1 9. Qal Perfect Weak Verbs 9.A. Introduction to Weak Verbs There are two nomenclatures used for tackling the weak verbs built off the tri-consonantal root. Traditionally the word ל ל ל ל ל(to do, make) is used to designate how the ten weak verbs are then classed (cf. Kelly, Weingreen): 1) Pē position: I Pē-Nûn [ ל ל ל ל ל], -- to fall Pē-Yôd [ ל ל ל ל ל ל], -- to sit, dwell Pē-’Ālef [ ל ל ל ל ל], -- to say Pē-Guttural [ ל ל ל לל]; -- to stand 2) ‘Ayin position: II ‘Ayin-Yôd/Vāv [ללל], -- to rise ‘Ayin guttural [ ל ל ל ל ל], -- to choose Double ‘Ayin [ ל ל ל לל]; -- to complete, and 3) Lāmed position: III Lāmed -Hē [ ל ל ל ל ל], -- to build Lāmed -guttural [ ל ל ל ל לל], -- to hear, obey Lāmed -’Ālef [ ל ל ל ל ל]. – to find There are some cases of doubly weak verbs such as: ל ל ל ל ל ל(to do, make) which is both Lāmed -Hē and Pē-Guttural.
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9. Qal Perfect Weak Verbs
9.A. Introduction to Weak VerbsThere are two nomenclatures used for tackling the weak verbs built off the tri-
consonantal root. Traditionally the word פעל (to do, make) is used to designate how the ten weak verbs are then classed (cf. Kelly, Weingreen):
1) Pē position: I
Pē-Nûn [נפל ], -- to fall
Pē-Yôd [ישב ], -- to sit, dwell
Pē-’Ālef [אמר ], -- to say
Pē-Guttural [ עמד]; -- to stand2) ‘Ayin position: II
‘Ayin-Yôd/Vāv [קום], -- to rise
‘Ayin guttural [בחר ], -- to choose
Double ‘Ayin [ תמם]; -- to complete, and 3) Lāmed position: III
Lāmed-Hē [בנה ], -- to build
Lāmed-guttural [שמע], -- to hear, obey
Lāmed-’Ālef [מצא ]. – to find
There are some cases of doubly weak verbs such as: עשה (to do, make) which is both Lāmed-Hē and Pē-Guttural.
The more linguistically oriented grammars use the position of the three consonantal root (Practico, Fuller/Choi):
ש= שמר = I.; מ = II.; ר = III.
I. = Pē position; ( פעל )II. = ‘Ayin position; and III. = Lāmed position
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We will combine them using both designations together in this text.
In the perfect the consonantal suffixes are: ת, תתי , and נו, with the heavy
consonantal suffixes תם, and תן causing the initial vowel to go down to a ševā’.
The vocalic suffixes are: ה and ו. 9.B. Ι. Pē position--weak and guttural
Regular Pē-Nûn Pē-Yôd Pē-’Ālef Pē-Guttural
עמד אמר ישב נפל שמר to keep to fall to dwell to say to stand
are also totally עמד and אמר .are absolutely regular in the Perfect ישב and נפל
regular except when the heavy 2MP/2FP sufformatives תם and תן are added calling
the initial vowel to drop to a Ḥatēf-pataḥ ( עא / ) instead of a simple ševā’. One would expect this under a guttural type letter. The suffixes are absolutely normal. No surprises here!
Examples:
ית נפל: eל הדבר הטוב אשר־דבר יהוה אל־בkלא־נפל דבר מכל eישראJosh 21:45 Not one of all the good promises that the LORD had made to the house of Israel fell
ים: ישב ת אשר־ישבנו בארץ מצר eכי־אתם ידעתם א Deut 29:15[16] for you know how we lived in the land of Egypt
ין־יראת אלהים במקום הזה: אמר eכי אמרתי רק אGen. 20:11 for I said, there is surely no fear of God in this place
:עמד ב eר kי יהוה אלהיך בח eעמדת לפנDeut 4:10 you stood before the LORD your God at Horeb
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9.C. II. ‘Ayin position--weak and guttural:
Regular ‘Ayin-Yôd/Vāv ‘Ayin guttural Double ‘Ayin
תמם בחרשמר קום to keep to rise to choose to complete
Consonantal suffix: ק Vocalic Suffixes: Cons. Suffix: + תמוk Vocalic suffixes: ח Vocalic Suff. + תמObservations on II. ‘Ayin position weak or guttural:
In the ‘Ayin-Yôd/Vāv or middle weak you can see that the ו in קום drops out and with vocalic suffixes it goes to a qāmeṣ and if the suffix added is a consonantal suffix it is
added normally but the vowel under the ק goes to a pataḥ. It is pretty easy to recognize which gender, number and person are being referred to.
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In the ‘Ayin guttural (בחר ) the consonantal suffixes are added normally leaving
things the same as the regular verb that you know (שמר ). When the vocalic suffixes are added the ševā’ goes to a Ḥatēf-pataḥ as one would expect under a guttural.
In the Double ‘Ayin ( תמם ) the base for becomes תם. When the consonantal
suffixes are added the מ is doubled up to מו. When the vocalic suffixes are added the
to which the vocalic endings are (מ) drops its vowel leaving only the doubled mem מו
added normally ( תמו, תמה ).
Examples:
ית אבי היום קום eואתם קמתם על־בJudg. 9:18 But today you have revolted against my father’s family/house
ל בחר eי ישרא eל שבטkלא־בחרתי בעיר מכ 1 Kings 8:16 I have not chosen a city in any tribe of Israel
י תמם eויהי כאשר־תמו כל־אנש
Deut. 2:16 And it came to pass as all the men had perished
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9.D. III. Lāmed position--weak and guttural:
Regular Lāmed-Hē Lāmed-guttural Lāmed-’Ālef
מצא שמעשמר בנה to keep to build to hear to find
1CS מצאתי שמעתי בניתי שמרתי2MS מצאת שמעתת בני שמרת2FS מצאת שמעתת בני שמרת3MS מצא שמע בנה שמר3FS מצאה שמעה בנתה שמרה1CP מצאנו שמענונו בני שמרנו2MP מצאתם שמעתםתם בני שמרתם2FP מצאתן שמעתןתן בני שמרתן3CP מצאו שמעוו בנ שמרו
Consonantal suffixes: = Regular: Cons. Suffixes:
added by י drop dagesh in ת drop ševā’ and dagesh in ת
Observations on III. Lāmed position weak and guttural:
The Lāmed-Hē add the consonantal suffixes by inserting a י ( Ḥîreq Yôd) knocking
the dagesh out of the ת suffixed ending. The vocalic ending of the 3CP just drops the ה and tags the 3 ו CP ending on as one would expect ( ובנ ) but the 3FS ending is added
on with a strange בנתה (תה( .
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The Lāmed-guttural is absolutely regular adding the suffixes the same way that שמר does. No surprises there.
In the case of Lāmed-’Ālef the ’Ālef just remains silent dropping the normal ševā’ and
the dagesh in the ת when the consonantal endings are added. The vocalic suffixes are added directly t the root as would be expected.
Examples:
ית ארזיםבנה eלמה לא־בניתם לי ב2 Sam 7:7 “Why have you not built me a house of cedar?”
ואני שמעתי עליך שמע Gen. 41:15 But I have heard concerning you
יתך מצא eי־ב eל כלkמה־מצאת מכGen. 31:37 what have you found from all the vessels of your household?
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9.E. Very frequent verbs with double variation: נתן, היה and עשה Regular
עשה נתןשמר היה to keep to be to give to do, make
1CS עשיתי נתתי הייתי שמרתי2MS עשית נתתת היי שמרת2FS עשית נתתת היי שמרת3MS עשה נתן היה שמר3FS עשתה נתנה היתה שמרה1CP עשינו נתנונו היי שמרנו2MP עשיתם נתתם ם תהיי שמרתם2FP עשיתן נתתןתן היי שמרתן3CP עשו נתנוו הי שמרו
Cons. Suffixes: Cons. Suffixes Cons. Suffixes:
added by י as Lāmed-Hē verbs Final Nûn drops added by י as expected
dropping the dagesh in the ת Dagesh is retained heavy suff. ševā’ goes to
Observations:
connecting י adds consonantal suffixes just like the Lāmed-Hē verbs with a (to be) היה
vowel and dropping the dagesh from the suffixed ת.
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drops the final nûn when a consonant suffix is added. The dagesh in the (to give) נתן
suffixed ת is retained. The vocalic suffixes are added as is regular.
connecting י adds consonantal suffixes with the Lāmed-Hē verbal (to do, make) עשה
vowel as expected. With the heavy consonantal suffixes (תם and תן) the initial ševā’
goes to a Ḥatēf-pataḥ because gutturals like ע do not take a simple ševā’ preferring a pataḥ type vowel as we have seen before.
Examples:
ם היה eהנפלים היו בארץ בימים הה The Nephilim were on the earth in those days Gen. 6:4
ואת־הארץ אשר נתתי לאברהם נתן The land I gave to Abraham Gen. 35:12
מה־זkאת עשית ליעשה What have you done to me? Gen. 12:18
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9. F. Chant: Qal Perfect Weak Verb
‘Ayin-Yôd/Vāv Lāmed-Hē
נתן בנה קום to rise to build to give
1CS נתתי בניתי קמתי
2MP נתתם בניתם קמתם
3CP נתנו בנו קמו
(3fs) בנתה
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9.G. Chapter 9 Vocabulary List
to come in, enter, bring in בוא 2,568
to know 948 ידע
to go out 1,068 יצא
to sit, dwell 1,077 ישב
to take 966 לקח
to give 2,010 נתן
to do, make 2,629 עשה
to call, announce קרא 871
to see, understand 1,302 ראה
to turn, return, repent שוב 1,059
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9.H. Speak: Lesson 9 Qal Perfect Weak Verbs
My name is Samuel שמי שמואל
ך בבקשה eמה שמך / שמ? What is your (m./f.) name, please?
ה אתה גר kיפ eא? Where do you live?
ריקהא eאמ eני מ I’m from America
Wait just a second רגע רק
נה eאי הkא / בkב Come (m./f.) here
ר / ממהרת eסליחה ,אני ממה Excuse me, I’m in a hurry
Perhaps tomorrow אולי מחר
דר eזה בס It’s okay.
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9.I. Chapters 8-9: Sing Song: Hava Nagila (Let us rejoice)—Israeli Folk song—weddings with dancing (master this over this lesson and the next)
1. you (p. m) rose קמתם 2. she built _______ 3. we gave _______4. we were _______5. you (f.s.) built _______6. he rose _______7. they gave _______8. they were _______9. I built _______10. she rose _______
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3. Vocabulary Review: Say in Hebrew and write out the Hebrew term (use quizlet.com to review vocabulary)
1. all, each, every _______2. people _______ 3. to go, walk _______
4. for, to, until, towards _______ 5. on, upon, above, over _______ 6. spring, eye _______ 7. daughter _______
8. much, many, great _______
9. face, front _______
10. to bless, praise _______ 11. Moses _______
12. to know _______13. to take _______ 14. to give _______ 15. after, behind _______
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4. Translations:
מה־זkאת עשית לי למה לא־הגדת לי כי אשתך הוא׃ .1[Hiphil perfect of, tell, declare= נגד ?why= למה ]
נתתי את־הארץ הזkאת מנהר מצרים עד־הנהר הגדkל .2נהר־פרת׃[Euphrates =פרת ;river = נהר ]
יכם .3 eתkה קמתם תחת אב eוהנ [instead of, in the place of= תחת]
לו בחרב .4 kל בארץ מצרים יפkותמו כ [חרב = sword]
למן־היום אשר בנו אותה ועד היום הזה .5
[ voice =קול] ולאדם אמר כי־שמעת לקול אשתך .6
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= נער] כי־שמע אלהים אל־קול הנער באשר הוא־שם .7lad, boy]
והנחש היה ערום מכkל חית השדה אשר עשה יהוה .8אלהים
אכלו מכkל kץ הגן׃ האשה אף כי־אמר אלהים לא ת eאמר עkוי אל־[garden=גן ,even, also =אף ,subtle, shrewd, wise =ערום ,serpent= נחש]
ל חסדך אשר עשית .9 eיניך ותגד eן בע eה־נא מצא עבדך ח eהנלהחיות את־נפשי עמדי
ן] eח =favor, grace; עמדי=at or with me; להחיות = to live]
ם כל־חי׃ .10 eם אשתו חוה כי הוא היתה א eויקרא האדם ש[living= חי]
_______________________________________________ היו .10
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6. Speak Hebrew:
My name is Samuel ________________ What is your (m./f.) name, please? ________________
Where do you live? ________________
I’m from America ________________Wait a second ________________Come (m./f.) here ________________ Excuse me, I’m in a hurry ________________Perhaps tomorrow ________________ It’s okay. ________________
7. Practice reading this text from Ps. 1:1-2. Memorize so you can orally recite line A, B, C, D and E:
A :wicked in the counsel walks not which the person blessed