øÚÆ ZgW Å tZ¨z 0ZX y!*iÅ ™yWŒÛpu.edu.pk/images/journal/jihat-ul-islam/PDF/2_v10_2_17.pdf · :ìqñƒD™{™E+»Vc*úñ;g»ÆV1²Bernard Lewis b§ÏZ But the basic and significant

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”†i!*yÆ�)2(XZkÐ%ZŠZq-Z+ßg]qwìT~Zq-„i!*yŠzßgÂV~¹Y@*ì "literary or prestigious dialect" çÑ}~gZòzÙƒCìXZq-Ã

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[ZyÆZEwÆñZµ-VÒy™@*ì:"H [High] is used in such contexts as Sermons, lectures,

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in school. L [Low] is used in everyday conversations, radio soaps,

folk literature and other in formal contexts.(4)

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If the glory of Indo-European Greeks in their buildings and

sculptures, Hebrew's in psalter, then splendour of Arabs shine in

their magestic language, their ode.(12)

33 Z0z¨ZtÅWgZÆÚø~ __ ŒÛWy™*Åi!*y

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²1VÆ»g;ñúc*V»E+™{™Dƒñqì: Bernard Lewis ZϧbBut the basic and significant was their perfection of a literary

koine, classical Arabic, the elaboration of a complex meterical

system and the composition of a highly artistic poetry, unique in the

history of the semities, significant as this artistic outburst is the

history of comparative and semitic literature.(33)

(lingustic Oç@*g]›ëÅgzÝ~U*"$ƒZ�bk,{²[~Zq-£g~ZŠ!i!*yñ�Š¶X norm)

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53 Z0z¨ZtÅWgZÆÚø~ __ ŒÛWy™*Åi!*y

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M.C.A. ƒ„7YÔ!*ëU*"$ƒ@*ìXZkK~ linguistic norm aèÂ"$ñ�Š:¶Zka~bk,{²[ "Ancient North Arabian" ÆŠg`fsZÖp�ZkäZL£á Macdonalds

ÆjZáБÔ(,}',ûƒVÐ:Literacy seems to have been extraordinarily wide spread, not only

among the settled populations but also among the nomads. Indeed

the sources of thousand of graffiti on the rocks of the syro-Arabian

desert suggest that it must have been almost universal among the

latter. By the roman period, it is probable that a higher proportion of

the population in this region was functionally literate than in any other

73 Z0z¨ZtÅWgZÆÚø~ __ ŒÛWy™*Åi!*y

area of the ancient world."(54)

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ÖÛv^lÊo ÔTZ°Z,ÔkyXxyÔ`:1Ôm:34Ô�g`¾d$: ]Öß%†]ÖËßoÊo]Öφá fÅIgu: )61(Ô ]ÖÛßã^tÊo]ŸBh]ÖÆeo ÔŠZgZÅ3¨é IG£îEGÛz]ÔZÅ‹3œî EZ{k8791YÔm:93D04;’,ç N�Ûzc: ]Ÿ(h]ÖÆeo

Ô ]ÖÆhÊo]Ör^â×nèæ‘‚…]Ÿ‰¡Ý Ûz]4691YÔm41Ôm:3;†Z£ÔZÚiZÅWãÔZ¥/|;6391YÔÔm:93D04 ]ÖÛçqˆÊo]ŸBh ÄB0î EEGZÅ©è

EEOÔm:503D903;ÔŠZgfz~ZÅ?ÔTZzwÔ2241|Ôm:621ÔYih+Zy: ]Ör^ÚÄÊoi^…mî]Ÿ(h]ÖÆeo 85éEOZÖpg~: )81(

Ô!‹3œî EZÅ£ÕäwÔ4091YÔ`:1Ôm:53;عœ:Z:zèZSÔŠZgZšgsÔk i^…mî]Ö×Çè]ÖÆenè

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»gß**l:@*gõZÑŠ[Z²"0î EGGÔõ¢Z]ÔŠZgZšgsÔ4591YÔm:36(23) Arnold Hottinger, The Arabs, London, n.d., p:19; †Z£:ZÚiZÅWyÔm:2D5(24) Peter Mansfield, The Arabs, p:17; Zˆy„k:ŠgZ‚]°ZÑŠ[Z²!ÔkyÔm:831

²[ÆZ‚Zzg!*iZg}ŠzãZÄB5å EEw»~óÔqyÔ|]ñ]Ô°yZzgr¨éGgÆ‚Ô?pÔ )52(fzZÄB0î EEz){,ÆaŠ&ÀŸ/õ GG:GZÑjã:ZÎZtZ²[Ô+CÏîEEZzg¤`ÆŠgxylÐ&2wÅŠzg~6,zZµZq-ǃV˜V²[»Zq-(,Z%œ/~!*iZg4 )62(

94 Z0z¨ZtÅWgZÆÚø~ __ ŒÛWy™*Åi!*y

åXl()ÆŒÛd$„zZµZq-Â&B0î EE~•zZÑ!*iZgX )72(yZy²Ã]мÃA6,zZµÂ~fzZÎi~•zZÑ!*iZg )82(

"Arab ÔŠZgZäÉÐ)Õä&4èGGEÛz]ÔkyÔm:31D41; ]ÖÛßã^tÊo]Ÿ(h]ÖÆeoæi^…míä /�ÛÍcÔ )92(;Z¤/p‰fäŸZ+Êg„t7™DZzgZkŠú}Å Civilization" in Encyclopedia

@*GzÂ}~tŠ?7™D��ZknÅgzZe$ÜsZ0g]4þ IGä7ÅXpxrŠg~…äZZ¯ÆØZ@X�}£…œî0ŒÛ÷ÅŠ*zm,»\dc*Y**;2tgzZe$ÌQì�Îg>

Ú^â„]]ÖÏçÙ]ÖfJ† ZÈW,Ã�Z™Š-Zg~6,Wzm,ZVHŠH&7,|™z604{Ôczs²[�á²ä»û{HXZk6,eZŠ²[~�á²~Zzg�{�}ÅZÌÆ7ÃZyczsŸZ+ÅäZZÅgzZe$êZiZky7ìX

(30) "Arab Civilization" in Encyclopedia Americana, Grolier incorparated, U.S.A.,

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·Š~Z¤ß~àtX Giorgio Levi Della Vida (1886-1967) -31

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(33) Bernard Lewis (ed), The Cambridge History of Islam, Cambridge University

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(34) Ibn Warraq, What the Koran really Says, p:37

Ôm:73 Ú’^(…]ÖDÆ]Ör^a×o **ÜZ−+Z‡Ô )53(ZsÔm56D07 )63(

(37) "Arabic Script" in Encyclopedia Brittanica, 1974; "Arabic Language and

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ÔxyÔkyÔ1491Ôm:7 ]Öí¼]ÖÆeo †Z£‚,: )83(Ô]:Š‰†Z£ZÊ-Cé EEOgÔ`:1Ôm:36 i^…mî]Ÿ(h]ÖÆeo »gw',zÜyÔ )93(

Ôm:83 ]ÖJÆ]Ör^a×o … Ú’^B **ÜZ−+Z‡Ô )04(Ô·ZD]Ô7991YÔm:61 ]Ö’^ufoÊoÊÏä]Ö×Çè }Š&ÀŸ/õ GG:Z£0Ãgk0i™c*Ô )14(

ZѸãÔŠZgZ^ZÅ›Ð.0îGÔkyÔ`:3Ôm:521 )24(

05 ¢:01)†g~D�y7102Y(Ñg{:2 qã^lö]Ÿô‰¡Ý

Ôm:95 Ú’^(…]ÖDÆ]Ör^a×o fZ!**ÜZ−+Z‡Ô )34(}Š&ÀŸ/õ GG:iâ:âIwz[&CEOg~¢y0Z£k,_»!*Š�á{�áxв[DbÅY+$ZKF»â )44(

Ô¬ÝZ^Ûz]ÔTZzw5891YÔm: ]ÖÛßÛÐÊo]ìf^…ΆmP Š~·0ÔÔ Z Å3›å EE �Z**ÔZ1QZÔm:56D07; Ú’^B…]ÖJÆ]Ör^a×o 451;**ÜZ−+Z‡Ô

(45) Charles Cultur Torrey: The Jewish Foundation of Islam

Ô]úŠ.si~ÔŠZgZÅ3¨é IG£îEGzZÉ4lçEIÔ:ŠtÔkyÔ`:1Ôm:72D82 i^…mî]Öj†]']ÖÆeo ¢ð

E0ZŠ©”: )64(

Ôm:7 ]Öí¼]ÖÆeo †Z£Z—,: )74(ÔŠZg™ŠgÛz]Ô`:1m:871 ]Ö_fÏ^l]ÖÓf†pF Z0Ä·0$43ü

EGÔ )84(ÔŠZgZH£îEGÛz]Ô Êjx]Öf^…pM†|‘vnx]Öfí^…p }Š&ÀŸ/õ GGZ0vZ£0Z0vZÅi¨Õä GãÔ )94(

7931|Ô`:9Ôm:22Ôb:211 q^ÚÄ]Ö’vnx(Òj^h]ÖÃ×Ü gg~Ô )05(

ÔŠZgZ^ZÅ›Ð.0îGÛz]Ô9991YÔug$:953 ]ÖÛŠj‚…ÕÂ×o]Ö’vvnà qÁZ1†Zv·: )15(ôÔgÎw�ÇYq~Â"$Æ®ÐMÙ‰ )25(

Ôm:16 Ú’^(…]ÖDÆ]Ör^a×o **ÜZ−+Z‡Ô )35((54) "Ancient North Arabian" in the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Ancient Languages,

Cambridge University Press, 1978.

(55) Hittie, "Arabic Language" in Encyclopedia Americana

(56) Ibid.

(57) Ibn Warraq, What the Koran really say, New York, 1998, p:32

Ôm:85 ]ÖËàæÚ„]âfäÊoÞ%†]ÖÆeo عœ: )85(Ôm:39 ]Öf×ÇäÊo]‘çÙ]Ö×Çè ¦Yœ&Œ{yÔ )95(

(60) Ahmed Ali Imam, Variant readings of the Qur'an, p:109-110

ÔŠZgZÅ)»40î GEGZœ>Ô5691YÔm:1D06;Z0ºzy·0†Z°Ý:l%îGÂ[ ÚçÖ‚]Ö×Çè Z£gŸZ°B: )16(ZÅf.çEzŠ-ZyZ*ZYzZÄ>.ç

EE°Zc*xZ²[zZ_',zð¬˜åîðfz~ZÅhÒŒéyZѺԊZgZ§ZnZ_Z²!Ô

kyÔ`:1Ôm:536Z1ZmkºZ£0¼:WÖºÔŠZgZšgs‡CÙ{ÔkyÔ`:1Ôm:81 )26(

(63) Ahmad Ali Imam, Varient Readings of the Qur'an, USA, 1998, p:121

(64) Ibn Warraq, What the Koran Really Says, p:33

(65) Muhammad Akram Chauhdary: "Orientalism on Variant readings of Fatiha: The

15 Z0z¨ZtÅWgZÆÚø~ __ ŒÛWy™*Åi!*y

Case of Arthur Jeffery" in American Journal of Social Sciences, 1995 No. v:

, p:176

(66) Ibn Warraq, What the Koran Really Says, p:36

Ô®ZäM{ q^ÚÄ]Öfn^áÂàiªæmØp]Öφá d~Z1Q·0k,Ô )76(|]Z0„kÐ**«0ZÑigt»ÎZw™**ZzgZy»Z]4g£é GIŠZiIJ[X )86(

óóŠgZgŠzŠZ],{çgsZsðÔŠZøÇÓº[Ôуg Â×Ü]Ö×Çè LL )96((70) Ibn Warraq, What the Koran Really Says, p: 36

ZL¸CÅ@*Gz¤&Æaz¨ZtäâgÍaZzg©@ÆY‹�á²~6,Z‹ZŸ]»Z¬Š{HìZzgZ-»–gZfeƒñ‚g}Y‹ÇÆzgPÃ%ŠzŠ™Šc*ìX

Ôm:42 qÛã†éœMÃ^…]ÖÆh Z1ih+ZÅÙÔ )17(Ôm:89Ô131 Ú’^(…]ÖDÆ]Ör^a×o **ÜZ−+Z‡Ô )27(

Ôm:531 Ú’^B… **ÜZ−+Ô )37(ZsÔ141 )47(ZsÔm551 )57(ZsÔm:651D751 )67(ZsÔm851 )77(ZsÔm161 )87(ZsÔm:081 )97(ZsÔm:571 )08(

Ô`:1Ôm:082 †eo]BhÎfØ]‡]‰¡Ý pgægç~Ô )18((82) "Badw" in Encyclopedia of Islam, Lieden, E.J. Brill.

(83) Ibid.

(84) "Arabic Language" in Encyclopedia of Islam

Ô`:1Ôm:082 †eo]BhÎfØ]‡]‰¡Ý pgægç~Ô )58(ZsÔm:882 )68(

(87) Ibn Warraq, What the Koran really says, p:38

ÔïúŠ·†{ÔŠZgZ^ZÅ›Ð.0îGÔÛz]ÔZÅ‹3œî EZÑz\Ô iËŠn†Âf‚]Ö†‡]Ñ ZÅ{3›é Eã†Z°iZt0—)é OxÔ )88(9991YÔ`:2Ôm:543

25 ¢:01)†g~D�y7102Y(Ñg{:2 qã^lö]Ÿô‰¡Ý

ZsÔ`:1m:421 )98(ÔŠZgZ^ZÅ›Ð.0îGÔÛzyÔZÅ‹3œî EZ{kÔ q^ÚÄ]Öfn^áÂài^æmØp]Öφá d~Z1Q·0k,Ô )09(

9991YÔ`:1Ôm:171(91) Ibn Warraq, What the Koran really says, P:37

ÔkyÔl) Ê–^ñØ]Öφá Z1D{Ô )29(Ô`:9Ôm:903 Êjx]Öf^…p ?ãÔ )39(

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