............................................ The Electronic Age of Information: 1940 - Present 1939: The National Broadcasting Company initiates regular.

傳播與娛樂傳播與娛樂

兼具傳播與娛樂功能的傳播方式兼具傳播與娛樂功能的傳播方式報紙：小說、文學、娛樂版報紙：小說、文學、娛樂版雜誌：旅遊、收藏、嗜好、流行資訊雜誌：旅遊、收藏、嗜好、流行資訊 ............廣播：地區廣播、全國廣播、短波廣播廣播：地區廣播、全國廣播、短波廣播 ..........電視：無線播送網、有線系統電視：無線播送網、有線系統 ............

新科技整合，帶來新的娛樂與生活形態新科技整合，帶來新的娛樂與生活形態整合通訊、網際網路與電腦、娛樂系統整合通訊、網際網路與電腦、娛樂系統 ..........

The Electronic Age of The Electronic Age of Information: 1940 - PresentInformation: 1940 - Present

1939: The National Broadcasting Company initiates regul1939: The National Broadcasting Company initiates regular television broadcasts for two hours per week. The CBar television broadcasts for two hours per week. The CBS and Dumont networks soon follow suit, but broadcastinS and Dumont networks soon follow suit, but broadcasting is interrupted by World War IIg is interrupted by World War II

1941: Kondrad Zuse constructs first fully operational bina1941: Kondrad Zuse constructs first fully operational binary computer, the Z3ry computer, the Z3

1945: The first modern stored memory computer is desig1945: The first modern stored memory computer is designed by Johann von Neumann, J. Presper Eckert, and Joned by Johann von Neumann, J. Presper Eckert, and John W. Mauclyhn W. Maucly

1946: Scientists at the University of Pennsylvania compl1946: Scientists at the University of Pennsylvania complete ENIAC, a room-sized computer consisting of 10,000 ete ENIAC, a room-sized computer consisting of 10,000 high-speed vacuum tubeshigh-speed vacuum tubes

1947: The transistor is invented at Bell Telephone Labor1947: The transistor is invented at Bell Telephone Laboratoriesatories

1948:Dennis Gabor, a Hungarian-born scientist, invents 1948:Dennis Gabor, a Hungarian-born scientist, invents holography; in 1971 he receives the Nobel Prize for his iholography; in 1971 he receives the Nobel Prize for his inventionnvention

1949: In the U.S., there are 1,000,000 television receiver1949: In the U.S., there are 1,000,000 television receivers in use. The 10,000,000 mark is passed in 1951, and ths in use. The 10,000,000 mark is passed in 1951, and the 50,000,000 mark eight years later. Other developed nae 50,000,000 mark eight years later. Other developed nations reach these levels of penetration soon after tions reach these levels of penetration soon after

1952: The first numerical control machine tool is demons1952: The first numerical control machine tool is demonstrated at MITtrated at MIT

1952: The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) 1952: The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system for U.S. air defense is developed at MIT. It is the system for U.S. air defense is developed at MIT. It is the first computer networkfirst computer network

1952: Thomas Watson Jr. becomes president of IBM an1952: Thomas Watson Jr. becomes president of IBM and launches all-out push into computer marketsd launches all-out push into computer markets

1954: Color television broadcasting in the United 1954: Color television broadcasting in the United States, several years after the first experimental States, several years after the first experimental broadcasts; the technology is adopted in Japan ibroadcasts; the technology is adopted in Japan in 1960n 1960

1960: The Haloid Xerox Company introduces the 1960: The Haloid Xerox Company introduces the plain-paper copier, based on a process invented plain-paper copier, based on a process invented by Chester F. Carlson. The copier rapidly revolutby Chester F. Carlson. The copier rapidly revolutionizes office practices and makes carbon paper ionizes office practices and makes carbon paper outdatedoutdated

1960: Libraries begin to use on-line public acces1960: Libraries begin to use on-line public access catalogs (OPAC), which begin to replace card s catalogs (OPAC), which begin to replace card cataloguescatalogues

1961: The publication of Merriam-Webster's 1961: The publication of Merriam-Webster's Third Third International DictionaryInternational Dictionary creates a furor in the United creates a furor in the United States when the dictionary is charged with abandoning States when the dictionary is charged with abandoning prescriptive judgments of correctness in favor of neutral prescriptive judgments of correctness in favor of neutral linguistic descriptionlinguistic description

1961: The first programmable industrial robot installed, 1961: The first programmable industrial robot installed, for unloading of parts at die-casting operationfor unloading of parts at die-casting operation

1962: Western Union introduces the telex to the United 1962: Western Union introduces the telex to the United StatesStates

1962: The first modem introduced in the United States 1962: The first modem introduced in the United States marketed by the American Telephone & Telegraph marketed by the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T)Company (AT&T)

1962: The first communication satellite, Telstar, is put int1962: The first communication satellite, Telstar, is put into orbit for use by American companies. The first trans-Atlo orbit for use by American companies. The first trans-Atlantic television broadcast is made in this yearantic television broadcast is made in this year

1963: ATT offers push-button dialing to its consumers1963: ATT offers push-button dialing to its consumers 1963: ZIP codes are instituted to facilitate local sorting a1963: ZIP codes are instituted to facilitate local sorting a

nd delivery of post in United Statesnd delivery of post in United States 1963: On November 24, accused presidential assassin L1963: On November 24, accused presidential assassin L

ee Harvey Oswald is being transferred to a jail cell when ee Harvey Oswald is being transferred to a jail cell when he is fatally shot by Jack Ruby. The assassination is witnhe is fatally shot by Jack Ruby. The assassination is witnessed by millions of people on live televisionessed by millions of people on live television

1965: The basis of virtual reality technology emerges in s1965: The basis of virtual reality technology emerges in simulators that teach pilots how to fly planes by using heaimulators that teach pilots how to fly planes by using head-mounted displays with tracking systemsd-mounted displays with tracking systems

1966: ASCII (the American Standard Code for Informatio1966: ASCII (the American Standard Code for Information Exchange) is established as a standard data-transmissn Exchange) is established as a standard data-transmission code that converts characters into seven-digit binary ion code that converts characters into seven-digit binary numbersnumbers

1968: Douglas Engelbart demonstrates first computer m1968: Douglas Engelbart demonstrates first computer mouse, hypertext, and WYSIWYG ("What you see is what ouse, hypertext, and WYSIWYG ("What you see is what you get") display of textyou get") display of text

1968: The British Library and Library of Congress collabo1968: The British Library and Library of Congress collaborate on a new system of cataloging library collections, Mrate on a new system of cataloging library collections, Machine-Readable Cataloging Project, known since its reviachine-Readable Cataloging Project, known since its revision in 1968 as MARC IIsion in 1968 as MARC II

1969: The Department of Defense establishes the Arpan1969: The Department of Defense establishes the Arpanet, predecessor of the Internetet, predecessor of the Internet

1969: Sony Corporation introduces the videocasette reco1969: Sony Corporation introduces the videocasette recorderrder

1970: American banks introduce electronic teller machin1970: American banks introduce electronic teller machineses

1971: Introduction of the laser printer, which makes poss1971: Introduction of the laser printer, which makes possible high quality computer graphics and desktop publishiible high quality computer graphics and desktop publishingng

1971: The Intel corporation introduces the worldÌs first mi1971: The Intel corporation introduces the worldÌs first microprocessor, which combines the electrical functions oncroprocessor, which combines the electrical functions once performed as many as 500,000 transistors on a single ce performed as many as 500,000 transistors on a single chipchip

1972: Introduction of C, the first widely adopted general-1972: Introduction of C, the first widely adopted general-purpose high-level programming languagepurpose high-level programming language

1972: Xerox introduces the Alto, the first computer with a 1972: Xerox introduces the Alto, the first computer with a bit-mapped screen, windows, and a mouse, which bit-mapped screen, windows, and a mouse, which becomes the model for Apple Macintosh and other becomes the model for Apple Macintosh and other personal computerspersonal computers

1972: The first electronic mail system introduced1972: The first electronic mail system introduced 1973: The grocery industry adopts Universal Product 1973: The grocery industry adopts Universal Product

Code, making possible the use of bar codes for pricing Code, making possible the use of bar codes for pricing and inventory controland inventory control

1976: Steven Jobs and Steve Wozniak found Apple 1976: Steven Jobs and Steve Wozniak found Apple Computer Inc., the first company devoted to selling Computer Inc., the first company devoted to selling personal computerspersonal computers

1976: The spacecraft Viking 1 orbits Mars and relays 1976: The spacecraft Viking 1 orbits Mars and relays photographs of the Martian landscape to Earthphotographs of the Martian landscape to Earth

1977: Apple and Radio Shack introduce the first widely 1977: Apple and Radio Shack introduce the first widely successful pre-assembled personal computers. IBM successful pre-assembled personal computers. IBM follows with its PC in 1981follows with its PC in 1981

1979: The Xerox Corporation introduces the Ethernet, 1979: The Xerox Corporation introduces the Ethernet, which becomes the standard computer which becomes the standard computer intercommunications networkintercommunications network

1982: The Gannet company begins publishing 1982: The Gannet company begins publishing USA USA TodayToday, the United States' first national, general-interest , the United States' first national, general-interest newspapernewspaper

1982: Introduction of the spreadsheet program Lotus 1-1982: Introduction of the spreadsheet program Lotus 1-2-3, the "killer application" that ensures wide popularity 2-3, the "killer application" that ensures wide popularity of personal computersof personal computers

1989: Tim Berners-Lee and his colleagues at CERN crea1989: Tim Berners-Lee and his colleagues at CERN create the first Web browser, based on the HyperText Transfte the first Web browser, based on the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which standardizes communication ber Protocol (HTTP), which standardizes communication between servers and clientsetween servers and clients

1990: Start of the project of mapping the location of all g1990: Start of the project of mapping the location of all genes on every chromosome in human beings, the Humaenes on every chromosome in human beings, the Human Genome Projectn Genome Project

1991: The Cable News Network (CNN) is created in by T1991: The Cable News Network (CNN) is created in by Ted Turner. The network gains worldwide attention for its ed Turner. The network gains worldwide attention for its around-the-clock coverage, much of it broadcast from Iraaround-the-clock coverage, much of it broadcast from Iraq, of the Persian Gulf Warq, of the Persian Gulf War

1993: Marc Andreessen and others at the University of 1993: Marc Andreessen and others at the University of Illinois release Mosaic, a graphical Web browser that Illinois release Mosaic, a graphical Web browser that becomes widely popular and is the model for browsers becomes widely popular and is the model for browsers from Netscape and Microsoft. By 1995 the World Wide from Netscape and Microsoft. By 1995 the World Wide Web has millions of usersWeb has millions of users

1995: Release of Disney's 1995: Release of Disney's Toy StoryToy Story, the first full-length , the first full-length computer-generated feature filmcomputer-generated feature film

1996: In the U. S., the Telecommunications Act of 1996 1996: In the U. S., the Telecommunications Act of 1996 authorizes subsidies for information technology to authorizes subsidies for information technology to libraries and schools. The provision of universal access libraries and schools. The provision of universal access the Internet becomes a policy goal a number of nations the Internet becomes a policy goal a number of nations

1997: Major new libraries are opened in London, Paris, a1997: Major new libraries are opened in London, Paris, and New York containing extensive computational facilitiend New York containing extensive computational facilitiess

1998: The on-line bookseller Amazon.com becomes the 1998: The on-line bookseller Amazon.com becomes the world's largest book retailer as measured by market capitworld's largest book retailer as measured by market capitalization. The Internet craze sends the stocks in other Intalization. The Internet craze sends the stocks in other Internet-related businesses to unprecedented highsernet-related businesses to unprecedented highs

1998: The full testimony of President Clinton gathered by 1998: The full testimony of President Clinton gathered by the special prosecutor Kenneth Starr receives millions of the special prosecutor Kenneth Starr receives millions of hits when it is released on the Web, marking the coming hits when it is released on the Web, marking the coming of age of the Web as a means for the dissemination of pof age of the Web as a means for the dissemination of public informationublic information

傳統大眾傳播科技的問題：傳統大眾傳播科技的問題： Audience MeasurementAudience Measurement Target Market & Target Audience ?Target Market & Target Audience ? One way communicationOne way communication Audience responseAudience response

整合資訊、通訊、傳播的科技，成為完整平台整合資訊、通訊、傳播的科技，成為完整平台 互動電視（互動電視（ Interactive TVInteractive TV ）、隨選視訊（）、隨選視訊（ Video on DemVideo on Dem

andand）、）、 數位電視、機上盒等數位電視、機上盒等 必須思考：必須思考：

Business ModelBusiness Model Investment CostInvestment Cost Access CostAccess Cost

Wir

e li

ne

HFC

HE

Cable Modemsystem

CATV Network

Wir

eles

s

VSATDirecPCDBS/DTH

PSTN

Satellite Network Wireless Network

MMDS/LMDSsystem

WirelessPTP RadioPMP Radio

Telecom Network

ADSL

VDSL

FiberFTTC

DSL

xDSL technology

Telecommunication Industry

全球整合資訊、通訊與傳播產業全球整合資訊、通訊與傳播產業Trend: Convergence of IndustriesTrend: Convergence of Industries

無線電視

單向、寬頻單點對多點廣播 or 枝狀架構視訊聲訊

廣播電視及有線電視

Two-way, Multimedia

Communication

傳播業 電信業

資訊業

雙向、窄頻星狀架構 : 具有交換功能語音為主，加入文字、影音

通信、電話Telephony Industry

TV Industry

同軸電纜

放大器

有線電視頭端同軸電纜

有線電視頭端

同軸電纜

有線電視頭端

具有強大運算能力 Topology: Ring, Bus, Star所組成網路以傳輸數據為主

電腦資訊Computer Industry

Multimedia Home Platform Multimedia Home Platform http://www.tomw.net.au/2001/itv.htmlhttp://www.tomw.net.au/2001/itv.html

Digital television in Australia Digital television in Australia http://www.anu.edu.au/mail-archives/link/lihttp://www.anu.edu.au/mail-archives/link/link0111/0504.htmlnk0111/0504.html

看看國際上的想法：看看國際上的想法： by by Tom Worthington

New Broadcast New Broadcast TechnologyTechnology

Tom WorthingtonTom Worthington FACS FACSVisiting Fellow, Department of Computer Science, Visiting Fellow, Department of Computer Science, Australian National University and Director, Tomw Australian National University and Director, Tomw

Communications Pty LtdCommunications Pty Ltd For the POWER PANEL: "New technological For the POWER PANEL: "New technological

capabilities" of capabilities" of Broadcast World 2002Broadcast World 2002, Wednesday 27th , Wednesday 27th February 2002, SydneyFebruary 2002, Sydney

SummarySummaryFree-to-air and pay-TV operators are Free-to-air and pay-TV operators are

making the same mistakes which making the same mistakes which bankrupted many Internet companies.bankrupted many Internet companies.

New technological capabilities do not New technological capabilities do not guarantee a return on investment.guarantee a return on investment.

Lessons can be learned from the failure of Lessons can be learned from the failure of WAPWAP and success and success i-modei-mode..

BBroadcasting roadcasting examples areexamples are MHPMHP and and TeleWebTeleWeb..

What is Wrong with MHP?What is Wrong with MHP?

In theory the use of Internet and web In theory the use of Internet and web standards for MHP should provide standards for MHP should provide opportunities for convergence…opportunities for convergence…

However, the differences in business However, the differences in business models and production techniques may models and production techniques may make convergence infeasible…make convergence infeasible…

(Worthington 2001b): Internet-TV Convergence with the (Worthington 2001b): Internet-TV Convergence with the Multimedia Home Platform, Multimedia Home Platform, Communications Research ForumCommunications Research Forum, URL: , URL: http://www.tomw.net.au/2001/itv.htmlhttp://www.tomw.net.au/2001/itv.html

WAP LessonsWAP Lessons Wireless Access ProtocolWireless Access Protocol

(WAP) for mobile (WAP) for mobile telephony telephony is is a complex a complex and expensive and expensive technology looking for an technology looking for an application.application.

WAP had the support of WAP had the support of the telecommunications the telecommunications industryindustry

But was complicated and But was complicated and not rellay the not rellay the

SSimpler rival impler rival i-modei-mode appears likely to succeed.appears likely to succeed.

A cell phone with WAP

Internet lessonsInternet lessonsBBenefits from cooperation, practical testing enefits from cooperation, practical testing

of standards of standards BBuild up advanced services from uild up advanced services from

compatible simpler technologies.compatible simpler technologies.The Internet is built with subtle social The Internet is built with subtle social

modelmodelss..MHP distributedMHP distributed in the wrong format: in the wrong format: 1448 1448

page, page, 19 19 MbyteMbyte zipped PDF document zipped PDF document

The Multimedia Home The Multimedia Home Platform (MHP)Platform (MHP)

The Multimedia Home Platform (MHP) The Multimedia Home Platform (MHP) attempts to adapt existing Internet and attempts to adapt existing Internet and web standards for to digital Television web standards for to digital Television (DTV).(DTV).

PProduced by the Digital Video roduced by the Digital Video Broadcasting Project (Broadcasting Project (DVBDVB) )

Work is underway to have MHP adopted in Work is underway to have MHP adopted in Australia, under the formal Standards Australia, under the formal Standards Australia processes.Australia processes.

How is an Internet TV Set-How is an Internet TV Set-Top Box Built?Top Box Built?

Existing standards are used for content, Existing standards are used for content, such as PNG, JPEG (still images), MPEG-such as PNG, JPEG (still images), MPEG-2 (Video/Audio), HTML (text/web pages) 2 (Video/Audio), HTML (text/web pages) and Java.and Java.

A tradeoff is required between powerful A tradeoff is required between powerful formats and proven technologformats and proven technologyy..

MHP will require more hardware than in MHP will require more hardware than in the current typical set-top-box.the current typical set-top-box.

TeleWebTeleWeb

SSuper Teletextuper Teletext using using web pagesweb pagesAnotherAnother European standard with an European standard with an

awful web siteawful web site..MMore modest standard than MHPore modest standard than MHP, using, using

proven technologyproven technology: : HTML 3.2 HTML 3.2 && GIF. GIF.TeleWeb TeleWeb content displays content displays a normal web a normal web

browserbrowser and m and may be ay be compatible with compatible with PDAs.PDAs.

Broadcast Industry's Worst Broadcast Industry's Worst NightmareNightmare

From: From: Inside Inside TivoTivo, Marc Merlin, 2001, Marc Merlin, 2001

CConvergence may not be onvergence may not be possible possible

TVTV is sufficiently different to the Internet that is sufficiently different to the Internet that convergence of content may not be possible.convergence of content may not be possible.

MHP has not adopted the web's approach to MHP has not adopted the web's approach to multimediamultimedia ( (SMILSMIL))

SSimpleimple, , low costlow cost, analogue compatible MHP , analogue compatible MHP alternatives are possiblealternatives are possible

TheThe Electronic Programme Guide Electronic Programme Guide is the simple is the simple killer application.killer application.

But when times going to 2005……….But when times going to 2005……….

low cost set-top-boxlow cost set-top-boxesesBob EdwardsBob Edwards at the Australian National at the Australian National

University is experimenting with is low University is experimenting with is low cost set-top-box Internet TV appliances.cost set-top-box Internet TV appliances.

Neon Technology'sNeon Technology's $USD79 $USD79 set-top boxset-top box

BroadcastingBroadcasting::Non-interactive Data Non-interactive Data

TransmissionTransmission

More possibleMore possibleTTechnology is now available to echnology is now available to

transform content so it is usable on transform content so it is usable on hand held deviceshand held devices with limited with limited Internet access.Internet access.

Middleware developmentMiddleware development

Technologies Technologies for multimedia for multimedia documentsdocuments::The Extensible Markup Language (The Extensible Markup Language (XMLXML

) ) XML Schema, XML Schema, Web Content Accessibility GuidelinesWeb Content Accessibility Guidelines

Metadata: The Killer Metadata: The Killer Application?Application?

SSell the meta-data and give the ell the meta-data and give the content awaycontent away: t: the TV guide is he TV guide is metadata.metadata.

ABCABC’s ’s dig, dig, could show the way.could show the way.

Operational rolloutOperational rollout

CConsumers can play a more active onsumers can play a more active role role

NNot clear if there will be sufficient ot clear if there will be sufficient standardization of platformsstandardization of platforms::computers and telephones still have computers and telephones still have

different numeric keypadsdifferent numeric keypadsTTelephone:elephone:1,2,3,4,5,6... 1,2,3,4,5,6... Computer:Computer: 7,8,9,4,5,6...7,8,9,4,5,6...

Video-on-demandVideo-on-demand

WWill cease to be a major issue.ill cease to be a major issue.Internet users assume that any Internet users assume that any

document is available on demand.document is available on demand.

StorageStorage

low cost superlow cost superserver at ANUserver at ANU

More InformationMore InformationText and references: Text and references:

http://www.tomw.net.au/2002/nbt.htmlhttp://www.tomw.net.au/2002/nbt.htmlAbout the AuthorAbout the Author: : http://www.tomw.net.auhttp://www.tomw.net.auThanks to:Thanks to:

Luke Naismith, Deputy Manager, Strategy and Analysis, Luke Naismith, Deputy Manager, Strategy and Analysis, National Office for the Information Economy; Bob National Office for the Information Economy; Bob Edwards, Chief IT Officer, Faculty of Engineering and Edwards, Chief IT Officer, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The Australian National Information Technology, The Australian National University; and Marghanita da Cruz, Ramin University; and Marghanita da Cruz, Ramin Communications; for their comments.Communications; for their comments.

Comments and corrections to: Comments and corrections to: [email protected]@tomw.net.au

Copyright © Tom Worthington. 2001Copyright © Tom Worthington. 2001