

❹➂�➆➀❹❿❽➅❸��➁��❹�➆➀➅➄❿❽❽➀❑❸��➁❹�➂�➁➆➈❸❽❸�❸➂�➀��❿

❸❺❤�❹❻�➂➀❹❿❽➅❸➂➀❤�❽�❸���❽�❸➀❽❷❿➅➄❿❽❸➀�❹➅➄➀�➀�❸➂➀

❝❸❺➆➀❸➅❽➄❿➀�❹➆➂�➂�❽��❹❽❸��❸❽➆�❹❺❸❺➆➃❹�➂❹�❹❸❷❹❸❽➀����

❹➀�❽���❹➄�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�➅❹❼❼➅��❽���❽➄�❞➁❽➀❽❽❻❽❽❻➃❹❿❽➅�❽���

➃❽�❸➅❹❼❼➅❸���❹��➀❸➄❽❷➂❸➂�❹�❷➀➁❽➀❹❿❽❹➄➄❽�❸���❹➆➂�➂

�❹�➅❽➄�➃❿➀➀���❽➀➁❽❹➅➂➁❷����❸➀❸❺➆➀❸➅❽➄❿➀➆�❹�❹❸➀❹❽➂❹�➀

➁❹❽❸❸��➂�❸❺➆➀❽❼➄❹❹➀�❹➄❽�❸❺❸➃❻�➂❸�

∫ÔˆÈ È˘❹➄➄❽❽➄➆➂❸➄❽�➃➂❽�❤➃➂❽�➀❸❺➆➃❽�➀❷�❸❸❸➂❺�

∫¯Â„È¯Ó Ô„➁❷� �❹�➆➀❹ ❸❺➆➀ ➅➄❿❽❸➀ ���❸➂ ➁❹❽❸ �❹�❷➀ ➀❹❿❽ ❽➄➄❽�

❸�❷�❸➃❽�❹�❹��➈�➃❽��❞➉��➀➉❹❻➃❽❷❿❸➄❽❷❸❺➆�➀��➂❽➄�➁❽❹➅➂

❽➄➈➁❸❸➀�❹�❼❹➀�➀➁❽➀❹❿❽❹➄❻➄��❻❼�➀�❿❸❽➀�➅❻❽❽�❸➀❸�❽�❷➀

➁❽��➈�➂➁➄❽�➁❷❹�❽��➂��➁❽��❷❸➃❿➀❹➁❹❽❸❷❸❺➆➀����➁❽��❷❸

❸➄❶❸➀�➁❽��➂➀❼�➈❹❸❺➆➀❼�➈ ➁❽❻❼��➁❽❷�❹➂➂➁❽➀❹❿❽➅�❹�➆➀

➃❽�➄❹➆❸�❹❻�❸➄�❹➂��❽➂�➆

❸❼❹�➈�➀❽�➂❶➀❸➀���❽❸❷❹�➁�❿➃➂❽�➀➆❹�❸❺➆➀➆❸➀��❸

❹�➄❹❹❿��➁❽➆❷❹❽❹➄❻➄��➃➂❽��❹�❸❺➆�➁❷��❽�❻❽➄➄❝❸❺❸➃�❹➂�❽❽➄❽➆�

�❺➄➁❹�❶➀➀�❽�➄❼❹➈❹➀�❽�➁❽➆❷❹❽❹➄❻➄�❞��➆��❽❺❸��❿�❹❸❞❹➄➀�❽❺❸➀

❶❹�❸➀➁❽���❹➄❻➄�➁�❸❸➄❹❻❼❽�➀❹❸➄❽❷➂➀�❹➂❻�❺➄�❹❸�❺➄❸❹➀❹❷❶

❸❺❿❹➄❹➄➆❹➃❽➂❽➀���❽❻�❺����❹❷➂�❻❽➄➄❹❤❹�❹�

∫·Â˘¯ËÒ ÔÂÓ‡❤❹�❹�❶❹�❸➀➁�❸➀��❸❸➀❹➆➅❽➅�❸❺❽�➀➆

∫¯Â„È¯Ó Ô„❸➄❽❷➂❸➃❹❻❼❽�➀�❽❷��❺➄➁❹�❶➀❹❹❸�➂➁➅�➈➀❷➂❹➆�❹❸

�➀❿�➁❽➄�❸��➆❸➄❹➂���❽❸❺❸�❽�❸❹�➀❿�➁❽➄��➂❻➀��❽❼➅❽�❹�❼

�❹❸�❹➆❷❽�❽❸❸�❽➄❹❿➂�❽➄�❽�➂�❻�❺�❹❶�❸➃➂❽��➁❷�❸�❹❽❹❿❺❽�➄�

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❤❼➈�➂❽➀�❤➉��➀➉❹❻�❹➄❽❻�❺���❶❹�❸➀�❽�➄❹➄❻➄�➁�❸❝➀�❹�❽➄�➁�

❶❹�❸➀�➀❸➂➀➁❸➀��❹➂�❸❹➄➀�❽➁❽➀�❻➂➀❹�❺➆�➁❽�➄�❹❽❸�❶�

➁❷�❽❽❻➀❸�❹❻�❽➁�❸❤❹❸�➂❸➄�➂�❹❻�❺�❸➁�❸❤❼➈�➂❽➀�➁�❹�

❶❹�❸➀ ➃➄❿�➂ ❽➄��❿ ❤➁❽�❻� ❽➈➀❿❸�❹❻❸➂❸➄❹��❽❸�➁❽❻�❺�❸ ❽➈➀❿

❸➂❻➀➂��➀� ❼➈�➂�➀➀➁❷�✉❸➂❻➀➂�➁�❸➀��➀➅❻❽❽��❷❽➂

❸➀❽❶�❸➂❻➀➂�❹��➀➀❹❿✉➀➆��❷➂❽➄➄❽�❾❿�❸❷❹➂❽➄�❷❹�➂�❸❺➄❽➄�

�❹❽�❽❼�➈�❸➃❽❽➄➆❸➀�❽❼➈�➂❸❷�❸➀➆�➀�❾➀❸➂❸➀��❹❽�❽❼�➈�❸

❹��❹�❼❸�❽�❶➂�❽❸➁�❸➀��➀����❸�➃❹❷➄❹➄❻➄�❹❷�➈➄➃❽❽➄➆�❽❸

❸��➂➀❿➀❹��➀�❽��➂❹�➃❿❽➄�❑�➀➁➀❹➆➀❑�➂❹�❽➄➄❽��❹�❼❸�❽➀❻➂

➁��➀�❸❺��❸�❹➆❽�❽❽❸�➀�❸❺❸➃�❹➂��❹�❽❸❺❷❹�➂❸���❹�❽❸❺�

�❹�➆➀��❻�❾�❷➁❹�➃❽��❸��➂�❞��❹➄❹➁❹❽��❹❸❽❹➈�❸�❺➄❸�➂��

➀➆➂❹➄➀�❹��❽❺�❷�❹➂➂❸➀❹❿❽➅❸��➀➆❹➈➀�❽�❹➄❹➄❻➄�➁�❹�❺➄❸��

➆➄➂❽❽��❹➄❸➃❹➅�❸��➈➅➀❿➀

❷�❹➂➂➀❹❿❽➅❸➄❹�❻�➀❹�❹�➆�❷❽❻❽❸➁❹�➂❸�❽❸❤❸❺➆➀����❸➂❹

��❹❷➂❹���❽�➀�����➀��❺➄➀�����➀❷❹�➂�❸❺❽❸➀❾❽��➁�➁❶

��❺❸❸➆➈❹�❸��❷➀�❹➈❹➅��❽➄➈➂�❹�❽❸❺�❸❺���❹�➆➀➆❽�➂❽➄�✉

➃❽➂��➀�❹❽❸➀➀❹❿❽�➆❷❽➂➁❽➀��➂�➀���❽�➁❽�➄�➀�✉�❽�❽❽➆��❽❸

�❼❽�❿❸�❹��❹��➀�❽➂❽➄➈�❹❷❶➄�❸❽➀�❽�❸➆➈❹��❹❸❷�❹➂➂❸➀❹❿❽➅❸

❼❼❹➂�➂➀❹❿❸�❹❸��� ❹➄➀ ➃❽��➆❷�➁��❸❷❹➂ ❽➄� �➀�❹�➂❸➂❻❹➀

❸➂❻➀➂❽➄❽❷���❹❷➂�➀❸❺❿❸�➆➂�❾❹➂��❹➄❽➀➆✉❶❹�❸➀��❹➂❸➂➀

➁❽➀❽❶�❸➂❻➀➂❽➄❽❷➁➄❽��➁❽➄❽❷➀➆��❷➂❽➄��❻�➁➀❹➆➁❸❸➂❻➀➂❽➄❽❷

❸��➈❹❷❽��❽❺❻➂❹��❹❽�❽�❸��❹�❷❹➃❽�➁❸�➁❽�➅❹➆❹➄❻➄��➁❽��➂�

��❹❽�➁❽❽➄❹�❽�➁❽��➂���➃❹❿➄➀❹➅❽❻❽�➆❷➀��❻�❹�❹❺❿�❹�❽�➅�❽

❸❷❹�➆❸➂➀❹❷❶�➀❻❸�❹➆❹�➁❽��❷➂❹➄��❸❷➂➆❸�❽❽➄✉➁❽�➄�➆�❹�

��➁❽❷�❹➂➂➁❽➀❹➅❽❻➀❸�❷�❸�❽❽❽➄❽➆���❽❶❷❸➀❸�❹���❽➄��❹➀�❶➂❹

➁❽❽➄❹�❽�❸➁❽��➂���❹❾���❺❸❸❼❽�❸��➁❽❼�❹➄➁�➁❽❽➄❹�❽�➁❽��➂�

❹➄➀�➁❽❿�➆❸➃❽�➀➁❽❿��❸➃❽�➃❹❺❽�➃❽➆➂�❽�➀��➂❽➄�❺�❽❿��❹❽�

�❹❽❸➀➁❽❿➈❹❸➁❽❷�❹➂➂❸➁❽➀❹❿❽➅❸�❿❸❺➁➆�❹❽❻➀�➀�❸���❹➄➀➃❽��❹

➁❽��❹➆❹➄❻➄��❽�➅❹➂❸➄❽❻�➂��❽❶�➂❽➄�❸��❸❽➆�❹➄➀�❽❺�❸�❶�

❷❹�➂➁❽❽➄❹�❽�➁❽��➂�❽❹�❹��❹�➆➀➂�❸❺❽❸➀❾❽���➀❹�❶❸❺❿❸��➂�

❾�❷➃❽����❿�❹➂❻❽❹➈�❸�❺➄❸���❿��❝❸❺❿➀❹❿❽➅❽❽➄❽➆�➁❽��➈�➂�

➁❽➆❶❹➄❸➀❿❹�➆�❸�❽�❷❹❸�❽❷�❸�❽�❻❽�❻���❹❹�❹�➆❹➄➂➀��❻�

➁❽❽➄❹�❽�❸➁❽��➂��� �❺➄❸�➆❽➄➂➀�❽❻�❿❸�❹❽❷❽➂❸➁���❹ ��❷�

��❽➄➂��❽❿❷�➂��❹�❽❷�❸❽�❻���❹❷�❹➂➂➀❹❿❽➅➀��➀➃❿❹➂❽➄�❸➀�❸

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❼➄❽��➀➁❽��❺�❹➆❹❶❽➈�❽ ❾❽➀❸�❸���❽❿➂❽➄���❽❸❸❽➆�❸ ➆❽�❸

�❽❿➂❽➄��❹�❼➂❸���❹➂❽��❸��❹�❽��❹❸�➂�❹�➆➀❾❽��❝➁❽�➂❹�❹

�❹�❼❸�➆➂➀➆�❽❶❸➀❸�❽�❷❸�❽❽❸�❿➁❽➂➆➈�❹��➆➁�❽�❽❽❸❸❺��

�➀➁➀❹➆➂❹ ❼➄❽��➀➁❽��❹➂➁➄❽�➁❽❽➈❽�➈➅➁❽❷�❹➂➂➁❽➀❹❿❽➅❽❿➁�

❸❺❿�❹�❽��❽�➈���❸

∫·Â˘¯ËÒ ÔÂÓ‡➀❹❿❽➅�❹�❽❶❸�➀❹➆❹❶❽➈❸❽❸❸➄❹�❻�➀❸➄❸

∫¯Â„È¯Ó Ô„❼❽➀❻❸�❽➂��❻��➀❸�❹�❽➄�❹❸�➂�❷➂❹➀�❿�➆➂❸❸��➄❿

❽➄�➁❽➀❹❹➄➂❹➁❽➆�➁➀❹❿�❸➄❽�❽�➆❷❷�❹➂➂➀❹❿❽➅➀�❾�❷��❽❶❸➀�➀�

❼➄❽���➁❽���➂❹❸�➂➁❽�❹��❿��❺❸�❽❶❹➀❹❿❽➅➈❸�❿�➆➂❸���❽❿➂

❸❷❽❻❽❹❺❽�➁➆➅➄❿❽❸➀➁���❶➀❸➈➅❹�❸➀➀➆➁❽➄❷➁❽➀❹❿❽➅�➁❽➄❷�➀

��❽➆➀�❹�❹��➃➄❽���❹➀❹➆➈➁❽➂➆➈➀

❸➀❹➆➈❸ ➁� �❽❸ ➃❽❽➄➆❸ �➀➀ �➆❶❹➄❹ �➀��➄� ❸➄❹�❻�❸ ❸➀��❸

❸➂❽❻➀❸�❹❸➃❽❽➄➆❷❹➆❹��❹➄❸�❽❸�➀➀������➂❸➀��❹❺�❽➂❽❼❽❶➀

�➂��❹➁❽➂�➅�❸��❹➄❽➀➆➁❽�❹❽�➂�� ➁❽➀�❻➂�❸➂❽❻➀❸ �❽�➂�❸

��❹❽❸❺�➀❿❿➀��➃�➀❹�❹❻����❹❷➂�➀➃�❿➁❶❸�❺❻�➁❽�❹❽❹➄❻➄�

�❽�❸➁�❽➀�➈❿��➀❹❸➂❻➀➂❿➀❹➆➈➀��❹❽❸�❹�❽➄�❸➂❻➀➂➀❸➂❹❷

❷���➂�➀❽➄�❸➂❻➀➂�❿➀➆❹➈�❹❸�❿➁❽❷➂��❹➀❹➄❽�❹�➁❽❷➂��❹➀❽➀❹➂

�➀ ❽➄� ❸�❹❽❹ ❸❺❸ ❸❷�➀ ➅➄❹❽ ➃�❻➂ ❸��� ❸�❹�� �❽� ➆❷❹❽ ❽➄� ➁�

➁❸➀�❶❸❹➄❸�➄�❽❷❷❹�❿�➀➁❽➀❽❽❻❿➁❽❷�❹➆➁❸➁❸�❸�❹❽❽➄�❸❿❻➂

❸❼❹�➈❸�❽��➆�➀➆❹➈��➀�❸�➄*❶�❹➄➂�➀�❸�❷❶❸❸❽➈➀❹➄❽�➁❽➀❽❽❻❿

��❺ ➅❹➅❽❸❽➀�➁❸�❸�❹❽ ❽➄�❸❺❿❸��➂� ➁❽➀❽❽❻❿➁❽❶❸❹➄➁❸ ❹➄➀�

❹❽❸❽❸➀�➁�❸➈❸�❹�❸➂���➀❼➈�➂�❽�➀➁�❹��❽�➂�➀❽➄�❸➂❻➀➂

❶➂❸❷��❷❹➂➆� ➁❽➄❹❷➄❸➁❽��➂❸✆➁�➀�� ❸➄❽❷➂❸➀�❸❽�➆➂➀➆➁❽➄

�❹❽❸➀❹➄❽➀➆❽�➆❷➀❺�❽❿➁❽➆�❸➁❽➄➂❺�❽��❿❸�❸➀�❹➂❿❹❽❸❽➁❽��➂❸

❷❹�➂➁❽�❽❸❺

∫ÔÁ≠Ô·‡ ˜È¯„ÂÓ ÈÏȉ❑❸➂��❑❸➂�➀❻❽❽➀➆�➀��➂❽➄�❹❼➀❻❸�➃❿�❽❽

�❹➂❽➆❿�❹�❼�❸➂❽❻➀➀�❸➂❶❽❷�➈❸�❹��➈�➀➅❻❽❽�❸�➀❸❺❸�❽❽➄❸�

��❻�❸❽�➂❽❼❽❶➀��➀❸❽❹�➆��❺❸❸➂❶❽❷�➈❸ ❽➂❹�➀➃❽� ❹➄❽�� ➃❽❹❺➂

❷❷❹➂�❸➀❾�❹�❸❽❸�➀❸❽➀�❹➄➅❻❽❽�❸❹➀❽�❸�➁❽➄❷❹➄��❸�❽❼��➈➀

��➄➆❸❸�❹�❿➀��❽❽❻➂➃❽❹❺➂❻❹❿❿�❹�❼❽➄❹❶��➀➆❸❺�❿❸❸�❸❽➆�❸➁➆

❸➂❽❻➀❸����➈�➀�➄➂➀➆❸➀�➁❽➄❹❶���➁❽➀❽➆➈➀❸➂❻➀➂❽❽❹��➀�❷➂➆➂

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∑µ

➁❽➂❽❹➅➂ ➁❽�➄�� ➆❹��➀ ��➈� ❽➂❹�➀➃❽� ❹➄❽�� ➃❽❹❺➂ �❹➂❽➆� ➁❸�

�❽➂❽❼❽❶➀❸�❼➂➁❸�❹�❼❽➄❹❶���➁❽➀❽➆➈�◗❸➂❽❻➀�❸�❽�❽�❹➈���❸❘

❸➂❻➀➂❽❽❹��➀�❷➂➆➂❸��➁❸➀��➀❽➀��➅❻�❸�❹➀�❽❽➄❸❹❺❸➄❽❻�➂

➀➆��❹�❽�❸❾❽➀❸➀�❹�➀➂❸��➅❹➆❸�➀❻�❽�➆❷➀➆❶❹➈❹➄❽���❷❸➀��

�❹➂❽➆➀❽➂❹�➀➃❽�➃❽❹❺➂�❹➂❽➆➃❽�❸➄❻�❸❸�❹��❹❼➀❻❸❸�➀��❾❽➀❸�

❸�❸�❽❽❸� ��➈�❼➀❻❸�❹ ➃�❿��❿❺❹➂❸➄❽� ❽➂❹�➀➃❽� ❹➄➄❽�� ➃❽❹❺➂

❸➆❽➈❹❸❹➀❽��➀➆❹�

∫ÔˆÈ È˘➃❽❽➄➆�❸➄❽❷➂❷�❹➆�❹❸�➃❹❽❷�❷❽❻❽❸➇���➂❸❽➄��❽➈➀➆➇�

➁❽�❹�❽❿❹➄�❹�➄❺❽❽�➀�❽➄❷➁❶❸�➀➂❸➂❿➅❸�❹❷❽�➂➃❷➃❽�➀❽➄❽��❽❸❺❸

�❹�❹��❸�❹� ❹❽�❹�➆❸ ➀➆ �❹❺❻➀�➀�➀❷���❹ ➃❽➆� ➃❽➆➁❽��➁❽��❷

➀�❽➄❷➀��➈�❹�➂❸❷❹�➆➃❸➃❸❽➀➆➁❹�❻❽➄��➇�❼➈�➂�❽�➀❹�❶❹❸�

❽➀�❹

❸�➆➂➀➁❽➄�➆���❸❺➀❸➄�➂❷�❹➂➂❸➀❹❿❽➅❸�❽�❝�❽➀➀❿❸�➆❸❹

�❽❺❿�➂❸❸�❽�➆❸➀����❻�❸❽❽���❽❹❹❺➂�❻�➀❿�❹�❽�➆❸➂❿���❹❷➂

❸�❻❷➄�❽❸❹❷�❹➂➂❸➀❹❿❽➅❸�❹❽➄❽❷➂❷❶➄❸�❶❹❸�❸➄❹���❸❸�❽�➆❸�❽❸

�❽❸❹�➄�➅➂❹❷❹➂➆❽�❻➀➆��❿➄➃❽❷❸�➅➈➃❽�❻❼➈❹�❸➀�➃❽❷�➅➈�

❼❽➈�❽�➀��❹❸��❹➄❸�

∫¯Â„È¯Ó Ô„�➅➈��❹➆❹��❸➂❿�❹�➆❿��❺❸❸�❽➂�❸��➃�❽�����❽�➄❸

�❻�➃❽❷

∫ÔˆÈ È˘�❽❿�❸�❿�❸�➁❽➈➀❻�➂➁❽�❿�❸❸�❹➀❹❿➅�❽���➁�➆���❹❷➂

❼➈❹�➀�➁❹�➂�❹���❽❹➈�➃❽❷❸�➅➈�❽➄❽❽�❹➃❽�❻���➁❽❼➈❹�❸➁❽��❹❽

➁❽➂❽�❷❹❻❷❹➆�❹❽❷�➃❽❷❽�➅➈��➀��❹➂➃❽�❻

➇❽➆➅➁❸❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❹➄❽��➃❽❹❺➂❸�❹➂❽➆❸❽➀➀❿��➁❽�❽❷➅➂❸➁❽❽❷❹➅❽❸➁❽❿➂➅➂❸

❶�➄➂�➀➇�❹�➂❸✈➀�➂➀❹��❸�➄‚ ˙Ó‡’· ‰·È·„· ÌÈÁ¯Ê‡ ˙‚‰ ¯‰ÓÁÏÓ ÈÓÈ

➂➆�❑❿❜❜❼➅❹❶❹��➂✈❹��❸�➄*❶�❹➄➂�➀➇➅❹➄❸❽➄�❸➀❹�❹❼❹�➈❸❹❜

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of August 12 1949 and relating

to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II) 8

July 1977, 1125 U.N.T.S 609, Reprinted in 16 I.L.M. 1442 (1977)➃❽�❸➄❻�❸❸

❸➂❽❻➀� ➁❽➈���➂ ➁➄❽�� ➁❽❻�❺� ➃❽�➀ ❸➂❽❻➀� �❹�❽�❽ ➁❽➈���➂❸ ➁❽❻�❺�

❽➄�❸➀❹�❹❼❹�➈➀➇❽➆➅�❸➆❽➈❹➂➁❽❽➂❹�➀➃�➁➄❽��➁❽➄❽❹❺➂➁❽�❹➂❽➆�

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Èȯ ÚÓ„‰

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�➈➅➂➁❽➄�❽➄➈➀❷➆��❹❽�➃❽❽➄➆➂❸❺❸➁❹❻��❽❼�❹��❸➁➀❹➆❸➃❿�

❼➈�➂❸�❽���➂❹➆➀➃�❹➀❽❹➃❹❷❽❽❸❺❿��❹➄�❹�➆❷�❸➀➆➂❸❽❸�➀�❽�

➃❽❽➄➆❸��➁❽❻❹❷❹❽❸❽�❷❹�❹�❻��❹➄❽❷➂�❹➂❿➀���❽�➄❽❷➂➀�➃❹❽➀➆❸

❷❹�➂➁❽❷�❿➄➁❽❼➈❹�❸�❹➀��❹❷❻�➁❽➄�❽➄➈➀�➂��❹�❹❼❽➈�➆��➀➆

�➀❸❺❸➃❽❽➄➆❸����❽�➄❸❽➀���➈➅➃❽��❹❼❽➈�➆��➀➆➃❽❽➄➆❸��❹❻❷

�➄❽❻�➂➀���❽�➄❽❷➂➀�❷❹�➂❽❼➂�❷❷➆����❹❷➂➃❹�❽➀❽❷❽➀��❸❽❸

❸➄➆❼❸➄❽❷➂❸❞❼❽➈�❽�➀�➃❽❽➄➆❸�❹➄➆❼❹➄❻➄�➁❶❼➈�➂�❽��❹��❷❽❸

❽➈➀❽�❹❻�❹❽❸➀❾❽��❷�❹➂➂➀❹❿❽➅��➈➅➃❽��➆�❸�❼❽➈�❽�➀��❹❸�

➁➆❼➈�➂❸�❽�➀�➁❽➅❻❽�❸❽❶❹➅�❽❸�❹❼❽➈�❸�❽❽❶❹➅❸➂❻➀➂❸❽➄❽❷

➃❽❽➄➆➀�❹➈❹❶➀➀���➆��➂❸�❹��❸✉❸➀❹➆➈�➁❽➄❽❽➄❹➆➂❹➄❻➄��➈➅❽➀�

�❑�➈❸�❹❽❻➄❸❹��❽��❿❸�❽�➆❸❸�❶❹❸➁�❼�❷❹➆�❽�❹❻❸❽❸���❺❿

➆❹�❽�➀➁❽�➄���❶➅➂❹❻➅❽➄��➆��➂❸�❹��➀❸➀�➂➂➀❽❼➈�➂❸➉➆❹❽❸❹

❹➀➀❸�❹❽❻➄❸➀➆❷❹➂❸❽❸❼➈�➂❸�❽�❸�❽�➆❸❸�❶❹❸�❿❸➀�➃❽➆➂�❹➀❹➆➈

➁❽❷➂❹➆➁❽�➄����❿�❾❿➀➆➁❽�➀❹❻➁➄❽�➁❽��❹➆❸➁❶❝➇➅❹➄➃❽❽➄➆

➁�❹�❹�❽��❿❹➀❽➈�❽➀❹�❹�➁❽➂�➅��❽�❸➀➀�➂➀❸➂❽❻➀�➀❹➆➈�❹�➆➀

�❽❸��❺❿❸➀❹➆➈➁�❻❿❹❹�❸➀��➈��➄❼�❹��❹➅➂�➁❸�➆❹❶➈➀��❹➂

�➆➄❹➂❸❶❽�❸❹�❷�❹➂➂➀❹❿❽➅✉�❽❸�❸➂�❹❽❷�❸❺❸�❷❶❸❸�➄❽❻�➂

���❹➆�➂❾❿➁��❽�❹❻�❽❸�❾❿➀➆❻❹❿❽❹➃❽�➀��❷�❹➂➂➀❹❿❽➅➁❶�❽❸

❤�❽�❹❻�➀❸➀❹➆➈➀❸❺❶❹➅➂�❽�❹❻❸➀❹➆➈➃❽�➀❹�❶❸��❹➆❸➈❽�❸➀��❸

��❹❶❻��❹❶❻��❿�❹❸❹�❹❷���❸➆❹❶❽➈➆��➀��❽�➁❷�❶❹�❸➀��❹➂➁�❸

❸��➂�➁�❸➁❽➂❹➅❻➂❸���❹�➆❽�❹❸�❷➆➁❽❽➂❹❽❷❹➆❹➈➀❻❽❽➀❹�❤➉➈➄

�➅�❹❶❸❸❽�❹❶❼�❸�❹�➀❾❽❽�❸❺❿❸��➂�❽➀❸��➄❤❹�❹�❶❹�❸➀��❹➂❸❺❿

➆❹�❽�❸���❿➈❹❸➁❽❽➂❹❽❷❹➆❹➀�❽�❸❷�❹➆❸❽➀❹�➀����❹➂��➈➅➃❽��

❤❽❷➂�❹❻�➀

❷❹➆��➆❷❽➂�❽❤❼❽➀❻❸➀➁❽❻�❿❹➂�❿➁❽�❹➆❸➂➀��❸❺�➃❹❷➀➀�

❸➂❶❹❷� ❏❸�➅�❸❾❹�� ❹�➆❶➈�❾➀ ❺�❹ ➁❿��❸�➅�➀➅➄❿➄�❹❸❸�❷

�❽➀�� ➉➈➄❸��❹❶❻��❹❶❻❹➄❽��❹❸➆❶�❿ ➁❽❽➂❹❽❷❹➆ ❹➀�❽�➂❷❹�❸

�➂�❹ ➆❷❽➂❸�❽❽❶❹➅ ➆❹❶❽➈�❹�➆➀ ❷➂❹➆�❹❸� ❽➆➂�➂❷❻➆❷❽➂ ❹➄❽❷❽�

❹➄❻➄��❻❽➄➄➃❽❽➄➆➀�❹❺❻➄➃➂❺❸➀�❽❷��❾❿�❻�❹❷❹�➂❸�❹�❻➆❷❽➂❸

�❽���❶�➆❹❶❽➈❸�➆❽�❹❸�❹�➂�➆❸➁❹❽���➈➅➂❸❺➆❶��❹�❹�➁❽➆➂❹�

➁❽❽❺❽➈➉❻➀❽➆�➂��➀➆➈❸➀➆❹➄��❽❷���❿❸➂❹❷➃❹❽❷❸❽❸➃❹❽➀➆❸❼➈�➂❸

❿❑��❽��❻➄➀➆

�➂❹➀❽➀�❹�❻❸➄❿➅❸➀��❹❽❷❽➂❸�❷❽➂❽❸➂➃❿➁��❽❸❸➀��❸

❾❿➀➆�➀❹❻ ❹➄❽��❽� ❸➄❽❷➂❸�❷➂➆�❾➂❹� ❽�❽� ➃➈❹�� ❽➂�➆ ❽➄��

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∑∑

➃❽❹❺➂�❹➂❽➆➀➆➃❽❹❺➂�❹➂❽➆➀���➂�❹❸➁❹❽❸��➂❸�✉❼➈�➂❸�❽�➁❶❹

➁❽➂➆➈�❹��➆❾❿➆����❿➃❹❽➀➆❸✉❽➄❽❷➁❸�➃❽❹❺➂❸�❹➂❽➆❸❽➄❽❷➁❽➀❻

�❷❹�➄❹❺❽�➄❽❻�➂➃❿➀❹❹❺❸❷➂➆➁➆➁❽❿➅➂��❽➄➂��❽❿❷�➂➁❶❸➂❻➀➂❸

❽❿➇�❸❼❹�➈��❹➂✉�➂❹➀�❽✉➃❹❿➄�➀❽�➆❷➀➁➀❹❿➀�➁�➆❷❹❺�➀

➃❽❹❺➂�❹➂❽➆ ➀���➂� ❹➄❻➄� ❽�➆❷➀ �➂❽❹➅➂❸➂❶❹❷� ➃❹❽❷❸��❷�➂➀

�❹�❼❸❽➄❹❶��➁➆❹➄➀����➂�✉❷�❸❽*❶❸➅�➂❻❸✉��❽❺➆❶�❿➁�➁❶

❸❼��❸�❼❽➄❹�➁�❹➀❽➈�❸❽�❹➅➃❽�➀❹➄❽➄❽�➁❶❸❺❾❿❸❼��➃❹��❻

❹❺❸❽❶❹➅���❽➄➂��➀�❹�➆❷❸➂❽�➂❶➀❽➀�❹���➀❝➇➅❹➄❽❺❿�➂➃❽❽➄➆➀

❸�❽➅➈�❽❤�❹�❼❽➄❹❶���➁❽��❻➁❽➀�❻➂�➁❽�❹�❹➄❻➄�➁�❸ ❝❸➀��❸

➁❽➄���❽�❿➂➀➃➄�❽❸➀�❿�❹❺�❿❸�❹�❼➃❹❶��➀➆❿➃❹❶��➀➆❺❽�❿❸➀❾❽���

➀�� �❹�❼ ❽➄❹❶��➀➆❿➁❽❶➀➈ ❽❶➀➈❹➁❽❶➀➈�❹��➆➀➆ ❹➄❺�❿❸�❹➄❹�❻�❸

❽➄❹❶���➁❽��❻➁❸��❼❽❸➁❽➆❷❹❽➁❽❽❺❿�➂❸➁❽➄❹❶��➀➁❽❿❽❽��➁❽➀�❻➂❸

❽�➆❷➀ ➃❿➀ �❹�❼ ❽➄❹❶�� ➁❸➀� ➁❽➄❹❶��� ❸�❹� ➀���❽ �➄❽❷➂�❹ �❹�❼

❹➄❻➄� ❸❼❹�➈ ❸�❽�❷ �❽❸ �❹�❼ ❽➄❹❶��� ➁❽��❻ ➁❸� �❹��➀ ❸�❽�❷❸

❹➄❷❶➄➁❽➆❹❶❽➈➁❽➆��➂➁❸➁��❹�❼❸❽➄❹❶���➁❽��❻❿➁❽�➄�➁❽�❽�❻➂

➃❽❹❺➂❸�❹➂❽➆�➁❽➂❻❹➀❸❹➄�➄❽❻�➂➁❸➁❽➄➄❿�➂❸❹➁❽➂❺❽❸❹➁❽�❶�➂❸➁❶

❽❺❿�➂❸➃❽❽➄➆❸❸➀❹➆➃❹❽❷�❸❺�➀��✉➃➈❹��➁❽❻�❺��➂❹➆➀➁❽➂❻❹➀

❏❤➃❿❽➂➁❽➂❻❹➀➁➄❽�➁❸➁�➁❽➂❻❹➀�❹➄❼�➂�❷❹�➄➂��❹❷➂❽➆➂�➂❷❻

❽➄��❽��❹��❸➂❻➀➂➀➀❹�➂�❹❸�➃❽❹❺➂�❹➂❽➆�❽�➁❿➅❹➂➁�➃❿�❹

➁❽➄❹❶��❸❽��❻➀❿❸➀�❽�➆❷➀➁❽➂❻❹➀➁❸❹➄❽➄❽➆�➃❿➀❹❸➂❻➀➂➀➁❽❷❷�

➂❹�❹➁�➂��➃❹❽❷❸❾�❹�➀➀��✍➁❽➈���➂❸�❹�❼❽➄❹❶��❽��❻➀❸➄❹❹❿❸��

�❽�❹➂❽➄�➁❽➆��➂❹➁❽❻➀�➂➁❽➄➄❿�➂❹➄❽❽❸❷➁❽➆❹❶❽➈➆❹�❽��➀❽➆➈➃➈❹��

�❽➄❽❷➂❸❸❶❸➄❸❸��➃❹❽❷❸➂➆❶�❿

�❽❽➄�❸�❻�❸�❸➄❹❷➄�❸❽❶❹➅➀➁❽➆❽❶➂❹➄�❹❽�❿➆❹✉�➂❹➆➀➁❽➂❻❹➀

�❹➀❹➆➈ ❽➄➈➂ ➁❽➄❽➅❻ ➁❽❻�❺�� ➆�❹� ❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸ ❼➈�➂❸ ➁❽❻�❺�

�❽�❽❹�➀❽➆➈➃➈❹��➇���➂�❽➂❹❽➈➀❹❶❽❽➅➆�❹��❹❸❾❿➀�❹❽�➂❻➀➂

❼❼❹�➂ ❞➃❹���❸ ➀❹�❹❼❹�➈➀ ,+ ➇❽➆➅❘�❹➄❽➅❻ ❹➀ ➃❽�❸➂❽❻➀ ❽�➆➂�

❹➀➃❽�❑❽❹❼❽�❸➀��❹➆➂�➂❸❽�➆❷➀◗❸�➆❸❜*➂➆�❸❷➂➆❸�❽❽➄�

➁❽➈���➂�➁❽�➄�➁� ❽�➆❷➀ ❑➁❻❹➀�❹❸❑❸�❽➂�➀❸➀❽��➂❑�❹➄❽➅❻

➁❽�❻�➁❽➂❻❹➀➃❽�❺�❽❿➁❽➂❻❹➀➁➄❽�❸�❽�❽�➆➂➆❹�❽��➀❽➆➈➃➈❹��

❏❤➀���❽�➄❽❷➂�➂❻➀➄❽➂❷❶➄➁❽➂❻❹➀➁➄❽�➁❸➁�

❹❽➄❹❼➄� *➈❹�➈ �❽❽➄�❸�❻�❸➀❸❿❹❺❸➄❽�� ❸�❷❻❸➀��❸➀❹➆ ➃�❿

�❽�❷❹➂❽➀❽❸❸❽➀➆❹➄��❽❷❹➄❻➄�❸❽➀➆❹��❽❷➁❽��❹➆❸❸❽➀➆��❽❷❸➅➅�

�➆���➂�❸�❹��❸➀❸➄�➄❸➄❽❷➂❸➁❽❽➀❹��❹�➆❸�❸❽➀�❸➅❻❽❽�❸➃❻➃��

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�❹➂❽➆� ❑�❽�❽ ➇���➂❑ ➀�❸�❷❶❸❸❸➂�❽❸❸➀��❸ ➁❽❷❹➂➆ ➀➆

➃➂���❽�❽➇���➂➀��❻➄➁❷��➁❽➄➆❹❼➁❽��❹➆❸❹❸➅➅�*➈❹�➈➃❽❽❹❺➂❸

�❽�❹➂�❹❸�➆❶�❸❷➆❹❹❷❽�❸��➈❸��❹���➄❸��❻�❹➀�❹❸�➆❶�❸

➇���➂➀❷❹➆��❻➄❹➄❽��❹❸❹❷❽➂➁�❹��❽�❹➂�❹❸�➆❶�❸➂❸➄➂➂➁�❹�

➉�❹➈➀❹❸➆�❷❹➆�❸��➈�❻�➀➃➄❿�➂�❹❸�➁❽➆❷❹❽❹➄❻➄�➁�❹➀❽➈��❽�❽

�❽�❽➇���➂❹➄❽��❹❸❸��➈❹❽➀➆➃❽�❷❹➆➀❿❹➂�➆��

➁�❹➀❽➈���➂❹➀❽➄❹❽❶❸�➀�❽➄❹❽❶❸�➀�❹➄��➈❹❺��➄➆❹❼❸➄❽❷➂❸

❸��➈❹❽❷❽➀➀��❽�❹❸➃❿➀❹���➃➂❺❷❹➆�➆❹❶❽➈➆��➀❷➂❹➆➁❷��➁❽➆❷❹❽

❷❽�❸��➈❸���❽❺❻➂❹➄❽�➆❶�❿�❹❸❽❿➁❻❹➀❹➄❽�➃❽❽❷➆��❺➀❿��❹❸

��❺❸❸❺�❸❹�➆❹❶➈➀��➈�❽�➃❿➀❹❻�❺�❹�❹�❹➄�❽❷❶❸�❾❿❹➅❹➀❹➄�➄➆❸

❸➄❹❹❿❸➃❽�❑�❽�❽➇���➂❑➁❽➀❽➂��❹➄➆❼➃❿➀❹➄�➆❷➀➆�➀���➂❸➄❽�

➇���➂�➁❷�➀➁❶➁❽➄❹❹❿�➂❹➄❻➄�➁❽❽❷❽➀��➄�❻�➀➀�❽➀❹➀❽➂❸➃�❹➂➀

➆❹❶❽➈➆��➀��❹❽➁❽➂❽❸�❹➀�➀�❻��➁❷�➆❹�❽��❹➃❹➄❿��➀❽➆➈➃➈❹��

❸➅➅� *➈❹�➈ ➆❹❶❽➈➀ ➆❹❶❽➈ ➃❽�� ➁❽❽➂❹❽� ❻�❺� ❽❽➄❽➆� �❹❽❸➀ ➀❹❿❽ �➀

�❹❸➆❹❶❽➈➆��➂�❹❸�❿ ❝➁❽➆�❹❿ ❽➄���❹❻❸❺❿➁❷��❹➄➆❼➁❽��❹➆❸❹

➆❹❶❽➈❸❷➆➁❽➈➀❹❻�➁❽➂❽�➀��❹�❹➄❽➅❻��❷��➂�❹❸❸❺❸➃➂❺�➁❻❹➀

�❽➄❹❽❶❸�➀❸➆❽��❹❺❹➄�➆❷➀➃❽➅❻�❹❸❞❹�➆❹❶➈➀�❹➅�❺�❹❻�❺��❹❸��❸

❻�❺�❸��➆���➃�❽➄❸➆❽❶➈➀��❽❸❸❑❝❜*➂➆�❸❺➃❽❽➄➆➀��❷➄��❽➄➂��

��➈�❸➀�❸➁❽��❷➀❑❸����➀❸➅❽�➈�❹��❽�➂❻➀➂�❹➀❽➆➈��❹➅➆❸❽❸

❻❽➄❸���❿❸❽�❻�➀�➀❹❸❽➄➈➀�➀❑ ❝❾❽�➂➂�❹❸❹ ❸�❻��❹➄��➈��➀

➀❶➆➂➂��❽�➂❹➀❿➀�❹�➂❸➃�❹➂❸�❹❸❑❹��➄❻❽➄❸❑➀�➃�❹➂❸➁�❑❹��➄

➁�❼➈�➂❸�❽�➀❾❿➀➆❹➄��❿➇�❹❹➄❽➀➆➁❽➀�❹�➂➁❽��❷❸❸�❽�❸❽�➆➂

❹��➄��❻❽➄❸�➀�❹❸❽❽➄❽➆���❸➆❹❶❽➈❸➃❹➄❿�❷➆❹��➄��❻❽➄❸�❹❸

�❹❸❽➂❸➀��❸�❷➂❹➆❷�❹➂➂❸➀❹❿❽➅❸�❽❽❶❹➅➀➆➃❹❽❷❸�➀��❹➂�❿

❸➀���➃❹❽❷❸�❽➀❸➂❷➄❤❹�➆❹❶➈➀��❹➂❹➁❻❹➀��❻➄➁❷�➃�❽�➂➁❻❹➀

��❽➄➂��➀�❹�➆❷❸➂❽�➂❶➀�❹���➀➁❶❹❹❽❷�❽➂➆➂❹➄❽��❽❽➄���❺❸

❑�❽�❽➇���➂❑❝➁❽�➄�❽➄�➁❽➆❽➈❹➂➃❹���❸➀❹�❹❼❹�➈➀◗❘➇❽➆➅��❹❿❺❿

➃❹❽❷❻�➈➀�❽❽➄�❸❽�➄�❸➀���❽❹❷➂❸�❹➆➂�➂❸➀➆➁❶❑�❷❹➆➀❿❑❹

∫¯Â„È¯Ó Ô„❹�❹❽❸��❸�❽➅➈➂❸➄❽�����➅➈❸➀➆❸❺�❿❸➁❶❾❽��❷➀

❤➃❿❽�➂❺�➁❻❹➀

∫ÔˆÈ È˘����➅➈❸➀➆�❽➄❽��❸❺�❿❸✉➁➆❼➂❷�❹❿➂�❿❹➂➁❷�➁➆❼➂

❶➀➈❸ ❹� ➃❹❶��❸✉�➀ ❽�➆❽❷❽�❼❽➂➀ ➁❻❹➀❿ ❹��❷❶❸��❸�❽➅➈➂ ➃❿

Page 75: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

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��➅➈❸�➆�➃❹❶���➁❻❹➀➀❹�➃❹❶����❻➀❷�❹➂➂➀❹❿❽➅➁❹❽❸❷➆❸�➆➄

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„ ∫¯ÊÈȯ χÈ�❽❹�➀❽❽❻�❶❽�❸❸➀❽❶�❸➂❻➀➂�����➅➈❸�❺�❿❹➂➁�

❸�➆➂❸�❹❽�❹❻➀➆�❹❿➀�❸❹❺❸❷�❹➆➀❸➂❻➀➂➆�➈���❻➄❸➄❽�

∫¯Â„È¯Ó Ô„❸➀��❸�❹��❹➈➂➁❽➀❽➂���❷❶❹➂➃➂❺❸��❶➅➂❸❺❸❸��➂�

➁❻❹➀❹�❹❽❸�➈❹���➂❽❽�➅➂❽�➂❞➀❹�❶❸❸➈❽�➃�❹➂❿�❽❸

∫ÔˆÈ È˘➁➄➂�❽❶❸➄➂❼➈�➂❹➄❽�❸❺❑�➃➂❺➀❿❑❽�➄�❸��❽��❶❷❸➃❿➀

❽�➄�❸➁➆➀��❽❶❸➄➂❹➄❽��❹❸��❺➀❿�❹➃❹���❸➀❹�❹❼❹�➈�➆��➄�❹❸

�❹➄��➈�❽➄➆❸➀��➈�➁❽❽❹❼❽�❸❽➄�➀❻❿❹❹�❸➀��➈�❽�❑�❽�❽➇���➂❑

❷❹➆�❹➄➀�❸�❷❶❸❸��❽�➆�❸➃❿➀❹➃�❿❸�❹❼❸➄❽�❸���❽➄❿❼❸�❷❶❸

�❹❸➁❶❸�➃❽➂�➂❼➈�➂❸�❽�➁�➆❷➄���➃➂❺

�➄❽❻�➂❑❝*➂➆��❶�❹➂❸❸❷➂➆❸➁➆➁❽❿➅➂❽➄❽��➁❶�❽➆❸➀❽❽➀➆

➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼➀ ➁❽➂❻❹➀ ➀� ➅❹❼❼➅ ��➄➆❸ ❸➂❻➀➂❸ ❽➄❽❷ ➀� ➀➄❹❽��❸

❑�➆➀❿��❽➂❽❼❽❶➀❸�❼➂➀➁�❹�❾❹➈❸➀�➄❽❽➄❹➆➂❸➄❽❷➂❸���❿��❽❽❻�➂

➁❸ ➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸ ➃➈❹�❹ ➁❽➄➈ ➁❹�� ��❺❸ ❸❷➂➆❸ �� ➁❽➀��➂ ❹➄➄❽�

➀➆➁❽�➂❹�➁➄❽�➁❸�❽➄➈➂❸➀�❿➁❸➁❽❽�❹❻❽�➀�➁❽➂❻❹➀❹➄��❷❶❸❿

➃❽❷➀➁❷❽➂➆❸➀��❹➂❹➆❹❶➈➀��❹➂➁❽❽�❹❻❽�➀�➁❽➂❻❹➀�❸➂❻➀➂❸❽➄❽❷

➀�➂➀➁❽➂❻❹➀➀�➅❹❼❼➅�❹❸�❸❺❽�➁❸➀��➀❾�❼�➄�❽❽➀➆➀�❹�➂�➀

❸➂❻➀➂❸ ❽➄❽❷ ➀➆ �➂❹� ❹➄❽�� ➀❽❽❻� ➆❹❶➈➀ ��❹➂ ❽�➆❷➀ �❹�❽❻ ❽➂❻❹➀

◗➁❽❽❻�❺�➁❽❷❶���➈❻�➂�➀❽❽❻➀�➂➀❘

∫¯Â„È¯Ó Ô„�❹❸�➁❽❷➂❸❽➈➀➆➀❽❽❻��❷❶❸➀�➁❽��➂�����❹❷➂�➀

➀❹❿❽ ❹➄❽�❸➂❻➀➂➃❽❷�➈➂�➀❽❽❻ ❽�➆❷➀❹ ❸➂❻➀➂❽➄❽❷�❹�➂�❽ ��❹➀

➁�❹�➁❽❽�➂�❽➂❿❹❽➀�➅❻❽❽�❸➀❹➄�❹�➉➀�➀

∫ÔˆÈ È˘➁❽❽➅❽➅�➁❽��❷�❽➀��➃❽❷❹➃❽❷➀❿�➁❽❽❹➀�➁❽��❷❸�➃�❹➂

➀�❷➂➆➂➀❽�❿❺❹➄❽��❹❸➁❽❽❻�❺�➁❽❷❶���❹➀❹➀❶�➂❿❷�❹➆�➀❽❽❻➀�➂➀

➀�❻➂❽❽➄❽➆�➃❽❷➀❹�❹�❷❽➂➆❸➀��❹➂❹❹�➆❹❶➈➀��❹➂➃❿➀❹❸➂❻➀➂❽❹��

❸��➂❸❹�❹��❹❸

❾❽� ➁❽➂❻❹➀� ➆❹❶➈➀ ��❹➂� ❸❻➄❸� ❝�❽❽➄� �❹�� ➃❹❷➄� �❻� ➃❽❽➄➆

❤➁❽❻�❺��➁❶➁❽➆❶❹➈❷�❹➂➂➀❹❿❽➅�➆�➁❽➂➆➈➀�❸❷�❹➆❸��➁❽�❽�➅➂

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➃➄❽� ➀���❽ ❾❹�� �❽�❹�❽�❸ ��❹�❽�❸ ➁❶❹ �❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸ ��❹�❽�❸ ➁❶

➁❽➆❶➈➄➁❽�➆➀�❾❿��➀�➁❽➀�❻➂�➁❽➆❶❹➈❹➄❻➄��❸❷�❹➆��❹❷�➂�➂

❻➂�❹➄❽��❽���➆❷��➀❿➀�❹����❹❽�❷❽�❼➂❸❺❸➃❽❽➄➆❸➁❽❻�❺�➁❶

➀��➀➀❹❿❽❽➄❽���❺➀❿�❹➆�➈➂➁❽➈❻➁❽❻�❺�➁❽❶�❸➄�❿�❽❷����➄❹�

➀❹❿❽➅❸���❽➅➈❸➀�❽ ➆�➈➂➇❻❶�❸❽❽�➃❹❿❽➅�❽➁��❸�❽➂�❸��

�➀�➁➀❹➆�❸➂❻➀➂➃❽�❸❺❸��❷❸��➀��➀��➈�❽�❽�➆❷➀❷�❹➂➂❸

�❽����❹➀❽➆➈➂➆➄➂❽�❸➂❻➀➂➃➂❺�❸➄❽❷➂➁�❹➆�➈➂➁❽➈❻❸�➁❽➆❶➈➄

❸➈��❸❸➂❻➀➂�❷❽➅➈��❽❸➆�➈➂➁❽➈❻�❸➆❽❶➈➀��❻�❽❹����➂➀❿�

➀❿�➁❽❻�❺�❹�❽�❽➁❸❽❿➃❽❹�➂❽➀❿❸➄❽❷➂❸❽�❽❹�❽❷❽��➄�❹➄➁❶��❺❿

➁❽��❷❹❽❸��❿❹ �❹➄❽➅❻❑❹➄�❑➁❸❸❺�❹ ➁❽❽���➁❽❷➆❽❹��❽�➁❹�➂

➁➀❹➆➂

➆��➀�❹➅���➂❹➀ ➃❹❿➄❸❽❸❽�➀❹❽➈➀�❽❼➈�➂❸➀➀❿❸��❹➂�❽❽➄�

➆��➀�❹➅���❹❸➀➀❿❸➆�➈➂➁❽➈❻�❸➆❽❶➈➀��❻�❽➁��❽���❸➀❹➆➈

�❽���❸�➀➆❹�❸➂❸❹�❶➆�➈➂➁❽➈❻�❸➆❽❶➈➀➃❹❿❽➅❸➁��❽���❸➀❹➆➈

❽➅❽➅�❽❼➈�➂➀➀❿���❹❷➂❽➀➄❹❽��❹➈❹�➈�➀❻�❹��❹��❽�➅�➀❻�❹��

➃❹❿❽➅❸�➂���➆❹��➀��➈�❽����❹❿��❽➄➂��*➂➆�❹�❾➂❹�❽➄�❹

�❹�❽➈ ❻❼��❸�❹�❷�➈➂❸�❸➂ ❽➈➀❸�❹�➆❹��➀❾❽���➀� ❷�➆❽❷�

�❹➈�➀��➈�❽�❹❸�➆➂�❻�➀➁❿❻�❹❽❸➀❸❺❸❸��➂���➈�❽����❷❸

❸����❽❸❸❽➆�❸ ➁❽��❷❸➁➆➁❽❿➅➂ ❽➄� �❽�➄�❹❽❸➀ ❽���❷�➈➂➂

➁❽➆��➂�❹�➂❹�❹��➆➁❽�❹➆�❿❽❿�❹�❽�➀❸❺❸�➅➂❸���❽�➆❸➀❷❹�➂

❝�❹�❻ ➃❽❽➄➆❷❹➆❹ ❽�➂� ➃❹➅�❸❺❹➁❽�➆❼�➂➁➀❹❿ ➆�➈➂➁❽➈❻➁❽➆❶➈➄

��➁❶➃❹��❻��❽�❸➀�❽➆�➈➂➁❽➈❻�❸➆❽❶➈❸➃❺�➂��➁❽➀➀��➂�❿

❸➀❹➆➈➀���❽�➄❽❷➂❸❼�➄�➀❹➀❽➀���❽❸❷��➁❽➆❶➈➄❹❽❸�➆�➈➂➁❽➈❻❸

➁�❽❸�❸➀❽➀�❹�❻❹�❹❽➀➄❹❽��❹➈❹�➈❸�❽❽❶❹➅➀➁❽➆❶❹➄❸➀�❽❽��❷��❺❿

��❹❽��❹�❻❽�❽➀�➃❽❽➄➆✉���➆❑�❹❷❽�➂➃❷➀�❹❽➈���❿❹❸�❸➂

➀❹❿❸�❹�➂➀��❹�➅❽➄�❽❽➂❷❹�❹➂❿�➀�❑��❽➄➂��❽❿❷�➂➀��❹��❽❷❸

��❽➄➂��➁�❼❽➀❻❸➀➀❹❿❽❽➄❽��❽❽➄❸��❽��➂➁❽❷�❹➂➂➁❽➀❹❿❽➅�❹�➆➀�❽

�❹➂❽➂➆❸��❹➄��❹➂❹��❹➅��❹❸❷�❹➂➂➀❹❿❽➅���❷➀�❹➈❹➅��❽➅➂

�❻�❶❹➅➂�❹➂❽➂➆�➀��➁❽➂❹➂➆➁❽��❷❸���❹❸➁❶�❽��❸�❹❷❽�➂➃❷

❹➀❽➈� �❽�❽❼�➈�❸❼❽➀�❹➄➀�❽�➁❹�➂���❹�➅�❹❸�❽�➄�❸❹❽��❷➂

❸❼❽➀� ❹� ❹➄➀ ➃❽��➁❹�➂� ❹➀❽�❹ ❷�❹➂➂ ➀❹❿❽➅�❹�➆➀ �❹➅� �❽�➀❻

➁❽❽➄❹�❽�➁❽��➂���❷�❹➂➂➀❹❿❽➅�❹�➆➀��❹➂❸❺➆❹➄❽❽❸➀➀❿�❽�❽❼�➈�

��❹❽�

Page 77: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

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∫¯Â„È¯Ó Ô„��❷❷❹➆❽��➂�✉❸➂❽❻➀�❹❸❸➂❽❻➀➀❸➂❹❷��➂❸���❿�

∫ÔˆÈ È˘�❹➄��➈➀ ➁❽➄❹�➄ ➁❽❽➄❹�❽�❸ ➁❽��➂❸� ❸❺ ➃�❹➂� �❹➂❽➂➆ ❹❺

�❹❸❷❽➂�❸➈❽❷➆�❹❻�➈❽❿��❹��➂�➄�❾❿���❼��➂�❽❽➄��❹➂❽➂➆❸

➁➆�❹�❼�➇�❹�➂���➂❷❹❷❽➆�❹�❹❽➂❹�➀➃❽��❹➄➂���❽�❽❷❹❷❽➆�❾➂❹�

�❹��❸�➁❽➆❷❹❽ ❹➄❻➄�❽�❸ ❼❹➀❽➂❽�❽�➄➁❸➀�� ➁❽❿➅➂❽➄�❸➀�➀❿

�❹❻❸�➈❽❿��❹�❽�❽❼�➈�❸❼❽➀�➃❽��❸➀❹➆➈�➈��➂❸➄❽��❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸

➁❽➀➀❿❸���➆➂�❽➈❹➅❸❸➄�➅➂❸❸➂❽➀�❹���➀❽�❹�❽�➂➃❽❽➄➆❸➄❽�❸❺➆�

➃❽�❸➀�➁❽➀➀❿➁❽❼�➄➄➁�➁❶❹➄�➆❷➀��❽❶❷➄❑❝�❹�❿*➂➆�➁➈❹➅�

➀❿�➃❹❼➀�❸��➂❹���❽➄➂��❸�➆➂➀❑�➆➄❹➂❸❶❽�❸�❽❷�❸➀❽❷❿➁❸�

���➆➀➆�❹❻➈➀�❹➂�➀❹➄➂➂���➂�❹❸➃❿➀❹❷�❹➂➂➀❹❿❽➅❸�➆❽��❺

�➀ ➃❹❼➀�❸�➆❷❹❽�❹❸� �❽➆➂ ➀�� ❷❶➄�➂�❹❸� ❺❽�❿➂�❹❸ ➁❽➀➀❿❸

➃❿➀❹➁❽❽�❹❻➁❸➁❽❷�❹➂➂➁❽➀❹❿❽➅�➁❽�❹�➅❹➄❻➄�➀��❹�➆❷❿❸�➆❽

❶❽�➄❿❽�➄❽❻�➂❸❷➂➆❸�❽❽➄���❹❽��❹�❻❸❷❹➂➆❸��❺❸❸➄❽❻�❸➂��❹❹❷

➁❽❷�❹➂➂➁❽➀❹❿❽➅➃❽❽❷➆❸�❹➆➃❿�❸➄❽❷➂❸❹➀❽�❹❸*➂➆�❹❸❸➄❽❷➂❸

➀❹❿❽➅�➇�❹❶➃➈❹��➆��❽�➀�➆�➂➀❹����❽❼➈�➂❸�❽��❾❽�➆➂❽➄�

�❹➀�❶➂➆��❽�❹❸❸��➂➀❿��❹➅��❹❸❷�❹➂➂

�❽��➈��❽❸➁�❹ ��➆➂❸�➈❹➀❻��❸➀❽❻� ➃❹❻�➀�❽✉➇❽❷➆❸➀

�❹❸��➆➂�❻❹❼�❽➄❽�❸❺❸❽�➄�❸❷➀❹➄➃❽�➂�❽❸�➄❽❽➄➆➂❸➀��❸�❹�

❽➀��❽❹�➀❽❽❻��❹�❽➀��➈���❺❿❸�❹❻➃❽�❸➂❽❻➀❽➄❽❷��❽�❹❻❸�❹❻

➆��➀❾�❹�❸�� ❹➄❽➀➆ ❹➄➀�❽� ���❹➈➂❸�❹❻ ➃❽�❹ ➀❽�❹❸ ➇➆➈➆ ❷❽➄❸➀

❹➄❻➄��❹➄�➂�❹➄➀��❹❽➄❽❷➂❸➀➆❿❸❺❾�❹�➀➆❹➄�❸�❸❹❸➀�❶➂❿��➆➂

❽➀���➆➂❹➄❽❽❸❷��❻��❽�❽❼�➈�❸➈❹➀❻➃❽��❿����❺❿�❹➀❽➆➈➁❽�❹➆

❹➄❽�❹❻❹❿➀�➃❹❿❽➅

„ ∫¯ÊÈȯ χÈ❻❹❼��➀❤❽�➄�❸❹�❹�➁❽��❹❷❹➄❽❽❸➃➂❽��➁�❸

∫¯Â„È¯Ó Ô„❸�����❹❻❸��➁�❸❽��❽❷➄❽�❸❹❺���❷❸�❹�❽➈❸�➆➂➀

❼➀❹�❸���➃➂❽➅❸❺���❹�➆➀➀❹❿❽

∫ÔˆÈ È˘➁❽❿➅❸➀�➀�❸���❾➀➃❽� ❸❺❸➃❽❽➄➆�❽��➁❽❿➅➂❸��➁�

��➆➂➆��➂➀➁❽➀❽❽❻�❻❽➀�❺�❹❽❷➂➀��➈�❹➈➂❹➄➀�❸❼❽➀�❸➁❿���

➁❽��➁❽➀❽❽❻➃❿➅➀❸➀❹❿❽�❸➀❹➆➈�❽❸

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➇❽➆➅�❝❷�❹➂➂❸➀❹❿❽➅❸�❹�❽�❾❽➀❸�➁❽➄❼➈�➂❸�❹��❹➆➂➃❽❽➄➆�

❼❽➀��➈❷❽�➈���➂�❽� ➃➂❹❽➂ ➃❼➈�➂➇���❽❾❽➀❸��➆❽�➂��❽➄➂��

❹❺❽❽➄❽➆�➃❼➈�➂➇��➀❸�❽�❷➃❽���❻��❽➀❸➄➂❸❼➀❻❸➁❹��➃❼�❸

❸�❽�➅�➀❸�❽�❷

∫·Â˘¯ËÒ ÔÂÓ‡❽❼➈�➂�❹�❽��➁❽�❽❽❻�❹�❽❶➀❿❹�❽��➅❽�❸➀❿����

❤��❺❿❸➀❹➆➈➀➆❽❼➈�➂�❹�❽��❹�❷➀�➀���➈�❾❽�

∫ÔˆÈ È˘❹➄➀❹❿�❽➀❸➂❷➄�❽�❹❻❸�❽�❷❿❑�❽❽❻❑�❹�❽➈❸➂❸➀��❸�➀��➄

�❽❼➈�➂❸�❹❻➃❽��➁❽➂❽❿➅➂

∫·Â˘¯ËÒ ÔÂÓ‡➉❑❶�❸➁❽➄❼➈�➂❸➁➆➉➆❽❽�❸➀❽➀��❹�❽❶➆���❽➁�

�❹❷❿❸��❾❽➀��❽❺❻❽

∫ÔˆÈ È˘➀❿��❽➆➂�➂❷❻�❷➂❹➆❸➀❹➆➈❸❷�➆❽❷�➁�❾�➆❷❿❽�➆❷➃❽�

❸❽➀➆❸�❹��❸��➄❽❽➄➆➂❸➀��➃❼➈�➂��➆➀�❽�❹❻❸�❹❻➃❽�➁❽➀➀❿❸

�❹��❹➆➂❸➂❿❷➆�❹���➀➃❼➈�➂➇���❽��❹❼➁��❽❸❸❼❹�➈❸➄❽�

�� ��❷ ➀� ❹➈❹➅� �❿➈❹❸ ❸➆❹�� �❽❼➈�➂ �❹➈���❸ ❽❿ �❹❺➆� ��❺❿

➁❽❹➅➂❸❹❽➈❹��➁❶➃�❹➂❿❽❹➀�❸❺❸❼❽➀❻➂❸�❿�➆➂❸➂�➀❻➀➃❼➈�➂❸

❸➂❶❹❷�❹❸�➄❺❽❽�➀�❽➄❷➉➂❹���❷➄��❺❿�❹��❹➆➂➀➁❽❹➅➂❸➃❼➈�➂❸➀�

➁❽➄❹➆❽❼❹�❽�❸�➁❽�❽❿�➁❽➄❽��❷❶➄��❽❽�❸➀➉➂❹�❸❹➀❸❽❸�❹❸�❽➂➀

�❹�❽➆ ❾❿➀ ➀❶❹➅➂ ❷❻� ➀❿ �➀ ➀�� ➁❸➀ ��➅➀❹ ❸➄❽❷➂❸ ➃❹❻❼❽� ➁��

❼➀❻❸�❸❺➁❽➄➈➀❿➀➆��❷➁❹�➀❸�❹�➆❻�❿❸�❹➄❽�❹➂�➆➀�❿➃❼➈�➂

�➆❷❸��❹❽➀➆��➀❽�❷❿�➃❽❽➄➆

➃❽�➂ ❽➄� �❽❻�❺� �❽�➂�➆ �❽❼➈�➂ �❹��❹➆➂ ➀➆ ��❹❷➂ ➇❽➆➅�

➇��➀��➈�❼➀❻❸�❹➃❹❽➆�❸��➀➀❹�❽➄❽����➀➉❹❻➂➃❼➈�➂➀❸➄❹❹❿❸�

��❹�❽�➇❹❶❹�❽❻�❺�➃❼➈�➂❹�❽���➃❼➈�➂

„ ∫¯ÊÈȯ χÈ�❹❽❸➀➃❿❹➂➁❽❹➅➂❽�➀�➂➂❷��➂➁�❸➀��❸❸➀��➄�❽❽➄�

�➀�❸�❽❽❸�❽➆➂�➂❷❻❸❸❼➀❻❸❸���➂�❹❼➀❻❸❸�➀��❾❽➀❸�➀➇�❹�

∫ÔˆÈ È˘�❹❸ ➃❹���❸��❹➄❸��❹❹❻�➂➁❽➀➀❿❸���➆�➁❽➄❽❽➆➂���❿

❾❽➀❸�❸�❹❽➄�➂❹��❽❼➈�➂❸��❹�❽�❸�❹❸❽➄�❸��❹➄❸��➆➂❸�➈❹➀❻

❝ ➇❽➆➅ ➃❹�➀ ❹❺❹ ◗❹ ➁❽➈❽➆➅❘ �❹❽��❸ �❷❽➂ �❹❸ ❽�❽➀�❸ ��❹➄❸❹

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❸➆��❸➀���❷➄❸�❹�❷❹❹❸�➂���❹❽❸➀➁❽�❽❽❻,+➁❽❽�❷�❹➆❸➁❽��➂➂❸❑

❹➄�❹➄❽❽❸❽➀❽➀➈❸❼➈�➂❸➀��❹➀❽��❸❽➀➀❿➁❽➀❻�❸➄❹❹❿❸➁�❸❑�❽➀❽➀➈

❤➁❽❽➄❽➆❽❷❹➂�❹�❹�➂➁❽➀➅❹➈❹➄�❸➆❽➂��❹❷➆➁❽➀➅❹➈

∫¯ˆÈÓ¯˜ È΄¯Ó�����❽❸➆❹➄❿�❸�➂��❹➀❽��➀➆��❷➁❹��❹�❿�➀

➆❹➄❿�❸�➂�❹➂❿�❹❽❸➀❸❽➀➆�❹❿�➆❸➀�����➀❹➁❽❽�❷�❹➆❸➁❽��➂➂➀

�❸❹➅❸�❽�➀❹❸�➀❿➁❷�❻❹➀�➀❽❷❿❽�❷�❹➆��➂➂➆�❹��❼➈❹�➀�

∫ÔˆÈ È˘➀�➁❷�❻❹➀�➀❽❷❿��❹�➅❽➄�❽❽➀➆➁❽➀�❹�➂➁❽��❷❸❾❿➁�

�❹❽❷��❽➀❹�❹�❹➂✉❸��➈❹❽➀�❻❹➀�➀✉�❹�❷❹�➂����❷➄❼➀❻❸�

❸��➈❸�➀❼❸➁�❼➁�❻➂�❽�❽❽❸❸�❽➈➅➂❸➄❽�❽➀❹�❹❺❹➀❽➈�❸❸❹�❶

❹➄❽❽➄➆� ➃❹❽❷� ❽�➈���❸ �➀ ➁➀❹➆➂ �❽�➅ �➈➅ ❹�❹� ❹➀❽➈� ���❽❽ �➀

�❹�❷❹❹❸�➂�➁��➀��➄�❸❹❹�➂❽➄�➀��➁❽❹➅➂➁❹�➂�❸��➈�➀❼❸

�❹❹�➀ ➇��➀ ❸➆�❸❸ ➀���� ➁�� �❻➄➂ ❽➄� �❽�➅ �➈➅ ➀❿➀ ��➆➂

➃❼➈�➂❸�❷➆�❽➄➈➂➁❽❷�❹➂➂❸➁❽➀❹❿❽➅❸�❹➂❿�❻➈�➃❼➈�➂➁❽❼❽➀❻➂❸

➃�❿❸�❹➆❽➄��❸❷❹➂❽➄�❹❽➂➆➁❽❿➅➂❹➄❽��➄❺❽❽�➀�❽➄❷➃➂❺➇❹➀❻❽���❽

❸❽�➀❹�➈➅

➃➂➇��➄❸❽➀�❹❼��➃❹❿❽➅�❸➀❹➆➈❸���❹➄�❸➀�❽❑❝�❹�❿➇❽➆➅�

➃❹❿❽➅❸�❷�➀�❹➃❽❼❹➀❻➀❽❽➀➆➀�❹�➂❑�❹��❹➆➂➀❸➀❹❷❶�❹���➅❸�❷❹�❻❸

❹�❹��❽❷❶➂❽➄��❽➈❿�➂❹➀❿�❷❶❹➂❽➀�❹❼��❸✉❷❹➆�❑➀�➃❹❿❽➅���➀

❽�➄❽❻�➂�❹�❼�➀❹➆➈➆��➀❷➂❹➆�❹❸��❹���➁❷�➀�➃❹❿❽➅➁❶�➀�❑❸➆�

➁❽❽➆❹�� ➆❹�� ❾❹�� �❹�❼ �➀❹➆➈ ❻➀�➀ ❹� ➆��➀ ➃➄❿�➂ �❹❸ ➁� ➁❶

�❹�❻ ❸➀❹➆➈❸���❹�➆➀��❻�❾�❷ ➃❽�➁� ❹�❹�➀❿➅➀��❹➂ �❷❹❻

➆��➀ �❽➆��➂ �❹➄❿�❽❸ �❽ ➆❶� ➀❿� �➀� ➃❹��❻� �❽�❸➀ ❸❺❸ ���❸�

➀❹❿❽➅

➁❷❹� ❹�➂�➄�➁❽��❷❸➀➆�❹❺❻��➀❹ ❽��❽�➅❸�❺➄��➅❹➆➀➀❿

❸❺➃❽❽➄➆�

�����➂�❽❸❺❸➀�❽❑❝➇❽➆➅�❹❸➃❽❼❹➀❻➀❹❽➀➆�➀❹❻❽➄��➇❽➆➅❸

❸➄❹❹❿❸➁�❽➀�❹���➀❑�❹❽❹��❸❽❷❽➀❹➂�➆���❽❶➅❸➀❹➀��➈�➀❹❷❹�❻❸

➀❽�❹❽❸❺��❷❸��➈❹❽➀➆➀❽❼❸➀➁❽❷➂❹➆❹➄❻➄���❽❼��➄❹�❸�❸❺�❻❹➀�➀

➂❸➀❹❿❽➅➀�❹�❷❹❹�✆❽➄❹❽❶❸�➀❽➀❸��➄➇❽➆➅❸➃❿➀➆��

∫·Â˘¯ËÒ ÔÂÓ‡➀❿�➁❹�➂ ❽➄❹❽❶❸ ❽➀❸��➄�❷❽❻❽❸ ❽�➄�❸��❹❹❷❸❺

❹����❹➂❷❹❸➂❽����❹❸�➆❷❹❽➁❸➂❷❻�

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∫ÔˆÈ È˘❹❽➀➆�➂❽❹➅➂❸❼➀❻❸�➀���➂��❻�➀➁❷��❽❸❺❸➀❸➄❹❹❿❸➁�

➁❸�❹➄��❼➅➃❹➄➂��➂��❽➈❿�❻�❷�➂❾❿❶❹❸➄➀❽➄❹❽❶❸�➀��❽❸❽�➆❷

❸➄❿➅�➁❸��❹�❷❹❹�➁❽➆❷❹❽➁➀❹❿

➃�❿�❹➀➆❸➀❽➀�❹�❻�➃❹�❻�➃❽❽➄➆✉�❹❸�❸❺➆➀�❷➂➆➂�❽❹➄❽�❸

➉��➀➉❹❻�❽❸➁❹❽❸❸❺➆❽�➄❽❻�➂❷�❹➂➂❸➀❹❿❽➅❸�❽❽❶❹➅➀��❹❽�❽❼➄❹❹➀�

❹➂❿❸➀❽❶�❸➂❻➀➂➀❽❽➄❽➆�➁❸�❸➂❻➀➂❸���❿➈❹❸❹❺❸❷�❹➆❹❽�➂❶➀

❸❽�❹➅❷❶➄❸➂❻➀➂❸

∫·Â˘¯ËÒ ÔÂÓ‡❹�➂�➄�➁❽��❷❸➂�➀❻➁➆��➁❽❿➅➂❽➄�➁❽��❷❸➆�❼➂

➃❽�❸❼➈�➂�❸➄➂�➁❹�➃❽���➂❹➀❹��❽➆��❹➈❿➀❸�❹�❽➄��❽���➃�❿

�❹➄➂��❽�❹�❼❷❶➄❸➄➂�➁❹�➃❽�❹❸➂❻➀➂➆�➈❿�❹�❼❸�❽❷❶➂�❽➂❹�➀

�❹�❽❻�❸❷❶➄❸➄➂�❹➁❽❷➀❽❸➃➆➂➀❸➄➂�❹❸➂❻➀➂➀�❹➁❹➀�➀��❹��

❸➄➂�➀➃❹❹❿�➂❽➄�❑�❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸➄➂�❑❻➄❹➂��❹�❼❸❷❶➄❸➄➂�➃❽�➀��

❸❷❽➆❹❹❸�❹�❼❸�����❸➃❽�➁❽�❽❷❶➂❸��❶➅➂�❹➁❑❹��❸❽➀➆➁❽➄❷�

�❹��➆�➆�➈➀�❹�❼➃❽�➀❷�❸❸��❹�❹�❼❸���❽❷❶❸➀❸�➅❽➄�❽➂�➀➅�❸

❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂❸�➄❽❻�➂❸❽❶❹➅➀➅❻❽❽�❸➀��➈�❾❽�➀�❹�❽➄���❺

❸➄�❸�➂❹�❸➄�➁❽�❽➂❻❽➄➈➀➂�❹➄➂�➀❽❻➄�❸�❽�❷➃❽➂�❽✉❶�❸❽➀➀❿

❸�➄*❶�❹➄➂�❹�✉❸❽❸�➀➃�❹➂❸❽❸�➀❹➄➂❺�➆❹❷❽❸❽❸�➀���➂➀➆

�❽�➆❸➀ �➅❹�� �❽➆❽��❸ ❸�➄*❶ �➄➂�➀ ❜ ➇❽➆➅➀ ❸➂❹❷ ❸❺ ➀➀❿ ➁❽❽�

❹➅❽➄➁❽��➄❸❹�➆�➁❽❽��❹➄➁❽��➂�❹��➆�➁❹�➂➀➁❹�➂➂❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹�

�➀❼❹➂➃�❹❽�❹❻�➃❿�❽❽➁❽❻❼���❹❽❹➀❻➄�❸❸➀➆❸❺❸➇❽➆➅❸��➀❽❻❸➀

❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂❸➅❻❽❽�❸❸❺➀�❻❹❼��➀➀���➈➅�

�❹�➂❸❸➂❤➁❽❽�❹❻❽�➀�➁❽➂❻❹➀➁❸➆❹❷➂❤➀➀❿�➁❽➂❻❹➀➁❸➆❹❷➂

❤❸❺❸➃❽❽➄➆❸➀�❽❼➈�➂❸➅❽➅�❸❸➂❹❸➂❽❻➀❸➀�

��❹➄�❶�❹��➀❺�➄❽➂➅�❽�➈���❸➁❽❽➆❹��❽➄➈➀❤❽❽�❹➀��➀❸�❽➅❸❸➂

�➀�➃❹❼❸��➁➆➈❸❹➆��➁❽➄�❽�➂�❸�➀�❹�❼➀�❹❽➈❹�❽�❸�❹�❹❶�❸

❷➂➆➂➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼➀➁❽➄�❹➄❹➄❻➄�➆❹❷➂❹➄�❹�❹➀��➁❽❶➀�❸❹➁❽�➈��❸

❹�❹�❽➈�❸➂❻➀➂�➇���➂�➁❷��❹❸➁❻❹➀�❹➄➀❹�❽�➅❸➁❽➂❻❹➀➀�

➁❽�➄�❸��➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸��➁❽❿➈❹❸❹➄❻➄��❹➄❷❶➄❿❹➄➆❼❽�❹❽❻❷➂➆➂

➁❽➀❹❿❽➅❸ ➀➆ ❹➄�� ❹❻❿❹❹�❸ �➀ ❷➂➆➂ ❽➀➆� ➁❽➂❻❹➀➀ ❶❹�❸➀ ❾❽���

❹➄❻➄��➁❽❽�❹❻❽�➀�➁❽➂❻❹➀➀��❹❻❹➄➀�❽�➁❸➀❽���➅❸➁❽❷�❹➂➂❸

❤➁❽➂❻❹➀➁❸➁❹��➈❸➂❝❹➀��➁❸❹*❷❿❹❽➀❸➄➂��➆➂�➁�❹��❹�➆➀➁❽➀❹❿❽

❸IRA➃❹❽❷❸➁❽➆�❹➈❹❽❸➁❸➁�➆❷➀❤➁❽➂❻❹➀❹❽❸,�❽�❽�❸���❻➂❸+

➁❽➄❽❽➄➆❸➂❿❽➀��❷❷❽❻➁��

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➁❽❻�❺�❷❶➄❼❹�➄➀��➈�❽��❹➄➂❺���❿�➄❺❽❽�➀�❽➄❷�❾➂➅➂❽����

➂❹��❶➅❹➂�➂�➂�➁❽➂❻❹➀❷❶➄❼❹�➄➀��➈��➁❽❷➆�✍❶❹�❸➀��❹❽➀���

➁➆➃❽❼❹➀❻➀➁❽❿➅➂❽➄��➆➄❿�➂❸➄❽��❽❸➀��❸�❹��❹❺❸➀�❿➁❽➂❻❹➀

❼➈�➂��❽➂�➆❸❸➄❶❸❸❽➄❽❷➀➆❹�➆❷��➅➅�➂�❹❸�❾❿���❽➄➂��❽❿❷�➂

�❽➂�➆❸➄❶❸�❹➀❹➆➈�❸➄�➅➂➀❹➄➆❶❸❑❝�➂❹��❹❸��❷➀�❹➈❹➅�❹❽➀❽➀➈❸

�❹�❽�➅ �❹❽❷❽➂ ❝�❽➂�➆❸ ❸➄❶❸❸ ➀� ❸➄❽�❼�❹❷❸ ❽�➄�� �❹❷➂❹➆ ❸➀�❿

❸❽❹��❸ ❾�❷❸� ❸➀❹➆❑ ❝◗ *➂➆❘ �❻� ➁❹�➂�❹ ◗ *➂➆❘ ❑�❹❽�❷❽➂❹

❼➈�➂❸➀�❹❽➀❿�❹➆�➂��❸➄❽��❹�❼�❹➀❽➆➈�➁❽❷❹�❻❸➁➆�❹❷❷❹➂�❸➀

�➀�❾❿➂➆➂��➂❸➀❿➀➆➁❽➂❻❹➀❿➁�❽❽���❹◗❸➂❻➀➂❸❽➄❽❷❘❽�❼❽➄➂❹❸❸

➆❹➂�➀➃❽❽➄➆➂❸❽❸❹❽�➆❷➁❶❼➀❻❸�❹❺❑❽➀❽➀➈❸❼➈�➂❸❽➀❿�❹➆�➂��

➁❸➁❽➂❻❹➀➁❸➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸➁❹��➈❸➂❹➀���➁❽➈❹�❽�❸�❹�❹❶���

��❿��➁❽➆❹❶❽➈❸�❻�➀+➁❽❼❽��❸❽❷❽�❽➀❽❺��❸�❶❽�❸��❸➂❶❹❷❿❹�❽�❸

�❹➆❼❸�❽❽❸�➀❹❺�����❸❹➀❽�➀���❹➆❼❸�❽❽❸❹❺,➃❹❷➄❹➀��❽�❻�❸

��➀❹��➀❹➄❽➀➆���❹❻❽➄�➃❿➀❸�➆➂❸➂�❶��➂❸❽❸�➀�❽��❽➀❸➂❷➄

❸�❷❶❸❸➅❽➅�❸➈❽�❹➁❽➂❻❹➀➀➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸��➁❽�❽�❻➂❹➄�➆❹❷➂❹➄➂�➆

❤❸➄�➁❽�❽➂❻❽➄➈➀➂�❹➄➂��➁�❸��❺❸

❽�❹❸➂❸❽�❹�❸����➀➅➂❸➄❽�❸➀�➁❽❿❽➀❸�❼❽�➄❑❝�❹�❿*➂➆�

❽➀❼❹❼➃➈❹��➁➂�➆��➁❽❷❽➂➆➂➁➄❽��❽➂❘*➆��❽➂❻❹➀*➁➄❽��❽➂❽�❶➀

❾❽➀❸��❷➆❽❸❘❽➄❹❽❷❸❹❽�❻❿❹❸❸❽�❹�❸����➀➅➂❸➄❽�❹◗➃❹❶��❸�❹��➀

��❸�❹�❽➄❽�❸➆�➀➁❻❹➀➀➆��➁❻❹➀➃❽�❸➄❻�❸❹➄❽➄➈➀�❽➀❸��➄❑◗➃❶❹❸

�❽❸❸➄❿➅❸❹❽�❹�➃❿➅➂�❽➂�❽➂�➆❸❸➄❶❸❸❽➄❽❷❻❹❿➂❽❿➁❸❽➄❽�➀❷�❸❸

➁�❽➄❽❽➄➆➂❸❺➃❽��❹❽�❷❽➂❸❹�❹�❽�➅❸❽�➄��❸➀❹➆➈❼�❹➄❽➄�❹�❽❷❽➂

❸�➆➂❸��➆��➀❹❽�❿➆➃➄❿�➂�❹❸➁�❹�❸➄�➁❽�❽➂❻➃❹❶�����❻�❹❸

���➆➀❿ ❽➈➀ ❶❸➄➄➁� �❽➂�➆❸❸➄❶❸❸ ❽➀➀❿➀➇❹➈❿➀❹❿❸ ➁❽❽➂❹❽❷❹➆�

➆❽❶❽➀❹❿❽➅➀❷➂➆❹➂❸➁❿❹�➂❸�❽➂❻❽➈➀��❹��❽❽➄�➁❽❼�❹➈➂❸➁❽➀➀❿❸

�❽❽➄❸�❽❿❺➂�❹❻➈➀➁❽➂➆➈�❹➀�❑�����❸➀❑❾❽�➂➄❹➄❻➄�❹❸�❹❼❸�❽�➀

➆❽➈❹➂�❸➂❽➈➀➀��➁❽➄❹�➄❽➀➃❽��❹➆❼➂��❻❸��❹�❹➆❼�➀❹➅❽❻❸��

��❿➁�➈➅➂➁❹❽❸�❻❽➄➂❽➄�➁❽➀❹❿❽➅❹�➆➄��➂�❷❷➆�❽❽➄�

❽❷❽�➃❽�❾��❹❽❹➆❼❸�➈➅➂���➆❷➀�❹�❻�❹�❽��❷➆➀➆❽❶➂

❾❿➀➆➁❽➄❹�➄❸

∫¯ˆÈÓ¯˜ È΄¯Ó➁❽❽��➀�❻��❹➆❼➃❽��❹�➆➄��❹���❸➃➂❽➀➆❹❷❽❸➀❿❿

➃❽❽➄➆�❿�➆➂➀ ➃❽���❹��❹ ❞❾❿➀➆ ❽�❼❽���➆➂➀➆ ❽➀➆❹❷❽�➀➁�➁❶

�❹❽❹➆❼�➈❽�❻�

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∏∂

Èȯ ÚÓ„‰

∂∞ ø¯

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∫·Â˘¯ËÒ ÔÂÓ‡❾❿➀➅❻❽❽�➂�❽❽➄❸ ��❹❽��❹�❻❸❺❹ ➃❽❽➄➆❸��❹�❸❺

*➂➆�❹*➂➆�*➂➆�✉❑�❽➆❼❹➂❸➆❽❶➈➀��❻❸➆❼❹➂➀❹➅❽❻➀❷�❻❑

❹�➆�➂�❹❽❹➆❼�❹❻➈➁❽�❹➆❹➄❻➄�❸❺❸➃❽❽➄➆�❽�➆❽❷❽�❼❽➂➀�❹❽❹➆❼➃❽�

➁❽➈❻➁❽�➄�❶�❹❸➀➁�❽�❹❸�❸❽➀❶➄��❹��❽��❸�❹����❼➈�➂❸❽��

❽� ➁❽��❷➄❸ ➁❽❿❽➀❸❸ ➀❿ �� ➁❽➀❽➆➈➂� ❼➈�➂ ❽��� ��❹❷➂❹ ➆�➈➂

�❽❹❷❹�➂❸�❹�❻❸���❸➃❿➀➁❽➀❽�❼➅�➀❹➄❻➄��❹❽❹➆❼➆❹➄➂➀��➈�

❸❽➆�❸❹❺�➀��❹❿❺➀❹➄❽➀➆➀��❸�❹��❹�➆➀

❸❹❹➀➄❸�❺➄❸❹�❹❽�❹❻❸❝�❹❽➆�❽���❽➁❽❷�❹➂➂❸➁❽➀❹❿❽➅❸➃❽❽➄➆�

➃❽�❸❼➈�➂❸�➄❽❻�➂��➂❹➀❹�❹❺❻➀��➈��❽❷�❸➀❸��❸❹❹➀➄❸�❺➄❸��

�❽��❶❽�❸�➁➀❹➆❸��➆➄❿�➀❸��➀��❸➂❻➀➂➆�➈�➀❸❺❽➂❹�➀

➁❽➆❶❹➈❹➄�➆�➀�❹��➁❽➂➆➈❹❽➄�➁❽❷➀❽�❶❽�❸❹�➀❹❹➄➂❸❸❷�❻�➀➀❶�

➁❽➀➀❿➁❽❼�➄➄➁�➁❶❑❝�➂�➄�❽❽➄❸➇❹➅��❹��❹➂❹�❹❽�❹❻➃❸➁❽❷➀❽�

�➂❽��➀❿�❾�❹�➃❽�❾❿➁�❑�➆➄❹➂❸❶❽�❸�❽❷�❸➀❽❷❿➁❸�➃❽�❸➀�❿

❽➄❽��❹�➆❽❽�❸❸�❿�➆➂�➇�❹�➃❼➈�➂❹❸���➁❽��❷➄➃❿��❹�➀➂❸❸

�➂❶❹❷❽➄❹�❽❻❑���➂❑�➀➁❶❹❸��➂➀❿�❸❺❿➃❼➈�➂�❾�❹��❽�❻❹❼�

�❹�❻❼➀❻❸�➀��➁❽➈❹❻❷➁❽��➂�❽�❽❽➆��❹❽❸➀➀❹❿❽❸❺❸➄❽❷➂❸���➂

❸���❸❽❸���❹�❻❹�❹❶❸➄�❸➀➁❽➀➀❿�❿�➆➂➆❹��➀

∫ÔˆÈ È˘�❹❽❸➀❾➈❹❸��❹�➂➀❿�➀➀��➁❽��❹�➂❸�➂❽��➀➆��❷➂❸��

❷�❹➂➂➀❹❿❽➅

∫·Â˘¯ËÒ ÔÂÓ‡❤❷�❹➂➂➀❹❿❽➅�❹❽❸➀❾➈❹❸���❹�➂�➀➁❷��❽➀��➃❹❿➄

∫ÔˆÈ È˘➃❽��❽�❷❹

∫·Â˘¯ËÒ ÔÂÓ‡➁❸❽❽❻➀❹��❻❽�❸�❽➅❽➀�❹❷❻➈❽�➁❽�➄��❽❺��❷➅�

�➀�❹➆❼➀�❹��➈�❸ ❹��❹➆❼❸ ➃❽❽➄➆���❽➄➂��➀���❹➂❸�❷❹�➄ ➃❿➀

�❹�❹�❹❽❹�➆❽❽�❸❹❸����❹❽❸➀�❹❿❽���➁❽❿➅➂❽➄���❺➀❿�❹❽➀�❽��➄

➁❽❽�➀ ➁❽❶❸❹➄ ➀�� ❸➀❹➆➈ ➀❿ ➀➆ ➉➆❽❽�❸➀ �❽❼➈�➂ ❸�❹❻ ➃❽� ����

❶❸❹➄❸���❹➄�➀➆❽�➂ ❽➄➄❽�❹ ➁❽�❹�❽❶❹➁❽���➅❽�❸ ❽➄➈➀�❹❽❹�➆❽❽�❸

❸❺❿❽❹➄❽��❾❹➂�❽�➀➉❑❶�➁❶���❹❻❽➄�❸❺❸

➅❻❽❽�❸���❽➆�❽�➆➂❸➃➈❸➀➆❹❽�➅❹➂❸❽❿�➆❸➃➈❸➀➆�❹�➆❸❸➂❿❹

���➆❷❹❽❽➄��❽➂�❸➆❽❶➈➁➆❸❽➆�➁❹�❽➀➃❽��❹❷❽�➂➃❷❸➀➆❸�➁❽��❷➀

❽�❹�❶❹�❸➀✉�❷❹❻❷❹➆�❹�➆❹��❷❹➆�✉➁❽�❹❷�➁❽➄❹�➄❽➀�❽�❽�➄��

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�❹➄❶❸❸➃❽❽➄➆�➃❹➅➄❽�❹�❼❼❹�➂�❽❽➄�❏❹❶�❸➀➁❿�❸❾❶�❸➀➁�❸❾❿➀➆

�❹❽❷❽➂❸➃❽❽➄➆��❹➄❽❽➄➆➂�❹�➂❶❹❷❽���❽�➂➃❹➅➄❽�❹�❽➀❽➀➈❸❼➈�➂�

➇❹❻❸➂ ❸❶➀➈❸ ❽➂❽ ❽➄� ❸�❹❻�� ❸❽❽➄� ➀➆ ��➈➅➂ ❸➄❹���❸ ❸➂❶❹❷❸

❸➄❽➈➅❸��➅➂➃❼➈�❸❾��❹❺❻➀❸�❹��❹❹�❸➁❽➂❸❽➀��❹❷❻➀➁❽➀❽❻�➂❹

➁❸➃❿➀➁❽�➀�❹❽❸❽➁❸❺�➀��➁❽➂❽❸�❽➂❻❷❹➆��➀�❷❽➂➆�❼��➀

➁❷�➀➆��➈➅➂❸❽❽➄�❸❸➂❶❹❷❸�❷�❹➂❸❺❹➇❹❻➀�❹❺❻➀❹❷❹�➂➀➁❽❼❽➀❻➂

➃➈❹��❹�➆❹❶➈➀��❹➂❹➁❽➂❽➆❹���❹�➆❿➆���❽�➆❹❶❽➈➀➉➈➄�➂❹❻➃❽❿➂�

➆❹��➃❽�➂❸➀�➀❹❽❷❽➂

➁❽��➂❸�❹��❹�❽❹❷➂❹➃❹❿➄�❹❽❸➀❾❽��❽➄❽➆❽❷❹➂❸➆❷❽➂❸��➈➅➃❽�

�➂➀➃�➄�➁❷�❸➁➆�❽�➅❹➂❹��❽❼➈�➂❸❽➆�❽➀➃❽�❸❺❿➃❿��❹❸✍��➆�

�➂❸➁➆❹�❸��❹❸❸✍➁❸❹➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼➁❸�➁❽�➄�➃❽�➃❽❻�➂❽➄�❹➂�➆➆�

��❹❽❽�❹�❶❽�❷➂❸➂❽➂�❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹�❹➆�➈➂➁❽➈❻➃❽�➀❽�➆❹❶➈➀➁❽��

���➆➂➀❸❹➄➭❽➀�❽❹❸❽➆�❽➀❸�❽❽❸❸➂❽➂�❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹����❹❷➂�❽➄➈➂➃❿

➁❽��❸�❹➅❽�❸➁➆❸❽➆�➃❽❽❷➆

➃❹❿➄❸➅❽➅�❸❽➀�❽��➄❽➀❽➀➈❸❼➈�➂❸��❶➅➂��❽➂�➆❸❸➄❶❸❸��❶❷❸

❹➄❻➄��❽➈➀➆➇�❹➂❹�❷➆❽➀�❹���➀❽�❹❻❽�➀�➁❻❹➀➀�❸❺❸��❹➄❸

➉❑❶��➃❹➆❽❼❸❸❽❸➁❶❸❺❹➁❽❽�❹❻❽�➀�➁❽➂❻❹➀�❽❹➀❽�❿➁❽❶❸❹➄

❽�❻��❹➄➀❿❽➅➁❽❷�❹➂➂❸➁❽➀❹❿❽➅❸��❺➆�❽�➀➆❹�❸➃➈❸➇❹➅�➀❹

➃❿➀❹➃❹❼➀�➀❸➀➆➅�➂❻��❺➀❿�❹❽➅❽❼➄���❹➃❽➅�❽*❻❽���➅�➂❻

�❹❽�➀➆❹�❸ �➀�� �� �❹�➈➀ ➁❽❿❽��� ➁❸ ➁❽��❽❼❽➀❹➈❸� �❹�➅ ❽➄�

➁❽❷�❹➂➂❸➁❽➀❹❿❽➅��✉❼➈�➂❸❽�➄��➀❷❽�➆�❹❸❹❹❸���➆��❹❽�➀➆❹�

❸��❹➅➆➀➁❽❿❽���➁❸

∫˙„ÈÙÏ ˙¯��➂�❝➃�❽➄❽�➀❸➀���❽����❹�➆❸❸➂❿➇❽➅❹❸➀❽➄❹���

❤➁❽�❽➅➂➀����❸➂➁❽➄➄❿�➂❸��➁❽➄❿❹➅➂❸➁❽�➄��➀➀❹❿❸���

∫ÔˆÈ È˘�➀❹❽➀➀❿➃➈❹��➁❽�❽➅➂➀�➄❹❹❿�➂��➁�❸➁�❹�➁❽➀➀❹❿❹➄➄❽�

�❽➅➂❸❽❸�➀➃❽➅�❽*❻❽�❸❤➆❹❶❽➈�❹�➆➀➁❽�❻�➁❽�➄�➁❽❻➀❹��➁❽�➄�➀

❽���❷�➈➂�➀�

„ ∫¯ÊÈȯ χÈ❽�❽�➁❹❽�❷❶➅➂�❷➂❹➆��❻�*❻❽�➀❸��➄❿�➄❹❹❿�➂�❽❸

➁❽❷❹❸❽�❶❽�❸➀➆➁❽❽❼��➄❹�➁❽➄❹❽❷���❹❽❹➄❽�❾�➁❽❷❹❸❽❶�❸➀➇❽❼➂❹

❸➂❽���➆❽➈❹❽�➀❹❸❹➂❿❷❻�

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∏∏

Èȯ ÚÓ„‰

∂∞ ø¯

¯ˉ

ÌÚ

˙„

„ÂÓ

˙‰·

¯˘

Î ÏÂ

Ή Ì

‡‰

∫˙„ÈÙÏ ̇ ¯����➂❽➄�❹❸�➄*❶�❸�❹��❸➀�❾➂➅➂❸��➁��❿❺❸�❽➄�

➃❽�❼➈�➂➀➁❽❻➂❹➂❽❷❽��➀�➁❽➀���❽❽❷❽���❿➄�➀❾➂➅➂❸�➃❽❽�➀

➇�❹�❸❽❸�❷❽❻❽❸❽➀���❽❸◗*❹❿❹➁❹❷�❸�➀�❸➂➁❽❻➂❹➂❘❽�❼❽➄➂❹❸❽➂❹�➀

➃❹❽❷❹❽➀➆➁❽❽�➀❽�❷❿❷❹�➂�❹�❻❸❺❸❾➂➅➂❸�➂*���❷❹❷❸❽❸❸�❽�❿➀

➀� �❽➀➀❿❸ ❸❽❶❹➅❸ ➃➂ �➀❻ �❽❸ ❷�❹➂➂❸ ➀❹❿❽➅❸ �❽❽➆� ➇❹➅�➀❹

�❽➂❹�❼�❽➂�➆❸➄❶❸���❹➂➁❸��➁❽�➄�❸

�❽��❹�❻➃❽❽➄➆❹�➂�➄��❿�❽➆❸➀❽�➆❷�❸❽❸➃�❹���❹�➆❸❸���

❸➄❿➅�➈��➄�➁❽��➂���➁❽❷�❹➂➂➁❽➀❹❿❽➅➆��➀❽�➆❷➀��❹➂❝�❽❶❷❸➀

�➄❹➆❿❷�❹➂➂➀❹❿❽➅➆��➀➃❽�❹�➆➄��❿�➁❽�➆➂➀➆�➄❹➆❿�➀❹�❽❷❽➂

❘�❽➂�➆❸➄❶❸➀���➀�anticipatory self defense◗

∫¯ˆÈÓ¯˜ È΄¯Ó➁❽��❷ ❹�➂�➄ ❷❹�➂ ❽�➂❿❻❸ ➁❽➈���➂❸➀❿➀❸❷❹�

➀➆�❷➂➀➂❸➄❽��❹➅❻❽❽�❸❸❽�➁➀❹❿➀➅❻❽❽���➀➁�➀�➄�➂❽➄�❹➁❽��

❻❹�❽➄❸�❹��❹�➀ ❽❼➄❹❹➀� ❽➀❸��➄�❸➂➀��➅❻❽❽�� ➁❽��❷➀❸➂❿➅❸

��❹❽❼�❹➈➂➃❹❽❷➀➁❹�➂❸❽❸�❸�➆❸❸❽❽➀➆�➀�❹�➂��❺➁➆ ❽❼➈�➂❸

❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❹➄➄❽���❹➂❽➆�❹�❽➂❹�➀➃❽��❹➂❽➆���❹❷➂➁�❸➀���

❸❶❽�❸❸❸❷➂➆❸�❽❽➄�➁❽❼�❹➈➂❸➁❽➂❽❹➅➂➁❽��➂��❾❿�❻�➈�➃❿�❹

��❿❹�➉➈➄�➂❹❻��❹❶❻�❷❽❽❼�➂❹❸�❽➂��➆�➀�➂➀���❹➂�➆➄❹➂❸

❾�❷➀��❹❽✉��➀❿➅➀��➈�❸❽❸❽�➀�➅➅❹�➂��❻�❽❸❺❸�➀��➁�

�➀�� ❹�❹� ❶❹�❸➀❹❸❺❸➁❷��➆❹❶➈➀ ��❹➂ ❺� ❽❿ ��❹❽ �❻❹�➂➆❹❶❽➈❸

➆�❽➀❸➂❷➄❸❺❸➁❷�❹➂❸✏➁➆��❹❽❹��❹❻➈❷❻�❸➄��❸➀❹➆❹❺❽�❷➂

❸❽➀�❸➅❻❽❽�❸�❹❷❽➈➀�❹��❸➂❽❷�➂❸❹��➂❷�❹➂❸�❽➂�➆❸❸➄❶❸❸➃❹❽➆�

➁❸��➆�❸➂❽❻➀��❽�❽➃➈❹��➁❽➈���➂�➁❽❻�❺�❶❹�❸➀��❹➂��❹��

❶❹�❸➀�❹➅�❽�➆❷➀❸❺➀��➆➂❸�➁❽➈���➂

➀❿��❶�❹❻❸➀���❽�➄❽❷➂➀�❷❻❹❽➂❸❸��➂��➃❽�➂❽➄���❺➁➆

➁❽�➄�➁❽❶�❹❸❽�➄�❸�❼❽➂➀❽�❼❼�➅�➁❹❻�❸➂�➆➄❹➂❸❸❶❽�❸➀➆❶❹➄❸

❽❽❻➀➆➃❶❸➀❸�❹❻➁❽�❽❶�➂❽���❸❶�❷❸❹❽➄❽❷➂❸❶�❷❸➃❸���❹�❽➅➄�➁❶

❹�➀➂❽�➀➁❸❼�➄❽❽�➀❸❺❸❽➄❹�❽�❸❽➆�➂�❸➁����❻❸➀��➁❽❻�❺�❸

❹➂❿❽➂❹�➀➃❽��❼�➂�❷➆❽❸��❾❿�❸❷➂➆❸�❽❽➄��❽�➂❽❽➅➁��❹❻��

❸➄❽❷➂➁➆➃❹��❻�❹�➀❸���❹�❼��❹❷❷❹➂�❸❸�➄❽❻�➂�❹❽❸➀❾❽��❸❽❸�

➀➆❸➄❶❸➁�➀��❹➂❸➃➂➁❽❶�❹❻➁❸���❿➁❶❸➂��➁❽➀➆❹➈�❸➀�➁➆❹

�❽❸❹❽➀�❸❷➂➆❸�❽�➂�❹❺�❹�❼�❹➈��❸❽➄➈➂❸❽��❹�❹❸➄❽❷➂❸❽❻�❺�

�➄➂➀➆❽➀�❾➂➅➂��➂��❸➀��➈�❸❽❸❽�➀�❽❷❿➃❹❹❿➂��❽❽➄�❸�❹�❿

➁❽�❽❿�❸➁❽❶�❷➀➅❻❽❽➀✉➁❽❽���❸❹➁❽❽➄❽❷➂❸✉❸➂❻➀➂❽➆�➈

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∏π

��❿�➂�❷➂❹➀➂❾➂➅➂❹➄��❿�➀➆❹❷➂➀����➄❺❽❽�➀�❽➄❷➀❸�❹���

❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂❸❽❷➂❹➀➂➁➆✉➁❽��❷❸��➆�➃❹���❸❝❾❿➀➁❽➂➆❼❽➄�

➃❽�❸❼➈�➂❸�➆➄❿❹�➂❽➄➄❽�❽➄�❸❞❹➀➀❸➁❽➂❹➅�➈❸�❹�❹��➁�❼❹��❿➄

❸�❽�❽�❹➈���❸❸➄❽❽➄➆�❸❽❶❹➅➀��➆➂➃❹��➈➀�❸�❹➂➃➈❹��➀❽�❹➂❽➂❹�➀

➃❽� ❽➈❹�➀➆�❹➄❽�� �❹➂❽➆❸➃�❿�❿❺❹❸�➁❹�➂ ❸➂❽❻➀�➁❽❻�❺�➀�

➀�❾❹➅❿➅❿❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❹➄➄❽���❹➂❽➆❸��❷❶❸���❽❿❺❸➀❸�❹�❽➄�❽➂❹�➀

�❹�❹➂❻�❹�❹��❹�➁❽�❹➂❻➁❽❷❶➄�➂�❹❻❹❿➀➁❽�❹➂❻�❹❻❹❿➃❽�❑❸➄❽❷➂

❘❑�❹�❻��❹➄❶�❹�➂“Between armed forces and dissident armed forces

or other organized armed groups”❾❹➅❿➅❸�❹�❽�➀�❽❹➂❽❷❸�➂❹➀❿◗

➃❿➀❹ ❸➄❽❷➂➀�❸❽�❹❼❽�❼➂�➀❻➀➆❹❼➀��❸�➁❽�❹➂❻�❹❻❹❿➀��❹❸

�❽ ❝�➂➂ ❸➂❻➀➂ ➀� ��➂➀ ❷❹�➂ �❹�� ❸❺❿ ❸��➂� ��➂❸ ➆❹❷➂ �❹��

➃❿➀❹➁❽➀❽❽❻❹➂❿❸❽❹➀❶❹�➄❶�❹�➂❸�❹��➁❽➀➆❹➈�➁❽�❹➂❻➁❽�➄�❻❼��

➀❽❸�➂➃❹❽➆�❹➄❽��➆➀❿�➁�❹�❶❹�❸➀��❹➂�➃❹❽➆�❸

�❹❸❹��➁❽❷❷❹➂�➂❹➄❻➄���❹�❼❸❶❹➅➀➆❸❺❸➃❹❽➆�❸➁❹�❽❽❽�➆❷➀

�➂❻➀➂❑➀�❿❸❺❿���➂➀➅❻❽❽�➂�➄❺❽❽�➀�❽➄❷��❽➀➈➂�➀➁❽��❷❸�❹❹❽➆

❑➁❽❻�❺�✉❽➄❹❶��❹➄❷❶➄➁❽➀❸➄➂����➂➀➃❽❼❹➀❻➀➁❽��➂❹➄➄❽��❽❹❼❽�

�❹➂❽➆❸��➁❽���➂���❿➁❶�❾❿➀�➆❽➄���❺➁➆➁❽❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸�❹�❼❸

❽➂❹�➀➃❽��❹➂❽➆❿❹➄➀�❽❼➄❶➀�➃❹��➈➃�❿➃❽�➃❿➀❹➁❽❽��➁❽��❹➆�➂

❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂❸➀�➁❽➄❽❷❸�➄❽❻�➂�❹❸❼❹

❽❼➄❹❹➀�❸ ❽➀❸��➄�❸➂�� ❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂❸ ➃➂�❽➈❸➀ ❽�❽➅❽➄

➁❽❽❼➈�➂❸➁❽➀➀❿❸�➂�➀➆➂�❽❸�❸➂��➁❽��❷�➃❹❷➀❽�❽➅❽➄❹��❹❽�

���❿��❽❸❽➀�❸❻➄❸❸❽➄�➀➆❹�❸❻❹�❽➄❸❹❽�➅❹➂❸❻❹�❽➄❸�➂��❽��

❸➆➈�❸ ❽➄�➀➆❹�❸❹ ❽�➅❹➂❸ ➃❹❽❷➀ �➀❻❹ ❷❻ ❹➄➄❽� ❽❼➈�➂❸ ➃❹��➈❸

❷�➂ ➃�➈➅ ❽➄�� ➃❽�❸➀ ��➈� ❾➂➅➂❸ ��❽��➂ ❹�❹�❽➆ ➀➆ �❽�❹➆➂�➂

�➄❺❽❽�➀�❽➄❷➃❿�❽❽❸➀�❸�❹➀❹➆➈❸➃➂➀❹❷❶�➀❻��❽��➀➆❹�➀����

➃❿�❽❽❹❸➂❻➀➂�➁❽➀❽❽❻❶�❸➂��❹❽�❹➀❽➆❽➃❸❸➀�❸�❹➀❹➆➈❸➃➂�➀❻�

�❹❽❸➀❸❽❹�➆�❹�❼➃❹❶��❷❶➄�❹➀❹➆➈➀��❹❸❽�❹➆➂�➂❸➀❷�❸❸➀���➀�

❸�❽❺➂❸➆➈�❸✉❸❿❽➂�❸���❽�❶❸➀❹�❹�❼➀�❹➅❽❽❶�❸➉❽�➂❸➀�❹➀❹➀➆➃❸

❞❸➀❽❶�❸➂❻❹➀�❸➀❽��➂➁❸➀➃❽��❑➁❽�❽❼�➂❑���❽❽➂�➆➄❹➂❸❸❶❽�❸❸❹�

➁�❸➀❽➆❽�❹❽❸➀❸➀❹❿❽❸❶❽�❸❽�➆❷➀�❹�❼➀�❽����❽❸❸❽❶❹➀❹�❽❼�➂❹

�❹��❸ �❽❽❻➄❸�❹ ���❹❸� ➃❽❹❺➂ ���➂� ��❹❷➂ ❸❽➈➀� ❸➀�➂➂❸ �➅�❶ ❽❿ ➁�

�❹➀❹�❶❸�❹❻❹�❹❽❸❹�❹�❽❿❷❶➄���➂❿���➂❸❽➈❹�➁❶❹➈❑���❶❸➄❸❹�❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸

✉❹❺❸➅�❶➁❽�❺❻➂❹➀�➀❿

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➁❽�➄��❻❽➀�➄���➈�❸❺❿❸��➂�➃❼�➃❹❶���❽�❹➆➂�➂❶❽❸➄➂➁❽❶�❹❸

➇➀❻❹➂❹➄❶�❸�❽➂➁❽�❻�❸➁❽��➂�❸❺❸➃❹❶��❸���❽��❸➀➁❽➂❽❹➅➂

❹➄❻❿❹➄ ❸➂�➄❸�➆➂��❹��➀❹➂❶�➀�❹�❽❹❻➂❽➄�❸❷�❸➂➁❽➀��➂❹➄�❹

�❹��❸�❹�❹❶�❸❹��❹❽❹❹�➅❹➂➃❹➄�➀�❸➀➀��❺❽❻❸�❽���❹➄❶�❸�❿❾❿�

➁❶❸❽❸❾❿❹➄➂➂�❹❼❹➄➄❽��❸➀➀��➅➄��❹➂❹�➂�❹➄➀�❽�❹❸➄❽❼➄❶���

�❽❺❻❸❑❶❽❸➄➂➀�➀❹➅❽❻ ❹➀➁❷�� ❽��❺➁➆�❻���❸❻��➀�❸��➂�

➀❿❿❹�❽�❸��❹❶❽�❸❸��➁❶�❽❿❺❸➀❽❹��❹�➈❼�➂❽➀➆❹��❑�❽➂➂➆❸

➅❷➄❸➂❸❘➁❽➆❹❶❽➈❸�➈➅➂�❸❷❽�❽ ❹�❸➆❽❶�➀��❹➈❹��➁❹❽➅➀ ❸��➄❸

➃❹❽➅❽➄���➈➀➁❶➁❹�➂�❽❸❺❸➃❹�❿❽❺❸❻❹➀�◗❸➂❹❷❿❹❽➂�❿❷�❽�❸❺➆�

�➀➆❹�❽➀❹�❽��➃❽❽➄➆❸��➀�❹��❽➂➃❿➀❹❸�❽❻➂➀❹➀➆�➂��❹��➄�❸❸

➃�➈➅�❹❽❸➀�➀�➀❹❿❽❹➄❽�

❹➄❻➄�❸❷❽➂❹❺❽��❤➀➆❹➈�❹�❼❷�❽❿❝�❽➀➀❿❸❸➄❹➂�❸���❹��➀�❹�❻

➁❽➀➆❹➈➁❸�❸➄❽❷➂❸➂❶❽�❸➀➁❽�❹�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸❽�➆❷➀❤❹❽❷❽➀➁❽�❻�➂

❸❷❶➄➁❽➀➆❹➈➁❸�❸➄❽❷➂➀➁❹�❶➀�❹❸➁❸➀�➃❹❽➆�❸��❽�❹�❹❶�❸❷❶➄✉

➁❽➄❹�❸�➅❹❻��❹❻�❹❷❻➈❸❹➁➆❺❸➀➀❶�✉❽❿❤➆❹❷➂��❽��❹❶��❽❶❸➀

❽�➅❹➂❸➀❷�❸❸��❸➄❽❼�➂�❽❸❷❻�❸➁❽��❷❽➄��➀➀❹❻➂��❽❸��❹❶�

➁❸➀�❹�❻❸❺❸ ➃❽❽➄➆❸ ❹❷❶➄➁❻➀➄❼➅❽�❹�❼❸�❽➂ ➃❽�➀❼➅❽�❹�❼❸➃❽�

❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹�❸ ���� ��❽➆� ➁❸❽➈➀❿ ❸❷❸� ���❹➆➂ ��❽❸ ��❹❶� ❽➄�❸

➁❸�❸❿❽➂�❸��❸�❽�❶➂❹➁❽��➁❸❸❿❹�➂�

➁❽➀❹❿❽❹➄➄❽��❹❽➀���❽❸�❹➀❹➆➈❸➂❹➄�➈❸��➀➆❹�❸��➁❽➄❻❹����❿

❾➂➅➂❸��❽���❿�❿❽❽➄❽➆❷❶➄➀❸❽❸�➀�➃❹�➄❸➂➁➀➆�❸➀✉➅�➂❻❸

�❹�❽➅�❽��❺❸❸�❽❻�➀❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸➁➆❸➀�❸➀�➂➂❸�❹����❷❹➂➆➀�❻�➄

�❹❻�➀�❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹�❸��❽�➀❻➃➈❹��❹➄➈❻❷❹➄❻➄�➀���❹��

❸➂❶❹❷�❽❸��❷➀�❹➈❹➅�❹❸➄❹➂�❸➂�➀❻�❽❸➁❶��❺❸❸❷�❹➆❸➅�➂❻�

➁❽�❻�❹�❸➀�❿➁❽�➈➅➂➁➆❷❷❹➂�❸➀➁❹�➂�❝��❹❽��❹➄❿❹➅➂❸�❹➆➈❹�➀

�❽❼➅❽�❹�❼➀❸➂➀��❽❻�❺�❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹�❾❹➈❸➀➁❽➀❹➀➆❹➄❻➄�➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼➀�

�����❻��➂❸➄❽���❺❿�❹❻�➈�❸��❸�❹➂❸�❹���❹�❼�❿➂❹�➀❹�

❷❶➄➁❽❼�➄➄❸➁❽➆�➂�❸��❽❻���❽❸❸❽➆�❸❽�❶�❷❸❾❽➀❸���➀��❻�

❼➆➂���➁❸����❻�➂❹�❻❹❹❼❽❿❹��➁❽➀❹�❽�����❻�➂❸➄❽��❹�❼

➁❽�➄�➁❽��❹❽❹����➂���➂�➂❹❸�➂�❽��❹�➅❽➄��❽�➅❹➂❸❸➂��

➁❽❹➅➂�❽�❶❹�❸➀❾❽���➁❽❼❽➀❻➂❹➁❽❿➂➅➂�➁❽➄❽❽➆➂➁❹�➂�❹❸�❸❺❽��

❸➂❽��➂�❹➄➂❷❺❸���❹➄�❿❹✉➁❹�➂�❸➀❽➀�➃�❽�❹❸�➁❽➆❷❹❽ ❹➄❻➄�

❹�❽�➅➂➁❽❻�❺�➃❽�❹➁❽❹➅➂✉❹�❹�❶❹�❸➀➀❶❹➅➂�❽➀❿➁❽❻➀❹�❹➄❻➄�

➃❽❽➄➆➀��❷➄❽➄����❿❽➀��❽�➅❹➂❸��❹➂❸�❷❹�➄❽❽➄❽➆�❹❺❹�❹�➁❽❶�❹❸❹

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❹❺❿❸❽❽�➆➀�❽�❸�❻�❸❸❼�➈�➀➆➁❶�❹❸�➀➂➆➄➂❽❸➀��➈�❽�❸❺❸

❾❿➀➆❤�❽�➆❽�➀�➀❹�❶�➆➄❹➂❸❸❶❽�❸➀�❽❸❞➁❽��➆➄➃❿❽❸❸➀��❸➀➆❹

➁❽➀�❻➂❸��❸�❽�❹➂❸❸➅❽➈��❽❽➄❽➆�❸�❹���➆➄❹➂❸❸❶❽�❸❸�➇❽➅❹�

❑➀➅❻➀❑❿❑��❸���➀�❹���❹❸�❽❹❼❽�❽❷❽➀❸���❸➅❽➈�❘�❹❻➀➉❹❻➂➀�

❹❺❸➅❽➈�➆��➀➆���➅❹➂�➆➄❹➂❸❸❶❽�❸❸◗❹����➈�➁❽➀�❻➂❸��

➁❽➀❹❹➄➂➃❽��❹➄��❼➅➃❹➄➂�❸�➆�❸❽➂❹❼❹❿❽❷❸��➂❹➀�❹�❻❸➀�➂�❹�➁❶❹

➁❽❷❹�❻➁❸➁❽��➂❸�❹��➁❽➀❹❹➄➂❸�❽➄❼�➈❸❽➂❹❼❹❿❽❷�❽❸➆�➈➂➁❽➈❻➀

❸�❹�❿➀��➈�➆�❹❸❾❿➀��❸�❹➂❸❸➂❶❹❷❸➁❽➀❹❹➄➂➁➄❽�❾�➁❽➀❹❹➄➂❿

�➆❷➀❸�❹➂�❸�❽❽❸�❽➀���❽❸���❹➈➂❸➃❽➆❽❷❹➂❸�➀❽❸��➁❷�❸❽➂

➁��❽�❹❿❽�❸�❼➂❽❸➂❤�❹�❼❸�❹➀❹➆➈�❹�➀❻❸➂�❻�❷❻�➀❿➂��❹❽

➁❽➆❷❹❽❹➄❻➄�➁�❸��➈�➆❝❸�❹��❸❤�➄❺❽❽�➀�❽➄❷➀�❹❻❹➅❽➄��➂���

❸➀❹❷❶��❹➀❻➂�❽�➁❽➆❷❹❽❹➄❻➄�❤�❹�❼❸❽�➆➂���➈�➆➀�❹�➀❻❸❽❸❸➂

➁❽➆❷❹❽➁❸�❹➆��❽❽�❸��❽❹❸�❹��❸➀➆➃❽➆❽❷❹➂❸�➀❽❸�❾❹��❷❹�➂

➁❹�➃❽��❹�➂�❽��❽❹�❹�❼❸�❹➀❹➆➈➀�➃❹�❻�❸➀❶❸❽�❹❻�➂❷➂➆�❹❸�

❾❿➀❸❽��

∫·Â˘¯ËÒ ÔÂÓ‡��❺❷�➀➂❹❹�❹➆❶➈�➀�❸❷�❹➆➀��✉➃❽�❽�➄❽❷➂�❹❸

❸➂❽���➁❽��➂➄�➁❽�➄�➀�����❹❽❹➆❼

∫¯ˆÈÓ¯˜ È΄¯Ó➁❹�➂❤�➆❹� ❹➄❽� ❽➄�❸❷�❸➆❹❷➂ ❾❿➀➁❽❿➅➂❽➄➄❽�

�❹�➆➀➃❿❹➂�➄❺❽❽���❹❻➄❸❸➀➆➃❽❼❹➀❻➀�➀❹❻❽➄�➁❻❹➀�❹❸❹�➄❽❻�➂�

➁➆➁❽❿➅➂ ❽➄� ➁❽➆�❹➈➁�❹��❽❷❶❸➀❸�❹� ❹➄❽��❹❸�❾❿�➁❽➀�❻➂➀

❷➂➆➂�❾❹�❿�❷❹�❿❸��➁❸➀��➀�❹➆❼➁❸❽➈➀❹�❹➄��❼➅�➂��➁❽��❷❸

❑➁❽➂❻❹➀❑❸➀�❸➁❽�➄�➀�❹��➀�➆�❿➂�❹➆❼��❺❽❽➄❽➆�➁❻❹➀�❹❽❸➀�

❽❷❽➀➆➁❽❻�❺�❻��➀��❹➀❹➆➈➀�➂�➂❼�➂➁�❹➀❽➆➈➀❿�❸➀�➀❷❹❻❽❽�

��❹❽�➆❹�❶❸❶❹➅❸➂➁❽➆�❹➈❸➀�❤➁❽➂❻❹➀❸➀�❤➁❽➀❽❽❻❸➀��❹❷���❸

❷➂➆➂➁❸➀➁❽�❽➄➆➂❾❿�❶�❹➂❸�❹�❽�❹❸❽➆❼❸❹❺➁❽➂❻❹➀➁�❹��❹➄❿➀❹

➁❸❽�❸❑➁❽❽�❹❻❽�➀�❑❶��➁�❹�➁❽❶❽❽�➂❹➄❻➄�➁�❹➀❽➈��❹❽➂❽❼❽❶➀❹

❽�❹❸➂➃❹❽➂❷�❽➈➅➂�❽➁����➈➅ ❽➄�❷�➂ ❹➄➀��❹❽�❹❻�➁❽➀❺➀❺➂

➁❽➂❻❹➀❸❽❶❹➀➄�❻❹❿➂➁❸��❹��➀�➄➂➀➆➉❹❻➄➃❹❽➂❷➁❽➂❻❹➀➃❽�➀➁❸❽➄❽�

➅�➂❻❸➃❹❶�����❻➀❿❽�➆❷➀❽�➂❶➀❸➄❹�➁❸➀��❹��❸�❷❹�➄✉➁❶

��❷❸�➆�➀�❹❸➁�✉➃❿➀❹➁❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸➀❽���➁❻❹➀❿❹➂�➆��❸�❹�

❸❺���❹❻�❹❸❹�❹�❸❷❽�❼➂❸➄❽�❹�❹�❶❹�❸➀❸❽❹�➆➀���❽�❸❷�❹➆❸

❹➄➀�➁❽❻�❺�➁❽❶�❹❸➁❸�❿�❽➂�➆❸➄❶❸➁�❼❽�➀➁❽➀❽➆➈➂➁❸�❷➅�

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➁❽➀❽➆➈➁❽❶�❹❸❹➄❻➄����❿�❽➂�➆❸➄❶❸➁❽➀❽➆➈➂❹➄❻➄�➁❶�➁❽➄❽�➂➁❸❹

❽�❶�❸➁�❽➀�➁❽❶�❹➂����❷❸�❹�❽➈➃❽�➁❸➀�➁❽➄❹❶���➁❽��❻❹�

❽➀��❹➂❸❽❸ ➁❹➀❿❸�➆�➀❷❹➆� ❽❼➅❽�❹�❼ ➃❹❶�����❻�❹❸� ➁❷�

❹➄❻➄��➆❽�➂ ❽➄➄❽�❹ ➁❸➀�❸❷❽➂❸�❹➂���➀��➂ ❽➄➄❽� ❹�❹� ❶❹�❸➀

➃❽�➁❽�➆❹�➁➄❽�➃❽❽❷➆➁❸�❸❷�❹➆❸➃❿➀❹➀➀❸❸❷❽➂❸�❹➂���➉➂�➄

➁❽➂❽❸�❹➀��➁➆➈➁❽➆❹❶❽➈❸�➆�➁❷�❹➄❶�❸❽➀❹�❹➄❽➆❼�➀�❸➆➂�➂

➁❹➀❿❸�➆�➀�❹❸❺�➂❹➁❽➄��❹➀�❽➄➈➀➆❹❶❽➈❸�➆�➁❷�❹➄❶�❸❽➀❹�❹

�❹�➆��➁❽➄❽❽➄➆�➂❹➄❻➄��❻❹❼�❽➄❽�❸❺➂➉❹❻�❹�➆�➆➂�➄�➀❹➄❻➄�

➁❶�➁❽➆❷❹❽❹➄❻➄�➁❸➀��❹�➆�❸�❻���➆➂➁❽➂❽❽�➂❹➄❻➄��❹�➁❸➀�

❻❹�❽➄❸❹ ➇❹➅❽�❸� ❸❻➄❸❸ ➃❿➀ �❹❽❹➆❼ �❽ �➀➂❹ �❷❹➅➂ ❽➀❽➀➈ ❾❽➀❸�

���❽❽�➂❸➄➄❽�➁❶�❸�❽�➅�➀❸❻➄❸�❽❸�❹❽❹➆❼➂➁❽➈❻➁❽❽➄❽➆❽❷❹➂❸

�❹�❽�➂❸�➄❹➂�➃❽�➀➃❽➆❽❷❹➂❸�➄❹➂�➃❽�➅❻❽❸➀➆➁❽➆❷❹❽❹➄❻➄��❸➂➁➆

���➄❽➄�➅❽➅�❸➀➃❽�➀��❸❻❹➄❸❻➄❸�❽❸�❷➅�➀❹❿❸�❸❻➄❸❸➃❿➀

➁❽➈���➂❸➁❽�➄�➀�➁❹❻����➁❹❻�����❹➂�➆➄❹➂❸❶❽�❸�❸❷➂➆❸➁➆

❸�❻�❸❸❹❸➂❽❻➀❸����➀❸�❽�❽❸�➀�❹�➁❽➀➀❿➄❹�❽�❽➃➈❹��❸➂❽❻➀�

➁❸�➁❽�➄��❸➈➁❽�➅❹➆❹➄❻➄�❸❺❸➁❹❻�➀➉❹❻➂�❽➂�➆❸❸➄❶❸❸��❷�

❽➀� ❷�❻❷❹➅❽➀➆➁❷� ❽➄� ❶❹�❸➀��➈�� ➃❹❽➆�❸❹ ➁❽❷❹�❻➂��❹❽�➀

�❹�➅❽➄�❽❽➄❽➆�❷❹�➂❽�❽❽➆�➃❹❽➆��❹❸❷�❻❸❷❶➄➃❹➆❼➀➁❸➀��➈�➀

❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂❸➀�❽❼➄❶❹��❹➅❽�➀�❸�➈❸❹❺�✉�❶❽�❸➀➆�❹➅❽�❸

❸❺❿❸��➂�❸❶❽�❸�❽�❸➀➃➆❹❼�❽➂➁❹�➂➀❿➂❽�❹�❽��➃➈❹��➁❷�❽➄�

✉❹❷➂➆➁❽�❽�➂❸��❹�➅❽➄➄❽�❹❸❺❿��❽❸➀�❹➂❹❽�❻❽❿❹❸➀➀❼➄❸❹❽➀➆

❸�❽❺❻➂❸❸➄❽❷➂❸��❹❻�❹��❹➄❽�❽❼➈�➂❸��➂❸➁�❝❷❹➆❹��❺❸❺❸➀❼➄�

❸��➂���❹❸➃❽❷❸❹➁❽��❹�❸➀�➁➄❹❻❼❽�➀❹➁➂❹➀�➀❶❹�❷➀�❹�❿❻❼��

❸➀�❸➃❽❷❸❹❸�❹❻❸◗❻�❺�❿❸➄❶❸➀❽❹��❸❘❻�❺�➁❷���❹��➀�❽�➈➅➀�

➅�➂❻❸�➁❿�➈➄�❹❹�❝❽��➂�❹➄➂❺��➆➄❹➂❸❶❽�❸❷❶➄➇❿❸��➁❽➆❽�❿➂

❽�➈➅❹❸➇�❹➁❽➄��❹➀�❽➄➈➀❸➀�❸➁❽��❷❸��❽��➂�➁❽❻❼��❼❹➀�❽

➁❽❻❼�❸➂���➀�❷❶➄�➂��❽❷❹❸❽❸�❹��➁❹���❻❽➄➄❝�❹❸➀�➃❹❽❺❽❻❷❹➆

➁❽➆❹❶❽➈➆�����❺❸❸�❹��❸❹❹�❼❽➀���❻❼�����❽❸➀❸➀❸��❽➅�➂❻❸❹

➁❽❷�❹➂➂➁❽➀❹❿❽➅❸�❹➆❸�❽❽❸➀���❽�➀�➂➂❸❺❿❸��➂�➁�❸➀���❽❷❶➄

➀➆➀���➂❸❽❸�➀❸❺❸��❷❸��❹�❻➀❸❼❹➄❽➄�❤��❺❸❸�❹��❸❽�➄�➀

➀���❽�❽➄❽❷➂❶�❷❹�❽���❶�❷➀�❸❼➀❻❸➁❹���❹➆❸❽❸�➀❹�➆❷❸

❸❺❽�➆❷➀❤➁❽➀�❻➂➁❽��➆❽➄❹❶�����❹❷➂�❿�❻��➂❸❺➆❹❷➂❾❿➁�

➁❸❽➈➀❿➁❽�❽❶�➂❹➄➄❽�❹➄❻➄��➁❽�➄��❞➁❽��➆���❹❷➂�❸❷�❹➆��❹��

❹➄❻➄��➆❶��❸➀�❿➁❽�➄�❑➁❽➀❿➅➂❑❹➄❻➄��➆❶��➃�❹➂❿❹❸❽�➈➂�➁❹�

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❸❽�❺❽➄➂❹❸❸❷❸ ❽➄❽➆❽❷❹➂ �➂❹❻ ❾➂➅ ➀➆ ➁�➄�� ❹➀❽➈� ➁❽�➄� ➁❽❶�❹❸

❸❷➀➁❽➈❽➅❹➂❹➄❻➄�❾❿❹ ❸❺❸❸�➆➂❸❽❷❽➀➆�➂��➄➁❶❾❿➀❸�❽�➂�

➁❽❶�❹❸➁❸��❾❽➀❸�❸❹➃❹➄❶➄➂❸➁�➆❝�❽❶❷➂❽➄�❾�❷➄❸�➄�➀❹❸❽�❺❽➄➂❹❸

❸❷➀ ➁❽➂�❹❶❹ ❸❽�❺❽➄➂❹❸❸❷ ➀➆ ➁❽➅➅❹�➂ �❹❷�❻ ❾➂➅ ➀➆ ➁❷� ❽➄�

❸❽�❺❽➄➂❹❸

➀���❽➀❸�❽❽❸❷❽➂���❹❷❽�➂�➂��➁❽��❷➀��❻�➂❽➄�❹��➂❸�➂��

➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸❽➈➀��❽➄❹❻❼❽�❸➅❽➈�✉❑➁❽➀❹❹➄➂❑�❹➄��❼➅➀�❹➄❹�➀�❹�

❑➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❿➁❽❷❹�❻❸➁❽�➄�❑❽➄❹�➀�❹�✉��❹❻❽➄� �❹❹➂❽➄�➁❸

❹➀❸�❽❽❸ ❹��➁❽➀�❻➂❸�� ❶❹�❸➀❸��❹❸ ➃�➄➁❹➀�➁❸����❿�

❸➆❷❹��✉❽�➀❻➃➈❹���❹❻➈➀✉�❹❹➂❽➄�➁❸�➁❽�➄�❸➀��❸➄�❸❸

�❹❻➀➉❹❻➂➁❸�❹

�➀ ➃�❿ ➁❽��❹❽❸ ➃➂ �❽�❹ ❸➀❽❸�➂❹ ❸❷❽❻➈➂ ��❺❸ ❸�❽❶❸ ❽�➆❷➀

❷�❹➂➂❸➀❹❿❽➅❸❽�❹❻�➂❸�❾❹➂�❽✉➉❑❶��❸➆❽➈❹➂�❸➄❽❷➂❸�➂���➀

❸�❹➂❽➂❹�❹❽➄❽❷➂➀➆➁❽❼❽➀❻➂�➁❽�➄�❸�➂���➀�✉���➂➄❹❺❸❸�❽❶❸

❹�❽➀❿��❽➆�➂����❹❷➂❸❽�❹���❝❷❹➆❹��❺�❹❼➀❻❸❸�➀��➀�➆���

❸❷❽❻❽❸✉❹��❷�❸➁❶❹✉�❹❶❽�❸�❻❽➄❸➀��➈�❸�➆➂❸➁➀❹➆�❸➆❽➄➂�❽❸

❻❽❿❹❸➀�➄➂➀➆❹❸�❽➄➆➀❹➂❶❸➂�➄❽➀❹�❽�➂➁❶➀➆❹➈❸➀��❹��❹➂�❹➆➄❹➂

➀� ❸❻❹❿➄❸ �❹➀❿�➅❸➀ �❹�❼❸ ➀❹➂ ➀� ➁❽➄❹� ❽�➅❻ ❹➄� ➃❽�� �❹�❽�➀

���❿❹�➈❷➆❹➂❸➈❹➀❻❿��➆➂➀➆➁❽��❷➂���❿➇➅❹➄➃➈�❽�❹�❽�➂❸

�➀���❿��❷�❹➂➂➀❹❿❽➅❼❹�➄��❽❸�➉❑❶�➀❸�❹������❹❿❸➄❽❷➂❸

�❽➅❽➅�❸❹�❷➂➆❽❸➂❹�❹�➆➀➃�❽➄➁�❼❽➀❻❽❽➂❸➀��❸�➀��➄�❹�➆➀➃�❽➄

➁❽➀❽❽❻➀ ➃❹❿❽➅ ❹� �❹��❸➀ ��➈�� ❸��➂ ➀❿�� �➆�➀ ��➈� ❸❽❹➈�❸

�❹❸❹➀❽➈�❸❺❿➃❹❿❽➅��❽�❽❽➄➈➀➆❸❶❽�❸❸�➈❹➀❻❸❽❸��❻�❽��❸➈❹➀❻❸

➁❽➀❽❽❻➀�❽�➅➃❹❿❽➅

❷❻❷❹�➂❸�❽➄❹��➆❸➁�❷➂➆����❽❽➀❷�❽❿❸➀��❸➁❶�����➂

❸➄❽❷➂❸�❷➂➆➁➆❸➄❽❷➂❸�❷➂➆❽��➆➂➃�❽➄❽�❹�➄❺❽❽�➀�❽➄❷➀��❽➆➂�➂

❽➈➀❸�❹❿➂➅➂➆�❶�❸➄❽❷➂❸�➆❹❷➂��➆➂❸�➈❹➀❻➀�❸�❹➂❽❷�➀➅❻❽�

❾❿➀��➅❸❸❤❸➄❽❷➂❸❽��❹�➀➆➃❶❸➀❸��❹❻�➆❶➈�❹❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂❸

✺➁❶�❾❿�❽�➆❷➀➉❹➆➄☛�✎➁❽➆❽�➂➁❸�❸➂�❾❿➀➁❽➆❷❹➂❸➄❽❷➂❸❻❹❿❽

❸❺❿❹➄➄❽�❽➆➂�➂❷❻❽❼➈�➂��➂❿

�➆➄❹➂❸❸❶❽�❸��❹❽�❽❽➆�❸✉❸�➄❿➅➃�❿➂❹✉➁�❹❶❸❸��❽❹�❽➈�

❸➈❹➀❻❸❼�➄❽�➁���➆➂❸➀�❸➈❹➀❻��❹❻�➀➁�❹➂�➆��➀�❹�❼❽➀❻➂❸

❸��❸➂❽�➂❹❺❹❽➀❽➀➈❼➈�➂�❸➂���❹�➆❸❷❶➄❻❽❿❹❸➀❾�❹�❸❽❸❽��❺❸

❽�➀� ➁❽➂➆➈➀ ➁❽❽➄❽➆❽❷❹➂ ➁❽�➂❹❻ ➀➆ ➁❽❿➂�➅➂ ���❿ ❷❹❻❽❽� ❷❹�➂

Page 90: 0 04500001018 5004500001018 5 - idi.org.il · Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1, ICTY, App.C. (2 Oct. 1995), Para 70 ... McCann v. United Kingdom, ECHR Ser. A No. 324, 1995 ...

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❾�❹➅➂�❹❸➁❶❽➀❸➄➂��➆➂�❽��➈�✉➀�❶❹➂➁❶�❹❸❹❼➈❹�➆➄❿�➀❾❽��

❸❶❽�❸❸➀➆��❹❹❷�❽�❸��❶❹�❸➀➀���❹❽❸��❸➃➂❺❸❻❹❹❼��❽�➆➂

❽❹�❽➈❸��❹�❽�❹❻❹�❽➈➁❹�➃❽���❹❽�❽➄➆❶❹➈❸❹❽➄❹�❽�❸❽➆�➂�❸�❽❸�

❷❶➄ ❽➆�➂� ❹➄❽❷❽� �❽� ❹➄➀� �❹�❽�➀ �❹��❸➀ ❾�❹�❸❹ ➀❹❷❶ ❾❿ ➀❿ �❹❸

�❽�❸❽�➆➂➃❹��❻➀➆�❹➄��❻�❸�❽❸➂�➄❽➀❹�❽��❽❹�❺❻❾❿➀❿�❹�❼❸

❸➄➀�����❸➄❿➅❸ ❽❿ ❷➆➁❽�❺❻ ❾❿ ➀❿❸➀�❸➁❽��❷❸ ➀❿ ��➆�❸❺❸

❸➆❹��❸��❸�❽�➂��❿�➆➂➀❿�❸➀❹❷❶❾❿➀❿�❽❸�❹❽➄❽❽➄➆�➀�❹❼➀❻❸

➀➆❹➈����❹➂��❺❸❸➆❹��❸❸���❹�❽�➂❻❿❹➄➀❷❹➂➆➀❸❽❹➈�❼➆➂❹➀❽➈�

��❹❽❸��❸

�➆➄❹➂❸❶❽�❸�➀➀❹�❸❽�❷➂➆➀�����➀➁��❽���❿❸❷➂➆❸�❽❽➄�

�➄❿➅��➁�➂�❽�❾❽➀❸➁❽❽�➀❽❹��❸➃➂❽�❼❼�➅���❸➁❹❻�➀��➆➂

➁❽➅❻❽❽�➂➁➄❽�❽�➆�❸�➁❽➀➀❿❸�❹�❽��❸��❹❸�➂��❽❻➈❽❹�❹➆❼❸

➀❶➀❶�❸➀➀❻❸�❾�❷➀��❽�➆❹❶❽➈❻❿❹➄➀��❻��➂��❽➂�➆❸➄❶❸➀���➂➀

➁❹�➁❽�❹➆�➀�❽➂�➆❸➄❶❸�❸➄❿➅�❽���❿��❹��➁❽➄❹���❸❹❽�➀�➂

➀➆��❷➂❽➄�❸➄❿➅❸��➀❿➅➀❽❷❿➁❽➀➆❹➈�➀�➁❽➂❹�❹➈➁❹��➁❽➄❹❽❷

➀❹➆➈➀➁❽❼❽➀❻➂❹����➂➀➆❞❽�➂❶➀�❻���➂✉��➆�❽�➆❷➀❹➀➆➈❾❿❹

❑�❹��❹�❑�➄�➃❽➆➂�❹�➂�➆➀�❹�❼➂➀��❶�➂➁❽�❽❺❻➂➁❹❽❸➁❶❽➀❹�❹

❾❽���❿➁❸�➆❹❶➈➀��➈��

➁�❤❸❺❿��➂�❼�➄❽❸➀❾❽���❸➄�➂❸❹�➃❹➄❶➄➂❸❹�❸➆�❿❸❸❶❹➅❹❸➂

➁❽��❷�➁❺❶❹➂��❷➁❹�➃❽�❸➀�❿➁❽�➆➂➀�❹❽➂❽❼❽❶➀���➂��➀➁❽�❹�

�➅➅❹�➂ �❽❹�❸ ❹❸❽➂ �❽❷❶❸➀ ❸➆❽��➀ �➄❺❽❽� ➀� �❹❷❶➄�❸❸ ❽���❿�

��❹❹❽❸➀➀❹❿❽❹❺❿❸�❷❶❸➂➁❽➆➄➂➄➁��❽�❽❼�❼➅❽➄❽➂❷��❹❻❹➄➀➆❽�❿�➆❸➀

❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹�❸➀�➇�❽➀❹�❹�❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸�❹��❸❽�❼❹�➀�➁➂❷��❹➂�➁�❹�

❽�❽❺➄ ❽❹�❽➈ �❹❻� ➁❽➆➄❹➂ ���❿ �❺❻�➂❸ ➁�❹�❘ ❸➀➀❿� �❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸

➁❽➄❽❼➅➀➈➁❽��❹�➁�❹❽❸➀����➃❹❻❼❽�❸�❹❻❹❿❽❷❽➀➆❹➆❶➈➄�➁❽➄❽❼➅➀➈➂

�❹❸❹�❹�➁❽❶�❹❸�➁❷❹�➁❷�➀➆❽❶➂�❼➆➂❸��❹�➅❽➄�◗�❺❻❹➂❻❼��

❸❻➄❸� ❝➀��❽❹➁❽��➂➁❹�❹➈ ❽➄➈�❑➃❼�❸❼❽➀��➈❑���❻�❽ ❹❸�❽➂�

➁����➂❹❻❸��❹��❸➀ ❽❷❿�➂❹� ❽�❽❽❸❸➂ ❸❺❸�❽�❸➀➆ ➃❶➂ ❽➄��

�❹❿❺❸❹➃❶❹❸❾❽➀❸➀�❹❿❺❸➀➆➁❽��❹❻➁�❸��❸�➀❸❺❤➆➄❿�➂❹➄❽�➁❽��➂

❾❹➅❿➅���❹❷➂�❿➁❶❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂❸�❹❽❹❿❺➂�➀❻❿�➂❽❽�➃❶❹❸❾❽➀❸➀

�❻�➁❷�➁��❹❽❸➀❾❽��❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❾❹➅❿➅❹➄❽��✉➃❼�❸❼❽➀��➈�➀

✉❽❽➄❽➆��➂❺❶❹➂❸➄❽���❺❸❸�❽�❷❸�❽❼➈�➂�➆❷�❹❹❻��➀❹❷❽�➈��

➁❹�➂�❿�➆➂➀➉❹❻➂➁❷�❸❽❸❽❸❺❸�❻�❸➁❷�❸�����➂❹❷❹�➂❽❹��

❾❿➀➁❹�❶��❿�➆➂❸�❿�➆➂❸❾❹���❹❸➁��✉➁❽➄❹�➁❽❿❽➀❸��❹➆�➂��

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✉❸���➀❸�❽�❷❸❽��❶�➃➈❹���❹�❽�❸��❸➀➃�❽❽�➁❷�❸❽❸❽�❹❸�

➃❽❽➄➆➀➁➄❽�❸❷➂➆❸�❽❽➄�❽�❼�❽➈�➁❽➀➀❿❸�❽➀➂❽➄❽➂❹�❽➅❽➅�❽➀�❽��➄

➆❹➄❿�❸�❷❽➂➃❽❽➄➆����➀��❹➀❽��❸➃❽❽➄➆���❷❽���❿�➀�❹❽��❸�❷❽➂

➃❹❿❽➅❸�❷❽➂➀����➃❿❹��➆�❸❺❿➁❷�➀�❹❽�➆➂➀�����❹❽❸➀❸❿❽���

❸�➃❽❻�➂❽➄��❽�❽➀➆❸�❸➆�❸��❽❽❷➀➆❽�➂❽➄�❷❽�➆�❹➄➂➂�➈��➄❸

�����❹���➅❸❸�➂�➃❽�➀��➆�❸�➆➁❷��❸➂➀����➆❹➄❿�❸�➂�➃❽�

➁❽�❽�➅➁❽��❷➁❸❽�➆❷➀➁❽➆�❹➂❸➁❽��❷❸❷❽�➆��❹�➆➀➀❹➀➆�❹❸�❸➂➀

➁❽�➄�➀�❽�❹�❽��❶�❸➀➆�❹➅❽�➀�❹➄❽���➁❽➅❻❽❽�➂➁�➁❽➂❺❶❹➂�➀❹

��❽�➆➂❾�➆❾❿➀➃❽��❽➈➀➆➇� ❸➀�❸➁❽�➄�➀��➈�➀❾❽��❽�➆❷➀

❸�➆➂���❹❷➂��❷➀�❹➈❹➅�➁�❶❽�❸��➆❹➄➂➀❽❷❿➁➂�➆���❽❶➅❸➀

❸�❺❻❹➄➂➂➃❽��

∫·Â˘¯ËÒ ÔÂÓ‡❤➁➂�➆���❽❶➅❸➀➁❽➀❹❿❽➁❸�➁❽➆❷❹❽➁➄❽�➁❸➁�❸

❤➃➂❺❸➀❿➁❽��❻�➂➁➄❽�➁❸➁�❸❤➁❽��❹�➂➁❸�➁❽➆❷❹❽➁➄❽�➁❸➁�❸

➁❽➄�❽�➃❹❽�❽❷❽➅❻➀�❿➁❸❽➀�➅❻❽❽�➂❸���❼➀❻❹➂�❹➂➂�❽❸➁❸❾❽��❷

➁❸❽❷➀❽��➀❽❿�❸➀❹�❸❷❹�➆➀��❹��➁❽❿➀❹❸➁❸�❽➄➈➀❸➂❽➂�❸➄❽�

➁❽�❹�❹➄❻➄�➀���❽�❸➈��❽��❸��➈❹❺❽�➁❽�➀➃❽➈❹➀❻➀❹�➁❽➄❼�❸

�❽�❹��❹➆❼❸�❽❽❶❹➅��➆❷❽➂❹➄➀�❽❹ ➁❸➀�❸❺❸❸�➆➂❸��➆❹➄➂➀

�❹➈�❹��❹❽❹➆❼❸� ❹��❹❽❹➆❼ ➃❽���❽➆➂�➂❷❻ ➃�❿�➂�➄ ❽❿ ➃❹❽❷❸➂

➅➈�➀

∫¯ˆÈÓ¯˜ È΄¯Ó❸➂❾➂➅➀➆➆❷❹❽❽➄➄❽��❹❽❹➆❼➃❽��➀��➀❾➀❻❹➄❾❿➀❿

➃❿�➅❸➀❽➀�❹➂�➆���❽❶➅❸➀➀❹❿❽�❹❹➂➃�❿❹➄➀���❷❶❹❸�❽➂�❻❽➄➂❸��

➀� �❹��❸ �❹❽➆�❸ �❻� �� ❸❻❽❿❹➂ ❾➀� ❸❷➂➆❸ ❹�❹� ❹❶�❸❽� ❾❿�

��❹❼➀➅❽❽❶�❸➀�❽❸❹➄➀��❽➆�❼❸❸❽❽❼➄❸❝�❹�❼➁➆❸❽❼��❹➂❷❸�❹❷❷❹➂�❸

➁➀❹➆��❽�➁❽❽��➈�❸➁❽�❹❷❽�❸➀❿��❹➀�❹�➂➀�❼�❹➄❸➄❽❷➂❸�❷➆�

❷➆�❸��❷�❸❾�❹�➀�❹❻❹➄❸�❹❽�❷�❹➆❸�❹❻➄❸❸��❻❽➄❸➀❹

∫·Â˘¯ËÒ ÔÂÓ‡❸➀➆❸�➀�❽��❹❽❹➆❼�❹�➆➄�❹➄❷❶➄➃➆❹❼❹➄❽�❽➄�❸❷�❸

❾➀�❸❷➂➆❸�❽❽➄�➂➉❹❻��❺❸❸➄➆❼❸��❽�➆➂��➀��❺❸❸➄➆❼❸��

❸��❹❸➀➆➃➂❺❸➀❿➁���❷➂❸���❹❸➂➀����➁❶�❹❽❹➆❼➀➆���❿❹��

❸❷➂➆❸❽❿❻❹❿❽❹❹❸❾�❹�➀➁❶❾��❻❿❹❹�➂❽➄�➁➂❹�➂���❸❺❹❶�❹❸➀

➀���➂�➀❸❺❞❸➂❻➀➂❸➄❽�❹❺�❹➄➂�❸➀➆❽�➀��➃❿➀�➂➂❹�➂❾➀�

�❽❽❶❹➅➀���➁❹��➀➀➁❽❷➀❽❹➁❽�➄❶❹�❸➀➁❽���➁❽�➄�❸➀�➁❽❹❹��❹❻❹❿

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❸➄❻�❸➁❸❽➄❽�➃❽❻�➂❽➄�➁❽➄❿➅➂❸➁❽��➆❸�❹❽❹❿❺➀❹�❽➄❽❼➅➀➈❸➁➆❸

➃❶�❾❹��❹❽❿����❸�❹➆❽➀���❽➀❽❽❻❹��❸��➂❸➁➂❹�➂❽�❹�❸�❹��

➁❽❷�❹➂➂❸➁❽➀❹❿❽➅❸❽�❹�➁❽➂➂❹�➂�➂��❹❽❽➄❽❼➅➀➈➀�❹�❽�❶❶➀➆➁❽➂❸

❸❽❽➅❹➀❿❹�❷❶➄❸➀❹➆➈❹❺❽���➃❽❷�❽�➀➁�❹�❹➄��❸❹❸➀�❿➁❽��➂❹➄➀❹❽❸

��❹❽�❸�❹➂❻�❽❸❽❽➄❽➆�❹❸➂❽➂�

➆�➈➂➁❽➈❻➁❽❻�❺�❹➁❽��❹�➀➆❸➄❶❸➃❽�❸�❹��❸➄❻�❸�❹�➆➀�❽

➁❽❽�❹❻❸ ➁❽➆�➂�❸ ➀❿� ➁❽➀�❻➂� �❹�❶� ��➅❻ ❸➂�❻ �➂❻➀➂ ➃❽�➀

❹➄�❹����➁❽❽➂❽❼❽❶➀❸❹

∫¯ˆÈÓ¯˜ È΄¯Ó❸�❷❶❸❸�� ➃❽➆❽❷❹➂❸�❽❽➀❽❸�➂ ❑�❹➄�➀❑ ➃❿❹➂❸��

�❽❹❹� �� ❹➀ ➁❽�❽�❷➂ ➁❸� ❽➂� ➃❹❻❼❽� ��❹❻� ❾❹�➂ ➀❹❹➄➂➀ ➁❸➀�

❑❸➄❹�❑�➀❽➄�❹❾➂➂➃❷�❻❽➄�❾➂➂➃�➈➅❽➄�➀❹❹➄➂➃❿��❹❸❑➀❹❹➄➂❑❸

➁�➀❹❹➄➂➃❿��❹❸➀❹❹➄➂❹�❹�❸�❽❷❶➂❹➄➀�➃❽➆❽❷❹➂❸�❽❽➀❽❸��❽➂➀❿�

�❹�❻➀❾❽��❸❽❸➃❽➆❽❷❹➂❸�➀❽❸�➀➆��❺❿�❹❿➂�➅❸➀➁❹�➂❸❽❸�➂��

❾❽➀❸❸❑ ➃➂�❹❻➄�❹❸❾�➅❽➈�❽➈➀� ❹➄➀�❽➀❽➀➈❸❾❽➀❸❸➀❿➀➆�❷❻➂

➀❹❿❽❹➄❽�➁❽➀❽➂�❻�➂➁❹���➂❹➀�❹�❻�❽❼➈�➂❸➄❽❻�➂❑❽➄❽➆❽❷❹➂❸

�❽�❽➃➈❹��➁❽➈���➂➀��➆➂➁❶�❸➀��❹❸�❽➂➀�❸❽�❹❶❼�❸���❽❻�❸➀

❽�❸➂❽❻➀��❽�❽➃➈❹��➁❽➈���➂➁➄❽��➁❽�➄�➁❽❶�❹❸➁�❸➂❽❻➀�

➁❽�➆➂❹�❸�➆➂�❽❽�➆�➁❽❷❹�❻❸➁❽�➄�❑���➂��❻�➁�❹��❹➄❿➀��➈�

➁❽❷❹�❻➂��❹❽�➀➁❸❑❷❽�➆�➁❽➂❹❷➁❽�➆➂�❽❽�➆�❹��➆�➁❽➂❽❹➅➂

�➂��❸➀➁❽➀❹❿❽❹➄❻➄��❸❽�❹❶❼�❹❺❑➀❹❹➄➂❑➀��❽❼➈�➂❸❽�❹❶❼�➃❽�

➁❽❶�❹❸ ❽➂ �� ❽❼➈�➂ ➃➈❹�� �❽❷❶❸➀ ➁❽�❹� ➁� ➀�� ❹➄➀� ❻❽�� ❸�

➀➆ ➀���❽�➄❽❷➂� ❷❹�❻�❹❸� ❹❸�❽➂➁❽❶�❹❸ ❽❺� ��❺❸❸❽��❹❼❽➅�

❹➀��➂❷❹��❹➀❽➆➈��❷�❷�❻❷❹➅❽➀➆�❹❹��❷�❹❻❽➄❽➆❽❷❹➂➆❷❽➂❾➂➅

�❹➀❽➆➈➀����➃❸❝➀❹➈❿�❹❸➃�❿❸➀��❸➃➂❽➅❽❷❽�➆➃❹❿❽➅❿➁❶��❻➄�❹❸

�❽�❸➂��❽❷❽�➆❸❸➄❿➅➀����➃❸❷�❻�❹❸❸❽�❶➀�❽�❸➂���➆�

➀�❻➂➁➆➈❑❸❽➈➀❹��❹❽��❽�❽❽➆�❸❻➄❸�❹❸❸❽�❶➀✉❑➀�❻➂❷❽➂�

�❹❸➀���❽�➄❽❷➂❸�❹➆�❸❺❸❸�➆➂❸➁��❽❸❸➀��❸❸❺❸���❸�

➁❽➀➀❿❸➀❿��❹➂❽❽�❽➁�➁❶❸�➆➂➀➁❽❿➅��➀➆❹❷➂➀��➀��➈��❸�➆➂

❸�❽�➅❸❸�❷❶❸➀��➆➂➁❽❿➀❹❸➁�❽�➆❷➀�❻�❸❝�❹�❽➅❽��➂❤❽���❿�

➀➃❽� ❸➂❽❻➀�❸�❽�❽�❹➈���❸➀�✍❽➂❹�➀➃❽�❸❼➈�➂�❸❿❽➂�❸�➆➂

❸❺❽�❹➂❽�❽➁�➁❶❹❸�❷�❸➁❹�❹➀➃❽��❶�❸�❼❹�➈��❹❷➂❸❺❿❸��➂�

�❹➅��➁❽�➄�❶❹�❸➀❹��❼➂�➃❹➄❶➄➂❸❽❸❽➃❽❽❷➆❸❺��❹➈➂➃❹➄❶➄➂�❹❸�

❸���❸❻❹�❽➈❸❽➆�➂�➀����➃�➈➅❽➄���❽❸❸❽❽➄�❸❸�❽➅❸➁�❹�❶❹�❸➀

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�❽❸➀❽➆➀❹��❹��➁❽➀❹�❽�❸❹➁❽❿��❸❸➀�❽��❿�➆➂�❽���❿➉❹➆❽❽❸❹

❹�➆❽�➃❼�❸❽❼❽➀��➈��❸➀➁❽❻❹➄❹❽❸❽�➁❽➄❼➈�➂❸��➃❽➂❺❸➀➆❷�

❸�❹��❽❸��❹��❹�❸��➀����❽❸��❷➀�❹➈❹➅��❽➄❽���➀❸❷❹�➆

❸➀�❸➁❽➀➀❿❸��❹➂❽❽�❽➁�➁❶�❽���❻❸➀�❸➁❽➂➆❼❸❽➄�➂➀��➀

❸➂❽❻➀�❸�❽�❽�❹➈���❸➀��➆➂❸�❻�❸➀❷❹➅❽�➂�➀➁❽➀❹❿❽➁➄❽�➁❸

➃�❽➄❽�➀�❹�✉➁❽➂❽❸�❹➀�➀�❻�➆❹❶❽➈❸�❹➆�➁❷����❹❷➂�❻❽➄➄

��❻��➂��❺❸❸➀��❸�➃�❹➂❤➆❹❶❽➈➀➆❹❶❽➈➃❽�➁❽❽➂❹❽❸➀�➁➄❽❷❸➂

❹➀❽�❿➁❸❽➀➆➀❿�➅❸➀�❽❸❸❽❽❼➄❸➁❽➂❽❸�❹➀�➀➆➁❽��❷➂���❿➃❿�

❸➀��❻❽➄➄�❹�❼❽�➆➂➀��❹➀❽➆➈�❸❷➂�❸�❹�❹➈❽����➅❹➆❸❺❸�❽�❸

❸➀��❸❸❺❿➁❽➄❽❽➄➆��➂�➁❽�❷❹❻❸�❹➀�❸➀��❻❽➄➄➁❽➂❽❸�❹➀��➀

❸���❸➄❹�❻�❸�❹➀❽➆➈❸�➁❷�➀➆�➂❹➀��❹❽❸��❸��❸�❸���❽�➆➄

❸�➆�❹❸�➆❷❹❽✉❸�➆�❹❸�❷�❹❻❸�����❷➀�❹�❽➂�➀✉❸�❽❽❸

❸➂❽❻➀�➀❹➆➈��❽�❽➃➈❹��➇���➂�❹❸❹❽�❿➆➁❶�➁❽�❷❹❻❸�❹➀�❽➄➈➀

�❹➈���❸❑❽❹❼❽�❸���➆❷❸➀➆➀���➂➃➈❹����➈❽➉❑❶��❸❹❹�➂❽➄�➃❿➀

��➆➂�❽❻�➂�❹�❽➈�❹❸❸➄❽❷➂❸➀��❹�❽➈❸�❽➀❸➂❷➄❑❸➂❽❻➀�❸�❽�❽

➁❽�❹❷❸➁❽❹❹�❻�➂❽➉❑❶��❸❹❹�➂❽➄�❹❽�➆❷➀➆�❹❻➈➀➀���➂�❸➂➀

��❹❽

❽➀❽❸❹❹➂�➆❽➄➈���❹➄❸❺➁❽❽�❹❻❽�➀�❸➁❽➂❻❹➀❸�❽❽❶❹➅❸➈❸�❿❺❹❸

➃❽❽➄➆��❽➂➆➂➃❹❽❷➀➅➄❿��➀❷�➈➄❸❷➂➆�❽❽➄❹❽➀➆❸��❿➃❻➃���❽�❷❹➂

❽�➀�➁❽➂❻❹➀➀�❸❺❸❷➂➆➂➀�����❹�➈➅❽➀�❽��➂❹➀❽➀�❹�❻❾�❸❺

�❽��❸�❹�������➁❽���➂❹➀❽➆➈❸�➁❽❽❹➄❽➆➀➆➁❽��❹����❿➁❽❽�❹❻

��❺❸❸➆➈❹�❸��❻�➄➀➁❽➅➄➂❹➁❽➄❹��❹➂❹�➂�✉�➄➂❸➄❽�❽�❷❹❹�

�❻�➄��❹❽❸��❸❹❸�➂❸��❽�➀�❑➁❽�❹��❸➁❽❻❹➈�❸❑➀���➁�➀❻

❽�❼❽�❹✉➁❽➂❻❹➀❑❹➂❿➁❽❻➄❹➂��❹➂❽�➁�❹➂�➆��➀❹��➀❾❽��➁❷�➀❿

➀❽➆➈❸➀➃❽➂❺➂❸❸❺❿➃➈❹��➁❽��➈�➂�➁❽��❷❸❶❹➅➂❹➄❽�❑➁❽❽�❹❻❽�➀�

➁❽➂❻❹➀➁�❹��❽❷❶❸❹❸�❽➂�➁❽�➄�➀❽�❹➄��➀➃➈❹��➅❻❽❽�❸➀❹�➁❽❽❹➄❽➆

➁❽❽�❹❻❽�➀�

∫·Â˘¯ËÒ ÔÂÓ‡❾��➆�❸ ❽❸➂ ❹➄➀�➂��❾❽��❷➁❹❽➅ ❽➄➈➀➁�❻➂��

❤�❹➆❹��❸�❹➀�❷❹➆�➉❑❶��➃❹❽❷❸�❹��❹�➀����

∫¯ˆÈÓ¯˜ È΄¯Ó❼➈�➂❸�❽��❸❹❹�➂❽➄�❸❹❹��❽➀�❽❸�➆�❸❽➀➃❽�

❹�➃➄❿�➂�❹❸�❹�➁❽❷�❹❻�❽➂�❸❻➄❸❸��➀��➂❹➄❽���❹�❽➈➃�❽❽

�❹➈���❸➀�❸��❸➃❽➆�❶❸��❹��❻➀�➂❹�➃➄❿�➂❻�❿❸��❹❸❻➀�➂

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❹�➀➆❹➈�❸➂❽❻➀�❹❸❸➂❽❻➀�❸�❽�❽✉❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸���❸�✉❹➀❻❸�❽➂

�❻❹➀❽�❸�➀��❹��➀❽➄➀�❻➆❹❶❽➈➀❶➀❶➀✆➁�✉➁❽���➂❽❿❸❽➆�➃❽�

❹�➁❽❷➂➁❽��❹➀�➁❽�➄� ❹➂❿➁❸ ➁❸❽�➆➂ ❽➈➀➁�❹�➁❽❸❺➂❹➁�❹�

��➄➁❽��❹➄

➀❻❹➄❽�◗❸➂❽❻➀�❸�❽�❽�❹➈���❸➀�❸��❸➃❽➆�❶❸➀�❘❸❺❸�❹�❽�❸

❷❹�❻❹➁❹�➂�❹❸�❸❺❽����❹❽�❽➂➀➆�➀➇�❹❹�❽��❸➀❽➀�➃�❽�❽➂➀➆

❸❺❿❸�➆➂��❽❸❾❿➀❸�❽➅❸�❹�❼�➀❹➆➈➃❹➄❿��✉➃❹➄❿�➀�✉❽❹➀❶❹➄❽�

❸��❽��❹�❼❸�➀❹➆➈❹�❸➂❽❻➀❸�➀❹➆➈❹➂❿❹➂�➆❷➆���❷➂❹➄❽�❹➃❽➆➀

❷���➂➀�❻➂❻➀❽�❹��❹�❼�➀❹➆➈➃➄❿��❽➂➁❽➂❷�❹➂❸❸❽�➀�➃➂➀❾�❷➀

��➆➂❸➂❽❻➀��❽�❽➃➈❹��◗�❷❹❻�❹�➆❿❘❸�➆➇���➂❹➄❽��❷❹❻❽➄➈➀

��❻�❸❿❹�❿❹❺❿❸�❻�❸❑❸➂❽❻➀�❸�❽�❽�❹➈���❸❑➀�➃❹❽❶❸➀❹➃❹�➀➀

✉�➂➂➀���❻�❹❸�❾❿➀➆❷➂❹➆❽➄��✉➁❶�➁❽�➄��❸➆❽❶➈➂❹�❹➆❼➂

���❸❶❹➅➂❹➄❽�➁❸➀����❸❸➀�❻❸❽➄❹❶���❹➀❽➆➈➀➁❽�❹��➁❸➁�

➁❸➀��❹��❹➆➂❸�❷❽➂❹��❹❽�❽➅➄❼➄❽�❸�❷❽➂�❹�❹�➁❽❷�❹❻❹➄❻➄��

➁❸➀➁❽➅❻❽❽➂❹➄❻➄���❹��❹➆➂❸�❷❽➂��❹❹❷❹�➀�❽❸

❝❑❸���➀�❽➀➀❻❽❷❹❷❶❑➃❹❶��❸���❽�❹❶��➃�❹�➂❾❿➀❸➂❶❹❷�❽��

❽�➆➂➀�❸❿❹��❸�❹��➀❽➆➈❹�❽�❽➃➈❹����❹➆➂❸❽❸�❹❸�❸��➅❸➄❽❷➂❸

❷�➀��❹➀❹➆➈➆������❹➆➂❸❽❸�❹❸���❻❼➈�➂❸�❽�➀��➆❹❶❽➈✉

❸➀❹➆�❹❸�❽➈❿❽❼➈�➂�➂❹❻➃❽�➀❽➄❽➆❽❷❹➂�➂❹❻➃❽���➆➈❸➀➆❹➄❷➂➀➀

�❹�❽�❽��❹➆➂❿❶�❹❸�❑�❽➂➂➆❸�❽❺❻❸❑➀❑❿❺➂��❷➆➅❷➂❻��❽❽��➈➂➁❶

❻����❹��❹➆➂➃❽❶�❹❷❶➄�❹❽��➃❽�����❹❸�❷➆❽��❺➁➆�❻���❸❻���

�➀❽➄�❸❷���❽�❽�❹❶����❹❶�❸❹➀❽���❹���❹➄��❼➅➀�❹�❼❽�❽➈➀➆

➀➆➀❽➆➈❸➁�❼❽�❽➈➀��❽��❹❸❽�❹❶���➁❹�➂➇�➈�➂❹❸➈❸�❹➈❸❽❸

❹❽➄➈➂❸➂�➆➀➆❸➄❶❸➀���❽❹�❽➂�➆❸❸➄❶❸❸�❹❿❺��➀���❽

❹�➆➄❸�➆�❹❸�➆❹❶❽➈❸❽�➆➂�➆����❻❽➄➄❸�❸ ❽�❼❽�❽➈➀➀��

��➃�❹➄��❹❸�➀❹❸➀�❿➆❹❶❽➈❽�➆➂��➅❹➆❹➄❽��❹❸❺�➂❹❸➄�❽➄➈➀

❤❹�❹�❶❹�❸➀�❹➅�❹�❸❺❸�❽�❸��❶❹�❸➀��❹➂➁�❸➁➆��➀�❹��❹❸❸

❾➂➅➀➆��❹�❹�❶❹�❸➀��❹➂�➁❽�➂❹�❺�❽❿��❹➂�➁❽�➂❹�➁�❽�➆❷➀

�➄❽❷➂➃❽�❹❽��❹❶�❽��❽➄➆➃➈❹��➁❽➀➆❹➈❸❺❿❸��➂���➆�❹➀��❹➀❹❹➄➂❸

❾❿❶❹❸➄➀�❽����❹❻✉❸�❷�❸❸➁�➁❽➀❹❹➄➂��➁❽➆❹�❶❸❽➈➀❿�➀➁❶

❹➄➀�✉�➄➆❼➄❸❸�❷�❸❸❹❺❹✉❺�❽❿ �❽➀❹❿❽➅�❽�➆❽➄➂❸�❷�❸�❽❸

➆❷❽➂❾➂➅➀➆❸❼❽➀❻➂❸�❽❽❸➃❹❻❼❽�❸�❿�➆➂�❽❹❿❽➅❸❹�❹�❶❹�❸➀�❹➅�

❽�❻❹➂❹❽�➂➂❽❹❿❽➅❽❽➄❽➆��❹❸❹�❹�❑➀❿➅➀❑❸❺❿

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❝�❹❽➄�➈➅�❹�➆❸�❹➀��➁❽❽➅�

❽❷❽��❹➅➂➀➁❸➁❽➄❹❿➄➁�➁➂�➆��❹➀��❽➁❽❻�❺��❽❹���❽���

�❽�❸➀❸➀�➂➂➀��➈�➂❸❻❹❿ �➆➄❹➂❸❶❽�❸ ➀➆�❹�❹❸➀❻❹❿❸➀�➂➂❸

❽➀� �➆➄❹➂ ❸❶❽�❸ ➀� ➀➆❹➈➀ ❸��❹❸ ❽❷❽ ➀➆ ❸➆❽❶� ➀� ❸➈❹�� ❸➂❹❽➅➀

��❺❸�❹❿➂➅❸�➀➆➈❸➀➆�❽�➂➂❸���◗➁❽❻�❺�❸❽❷❽�❘➁❸❽❷❽�❸❽❸��

❹�❸�❹➄❹�❽��❹➄➄❽��❻❼����❹❷➂�❸❻❽➄➂�➆➄❹➂❸❸❶❽�❸❸ �❽➄�

��❸➄➂�➄➇��➂❸❺➁❽��❷��➂➁�➀❹��➀��➈�❸➄❽❷➂❸➀�❸�❼❽➀��

❸❺➆�➆❹��➀➆❶❹➄❸➀❿�➁❶�❹�❽�➂❸

❾❹➅❿➅➁❽❽��➂➁�❸➀����➂➂➀�➃❹❽❷➀���❽�➀❸➄�❸�➀�❽�❽➀�

➀➆ ���❸ ➃❽� ➅➅��❸➀❾❽��❸❺❿ ➃❹❽❷ �❹�❼❸ ❽➄❹❶�� ➃❽�➀❸➄❽� ➃❽❹❺➂

�➄�❸➀➆➁❶❾�❽➄�❸❷�❸➀��❹➂❽❻❸❹➁❷�❸❻❹❿➇�❽❸��❷�➁❽➄❹�➄

➀� �❹❽❼➈�➂❸ �❹❿➀�❸❸ ➁� ❸❺❿ ❾❹➅❿➅� ❸�❿❸❸ ➀� �❹❽❹➆➂�➂❸

�❽❸�❽➈❿�➆➄❹➂❸❶❽�❸➀��❽❸➀�❶❹➅❸➃➂➃❸➃❽❹❺➂❾❹➅❿➅�❹➂❽❽��❸

➁❽❶�❸➄➁❸��➁❽��➂➀�❹❽��❼�➂�❹�❽�❻➂➆➄➂❽❸➀��❽❸❹➀➆❹➈�❸❶❹❸➄

➁�➀❹��➀❹�❹❺❻➀ ❽❽➄❽➆�❸�❹❼❸�❽➅�❽ ❺� ❽❿ ➁❽❷➀❽�❹��➀ ➁❽❻�❺�

➃❽❹❺➂❾❹➅❿➅���❹❷➂➁➄➂�

∫¯Â„È¯Ó Ô„�❹���➀❻❼��❹❸�➂➀➆❽➀❹❿❷��❽➀��❻❼��➁❽❽❻❹➄❻➄�

❹➄❽�❾❹❹���❸➂➀❿➀��❸�❹��❸➂❻➀➂❸❸�❹���❽➂�➆❸❸➄❶❸❸❼➈�➂�

�➈�❹�➂�❻�❸�➀❹❻➃❹➂�❿�❽��➀❼�➈➃�❿➁❽➈���➂❸➀❿➀�❹��✉

➁❽➀➀❿❸��➆❹��➀❾❽���❹���➀���❿❝➃❼➈�➂❿❽�➆❷➁❽➄❼➈�➂➁➀❹❿➁❸

❷❽➆��➀➆❹�❸➀➆�➀➆❹�❸�➂❹➆➀➁❶�➅❹➂❸❹�❷�❸�❹❻❞�❷�❸�❹❻❽➈➀

❶�❸➄�❹❸❸➂➀�➆❷❹❽�❽❸�➃❿�❽❽�◗❽❷➄❶❘❽��❺➁➆�❻�➀�❹���✉❸�❹❶�❿

➁❽➄❽❽➄�❸❽�➄�❹❷❽➆❽❹❹➄❽❷❽��❹�❹���❹❻❿❹❸�➈❼➅❹➂❽➀➆❹��➀�❹➀❹➅❽❻➀

❾�➂�❾❽�➆➂❹➂�➆❿❑��❸❸�❹��❸➄❽�❽�❷❹�➀➆❹�❸❸➄❽❼➄❶���➁❽➆❹❶➈❸

�➁➆➈➁❽➄�❸➳➃❿➀❹��❹➄❹➁❹❽�❽❽➄❽➆��❹❸❽�➅❹➂❸➁❶➈❸�➀�➁➆➈❹➃❿

�➈❻➀❸➂➃❽�➁❽�❹�❿➁❽➀➀❿➃❽�❹➀❽�❿➀➆➈➄�➆❽�➂❽➄��❸❺❽❸➀❽❹��

➁❽�❽❶�➂�❸➂❽➈➀➀❹➆➈➀❾❽��❸❽➄➂�❶�❹�➉❽❽❹❹���❹�❿�❸➂�➁❽➀➀❿

➁❽➄➈�✉❸❺��❸�➆➄�➀➃❹❿➄�➀➁�❤➃❹❿➄�➀❹�❾❿➀❹➆➈➀➃❹❿➄

➃�❽➄❽�➀�➂❹➀❸�❹�❽➄�❝➆�➈➂➁❽➈❻�❸➆❽❶➈❸➃❽❽➄➆�❹✉❸➄❽�❸➀��❸

➀�❻➂❸��❶❹�❸➀❽❷❿����➂➁❽➆❷❹❽�❿➁❽�➄�❹❶�❸➄�➁❽�➆❼�➂❹➄❻➄�➁�

�➀❹�❸❺��➁❽�❹➆➁��❽❸❸➀��❸➇➅❹➄�❽��➁❶➆❶➈➄��❽�➅❽❹❿❽➅�❽

➁❽��➂➀➆❽➄❹❽➅❽➄➂❷❽➆❸➀➀❹❿❽❽➄�❸❽�❹❷➂➆��❸�➄❽�➀���❽❸❺❸➃❽❽➄➆�

➁❻➄➂➁❶�❸➀��❸➃❹❻❼❽�➀➁❽��❸�❷➆❹❹�❸➀�➂➂❸�❹�❽�❽➂�❿❹❺❽➄��

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➁❶➆❶➈�❸➀❹➆➈❸� ❽❹❿❽➅�❽➁��❽❸➁❽➀�❹� ❹❽❸ ➃�❺❸ ❶�❹�➁❶❹ ➃❽❶�

❶❹�❸➀❽❷❿�❹➆❷❽�❸��➂❸❽❸❤❸➀❹➆➈❸��➁❽�❹➆�➀❹�➃❿ ➁❽❻�❺��

❼❽➀❻❸➃❽❶�❹�����➁❶❶❹�❸➀❹�➀�❽❽❽�➂�➀❹❹➄➂❸❽❸�➁❽❹➅➂➁❷�

�❷�❸�❹❻❽➈➀➀❹➆➈➀➉❽➀➂➂❽➄��❿➃❹❹❿�➂❽➄�❾❿➀❸➀❹➆➈❸��➀❼�➀

➁❽➂❽��➂➁❸❽➀❹�❹❹❸�➀❿�➂�➂���❿❹❸�❽➂�➁❸�➀❿➁❽➀➀❿❽➈➀�➀❹

❏➀❹➆➈➀❾❽��❾❿➁❽➂❽��➂➁➄❽�❽➀❹�❹

❸➀�❸�❹➂❽��❸❝➃❽❽➄➆❷❹➆❹✉��➂➄❽➄��❸➂❽���❽�➃❹❽➆�❸❤➃❸❸➂

�❽➆��➂�❹➄➂❷❺❸➀➃❹❿➄❸➆❶�➀��➁❽❿❻➂❹❸➆❹���❽❸❹�❹❹➂➃�❽➄�❽❿❸�

���❹❷�➀ ❾❽�� ❸�❽➄➆ ❹➄❽� ❷�❹➂➂ ➀❹❿❽➅➁� ❽�❸ ➇�❹❼➂ ➃❹❽➆��❹❸

➀��❤➆❹❶❽➈�❹�➆➀➀❹❿❽➃❽❽❷➆❸❺❸➁❽❹➅➂❸�❽�❸➁�❸➁❹❽➀❿�❸➂❽��❸

➀❿�❹�➁❹❽➀❿�❸��❹❸➁❽➄�❹➄�➀➁�❸➂❽��❸��➁❹❽➀❿�➁❽�❷❹��➀

❽���❸❽���❸❼❽➀��➈❸➃�❽❽�❹�❷❻➂❸➂❽��❸���❹❷�➀➁❽➂❽❸�❹➀�

➁❽�➄��❿�❽�➂��➀➀❹❿❸�❸❻❿❹❸➃❸�❹➂❽��❸➀❿❺�❽❿��❺❿❸��❹❸

❹❽❸➁❸➁➆➈�➀❹�➁❽➄❿❹➅➂➃❽❽❷➆➁❸➁�➁❽�❷❹�➃❽�❸➂❽��➀➁❽➅➄❿➄

❷❹�➂❸❺��❸❺❽❸➀❾❽��➃❿➀❹➁�❹�➁❽❶�❹❸❺��❹➄➂❷❺❸➀➁❽❿❻➂➁❽➄❿❹➅➂

➀❹❿❽❽➄➄❽��❸�❽➅❸❹❺❸❽�❺❽➄➂❹❸❸❷➀➆��❽❷��❽➄➂��❽❿❷�➂➇❹➅�➀❹

➃�❿➀��➁❽�❻��❹➂➀❹➆➀➆❺❹➂�➀❸�❹�❽➄➄❽�❑➀❹❿❽➅❑❽❹❼❽�❸�����➀

➁❽�➄�➁❽❶�❹❸❹➄❻➄�❝��❹➈➂��➂❹➀❾❽��➁❽➀❿➅➂�➀�➁❽�➄�➁❽❶�❹❸�➀

❹❶�❸➀➁❿�❸❾❶�❸➀➁�❸➁❽�➄�❶❹�❸➀❽➂❽❼❽❶➀�➁❽��➂�❽❹✉❹➀❿➅➀�➀

❸➂❽���❽❹➄❶�❸�➀❹➀❽�❿❸❺❑➀❹❿❽➅❑�➂❹➀➀��❞❶❹�❸➄❶❹�❸➀❽➂❽❼❽❶➀�❿

➃❹❻❼❽�➀ ➁❽➂➆➈➀ ❸➂➀ ➆�➈➂ ➁❽➈❻ ❸➂❿ ❹❶�❸➄ ❺� ❸�❹� ❹➆�� ➁➆➈�

➁❽❿❽��❹❽❸❾❿➀❿�❹❼❸❽❸❽➄❽➆❽❷❹➂❸➃❹❻❼❽�❸❹➀❽�❽❿❤�❻�➃❽�❽➄❽➆❽❷❹➂❸

➃❽➆❽❷❹➂❸❽❿❤➆❷❽�➀➃❽➆❽❷❹➂❸❾❽�❸❷�❻�❽❷❽�❹❶�❸❽❽�❽��➁❶�➆❷➀

�❽❹❷➂❹➄❽�

∫˙„ÈÙÏ ̇ ¯➁❽❼➅❽�❹�❼❸�➃➆❹❼❹❸�❽➂➁�➁❿�➆❷➀➁�❸❝❸➄❹�❻�❸➀��

❤❸�❽�❽❸�❽➅�➀➀➁❶➁�❹�❶❹�❸➀��❹➂❺�❽❿➁❽➂❻❹➀➀�❷➂➆➂❽➀➆�➁❸

∫ÔˆÈ È˘❽�❹❻❽�➀�➁❻❹➀❽�❹❻❽�➀�➁❻❹➀➀❻�❺�➃❽�❸➄❻�❸❸�❹❽❷�❹❺

❸❺�❸�❽�➂�❹❺ ❹�❹�❶❹�❸➀❾➀��❹➂➃❿➀❹ ➃❽❷��➀�❾�❹�❶❹�❸➀��

➁❽��❹❽�❸➆❽❷❽❸➂❽�➅❹➂➆❹❺➆❺�❽�➃�❿➆➂❹�❽➄�❸��➀❶❹❷❸➄❽❷➂❸�

❸➀❽❶�❸➂❻➀➂�❹�❻�➁❷�❶❹�❸➀❾❽�➁❽➄➄❿�➂❹✉➁❽��❹❽�➀❤➁❽�❹➆❸➂

�❹❻➀�❸➄➈❽❷❻�➀❿�➆❽�❸�❹❷❽�➂➃❷❤�❽❹�❸��❶❹�❸➀❾❽�➁❽➄➄❿�➂❹

➁❽❿➅➂❽�❷❹❽➄�❹❺❸➆�❸➀❹➀�❽➂❽➄➈❸�❷�❸

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∫¯Â„È¯Ó Ô„��❹❽❸��❸➀�❸➁❽➄❹❽❷����➂�❾➂�➆❸��❤➆❹❷➂➆❷❹❽❸��

��❹❽❹��❹❻➈❷�❸❹�❹��❹➄➀❹❿❹➄❻➄��❹❶❽�❸❸�➈➅➂��➀��➀

∫ÔÂӯΠ˜È¯‡➃❼➈�➂❹➄❽��❸❺❸➃❹❽❷�❷❽❻❽❸➇���➂❸❽➄��➂�➄�❽➈❿

❽➄��❹❷❽�➂➃❷➀�➁❽➄❹�❻�❸❹❽��❷➁➆❹��❽❽�❽➁❽��❸❽❽��❷��❺➀❿�❹

�❽��➄❸❸❽➄➂�❶�❹❸❽❽��❻➂�❹�❽��➅➆�➁❹❻�❸❸❽❹❹❻➀➆➁❿➀�➈➅➀❸�❹�

❸����➂❽➀�➃�❸�❸❷❽❻❽❽➄➈➀❸�❹�❸➁❹❽��➆➁❹❽❸❽�➆➈❹❸❸�❹�❸❹

�❹��➆❸➂❿❽➄➈➀�❸➂��➁��❽��➀❻❻❼�����➂➄��❽���❸❷❽❻❽

➁❽�❹�❽➂❽➄��❸�❹�❸➁➆�❹❷❷❹➂�❸�❹➄➀�❸➆❷❹��➆❽➂❼❸➀❽�❽➅❽➄➁❽➄�

❹➄➀�➅❻❽��❽���➂❸❽�❼➂❽➅❹➄❽�➆❹➄❻➄��➁❹❽❸➃➆❹❼❽➄�❹❺�❽�➄➆❼

➃���➀❹❻�❹�➀✉❸❼❽➈�➀➁➆➈➇�❹➄➅➄❿➄�➀❻�❹�❸❽➈➀❿❑➁❸❑❹❑❹➄❻➄�❑

➃���❸❽➈➀❿❹��❻�❸❼➄➀➈�❽❸➉❽❹❹�❹�❝❹➄�➂��❽�➅❹➂❸✉❻�❼➀➃��❿

❑➁❸❑❹❑❹➄❻➄�❑�❹�

❸�❽❽❸❽➀��❽➅❽➅�❸❸➄➆❼❸❻�❹�❸�❽❽❶❹➅�❷❻❹❽➂�➁��❽�❷�➂�❸

❽�❹➄�➇��❹�❹�➀➆➁❽��➂➄❹➄➀❹❿❹➄❻➄�❹��❺❸❸❼➄➀➈����➂➄➉❽❹❹�❹��

➁❶❽��➄❸❸��➂��➂��❸➀➃❿❹➅➂����➀➁�❽�❹�➀��➁❽➄❽��❸❷❻�

➀➆❸➀❽➂❽��➂��➀➁❿�➆❽❷❽➀➃�❿❹➄➀�➁❽❽❻➀�❹❽❼➄❹❹➀��❹❽❶❹➀➄�❽�❶➀

❽��➂�❽��❹���➁➂�➆�❸❺❸➃❽❽➄➆❸��❹❼➀�➁❽➀❽❽❻❸�❹❽❼➄❹❹➀��❹❽❶❹➀➄�

��❸�❹➂❸�❹��❽➀���➈❻➂❸��❝❽��➂��❹❷❽�➂➃❷�➂��❸➂���❹❽❷�

❹�❹�➀➆�❹❸➁❽�❹➆❹➄❻➄��❸➂➁�❹�❹��❹��➀❸➀❹❿❽❸�❹�❸➁�❸➀��➀

❸�❹�❸�❸❻➄❸❸➂���➀➁❽❿❽��❷❽➂�❹➄❻➄�❝❽��❹���❷�❷❽➂➆��➇��

❹�❸���❹❽❻➀➁❽❿❽��❹➄❻➄���❽��❽➆❸❸➀��❸➀���❹��❹��➀❸➀❹❿❽

❽�❻�❽➈��❹➆➂❸����➈➅❸�❹❽❷��❹❸❹���❹❽❻➀➁❽❿❽��❹➄❻➄���➈➅❸

�❹❸��❹❿➂➅➀❽�❼➄❹➀❹❹�❹❽�➃❽�➀�❹❹❽➆�❹❽�➃❽�➀❷�❸❸��❷�➃❹❽➆�❸��

�❽�➅❹➂❸❸➄❻�❸➀➁❽❻➄➂❸➁❽❹❹�❸❷❻�

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·Èˆ‰ ¯Â„È˘· ‰Ó¯ÂٯȯÂ

◗❜❜❘�➀➀�➀❻��� ❶❹��❻�➃ �❽�➂➆��❑❷�❽❻�❺�➃❹�❽��➈❹�➈

·Èˆ‰ ¯Ê‚Ó· ˙˜ÂÙ˙ ÈÙ≠ÏÚ ·Âˆ˜˙ϠωÈÏ ˙¯˜ÚȯÂ

◗❜❜❘�❽�❹➄�❸➄❹➀❹�➅❽➂❻➄�❷❹❷��➈❹�➈

‰ÂÂ˘Ó ÁÂ˙È ∫΢·˘‰ ˜ÂÁ ˙Úˆ‰

◗❜❜❘�� ❽➄➂�!�❽❿❷�➂��➈❹�➈�#❽❽❻➄❸ �➃➂�➂❽ �➀❽�

„· ÌÈÈÂÏÈÁ ÌÈÈ˙·¯˙ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ∫χ¯˘Èø˙Â

◗❜❜❘�❽! ❽ ���❺➆❽ ��➈❹�➈

·Èˆ‰ ¯Ê‚Ó· ˙È·Ó ‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯ ˙‡¯˜Ï· ȯÂχ¯˘È

◗❜❜❘�❽➄❹�❽�➃❹➀❹�➃❽❺➂�!➃❹➄❷�➀�➂�➅❽➂❻➄�❷❹❷��➈❹�➈

˙ÂȯÁ‡Â ˙ÂÎÓÒ ∫‰Ï˘ÓÓÏ ÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ıÚÂȉ

◗❜❜❘�➅❽➂❻➄�❷❹❷��➈❹�➈❹�❽➀❽❺� �❷❶��❑❷

‰„¯Ó‰ ‡Ï ¨‰˙Ò‰

◗❜❜❘�➁❽➄❶�❷➀❻❹�� ❽➄➂�!�❽❿❷�➂��➈❹�➈

❛˙ÂȯÁ‡Â ˙ÂÎÓÒ ∫χ¯˘È ˜·

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❜·Ï˙˘‰·˜ ˙·Á· ¢‰È¯Ùȯ٢ ˙ˆ‰˜ÈËÈÏÂÙ·Â ‰¯

· ÌÈ„¯Á‰ Ƈ ∫ÌÂÏ˘ Ô„Èڷχ¯˘È

◗❜❜❛❘�❽➀❽❺� �❷❶��❑❷❹�➃�!�➀❿❽➂��➈❹�➈

˙ÂȯÁ‡Â ˙ÂÎÓÒ ∫‰È„Ó‰ ¯˜·Ó

◗❜❜❛❘�➅❽➂❻➄�❷❹❷��➈❹�➈❹�❽➀❽❺� �❷❶��❑❷

˜ÂÒÈÚ‰ ˘ÙÂÁ

◗❜❜❛❘�➃➂❷➀❹❶��❻�❹��❻�➃ �❽�➂➆��❑❷�� ❽➄➂�!�❽❿❷�➂��➈❹�➈

˙ÂÈËÈÏÂÙ‰ ̉È˙‡ˆÂ˙ ±ππ∂ Ï˘ ÌÈÈ˙‚ÏÙÓ‰ ÒȯÓÈȯى

◗❜❜❛❘��❷❸���➆❼➄❹�❼❸��➃❹➆❷❶

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·¯Ú≠Ȅ‰ȉ ÚÒ˘‰· ÈÌȯ‚˙‡Â ÌÈÈÈÙ‡Ó ∫χ¯˘È

◗#❽ �➆ �➁❶�➆❽➈❹❸❘�◗❜❜❜❘�❽�❹ �➁➅➆❹�➃❹❺❽ ❶�#❹���➈❹�➈

ÌÈ¢‡¯‰ ÌÈÓȉ ±∞∞

◗❜❜❜❘�❸❽❼�!❹➂❷➀�❽➀��❽❸�➃❹❿➂❸�#❹❹ ❹�➅❽➂❻➄�❷❹❷��➈❹�➈

ËÙ˘Ó‰ È˙· ˙ίÚÓ· ˙ÚˆÂÓ‰ ‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯‰

◗❜❜❜❘�� ❽➄➂�!�❽❿❷�➂��➈❹�➈❹�➃❹❺❽ ❶�#❹���➈❹�➈�#❽❽❻➄❸ �➃➂❷➀❹❶��❻�

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◗❜❜❜❘�� ❽➄➂�!�❽❿❷�➂��➈❹�➈�#❽❽❻➄❸ ��❹ �➀❿❽➂

· ∫Ìȯ„Ò‰‰ ˜ÂÁ‰˜ÈËÈÏÂÙ ‰ÏÎÏÎ ÔÈ

◗❜❜❜❘�➃❽❽➀!�➃�➆❹�➅❽➂❻➄�❷❹❷��➈❹�➈

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˙‡ȈÓ ÒÂ˙ÈÓ ∫ÌÚ≠χ˘Ó

◗❘�❼❸��➃❹➆❷❶❹��❷➄➀ �❸➄❷

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◗❘�➃❹❺❽ ❶�#❹���➈❹�➈�#❽❽❻➄❸ �❽❹➀�➀❶❹�❽ ��❶�➅❽�❽

‰Îω ËÙ˘Ó ‰È„Ó—·Èˆ ˙Â‚È‰Ó Æ‡ ˙È˙Îω ˙ÂÎÓÒÎ ˙ȯÂ

◗❘�➃�❼��� �❸❽❷❽❷❽��➈❹�➈

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English Publications of the Israel Democracy Institute:

1E Religious and Secular Jews in Israel: A Kulturkampf?By Prof. Aviezer Ravitzky (2000)

2E State, Law, and Halakhah: Part One – Civil Leadershipas Halakhic AuthorityBy Prof. Yedidia Z. Stern (2001)

3E Incitement, Not SeditionBy Prof. Mordechai Kremnitzer and Khalid Ghanayim (2002)

4E State, Law and Halakhah: Part Two – Facing PainfulChoices: Law and Halakhah in Israeli SocietyBy Prof. Yedidia Z. Stern (2003)

5E The Political and Social Ramifications of EvacuatingSettlements in Judea, Samaria and the Gaza StripBy Yair Sheleg (2004)

6E State, Law and Halakhah: Part Three – Religion andState: The Role of HalakhahBy Prof. Yedidia Z. Stern (2004)

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مختصر هل الكل مباح عند مواجهة اإلرهاب

حول سياسة القتل الوقائي إلسرائيل في يهودا و السامرة وقطاع غزة

القتل الوقائي هو قتل دقيق لناشط (يشغل على األغلب مرتبة قيادية هذه ممارسة إسرائيل بدأت سياسي،1 زعيم أو عسكري)، تنظيم في السياسة في أراضي الضفة الغربية وقطاع غزة منذ شهر تشرين الثاني 2000، لكنها استعملت هذا األسلوب من قبل في أماكن أخرى خارج البالد. على الرغم أن املفهوم األولي للقتل الوقائي واالغتيال أو التصفية قد يفسر كعمل غير أخالقي، إال انه ال ميكننا إن نتجاهل حقيقة وجود مزايا معينة لهذه األساليب في ظروف احلرب احلديثة، ورمبا تكون بعض هذه املزايا أخالقية أيضا. من ناحية ثانية يثير القتل الوقائي أسئلة أخالقية وقضائية بخصوص حق الضحايا في احلياة واحملاكمة العادلة، تعرضنا في مذكرة املواقف لهذه القضايا من منظور القانون الدولي ومن منظور القانون الداخلي في حاالت السلم واحلرب، ورّكزنا على انعكاساتها على احلرب التي تخوضها إسرائيل ضد اإلرهاب في الضفة الغربية وقطاع

غزة. يبحث القسم األول القتل الوقائي في أثناء فترة السالم ويقارن بني الدفاع عن النفس على الصعيد الشخصي وبني القتل الوقائي الذي تنفذه األطراف املطبقة للقانون من رجال شرطة وجنود; النتيجة التي توصل إليها املؤلف هي أنه يجب استعمال هذه الوسيلة الفتاكة من قبل أجهزة تطبيق

القتل االنتقائي هو وصف يحمل، للوهلة األولى، داللة ايجابية ملفهوم "االغتيال"، بهدف 1شرعنة استعمال هذه الوسيلة. لذلك فضلت استعمال مصطلح "القتل الوقائي".

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¯ÈÈ القانون عندما تكون هذه الوسيلة هي أخر مالذ ومبفهوم أشد من هذا

املطلوب في حالة الدفاع عن النفس ( ذلك ألن العملية تتم من قبل محترفني مدربني). ميكننا االدعاء باملقابل إن وجوب االنسحاب من املخالف للقانون يجب أن يكون أقل شدة من ذلك املطلوب في حالة الدفاع عن النفس ألنه سيعتبر في نهاية األمر تراجع القائمني على تطبيق القانون والذي قد يتم تفسيره بشكل غير مرغوب (متس على سبيل املثال بقوة الردع التي تتمتع بها سلطات تطبيق القانون). ومع ذلك ال يجوز التقليل من أهمية التروي واالتزان لسلطات تطبيق القانون والتي ستؤدي في نهاية األمر إلى زيادة احترام سيادة القانون. الهدف من استعمال السالح الفتاك بشكل عام هو منع الشخص من املهاجمة أو الهروب وليس بالذات قتله. ومع ذلك ميكن اإلشارة إلى حاالت شاذة ال ميكن فيها إطالقا منع استعمال إطالق النار بهدف القتل وميكن السماح به في الظروف الصعبة اآلتية: إذا كان اخلطر املتشكل على حياة اإلنسان أو على سالمة جسمه هو خطر فوري وواضح وشبه مؤكد؛ ليس هناك وسيلة معقولة أخرى بوسعها درء اخلطر (مثال من أجل إنقاذ مخطوف أو رهينة التي حياته معرضة للخطر); احلاالت املوصوفة أعاله هي احلاالت الوحيدة التي من الوارد فيها استعمال القوة الفتاكة في املواقع التي تتمتع فيها سلطات الدولة بسيطرة تامة (حدود الدولة أو األراضي املسيطر عليها عسكريا). هناك مسألة صعبة تتعلق باألراضي التي تكون فيها السيطرة جزئية (فعالية السيطرة فيها ليست كاملة)، وفي هذه املناطق أيضا يجب تفضيل وسائل تطبيق القانون بشكل واضح، شريطة أن تكون احلاجة إلى تلك الوسائل غير مرهونة بتعريض

حياة البشر للخطر بطريقة غير معقولة. يتناول القسم الثاني القتل الوقائي في أثناء احلرب، يستعرض الكاتب في هذا القسم التطور التاريخي الستعمال هذه الوسيلة مع اإلشارة إلى مختلف املصادر القانونية املوضوعية. وفق رأي الكاتب, ال يوجد منع لقتل وقائي في أثناء احلرب بشرط إن ال يكون هناك خرق إلحكام احلرب (مثال,

عندما ترتبط بتحايل مراوغ).

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استنتاج املؤلف هو أن استعمال القتل الوقائي قد يتم من الناحية تشخيصهم وميكن كمقاتلني تعريفهم يتم من ضد فقط اجلوهرية "كمقاتلني" بشكل واضح أو ضد "مواطنني مشاركني مباشرة في القتال" في اإلطار الضيق الذي يضطلعون فيه بأنشطة حربية; يحظر انتهاج مثل هذه السياسة بأي حال من األحوال في املناطق التي تتمتع فيها الدولة بسيطرة تامة. كذلك ال ميكن اعتبار هذه السياسة وسيلة مناسبة ضد من ُيشتبه مبمارستهم أنشطة إرهابية طبقا ملعلومات استخبارية. بحق هؤالء ميكن ممارسة سبل تطبيق القانون في األراضي التي تتمتع فيها الدولة عليها تسيطر ال التي األراضي في وكذلك تامة بسيطرة الدولة بشكل كامل، لكن بوسعها حتقيق هذه السيطرة في ظروف معقولة ; يجب منح األطراف القائمة تفويضا واسعا حملاربة اإلرهاب بوسائل العقوبات، مبا فيه منع االنضمام ملنظمة إرهابية أو تقدمي املعونة لإلرهاب بأنواعه، أو التمويل واالستدراج والتحريض على تنفيذ األعمال اإلرهابية ومتجيد هذه األعمال والتعاطف معها. يجب القبض على جميع املضطلعني بكل هذه األشكال من اإلعمال ومحاكمتهم. كذلك يجب النيل من قاعدة تسليح ال حكم مبثابة ليست القانون تطبيق وسائل اإلرهابية، األعمال منفذي يسبقه إجراء قضائي، وتسمح بتوفير احلماية األفضل حلق كل إنسان أوال، ُجتبر هذه الوسائل اجلهاز احملارب ; العادلة واحملاكمة باحلياة لإلرهاب على جمع األدلة والبراهني املقبولة واملوثوق فيها ضد املتهم. كما تسمح لكل متهم إن يقدم أدلة وبراهني لتفنيد تقديرات األجهزة التنفيذية حول نواياه، وهكذا متنحه احلق باحلصول على إجراءات عادلة. ثانيا، تسمح هذه اإلجراءات التعامل مع مشاكل اخلطأ فيما يخص هوية املتهم ودوره في األنشطة اإلرهابية. ثالثا، ينجم عن هذه اإلجراءات متييز واضح بني طرائق اإلرهابيني وطريقة دولة القانون، وهذا ما مينح الدولة أفضلية أخالقية واضحة; رابعا، يساعد هذا التوجه في احلرص على التمييز بني املواطنني واحملاربني، حيث أنه مينع املس بأهداف غير قانونية: مواطن

عادي لم يضطلع مباشرة في األنشطة احلربية.

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باستعمال وسائل القتل الوقائي،فانه يصر املؤلف على ضرورة التأكد من أنه يؤخذ باالعتبار أن استعمال هذه الوسيلة تكون كوسيلة أخيرة وأن يتم حتديد إجراءات واضحة التخاذها قبل اللجوء الستعمالها. يتم تفصيل اإلجراءات املقترحة في مذكرة املواقف هذه التي يكون جوهرها تقليص

اخلطأ وتقليل مدى االعتباطية التي ترتبط مع القتل الوقائي.في القسم الثالث يفحص املؤلف مالئمة انتهاج القتل الوقائي كوسيلة للدفاع عن النفس جتاه منظمات اإلرهاب وهياكلها املتواجدة في دولة أخرى غير معنية أو غير قادرة على منع نشاطها، وكذلك جتاه ناشطني معينني وجتاه خاليا تلك املنظمات. حق كل دولة محفوظ في حماية مواطنيها من اخلطر الذي يتهددهم، حتى وإن تطلب األمر خرق مبدأ سيادة دولة أو سلطة أخرى في املنطقة التي تنشط فيها خاليا املنظمات اإلرهابية والتي ينطلق منها نشطائها. يتم تبرير هذا اخلرق في حال لم تعمل الدولة أو القانون على اإلرهابيني ولم السلطة املسيطرة على املنطقة على تطبيق

متنع نشاطهم. القتل الوقائي هو عملية للدفاع عن النفس عندما تقف بشروط: فورية واحتمال ونطاق هذا العمل, وبرأيه يجب إرساء مطلب الفورية على العمليات الوقائية وليس على اخلطر الذي يواجهه املدافع عن نفسه.وفق هذا املفهوم يسمح باتخاذ الوسائل الالزمة فورا لعرقلة خطر غير فوري حني يتضح أنه هناك خطر حقيقي بان عدم القيام بذلك من شأنه أن ميس بالقدرة على درء هذا اخلطر في مراحل الحقة، أي أن عملية الوقاية هي ضرورية; ولهذا يقترح املؤلف أنه من املمكن صد تهديد إرهابي في مرحلة مبكرة مثل جمع أسلحة الدمار الشامل أو عشية تنفيذ عملية إرهابية (مثال، في

مرحلة التزود بحزام ناسف أو أثناء اخلروج لتنفيذ العملية). إجماال ملا قيل، يجب تشجيع التعاون الدولي وممارسة ضغوط دولية بإجراءات القيام بغية لها الداعمة املدن وعلى اإلرهاب منظمات على وكل ذلك في تواجدت; أينما املنظمات وضد اإلرهابيني ضد قضائية

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التمييز مبدأ رأسها وعلى اإلنساني القضاء أسس انهيار ملنع مسعى األساسية اإلنسان حقوق عن الدفاع أجل ومن واملدنيني املقاتلني بني كاحلق باحلياة واحلق باحلصول على محاكمة عادلة. ولهذا ينبغي العمل ضد توفير املأوى للمنظمات اإلرهابية، وهو املأوى الذي يتيح لها تنفيذ خططها دون مضايقة; وبالنسبة إلسرائيل، فإن هذا التعاون املصحوب مببادرات من هذا القبيل قد يساعدها في محاربتها لإلرهاب واحلصول على تأييد دولي ألنشطتها; تأسيس نظام دولي ضد اإلرهاب بشكل عام وضد إرهاب االنتحاريني بشكل خاص، بالتزامن مع امتناع إسرائيل عن القيام بعمليات غير قانونية ضد اإلرهاب من شأنه أن يساعد إسرائيل في كسب تأييد املجتمع الدولي لعملياتها القانونية في الدفاع عن نفسها. وفي غياب نظام دولي كهذا تبقى صعوبة في محاسبة الدولة ومن يعمل باسمها حني يشذون عن اإلطار املخطط له في مذكرة املواقف في سبيل

حماية مواطني الدولة وسكانها من الهجمات اإلرهابية.

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humanitarian law – primarily the distinction between combatants and

civilians – and in order to defend basic human rights such as the right

to life and to a fair trial, it is necessary to encourage international

cooperation and bring international pressure to bear on terrorist

organizations and the states supporting them. This will lead to legal

proceedings initiated against terrorists and the commanders of their

organizations, wherever they may be located. It is therefore essential

to prevent the creation of sanctuaries for terrorist organizations

which allow them to freely carry out their plans. From Israel’s point

of view, cooperation with these initiatives could help the nation in

its struggle against terror and in obtaining international support for

Israel’s operations. The establishment of an international regime

against terrorism in general, and against suicide bombers in particular,

along with Israel refraining from taking illegal action against terror,

could help Israel obtain support from the international community

for those legal activities which it carries out in self-defense. In the

absence of such an international regime, no state, no individual, nor

any group acting on behalf of such a state, can be held accountable

for deviating from the traditional approach presented in the position

paper for the purpose of protecting its citizens and residents from

terrorist attacks.

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illegal target, ordinary citizens for example, who have not had a direct

hand in hostilities.

In recognition of the fact that decision makers will lean toward

granting broad sanction for the use of preventative killings, the author

insists that this method should always be viewed only as a last resort,

and that clear procedures must be established for putting them into

practice. The position paper details the proposed procedures, whose

purpose is to minimize the risk of error and reduce the arbitrary

dimension of preventative killing.

In the third section the writer examines the degree to which

preventative killing is appropriate as a means of self-defense, both

with respect to terrorist organizations and their infrastructures located

in a foreign country which is disinterested in, or unable to prevent

their activities, and relative to specific activists and cells belonging

to such organizations. Every state has the right to defend its citizens

against danger, even when this defense necessitates violating the

sovereignty of another country, or another authority, on territory in

which the terrorist organization’s cells and emissaries are operating.

This violation of sovereignty is justified when the sate or authority

controlling the territory does not enforce the law against the terrorists

or does not prevent their activities.

Preventative killing is an act of self-defense when it falls within the

boundaries of immediacy, reason and measure. In the author’s opinion,

this entitles authorities to use measures that call for the immediate

implementation of defensive action so as to prevent possible attacks at

a later stage; in other words, when defensive measures are absolutely

essential. He therefore proposes granting permission to take action in

order to repel various terrorist threats at an earlier stage, when there

is a risk that delaying action will prevent the possibility of eliminating

the threat later on; threats such as the accumulation of weapons of

mass destruction, or the carrying-out of a terrorist attack, for example,

when a terrorist is equipped with a suicide bomber’s belt and sets out

on a journey intended to culminate in a terrorist attack.

In conclusion: to prevent the collapse of the principles of

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the rules of engagement (for example, when it involves treachery or

deceit).

The author concludes that preventative killing can be used only

against those defined as “combatants” and who can be clearly identified

as such, or against those who are defined as “civilians taking a direct

part in hostilities” and only then within the limited fighting framework

in which they are involved. Tactics like these may never be used in

areas where the state maintains full and effective control. Similarly, it

is not considered an appropriate measure to be used against those who

are suspected of terrorist activity solely on the basis of intelligence

information. Non-lethal law enforcement activities are to be used

against this latter group, both in territories in which the defending

state has effective control, and in areas where it can obtain this

control under reasonable circumstances. Law enforcement authorities

should be given a broad mandate for dealing with terror by means of

punitive measures, among them forbidding membership in terrorist

organizations, aiding and abetting all forms of terrorism, financing the

terrorist organizations, or inciting the commission of terrorist acts as

well as praising and identifying with such acts. All those suspected

of these violations should be arrested and indicted. The ordnance

infrastructure should also be targeted.

These law enforcement measures do not constitute a verdict

without trial, and they provide improved protection for the basic

human right to life and to a fair trial. First, they force the authorities

confronting terrorism to collect admissible and credible evidence

against a suspect, and they allow any suspect to bring evidence to

refute the charges against him, thereby providing the suspect with due

process. Second, such proceedings allow for the possibility of mistaken

identity, or in errors regarding a suspect’s involvement in terrorist

activity. Third, these procedures create a clear and sharp distinction

between the actions of the terrorists and those of a state governed by

law, and provide the state with a clear moral advantage. And finally,

this approach facilitates the ability to distinguish between combatants,

and between civilians who refrain from carrying out attacks on an

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ii

seriously than personal self-defense (due to, inter alia, the fact that such

actions are taken only by trained professionals). One might also argue

that the need to refrain from using lethal force against an aggressor in

a situation of self-defense must be less strictly applied with regard to

preventative killings carried out by law-enforcement authorities than

in cases of violence employed in personal self-defense. Restraint on

the part of law enforcement authorities could result in undesirable

implications (as in a negative impact on the authorities’ deterrent

capabilities). However, one cannot underestimate the importance of

restraint and moderation by law enforcement authorities, as these

traits will, in the end, engender greater respect for the rule of law. As

a rule, the purpose of the use of lethal force is not necessarily to kill

an individual but to prevent him from attacking or escaping.

And yet, there are exceptional and extreme cases in which

shooting with intent to kill cannot be categorically ruled out, and may

be permitted in the following critical circumstances: a) situations in

which there is a danger to human life or of serious physical injury to

a human being which is clear, immediate and virtually certain, and b)

when there is no other reasonable measure which can neutralize the

danger (for example, when the mission is to rescue someone who has

been abducted, or a hostage whose life is in danger). The circumstances

described above are the only ones in which the use of lethal force can

be considered even where the state authorities have full and effective

control (i.e. in areas within the state’s borders or within militarily

held territories). A difficult question arises with regard to the use of

such force in areas under partial control (in which effective control

is not complete). In these areas, regular, non-lethal law enforcement

measures are obviously preferable, as long as they do not entail an

unreasonable level of risk.

The second part of the paper deals with preventative killing in

wartime. In this section the author surveys the historical development

of the use of this measure and notes the relevant legal sources. In his

opinion, there is no prohibition against the preventative killing of

an enemy soldier in wartime, as long as the killing does not violate

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Summary

Are All Actions Acceptable in the Face of Terror? Israel’s Policy of Preventative (Targeted) Killing in Judea,

Samaria and Gaza

Mordechai Kremnitzer

A preventative (targeted) killing is the intended and precise

assassination of an individual; in many cases of an activist who holds

a command position in a military organization or is a political leader.*

Israel has been carrying out such actions in the occupied territories

since November 2000, but has conducted such operations outside of

Israel prior to that date. Even though the use of preventative killings,

assassination or elimination would intuitively register as an immoral

action, one cannot ignore the fact that in modern warfare this method

enjoys certain advantages, some of which can be viewed as indubitably

moral. The implementation of preventative killings also raises ethical

and legal questions as to the rights of the victims – specifically, the

right to due process and the right to life. This position paper examines

these questions both with regard to international and domestic law,

as they arise both in times of peace and war. The focus is on the

implications of these questions for Israel’s war against terror in the

occupied territories.

The first section deals with preventative killings during peacetime

and draws a comparison between self-defense as practiced by an

individual on the one hand, and the use of preventative killing by law

enforcement authorities – the police and the military – on the other.

The author concludes that the use of lethal force by law enforcement

authorities must be considered only as a last resort, and viewed more

* “Targeted killing” gives a positive connotation to the term “assassination,” and is meant to make the use of the term more acceptable. I have therefore chosen to use the term “preventative killing” throughout this paper.