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© T Madas. Add zero and negative integers Add fractions and decimals which can be represented by fractions Add imaginary numbers Real Numbers ( ) Integers.

Dec 23, 2015

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Archibald Kelly
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Page 1: © T Madas. Add zero and negative integers Add fractions and decimals which can be represented by fractions Add imaginary numbers Real Numbers ( ) Integers.

© T Madas

Page 2: © T Madas. Add zero and negative integers Add fractions and decimals which can be represented by fractions Add imaginary numbers Real Numbers ( ) Integers.

© T Madas

Add zero and negative integers

Add fractions and decimals which can be represented by fractions

Addimaginary numbers

Real Numbers ( )

Integers ( )E.g. … -3, -2, -1, 0,1, 2, 3 …

Rational Numbers ( )E.g. 17, -10, -½, -0.65, 0.333 etc

Natural Numbers ( )E.g. 1, 2, 3 …

Complex Numbers ( )

¥

¢

¤

¡

£

Addirrational numbers such as the square

roots and π

Page 3: © T Madas. Add zero and negative integers Add fractions and decimals which can be represented by fractions Add imaginary numbers Real Numbers ( ) Integers.

© T Madas

Add zero and negative integers

Add fractions and decimals which can be represented by fractions

Addimaginary numbers

Real Numbers ( )

Integers ( )E.g. … -3, -2, -1, 0,1, 2, 3 …

Rational Numbers ( )E.g. 17, -10, -½, -0.65, 0.333 etc

Natural Numbers ( )E.g. 1, 2, 3 …

Complex Numbers ( )

¥

¢

¤

¡

£

Addirrational numbers such as the square

roots and π

Page 4: © T Madas. Add zero and negative integers Add fractions and decimals which can be represented by fractions Add imaginary numbers Real Numbers ( ) Integers.

© T Madas

Rational or Irrational?

It doesn’t quite work like this with numbers

Page 5: © T Madas. Add zero and negative integers Add fractions and decimals which can be represented by fractions Add imaginary numbers Real Numbers ( ) Integers.

© T Madas

Rational or Irrational?

It doesn’t quite work like this with numbers

Page 6: © T Madas. Add zero and negative integers Add fractions and decimals which can be represented by fractions Add imaginary numbers Real Numbers ( ) Integers.

© T Madas

What is an irrational number?

It is a number which when written in decimal form:

it has an infinite number of decimal digits which appear with no pattern whatsoever

The formal definition of an irrational number:

It is a number that cannot be written as a fraction with integer numerator and denominatorThe constant ratio of a circle’s circumference is an irrational number, which is given approximately by:

3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197 [40

d.p.]

We know this irrational number as πInfinite decimal places, no pattern, there is no fraction

equal to π

Page 7: © T Madas. Add zero and negative integers Add fractions and decimals which can be represented by fractions Add imaginary numbers Real Numbers ( ) Integers.

© T Madas

3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592307816406286208998628034825342117067982148086513282306647093844609550582231725359408128481117450284102701938521105559644622948954930381964428810975665933446128475648233786783165271201909145648566923460348610454326648213393607260249141273724587006606315588174881520920962829254091715364367892590360011330530548820466521384146951941511609433057270365759591953092186117381932611793105118548074462379962749567351885752724891227938183011949129833673362440656643086021394946395224737190702179860943702770539217176293176752384674818467669405132000568127145263560827785771342757789609173637178721468440901224953430146549585371050792279689258923542019956112129021960864034418159813629774771309960518707211349999998372978049951059731732816096318595024459455346908302642522308253344685035261931188171010003137838752886587533208381420617177669147303598253490428755468731159562863882353787593751957781857780532171226806613001927876611195909216420198

π ≈ 1000 decimal places

Page 8: © T Madas. Add zero and negative integers Add fractions and decimals which can be represented by fractions Add imaginary numbers Real Numbers ( ) Integers.

© T Madas

3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993751058209749445923078164062862089986280348253421170679821480865132823066470938446095505822317253594081284811174502841027019385211055596446229489549303819644288109756659334461284756482337867831652712019091456485669234603486104543266482133936072602491412737245870066063155881748815209209628292540917153643678925903600113305305488204665213841469519415116094330572703657595919530921861173819326117931051185480744623799627495673518857527248912279381830119491298336733624406566430860213949463952247371907021798609437027705392171762931767523846748184676694051320005681271452635608277857713427577896091736371787214684409012249534301465495853710507922796892589235420199561121290219608640344181598136297747713099605187072113499999983729780499510597317328160963185950244594553469083026425223082533446850352619311881710100031378387528865875332083814206171776691473035982534904287554687311595628638823537875937519577818577805321712268066130019278766111959092164201989380952572010654858632788659361533818279682303019520353018529689957736225994138912497217752834791315155748572424541506959508295331168617278558890750983817546374649393192550604009277016711390098488240128583616035637076601047101819429555961989467678374494482553797747268471040475346462080466842590694912933136770289891521047521620569660240580381501935112533824300355876402474964732639141992726042699227967823547816360093417216412199245863150302861829745557067498385054945885869269956909272107975093029553211653449872027559602364806654991198818347977535663698074265425278625518184175746728909777727938000816470600161452491921732172147723501414419735685481613611573525521334757418494684385233239073941433345477624168625189835694855620992192221842725502542568876717904946016534668049886272327917860857843838279679766814541009538837863609506800642251252051173929848960841284886269456042419652850222106611863067442786220391949450471237137869609563643719172874677646575739624138908658326459958133904780275900994657640789512694683983525957098258226205224894077267194782684826014769909026401363944374553050682034962524517493996514314298091906592509372216964615157098583874105978859597729754989301617539284681382686838689427741559918559252459539594310499725246808459872736446958486538367362226260991246080512438843904512441365497627807977156914359977001296160894416948685558484063534220722258284886481584560285060168427394522674676788952521385225499546667278239864565961163548862305774564980355936345681743241125150760694794510965960940252288797108931456691368672287489405601015033086179286809208747609178249385890097149096759852613655497818931297848216829989487226588048575640142704775551323796414515237462343645428584447952658678210511413547357395231134271661021359695362314429524849371871101457654035902799344037420073105785390621983874478084784896833214457138687519435064302184531910484810053706146806749192781911979399520614196634287544406437451237181921799983910159195618146751426912397489409071864942319615679452080951465502252316038819301420937621378559566389377870830390697920773467221825625996615014215030680384477345492026054146659252014974428507325186660021324340881907104863317346496514539057962685610055081066587969981635747363840525714591028970641401109712062804390397595156771577004203378699360072305587631763594218731251471205329281918261861258673215791984148488291644706095752706957220917567116722910981690915280173506712748583222871835209353965725121083579151369882091444210067510334671103141267111369908658516398315019701651511685171437657618351556508849099898599823873455283316355076479185358932261854896321329330898570642046752590709154814165498594616371802709819943099244889575712828905923233260972997120844335732654893823911932597463667305836041428138830320382490375898524374417029132765618093773444030707469211201913020330380197621101100449293215160842444859637669838952286847831235526582131449576857262433441893039686426243410773226978028073189154411010446823252716201052652272111660396665573092547110557853763466820653109896526918620564769312570586356620185581007293606598764861179104533488503461136576867532494416680396265797877185560845529654126654085306143444318586769751456614068007002378776591344017127494704205622305389945613140711270004078547332699390814546646458807972708266830634328587856983052358089330657574067954571637752542021149557615814002501262285941302164715509792592309907965473761255176567513575178296664547791745011299614890304639947132962107340437518957359614589019389713111790429782856475032031986915140287080859904801094121472213179476477726224142548545403321571853061422881375850430633217518297986622371721591607716692547487389866549494501146540628433663937900397692656721463853067360965712091807638327166416274888800786925602902284721040317211860820419000422966171196377921337575114959501566049631862947265473642523081770367515906735023507283540567040386743513622224771589150495309844489333096340878076932599397805419341447377441842631298608099888687413260472

π ≈ 5000 decimal places

Page 9: © T Madas. Add zero and negative integers Add fractions and decimals which can be represented by fractions Add imaginary numbers Real Numbers ( ) Integers.

© T Madas

π ≈ 10000 decimal places3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993751058209749445923078164062862089986280348253421170679821480865132823066470938446095505822317253594081284811174

50284102701938521105559644622948954930381964428810975665933446128475648233786783165271201909145648566923460348610454326648213393607260249141273724587006606315588174881520920962829254091715364367892590360011330530548820466521384146951941511609433057270365759591953092186117381932611793105118548074462379962749567351885752724891227938183011949129833673362440656643086021394946395224737190702179860943702770539217176293176752384674818467669405132000568127145263560827785771342757789609173637178721468440901224953430146549585371050792279689258923542019956112129021960864034418159813629774771309960518707211349999998372978049951059731732816096318595024459455346908302642522308253344685035261931188171010003137838752886587533208381420617177669147303598253490428755468731159562863882353787593751957781857780532171226806613001927876611195909216420198938095257201065485863278865936153381827968230301952035301852968995773622599413891249721775283479131515574857242454150695950829533116861727855889075098381754637464939319255060400927701671139009848824012858361603563707660104710181942955596198946767837449448255379774726847104047534646208046684259069491293313677028989152104752162056966024058038150193511253382430035587640247496473263914199272604269922796782354781636009341721641219924586315030286182974555706749838505494588586926995690927210797509302955321165344987202755960236480665499119881834797753566369807426542527862551818417574672890977772793800081647060016145249192173217214772350141441973568548161361157352552133475741849468438523323907394143334547762416862518983569485562099219222184272550254256887671790494601653466804988627232791786085784383827967976681454100953883786360950680064225125205117392984896084128488626945604241965285022210661186306744278622039194945047123713786960956364371917287467764657573962413890865832645995813390478027590099465764078951269468398352595709825822620522489407726719478268482601476990902640136394437455305068203496252451749399651431429809190659250937221696461515709858387410597885959772975498930161753928468138268683868942774155991855925245953959431049972524680845987273644695848653836736222626099124608051243884390451244136549762780797715691435997700129616089441694868555848406353422072225828488648158456028506016842739452267467678895252138522549954666727823986456596116354886230577456498035593634568174324112515076069479451096596094025228879710893145669136867228748940560101503308617928680920874760917824938589009714909675985261365549781893129784821682998948722658804857564014270477555132379641451523746234364542858444795265867821051141354735739523113427166102135969536231442952484937187110145765403590279934403742007310578539062198387447808478489683321445713868751943506430218453191048481005370614680674919278191197939952061419663428754440643745123718192179998391015919561814675142691239748940907186494231961567945208095146550225231603881930142093762137855956638937787083039069792077346722182562599661501421503068038447734549202605414665925201497442850732518666002132434088190710486331734649651453905796268561005508106658796998163574736384052571459102897064140110971206280439039759515677157700420337869936007230558763176359421873125147120532928191826186125867321579198414848829164470609575270695722091756711672291098169091528017350671274858322287183520935396572512108357915136988209144421006751033467110314126711136990865851639831501970165151168517143765761835155650884909989859982387345528331635507647918535893226185489632132933089857064204675259070915481416549859461637180270981994309924488957571282890592323326097299712084433573265489382391193259746366730583604142813883032038249037589852437441702913276561809377344403070746921120191302033038019762110110044929321516084244485963766983895228684783123552658213144957685726243344189303968642624341077322697802807318915441101044682325271620105265227211166039666557309254711055785376346682065310989652691862056476931257058635662018558100729360659876486117910453348850346113657686753249441668039626579787718556084552965412665408530614344431858676975145661406800700237877659134401712749470420562230538994561314071127000407854733269939081454664645880797270826683063432858785698305235808933065757406795457163775254202114955761581400250126228594130216471550979259230990796547376125517656751357517829666454779174501129961489030463994713296210734043751895735961458901938971311179042978285647503203198691514028708085990480109412147221317947647772622414254854540332157185306142288137585043063321751829798662237172159160771669254748738986654949450114654062843366393790039769265672146385306736096571209180763832716641627488880078692560290228472104031721186082041900042296617119637792133757511495950156604963186294726547364252308177036751590673502350728354056704038674351362222477158915049530984448933309634087807693259939780541934144737744184263129860809988868741326047215695162396586457302163159819319516735381297416772947867242292465436680098067692823828068996400482435403701416314965897940924323789690706977942236250822168895738379862300159377647165122893578601588161755782973523344604281512627203734314653197777416031990665541876397929334419521541341899485444734567383162499341913181480927777103863877343177207545654532207770921201905166096280490926360197598828161332316663652861932668633606273567630354477628035045077723554710585954870279081435624014517180624643626794561275318134078330336254232783944975382437205835311477119926063813346776879695970309833913077109870408591337464144282277263465947047458784778720192771528073176790770715721344473060570073349243693113835049316312840425121925651798069411352801314701304781643788518529092854520116583934196562134914341595625865865570552690496520985803385072242648293972858478316305777756068887644624824685792603953527734803048029005876075825104747091643961362676044925627420420832085661190625454337213153595845068772460290161876679524061634252257719542916299193064553779914037340432875262888963995879475729174642635745525407909145135711136941091193932519107602082520261879853188770584297259167781314969900901921169717372784768472686084900337702424291651300500516832336435038951702989392233451722013812806965011784408745196012122859937162313017114448464090389064495444006198690754851602632750529834918740786680881833851022833450850486082503930213321971551843063545500766828294930413776552793975175461395398468339363830474611996653858153842056853386218672523340283087112328278921250771262946322956398989893582116745627010218356462201349671518819097303811980049734072396103685406643193950979019069963955245300545058068550195673022921913933918568034490398205955100226353536192041994745538593810234395544959778377902374216172711172364343543947822181852862408514006660443325888569867054315470696574745855033232334210730154594051655379068662733379958511562578432298827372319898757141595781119635833005940873068121602876496286744604774649159950549737425626901049037781986835938146574126804925648798556145372347867330390468838343634655379498641927056387293174872332083760112302991136793862708943879936201629515413371424892830722012690147546684765357616477379467520049075715552781965362132392640616013635815590742202020318727760527721900556148425551879253034351398442532234157623361064250639049750086562710953591946589751413103482276930624743536325691607815478181152843667957061108615331504452127473924544945423682886061340841486377670096120715124914043027253860764823634143346235189757664521641376796903149501910857598442391986291642193994907236234646844117394032659184044378051333894525742399508296591228508555821572503107125701266830240292952522011872676756220415420516184163484756516999811614101002996078386909291603028840026910414079288621507842451670908700069928212066041837180653556725253256753286129104248776182582976515795984703562226293486003415872298053498965022629174878820273420922224533985626476691490556284250391275771028402799806636582548892648802545661017296702664076559042909945681506526530537182941270336931378517860904070866711496558343434769338578171138645587367812301458768712660348913909562009939361031029161615288138437909904231747336394804575931493140529763475748119356709110137751721008031559024853090669203767192203322909433467685142214477379393751703443661991040337511173547191855046449026365512816228824462575916333039107225383742182140883508657391771509682887478265699599574490661758344137522397096834080053559849175417381883999446974867626551658276584835884531427756879002909517028352971634456212964043523117600665101241200659755851276178583829204197484423608007193045761893234922927965019875187212726750798125547095890455635792122103334669749923563025494780249011419521238281530911407907386025152274299581807247162591668545133312394804947079119153267343028244186041426363954800044800267049624820179289647669758318327131425170296923488962766844032326092752496035799646925650493681836090032380929345958897069536534940603402166544375589004563288225054525564056448246515187547119621844396582533754388569094113031509526179378002974120766514793942590298969594699556576121865619673378623625612521632086286922210327488921865436480229678070576561514463204692790682120738837781423356282360896320806822246801224826117718589638140918390367367222088832151375560037279839400415297002878307667094447456013455641725437090697939612257142989467154357846878861444581231459357198492252847160504922124247014121478057345510500801908699603302763478708108175450119307141223390866393833952942578690507643100638351983438934159613185434754649556978103829309716465143840700707360411237359984345225161050702705623526601276484830840761183013052793205427462865403603674532865105706587488225698157936789766974220575059683440869735020141020672358502007245225632651341055924019027421624843914035998953539459094407046912091409387001

Never endsIt has no pattern

No fraction can be found equal to

π

π is the most famous irrational number

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All non exact rootsare

irrational numbersFACT[it can be proven using more advanced maths]

=9 rational

=5 irrational

=310 irrational

=3125 rational

=14

rational Why?

=2536

rational

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© T Madas

2 ≈ 1000 decimal places

1.414213562373095048801688724209698078569671875376948073176679737990732478462107038850387534327641572735013846230912297024924836055850737212644121497099935831413222665927505592755799950501152782060571470109559971605970274534596862014728517418640889198609552329230484308714321450839762603627995251407989687253396546331808829640620615258352395054745750287759961729835575220337531857011354374603408498847160386899970699004815030544027790316454247823068492936918621580578463111596668713013015618568987237235288509264861249497715421833420428568606014682472077143585487415565706967765372022648544701585880162075847492265722600208558446652145839889394437092659180031138824646815708263010059485870400318648034219489727829064104507263688131373985525611732204024509122770022694112757362728049573810896750401836986836845072579936472906076299694138047565482372899718032680247442062926912485905218100445984215059112024944134172853147810580360337107730918286931471017111168391658172688941975871658215212822951848847

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2 ≈ 5000 decimal places1.414213562373095048801688724209698078569671875376948073176679737990732478462107038850387534327641572735013846230912297024

9248360558507372126441214970999358314132226659275055927557999505011527820605714701095599716059702745345968620147285174186408891986095523292304843087143214508397626036279952514079896872533965463318088296406206152583523950547457502877599617298355752203375318570113543746034084988471603868999706990048150305440277903164542478230684929369186215805784631115966687130130156185689872372352885092648612494977154218334204285686060146824720771435854874155657069677653720226485447015858801620758474922657226002085584466521458398893944370926591800311388246468157082630100594858704003186480342194897278290641045072636881313739855256117322040245091227700226941127573627280495738108967504018369868368450725799364729060762996941380475654823728997180326802474420629269124859052181004459842150591120249441341728531478105803603371077309182869314710171111683916581726889419758716582152128229518488472089694633862891562882765952635140542267653239694617511291602408715510135150455381287560052631468017127402653969470240300517495318862925631385188163478001569369176881852378684052287837629389214300655869568685964595155501644724509836896036887323114389415576651040883914292338113206052433629485317049915771756228549741438999188021762430965206564211827316726257539594717255934637238632261482742622208671155839599926521176252698917540988159348640083457085181472231814204070426509056532333398436457865796796519267292399875366617215982578860263363617827495994219403777753681426217738799194551397231274066898329989895386728822856378697749662519966583525776198939322845344735694794962952168891485492538904755828834526096524096542889394538646625744927556381964410316979833061852019379384940057156333720548068540575867999670121372239475821426306585132217408832382947287617393647467837431960001592188807347857617252211867490424977366929207311096369721608933708661156734585334833295254675851644710757848602463600834449114818587655554286455123314219926311332517970608436559704352856410087918500760361009159465670676883605571740076756905096136719401324935605240185999105062108163597726431380605467010293569971042425105781749531057255934984451126922780344913506637568747760283162829605532422426957534529028838768446429173282770888318087025339852338122749990812371892540726475367850304821591801886167108972869229201197599880703818543332536460211082299279293072871780799888099176741774108983060800326311816427988231171543638696617029999341616148786860180455055539869131151860103863753250045581860448040750241195184305674533683613674597374423988553285179308960373898915173195874134428817842125021916951875593444387396189314549999906107587049090260883517636224749757858858368037457931157339802099986622186949922595913276423619410592100328026149874566599688874067956167391859572888642473463585886864496822386006983352642799056283165613913942557649062065186021647263033362975075697870606606856498160092718709292153132368281356988937097416504474590960537472796524477094099241238710614470543986743647338477454819100872886222149589529591187892149179833981083788278153065562315810360648675873036014502273208829351341387227684176678436905294286984908384557445794095986260742499549168028530773989382960362133539875320509199893607513906444495768456993471276364507163279154701597733548638939423257277540038260274785674172580951416307159597849818009443560379390985590168272154034581581521004936662953448827107292396602321638238266612626830502572781169451035379371568823365932297823192986064679789864092085609558142614363631004615594332550474493975933999125419532300932175304476533964706627611661753518754646209676345587386164880198848497479264045065444896910040794211816925796857563784881498986416854994916357614484047021033989215342377037233353115645944389703653166721949049351882905806307401346862641672470110653463493916407146285567980177933814424045269137066609777638784866238003392324370474115331872531906019165996455381157888413808433232105337674618121780142960928324113627525408873729051294073394794330619439569367020794295158782283493219316664111301549594698378977674344435393377099571349884078908508158923660700886581054709497904657229888808924612828160131337010290802909997456478495815456146487155163905024198579061310934587833062002622073724716766854554999049940857108099257599288932366154382719550057816251330381531465779079268685008069844284791524242754410268057563215653220618857512251130639370253629271619682512591920252160587011895967322442392674237344907646467273753479645988191498079317180024238554538860383683108007791824664627541174442500187277795181643834514634612990207633430179685543856316677235183893366670422221109391449302879638128398893117313084300421255501854985065294556377660314612559091046113847682823595924772286290426427361632645854433928772638603431498048963973633297548859256811492968361267258985738332164366634870234773026101061305072986115341299488087744731112295426527516536659117301423606265

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2 ≈ 10000 decimal places1.4142135623730950488016887242096980785696718753769480731766797379907324784621070388503875343276415727350138462309122970249248360558507372126441214970999358314

13222665927505592755799950501152782060571470109559971605970274534596862014728517418640889198609552329230484308714321450839762603627995251407989687253396546331808829640620615258352395054745750287759961729835575220337531857011354374603408498847160386899970699004815030544027790316454247823068492936918621580578463111596668713013015618568987237235288509264861249497715421833420428568606014682472077143585487415565706967765372022648544701585880162075847492265722600208558446652145839889394437092659180031138824646815708263010059485870400318648034219489727829064104507263688131373985525611732204024509122770022694112757362728049573810896750401836986836845072579936472906076299694138047565482372899718032680247442062926912485905218100445984215059112024944134172853147810580360337107730918286931471017111168391658172688941975871658215212822951848847208969463386289156288276595263514054226765323969461751129160240871551013515045538128756005263146801712740265396947024030051749531886292563138518816347800156936917688185237868405228783762938921430065586956868596459515550164472450983689603688732311438941557665104088391429233811320605243362948531704991577175622854974143899918802176243096520656421182731672625753959471725593463723863226148274262220867115583959992652117625269891754098815934864008345708518147223181420407042650905653233339843645786579679651926729239987536661721598257886026336361782749599421940377775368142621773879919455139723127406689832998989538672882285637869774966251996658352577619893932284534473569479496295216889148549253890475582883452609652409654288939453864662574492755638196441031697983306185201937938494005715633372054806854057586799967012137223947582142630658513221740883238294728761739364746783743196000159218880734785761725221186749042497736692920731109636972160893370866115673458533483329525467585164471075784860246360083444911481858765555428645512331421992631133251797060843655970435285641008791850076036100915946567067688360557174007675690509613671940132493560524018599910506210816359772643138060546701029356997104242510578174953105725593498445112692278034491350663756874776028316282960553242242695753452902883876844642917328277088831808702533985233812274999081237189254072647536785030482159180188616710897286922920119759988070381854333253646021108229927929307287178079988809917674177410898306080032631181642798823117154363869661702999934161614878686018045505553986913115186010386375325004558186044804075024119518430567453368361367459737442398855328517930896037389891517319587413442881784212502191695187559344438739618931454999990610758704909026088351763622474975785885836803745793115733980209998662218694992259591327642361941059210032802614987456659968887406795616739185957288864247346358588686449682238600698335264279905628316561391394255764906206518602164726303336297507569787060660685649816009271870929215313236828135698893709741650447459096053747279652447709409924123871061447054398674364733847745481910087288622214958952959118789214917983398108378827815306556231581036064867587303601450227320882935134138722768417667843690529428698490838455744579409598626074249954916802853077398938296036213353987532050919989360751390644449576845699347127636450716327915470159773354863893942325727754003826027478567417258095141630715959784981800944356037939098559016827215403458158152100493666295344882710729239660232163823826661262683050257278116945103537937156882336593229782319298606467978986409208560955814261436363100461559433255047449397593399912541953230093217530447653396470662761166175351875464620967634558738616488019884849747926404506544489691004079421181692579685756378488149898641685499491635761448404702103398921534237703723335311564594438970365316672194904935188290580630740134686264167247011065346349391640714628556798017793381442404526913706660977763878486623800339232437047411533187253190601916599645538115788841380843323210533767461812178014296092832411362752540887372905129407339479433061943956936702079429515878228349321931666411130154959469837897767434443539337709957134988407890850815892366070088658105470949790465722988880892461282816013133701029080290999745647849581545614648715516390502419857906131093458783306200262207372471676685455499904994085710809925759928893236615438271955005781625133038153146577907926868500806984428479152424275441026805756321565322061885751225113063937025362927161968251259192025216058701189596732244239267423734490764646727375347964598819149807931718002423855453886038368310800779182466462754117444250018727779518164383451463461299020763343017968554385631667723518389336667042222110939144930287963812839889311731308430042125550185498506529455637766031461255909104611384768282359592477228629042642736163264585443392877263860343149804896397363329754885925681149296836126725898573833216436663487023477302610106130507298611534129948808774473111229542652751653665911730142360626525869077198217037098104644360477226739282987415259306956206384710827408218490673723305874302970924289948173924407869375284401044399048520878851914193541512900681735170306938697059004742515765524807844736214410501620084544412225595620298472594035280190679806809830039645398568593045862526063779745355992774729906488874545124249607637801086390019105809287476472075110923860595019543228160208879621516233852161287522851802529287618325703717285740676394490982546442218465430880661058020158472840671263025459379890650816857137165668594130053319703659640337667414610495637651030836613489310947802681293557331890551970520184515039969098663152512411611192594055280856498931958983456233198368349488080617156243911286631279784837197895336901527760054980551663501978555711014055529763384127504468604647663183266116518206750120476699109872191044474403268943641595942792199442355371870429955924031409171284815854386600538571358363981630945240755700932516824344168240836197927337282521546224696153321702682995097908903459485887834943961620435842249739718711395892730509219705491717696160044558089942787888036916943289459514722672292612485069617316380941082186004528610269654757630431025602715231396948213551982140971654909731999283492567409749039229712634869341457493319804171807611196390227866407592243416776246623623891311027034330457636814112832132630858223945621959808661293999620123415617631817431242008901498384856048087986460839359649236651429681257731432291456871682762199611827826953157498380262465175905410397618128760421638613450221326272775661244113361077519555774950865636067378665062318564069912280187574178549466125327599769796059776059075648910666101583841720281853043211904465775255427754379872605488173619826758168628329526078993222668360283851351228105931859102864150815705631971731518313625024359041463212239217663398268936825315053005989154702909537193266207341123494743367884690201390497842852163414429214589558287847669394646426781221904978563635526336827805186009869924893778600239876916980765662194389854437080594643336233381058745816235475600136592435242657143083465545768002370814675732525470255074763747163506785159917369379325103268276062864591461820472148637037077192692682362333472037924596469181052613915308628029144096548256387309273042654466292904589606375191871146934536197332478957270703153093090192119919999361576500350398405406742538792752792272473356677060783791138448893626136765706026360031513295209539520285489738448625613492441470860708660267634997879342087583612194711699422384848259591430452810706260150896913530301772006271705440209066951491527459771970594769547409521028787255785688002219371774355811079393088338455864827729100862955456614130672123084874022712105868632338823741388442893815544464710575565146843570294663506289387356986868837648032651952841465351739530273612013742030098673983851432190043602898269829352939941412923058038456502270721681516194101144982630136490087704839848838609065336859905458389520318564804149327214239086516499943165920796595356943072311291162928679751715668890543932203569129332457020806719444049730494398140822782960279942454108316667592142483518272381720504103927428880155622338079614751243351473102128454594489944499600075243751957011668341744749079588209951783676802323651767497230148745774272599476096219843271483529861119027287358490521797590837419748602670605374623153003937521236786775284869219585713755426968482783631786110993368014391590597484285805451613023014397905701610889862777961075067333267604865492925139978139053588227689373220494148394013556035656044214017612060513180689198996260618483185340183623782172663758045524719626617492542285280457144204857834211322800852870420548899234127855481236761537707104254469868521991122835426634999712748366076246241820736466617128394748473280474430403344107200428727127567027956758242926271945458053002666489965079569778178621942172005237165369467704195111912704624836051130289046437751148694887849615118841471910001255883836660677208411235153558811267789571558590412576261601067513153580212427331871000635824954504099579407254798900316826512373119055668291519430537084893078691974282904903860372311609928342431712225099454715019286664878710795199518005463388384431548172463548024451803084527343100062137103462573306001234973744355818096567846464153390514656919324562353140577919369898842364718352537580525771331120079710406831549266540202604680681839143782721476906324246951712863673844313983337117615941869993466262345373452356794012416809229116360956372167452839170990914664850739205151605604737871061547021699607465693097944261214692561593425649401912298951473254471518126325836889728226283329524035970072786336460459470712417472946877570595815734996284809956783925547424044899188707106967524250774520122936081057414265323472406416214103335334055110452126175035902840374545918645047276243420717709297935401021409646450283683418040758608100140721619247717980985968111540446443728568959286831977797786934641598469745133917741537904877880830022058335046746555323028587325835

Never endsIt has no pattern

No fraction can be found equal to

2

All non exact roots are

irrational numbers

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All non exact trigonometric ratiosare

irrational numbersFACT[it can be proven using more advanced maths]

sin 30° =rational

irrationaltan 60° =

cos 71° =irrational

rationaltan 45° =

sin 10° =irrational

irrationalcos 120° =

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sin45° ≈ 1000 decimal places

0.7071067811865475244008443621048490392848359376884740365883398689953662392310535194251937671638207863675069231154561485124624180279253686063220607485499679157066113329637527963778999752505763910302857350547799858029851372672984310073642587093204445993047761646152421543571607254198813018139976257039948436266982731659044148203103076291761975273728751438799808649177876101687659285056771873017042494235801934499853495024075152720138951582271239115342464684593107902892315557983343565065078092844936186176442546324306247488577109167102142843030073412360385717927437077828534838826860113242723507929400810379237461328613001042792233260729199446972185463295900155694123234078541315050297429352001593240171097448639145320522536318440656869927628058661020122545613850113470563786813640247869054483752009184934184225362899682364530381498470690237827411864498590163401237210314634562429526090502229921075295560124720670864265739052901801685538654591434657355085555841958290863444709879358291076064114759244236

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0.70710678118654752440084436210484903928483593768847403658833986899536623923105351942519376716382078636750692311545614851246241802792536860632206074854996791570661133296375279637789997525057639103028573505477998580298513726729843100736425870932044459930477616461524215435716072541988130181399762570399484362669827316590441482031030762917619752737287514387998086491778761016876592850567718730170424942358019344998534950240751527201389515822712391153424646845931079028923155579833435650650780928449361861764425463243062474885771091671021428430300734123603857179274370778285348388268601132427235079294008103792374613286130010427922332607291994469721854632959001556941232340785413150502974293520015932401710974486391453205225363184406568699276280586610201225456138501134705637868136402478690544837520091849341842253628996823645303814984706902378274118644985901634012372103146345624295260905022299210752955601247206708642657390529018016855386545914346573550855558419582908634447098793582910760641147592442360448473169314457814413829763175702711338266198473087556458012043577550675752276906437800263157340085637013269847351201502587476594314628156925940817390007846845884409261893420261439188146946071503279347843429822975777508223622549184480184436615571947077883255204419571461690566030262168147426585249578858781142748707194995940108812154826032821059136583631287697973586279673186193161307413713111043355779197999632605881263494587704940796743200417285425907361159071020352132545282661666992182289328983982596336461999376833086079912894301316818089137479971097018888768407131088693995972756986156370334491649949476933644114281893488748312599832917628880994696614226723678473974814760844457427462694523779144172630482620482714446972693233128724637781909822051584899165309260096896924700285781668602740342702879339998350606861197379107131532925661087044161914736438086968237339187159800007960944036739288086261059337452124886834646036555481848608044668543305783672926674166476273379258223553789243012318004172245574092938277771432275616571099631556662589853042182798521764282050439592503801805045797328353384418027858700383784525480683597006624678026200929995525310540817988632156903027335051467849855212125528908747655286279674922255634613901724567533187843738801415814148027662112134787672645144193842232145866413854441590435126699261690613749954061859462703632376839251524107959009430835544864346146005987999403519092716662682301055411496396465364358903999440495883708870544915304001631559082139941155857718193483085149996708080743934300902275277699345655759300519318766250227909302240203751205975921528372668418068372986872119942766425896544801869494575865979370672144089210625109584759377967221936980946572749999530537935245451304417588181123748789294291840187289655786699010499933110934749612979566382118097052960501640130749372832998444370339780836959297864443212367317929434322484111930034916763213995281415828069569712788245310325930108236315166814875378489353033034282490800463593546460765661841406784944685487082522372954802687363982622385470496206193553072352719933718236692387274095504364431110747947647955939460745899169905418941390765327811579051803243379365180072511366044146756706936138420883392184526471434924541922787228970479931303712497745840142653869946914801810667699376602545999468037569532222478842284967356381822535816395773507988667743194697116286387700191301373928370862904757081535797989249090047217801896954927950841360770172907907605024683314767244135536461983011608191191333063134152512863905847255176896857844116829661489115964930323398949320460428047790713071818155023077971662752372469879669995627097661504660876522382669823533138058308767593773231048381727936930824400994242487396320225327224484550203971059084628984287818924407494932084274974581788072420235105169946076711885186166765578229721948518265833609745246759414529031537006734313208362350553267317469582035731427839900889669072120226345685333048888193924331190016961621852370576659362659530095829982276905789442069042166160526688373090608900714804641620568137627044368645256470366973971653097197846835103971475793911417466096583320556507747973491894888371722176966885497856749420394542540794618303504432905273547489523286149444044623064140800656685051454014549987282392479077280732435775819525120992895306554672939165310013110368623583834272774995249704285540496287996444661830771913597750289081256651907657328895396343425040349221423957621213772051340287816078266103094287561255653196851268146358098412562959601260802935059479836612211963371186724538232336368767398229940957490396585900121192772694301918415540038959123323137705872212500936388975908219172573173064951038167150898427719281583386175919466833352111105546957246514398190641994465586565421502106277509274925326472781888301573062795455230569238414117979623861431452132136808163229272169643863193017157490244819868166487744296284057464841806336294928691660821833174351173865130505306525364930576706497440438723655561477132637582683295586507118031326

sin45° ≈ 5000 decimal places

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0.707106781186547524400844362104849039284835937688474036588339868995366239231053519425193767163820786367506923115456148512462418027925368606322060748549967915706611332963752796377899975250576391030285735054779985802985137267298431007364258709320444599304776164615242154357160725419881301813997625703994843626698273165904414820310307629176197527372875143879980864917787610168765928505677187301704249423580193449985349502407515272013895158227123911534246468459310790289231555798334356506507809284493618617644254632430624748857710916710214284303007341236038571792743707782853483882686011324272350792940081037923746132861300104279223326072919944697218546329590015569412323407854131505029742935200159324017109744863914532052253631844065686992762805866102012254561385011347056378681364024786905448375200918493418422536289968236453038149847069023782741186449859016340123721031463456242952609050222992107529556012472067086426573905290180168553865459143465735508555584195829086344470987935829107606411475924423604484731693144578144138297631757027113382661984730875564580120435775506757522769064378002631573400856370132698473512015025874765943146281569259408173900078468458844092618934202614391881469460715032793478434298229757775082236225491844801844366155719470778832552044195714616905660302621681474265852495788587811427487071949959401088121548260328210591365836312876979735862796731861931613074137131110433557791979996326058812634945877049407967432004172854259073611590710203521325452826616669921822893289839825963364619993768330860799128943013168180891374799710970188887684071310886939959727569861563703344916499494769336441142818934887483125998329176288809946966142267236784739748147608444574274626945237791441726304826204827144469726932331287246377819098220515848991653092600968969247002857816686027403427028793399983506068611973791071315329256610870441619147364380869682373391871598000079609440367392880862610593374521248868346460365554818486080446685433057836729266741664762733792582235537892430123180041722455740929382777714322756165710996315566625898530421827985217642820504395925038018050457973283533844180278587003837845254806835970066246780262009299955253105408179886321569030273350514678498552121255289087476552862796749222556346139017245675331878437388014158141480276621121347876726451441938422321458664138544415904351266992616906137499540618594627036323768392515241079590094308355448643461460059879994035190927166626823010554114963964653643589039994404958837088705449153040016315590821399411558577181934830851499967080807439343009022752776993456557593005193187662502279093022402037512059759215283726684180683729868721199427664258965448018694945758659793706721440892106251095847593779672219369809465727499995305379352454513044175881811237487892942918401872896557866990104999331109347496129795663821180970529605016401307493728329984443703397808369592978644432123673179294343224841119300349167632139952814158280695697127882453103259301082363151668148753784893530330342824908004635935464607656618414067849446854870825223729548026873639826223854704962061935530723527199337182366923872740955043644311107479476479559394607458991699054189413907653278115790518032433793651800725113660441467567069361384208833921845264714349245419227872289704799313037124977458401426538699469148018106676993766025459994680375695322224788422849673563818225358163957735079886677431946971162863877001913013739283708629047570815357979892490900472178018969549279508413607701729079076050246833147672441355364619830116081911913330631341525128639058472551768968578441168296614891159649303233989493204604280477907130718181550230779716627523724698796699956270976615046608765223826698235331380583087675937732310483817279369308244009942424873963202253272244845502039710590846289842878189244074949320842749745817880724202351051699460767118851861667655782297219485182658336097452467594145290315370067343132083623505532673174695820357314278399008896690721202263456853330488881939243311900169616218523705766593626595300958299822769057894420690421661605266883730906089007148046416205681376270443686452564703669739716530971978468351039714757939114174660965833205565077479734918948883717221769668854978567494203945425407946183035044329052735474895232861494440446230641408006566850514540145499872823924790772807324357758195251209928953065546729391653100131103686235838342727749952497042855404962879964446618307719135977502890812566519076573288953963434250403492214239576212137720513402878160782661030942875612556531968512681463580984125629596012608029350594798366122119633711867245382323363687673982299409574903965859001211927726943019184155400389591233231377058722125009363889759082191725731730649510381671508984277192815833861759194668333521111055469572465143981906419944655865654215021062775092749253264727818883015730627954552305692384141179796238614314521321368081632292721696438631930171574902448198681664877442962840574648418063362949286916608218331743511738651305053065253649305767064974404387236555614771326375826832955865071180313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75

Never endsIt has no pattern

No fraction can be found equal to sin 45°

All non exact trigonometric ratios

are

irrational numbers

sin45° ≈ 1000 decimal places

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0.016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672

Look at the 500 decimal places of this number

Is it rational or irrational?

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0.016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672

Look at the 500 decimal places of this number

Is it rational or irrational?

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0.016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672

Look at the 500 decimal places of this number

Is it rational or irrational?

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0.016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672

Look at the 500 decimal places of this number

Is it rational or irrational?

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0.016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672131147540983606557377049180327868852459016393442622950819672

Look at the 500 decimal places of this number

Is it rational or irrational?

This decimal has a 60 digit recurring patternRecurring decimals are not irrational numbersRecurring decimals can always be written as fractions

161

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An irrational number, when written in decimal form, it has an infinite number of decimal digits with no pattern whatsoever.

or more formally:It is a number that cannot be written as a fraction with integer numerator and denominator

Summary on Irrational Numbers

Examples of irrational numbers:• π• all non exact roots• all non exact trigonometric ratios

NOTERecurring decimals are rational numbers

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An irrational number, is a number that cannot be expressed as a fraction with integer numerator and denominatorLoosely this means:when an irrational number is written in decimal form, it has an infinite number of decimal digits with no pattern whatsoever.

Summary on Irrational Numbers

Examples of irrational numbers are:• π• non exact roots• non exact trigonometric ratios or inverse

trigonometric ratios• e (and most exponentials involving e )• Non exact logarithms to any base• Definite integrals which cannot be integrated in terms

of known functions

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Suppose we have two numbers and only one of them is irrational.

Their sum/difference will be irrationalTheir product/quotient will be irrational

Then:

E.g.

2 3+2 -

5 2´

2

5 2=

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the irrational number with zero whole part and decimal part such that when it is added to 2, it gives 1.999…

When both numbers are irrational, things are not always straightforward.

Suppose we have two numbers and only one of them is irrational.

Their sum/difference will be irrationalTheir product/quotient will be irrational

Then:

2 3+ is irrational

BUT2+

is rational

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When both numbers are irrational, things are not always straightforward.

Suppose we have two numbers and only one of them is irrational.

Their sum/difference will be irrationalTheir product/quotient will be irrational

Then:

2 3´ is irrational

BUT5 5´ is rational

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22 I=

2é ùê úë û

2é ùê úë û

It gets even more complicated with irrational powers

Is π π rational or irrational?

It is almost certain to be irrational.

Today’s mathematical software running on super-fast computers can calculate billions of decimal places, but no one has actually proved this fact to this date.

Here is an interesting example of an irrational number raised to an irrational power being rational!

22 is either rational (R ) or irrational (I )

if it is rational (R ) we found our number !!!

if not:2

2 I= Û 22 I=

2é ùê úë ûÛ Û

2 I=2é ù

ê úë û !!!!

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