© T. M. Whitmore TODAY • Iberian roots of Conquest-quick review • Early Spanish colonial institutions • Spanish Colonial Settlement patterns
© T. M. Whitmore
TODAY
• Iberian roots of Conquest-quick review
•Early Spanish colonial institutions
•Spanish Colonial Settlement patterns
© T. M. Whitmore
Last Time-Questions?
• Iberian history & Latin American Conquest
© T. M. Whitmore
Iberian Issues for Latin American Conquest
• Iberia settled by Romans in 300 CEImpacts for Americas:
tradition of latifundia (lg estates); urban living preferenceClass structure and primogeniturePreference for cattle and horses as proper for gentlemen
Primogeniture Christianity
© T. M. Whitmore
Implications of the Reconquista for Latin
America•Border war to expand the faith•War to expand territorial control
New towns•Victors get “tribute” AND land
Looting => value in “portable” wealth
•War = opportunity for glory and riches•Secular and religious motives mixed• Iberia misses our on initial stages of
Renaissance
© T. M. Whitmore
Spanish colonial policies & practices in the Americas
•The 3 “Gs” Glory (conquest mentality from 700
yrs of war)Gold (seizure or portable wealth
andn use of Amerindians to create more)
God (Christianize Indians and conquer lands for Christianity)
© T. M. Whitmore
Early Portuguese & Spanish Explorations
N. Atlantic Gyre
Treaty LineTordesilles
1493-4 Spanish Portuguese
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Spanish Colonial economics
•Focused on extraction to enrich MotherlandPortable wealthIndian labor to create portable
wealth
•Mercantile modelControl of trade, production,
immigration
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Spanish colonial labor institutions
I: Encomienda•Early in the Caribbean, Mexico, and PeruTribute (tax) and labor service paid to a
conqueror (as reward for conquest) from each head of household (tributario) in a population in a specified area
Also seen as payment for education in the holy faith (Santa Fe) and for “protection”
Laws thought to control the greedy conquerors – i.e., for protection of the Indians
© T. M. Whitmore
Encomienda•Not a land grant per se
• Initially only for lifetime of encomendero => temptation for exploitation
•Outcry from clerics (Bartolome de las Casas) about mistreatment
•Failed as Indian pops crashed
•Declining populations gave rise to calls from Indian leaders for new counts
Sample Folio from Visita of
Yanquecollaguas, Colca Valley, Peru
1604
Shows tributario (don Pedro Quispe) and his dependents(and earlier deaths
with the ts)
© T. M. Whitmore
Spanish colonial labor institutions II: Repartimiento•After 1542 in Mexico and Peru
Forced labor draft with paid wagesMost impressive early colonial
building (e.g., churches) done under this system
Somewhat similar to pre-Columbian Coatequitl (Aztec) and Mitá (Inka) labor tribute systems
Legacy still evident all over the landscape
Santa Pricina,Taxco, Mexico
Santa Pricina,Taxco, Mexico
Santa Pricina,Taxco, Mexico
Tepoztitlan Mexico
Tepoztitlan Mexico
San Antonio, Honduras
16th C church Antigua, Guatemala
Near Antigua, Guatemala(collapsed by earthquakes)
Earthquake damaged church in Colca V, Peru
© T. M. Whitmore
Spanish Colonial Settlement I
• Initial Spanish occupancy patternTie main ports to Spanish motherland
•Economy focused on extraction to Spain not local connections =>
•Dual system Euro cities with close ties to SpainIndian areas in the periphery --
carries down to todayThis early pattern still visible in the
“dual economy” of Latin America
© T. M. Whitmore
Spanish Colonial Settlement II•Caribbean settlements
Fortified portsStrategic locationsVirtual extinction of Amerindians in
Caribbean Experiments with Mediterranean
animals & crops•Caribbean settlements after 1519
Increasingly unimportantExcept for a few strategic locations
for the shipments back to SpainCrop & animal experimentsImprint still
© T. M. Whitmore
CartagenaPanama
Havana
SantoDomingo
San Juan
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•Havana
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Treasure Convoys (flotas)
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© T. M. Whitmore
Urban types & functions I•Mexico & Central America
Administrative cities:Mexico City, Antigua
Commercial and transport citiesVeracruz, Acapulco, Panama City
Mining CentersZacatecas, Guanajuato
Agricultural CentersGuadalajara, Puebla, Querétaro
“Industrial” CentersPuebla, Tlaxcala, Oaxaca
© T. M. Whitmore
Urban types & functions II•Caribbean
Administrative cities:Havana, Santo Domingo, San Juan
Commercial and transport citiesHavana
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Urban types & functions III•South America
Administrative cities:Lima, Bogotá, Quito
Commercial and transport citiesCallao, Cartagena
Mining CentersPotosí
Agricultural CentersArequipa, Santiago
“Industrial” CentersQuito, Cuenca
© T. M. Whitmore
•Zacatecas
San Luis PotosíQuerètaro
Guadalara
Guanajuato
Puebla•• •
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• Tlaxcala•Mexico City
Oaxaca••Veracruz
Acapulco
© T. M. Whitmore
Antigua
Panama
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© T. M. Whitmore
CartagenaPanama
Havana
SantoDomingo
San Juan
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Bogotá
Cartagena
Quito
Cuenca
LimaCallao
Arequipa Potosí
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© T. M. Whitmore
Urban Morphology in Spanish America: 2 types
•“Freeform” mostly mining townsE.g., Guanajuanto or Taxco
•Grid system cities — virtually ALL the rest Patterned on the new towns settled
in Spain during the re-conquest Central square (plaza, plaza de
armas, zócalo) surrounded by: ChurchSeat of local governmentHigh-class residences and shops
Taxco, Mexico
Central Mexico City
Cathedral & Zócalo, Mexico City
Cusco, Peru Plaza de Armas
Plaza in Querétaro, Mexico
Antigua, Guatemala
Antigua, Guatemala
Antigua, Guatemala
© T. M. Whitmore
Spanish Colonial Settlement•World of the Spanish (and their servants
etc.)Urban society as much as possibleCloser to center = higher prestigeSpaniards settled where wealth was to
be had
•African World in Spanish AmericaPlantation slavesAs servants and craftspeople in
Spanish cities
© T. M. Whitmore
•The Indian world, the so called “República de los Indios” (for high density Amerindian societies in Mexico, Guatemala, Andes)Rural Townships
Follow old encomienda and parish boundaries
•Spanish resettlement (1550s & 1600 in Mexico, 1570s in Peru)Called congregación or reducción
•Role of missions in less settled areasMissions of mendicant friars
(Dominicans, Franciscans, Jesuits, etc.)
Spanish Colonial Settlement II
San Xavior de BacJesuit Mission near Tucson, AZ
San Xavior de BacJesuit Mission near Tucson, AZ
© T. M. Whitmore
Spanish American Hierarchies•Social distinctions among Spaniards –
mostly an urban phenomena •Racial distinctions – races separate to a
degree•Over time spatial hierarchy became:
Mulattos and mestizos in smaller more remote Spanish cities or haciendas;
Creoles and Spaniards in larger cities; Indians and Africans either urban
servants or in rural areas
© T. M. Whitmore
Relative Populations mid 1500s mid
1600sSpanish 250,000 400,000(thus a small minority for most of
colonial times)African 100,000 225,00Indian 50 million 5 million
million
•By 1810: Spanish descent = 20%; Indian descent = 45%; Mestizo = 33%; African = 4%
© T. M. Whitmore
Portuguese Brazilian Settlement
• Initial Settlement PatternsState-sized settlements to private
entrepreneurs to extract dye wood “palo brazil”This initial “capitalistic-like” set up
failed by 1540 and all lands re-transferred to the crown
© T. M. Whitmore
Initial Settlement
TordesillasTreaty Line 1494