© T. M. Whitmore Today • Problems with urban growth (partial review) • The urban economy • Migration
Jan 13, 2016
© T. M. Whitmore
Today
•Problems with urban growth (partial review)
•The urban economy
•Migration
© T. M. Whitmore
Questions?
•DemographyReview mortality & fertilityAge structure
•Population distributions
•Urban systems in Latin America
© T. M. Whitmore
Problems with urban growth I•Housing
First destination of poor migrants is the inner city slums
Elite often still in posh neighborhoods in inner city
Often close juxtaposition of rich and poor
•Some planned attempts to deal with this
•New trends
© T. M. Whitmore
Problems with urban growth II•Subsidy and Sink effects
•Congestion
•Pollution
•Loss of urban open space
•Poor provision of basic services
•Export of problems
•Poverty generally
•Employment not always good
© T. M. Whitmore
Problems with urban growth III
•Self-help (often squatter) housingMany names: Favelas (Brazil),
colonias proletarias, cuidades perdidas, etc.
2nd destination of R migrantSeen as places of permanence25-40% of total pop in some citiesInitially settlements lack
infrastructureA main characteristic is
improvement
Mexico City country club
Mexican stock exchange
© T. M. Whitmore
Elite housing, Santo Domingo
© T. M. WhitmoreWealthy homes in Morelia, Mexico
© Pearson Education – Prentice HallElite house Cuidad Juarez
© W.H. Freeman & Co.
Planned new housing area in Mexico City
Nezahualcoyotl:Planned housing area in Mexico City
Nezahualcoyotl - 3 millon people
Squatter housing in Mexico City
Mexico City inner city
© Pearson Education – Prentice HallSquatters outside Lima
© W.H. Freeman & Co.
© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Santo Domingo, DR
© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Santo Domingo
© T. M. Whitmore
Self-help housing, Santo Domingo
© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Santo Domingo
© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Lima
© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Saltillo, Mexico
© T. M. WhitmoreFormal sector housing, Saltillo
© T. M. WhitmoreFormal sector housing, Tegucigalpa
© T. M. WhitmoreFormal sector housing, Tegucigalpa
300+ low income homes in Ixtapaluca, MexicoEntire complex has > 10,000!
Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador© Brad Jokish
Mexico City on a rare clear day
More typical Mexico City day
© T. M. WhitmoreUrban water, Santo Domingo
© T. M. WhitmoreUrban water, Santo Domingo
© T. M. WhitmoreSubsidence in Mexico City
© T. M. Whitmore
Subsidence in Mexico City
© T. M. Whitmore
The urban economy•Dual system
Formalcorporate, government, commerce, and major businesses
Minority of jobs?Informal
services, local assembly and repair shops, family-run micro-businesses; day labor, domestics, etc.
Majority of jobs?
© T. M. Whitmore
Find the globalization! Tegucigalpa
© T. M. WhitmoreFormal sector housing, Saltillo
Informal sector economy
© T. M. Whitmore
© T. M. Whitmore
© T. M. Whitmore
Informal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), Saltillo
Informal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), Saltillo
Informal sector, Mexico City dump scavengers
© T. M. Whitmore
Migration-the 3rd part of demography•Definitions of migration
More-or-less permanent change in the locus of one’s life
Must cross political boundary•“Circulation” a temporary change in
residence
© T. M. Whitmore
Migration — 4 major types
•1st type: International within Latin America
•2nd type: International to and from Latin America
•3rd type rural => rural migration•4th type rural => urban migration
© T. M. Whitmore
International migration within Latin America
•Mostly labor circulation flows
• Industrial and urban destinations
•Rural origin to urban destination
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International to and from Latin America
•Colonial immigrations10s of thousands of IberiansForced migration of ~10 m Africans
•19th century immigrationsEuropeans to S Brazil, Argentina,
Uruguay, Costa Rica•Contemporary emigrations
(e.g., Caribbean, Ecuador, to el Norte)
© T. M. Whitmore
© T. M. Whitmore
Example of International migration: Mexicans to US
•N limits of Mexico
•Loss of ½ of Mexican territory to US in war of 1840s
•Post-Mexican war in 1880s
•1920s revolution and post-revolution chaos in Mexico plus demand for ag workers in WWI in US
© T. M. Whitmore
Example of International migration: Mexicans to US II
•1940s -1960s => Bracero program
•1980s and beyondIssue of illegal (undocumented)
•Mexico — USA labor markets closely coupled since 1880sIssue of remittances
•Spatial patterns of migration