The direction and intensity of effort Direction= types of activities a person likes Intensity= how much work an individual puts forth in the situation.

MOTIVATION

Motivation

The direction and intensity of effort

Direction= types of activities a person likes

Intensity= how much work an individual puts forth in the situation

Approaches to Motivation

Trait-centered

Behavior is primarily a function of individual characteristics (needs, goals, personality)

Can we change it?

Situation-Centered

Behavior is determined by the situation

Interactional-centered

Both personality traits and situation affect motivation

Guidelines for Building Motivation

1. Both situation and traits motivate people2. People have multiple motives for

involvement (and some of these compete or change over time)

3. Change the environment to enhance motivation

4. Leaders influence motivation directly and indirectly

5. Use behavior modification to change undesirable participant motives

Types of Motivation

EXTRINSIC INTRINSIC

Influenced by outside factors such as rewards and punishment

Activity has inherent value because it is fun, interesting, or worthwhile

Operant Conditioning

Thorndike’s law of effect: Rewarded behaviors are likely to be repeated.

Extrinsic Motivation

Operant Conditioning- Type of learning where behavior is

strengthened by rewards and diminished by punishments

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy_mIEnnlF4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EWyZHSZf3TM

How does operant conditioning relate to extrinsic motivation?

Operant conditioning creates extrinsic motivation

Problems?

Overjustification Effect

Natural inclination (interest) + extrinsic motivator= less interest

Intrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic Motivation

Wanting to complete an activity because it is fun, worthwhile, or interesting

Also called achievement motivation because those who have it: Strive for success Persist in the face

of failure Experience pride in

accomplishments

Competitiveness

A disposition to strive for satisfaction when making comparisons with some standard of excellence in the presence of others

Social-comparison

What Makes Up Intrinsic Motivation?

Interest

Situational- evoked temporarily by something in the environment

Ex. Playing games in class

Personal- long-term, relatively stable, based on personality

Ex. Your favorite sport

Expectancy

Belief about the likelihood of success in a given activity

Based on: Present ability level External

circumstances that may help or hinder performance.

Value

Belief about the extent to which an activity has direct or indirect benefits

4 Parts of Value

Important- associated with desirable personal qualities

Utility- how useful it is in the short run and the long run

Interest- brings pleasure and enjoyment Cost- effort versus reward

How can we develop value?

learn from others gain interest reduce costs

Achievement Theories

Need Achievement Theory

Attribution Theory

Attribution

Causal explanation for an event

How someone explains successes and failures

Types: Internal vs.

External Stable vs. Unstable Uncontrollable vs.

Controllable

So What?

there are emotional reactions to success and failure

how we see the world affects our expectations for future success or failure

future choices effort and persistence learning strategies and performance

Influences Attribution

past successes and failures situational cues messages from others image management-telling people what

they want to hear

How Others Influence US

We behave based on how others see us

Expectations of others influence how we see ourselves

“I am not who I think I am. I am not who you think I am. I am who I think you think I am.”

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Expectations for an outcome either directly or indirectly lead to the expected result

Achievement Goal Theory

Behavior depends on the type of goal and perceived ability

Types of goals: Outcome (whether you win or lose) Task (improve performance comparative to

past) Social (affiliation with group and being liked

by others)

Competence Motivation Theory

People want to feel worthy and competent

Feelings + Control= Motivation

Characteristics of Achievers

High Achievers

high motivation to achieve success and low motivation to avoid failure

focus on the pride of success

ascribe success to stable, internal, and controllable factors

ascribe failure to unstable, external, and uncontrollable factors

adopt task goals have high

perceived competence

seek out challenges, able competitors, and demanding tasks

perform well in evaluative conditions

Low Achievers

low motivation to achieve success and high motivation to avoid failure

focus on shame and worry that may result from failure

ascribe success to unstable, external, and uncontrollable factors

ascribe failure to stable, internal, and controllable factors

adopt outcome goals low perceived

competence avoid challenges,

seek out very easy or very hard tasks

perform poorly in evaluative conditions

Motivational Diseases

5 Types

Learned Helplessness Fear of Failure Fear of Success Pathological Perfectionism Underachievement

Ideas to Improve Motivation

Stages of Achievement

autonomous competence stage social comparison stage integrate (self- and social comparison)

stage

Improving Motivation

recognize stage of achievement motivation

provide a positive motivational climate that focuses on task goals

monitor and alter attributional feedback enhance feelings of competence and

control