Two million deaths prevented by vaccines and immunizations today 1 Temperature-dependence of Vaccines Mishandling vaccines can damage them permanently.

Final Project Presentation

Hyun-Sun SeoMay 17, 2010

Hyun-Sun Seo

BackgroundTwo million deaths prevented by vaccines and

immunizations today1

Temperature-dependence of VaccinesMishandling vaccines can damage them

permanentlyVaccine wastage is costlyWHO:

monitoring temperature of vaccines during transportation and post-delivery storage needs improvement

“lack of appropriate temperature-monitoring devices for primary and intermediate stores”

Vaccine ManagementWHO1:

Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) in -15°C to -25°CAll others in 2°C to 8°C“liquid formulations of vaccines containing

diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B, Hib, IPV and their combinations should not be frozen.”

CDC2:Live Attenuated Influenza (LAIV) for shipping,

Varicella (Chicken Pox), Zoster (Shingles) frozen at -15°C (5°F).

Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccine (MMR) at 10°C (50°F)

All others in 2°C-8°C (35°F to 46°F)Hyun-Sun Seo

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Vaccine Management (cont.)

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Vaccine Failure (VF) County Health Departments in CO5

– 93% of vaccine refrigerators with recorded temperatures outside of acceptable ranges

Pediatric offices in clinics in LA6:– Only 16% vaccine storage coordinators knew

appropriate storage temperatures for vaccines– 18% unaware that heat can harm certain vaccines– Refrigerator thermometers checked weekly in only

20% of offices– 22% of refrigerators had inappropriately high

temperaturesHungary: 4% vaccines are “compromised” by

summer heat and 38% by winter cold7

Hyun-Sun Seo

Wastage and CostWHO: with proper vaccine and

temperature monitors, could save US$4.8 Million8

EpidemicsMeasles outbreak in NY 1970s

attributed to improperly stored vaccines9

Polio outbreaks in South Africa may be attributed to damaged vaccines10

VF Consequences

Hyun-Sun Seo

Proposed Invention Temperature monitor

LM34 Fahrenheit Temperature SensorLM339 Quad Voltage ComparatorThresholds at

0°C (32°F)2°C (35.6°F)8°C (46.4°F)10°C (50°F)

10kΩ trimmer potentiometersLED Bargraph

Hyun-Sun Seo

Proposed Invention

Hyun-Sun Seo

Proposed Invention

Hyun-Sun Seo

Proposed Invention

Hyun-Sun Seo

Proposed Invention

Hyun-Sun Seo

Week Task1 Researched Temperature Sensors

Researched Comparator Circuits2 Tested LM34 (temperature sensor)

Tested INA128 (Instrumentation Amplifiers)

3 Ordered Thermocouples (Type K)Looked into RFTested LM339 (voltage comparator)

4 Constructed circuit with LM339 and LM34Solder work, wiring, LEDsAdjusted Potentiometer resistorsFinalized DesignTested Device

Timeline

Hyun-Sun Seo

Item

Number of Units Distributor Unit Price Total Price

LM339 1RadioShack 1.49 1.49

LM34 1Parallax, Inc. 3.99 3.991 kOhm Resistors (1/4 Watt Carbon Film Resistor, 5-pack) 1RadioShack 0.99 0.9910 kOhm TrimPots (10K OHM TRIMMER POTENTIOMETER CERMET 15 TURNS 3006P) 5

Tayda Electronics 0.70 3.50

LEDs 4 0.20 0.80

Case 1 3.00 3.00

Other Resistors 1RadioShack 0.99 0.99

Multi-color Wires 1 0.10 0.10

14.86

Cost Analysis

Hyun-Sun Seo

Sophisticated temperature monitors ~ $500Temperature Guard’s Refrigerator/Freezer

Guard11

Proposed InventionNo alarm systemMonitors one fridgeNo telephone alert calls

RF - $40 for few inches of coverage

Conclusion

Hyun-Sun Seo

Benefits of Proposed DeviceUser-friendly Meets the sensitivity requirements for clinical

settingsAny person can identify conditions in the

fridgeBuzzer could be easily implemented for an

auditory cue at unsafe temperatures12

Trimpots could be replaced with resistorsSignificantly cheaper

~$15 vs. $500hugely beneficial in clinics with limited resources

Conclusion

Hyun-Sun Seo

And beyond…

Gates Foundation – Global Health InitiativeLetter of Inquiry application

Global BrigadesDistribution of device through traveling

medical teams.

Hyun-Sun Seo

Chris BrowneCircuitryFinal DesignTesting

Heather BenzCircuitryRF

Matt TrachenbergRF

Acknowledgements

References1. Temperature Sensitivity of Vaccines. Department of Immunizations, Vaccines and

Biologicals, World Health Organization. August 2006. www.who.int/vaccines-documents/.

2. Vaccine Managemenet: Recommendations for Storage and Handling of Selected Biologicals. Center for Disease Control. April 2009. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/appendices/C/storage-handling.pdf.

3. V. Atrasheuskaya, et al. “Mumps vaccine failure investigation in Novosibirsk, Russia, 2002–2004.” February 2007. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. Vol. 13, p. 670–676.

4. Y. Chen Lee, et al. “Haemophilus Influenzae Type b Vaccine Failure in Children is Associated with Inadequate Production of High-Quality Antibody.” January 15, 2008. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Vol. 46, p. 186-92.

5. S. Setia. “Frequency and Causes of Vaccine Wastage.” Jan. 15, 2002. Vaccine. Vol. 20:7-8, p. 1148-1156.

6. D.M. Bishai, S. Bhatt, L.T. Miller and G.F. Hayden , Vaccine storage practices in pediatric offices. Pediatrics 89 (1992), pp. 193–196.

7. L. Lugosi and A. Battersby . “Transport and storage of vaccines in Hungary: the first cold chain monitor study in Europe.” 1990. Bull. WHO. Vol. 68, p. 431–439.

8. “Expanded Programme on Immunization:WHO–UNICEF policy statement on the use of vaccine vial monitors in immunization services.” World Health Organization. 1999. http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DocsPDF99/www9928.pdf

9. R.B. Borkow . “Vaccine spoilage and vaccine failure.” 1975. NY State Journal of Medicine. Vol. 75, p. 424-426.

10. B.D. Schoub and N.A. Cameron. “Problems encountered in the delivery and storage of OPV in an African country.” 1996. Dev. Biol. Stand. Vol. 87, p. 27–32.

11. Temperature Guard, Refrigerator/Freezer Guard model VM505. http://www.temperatureguard.com/vm505.htm

12. AliExpress, LEB1295 buzzer,magnetic buzzer,piezo buzzer. http://www.aliexpress.com/product-gs/269688407-LEB1295-buzzer-magnetic-buzzer-piezo-buzzer-wholesalers.html

Hyun-Sun Seo