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The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, FormationThe Synoptic
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The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, Formation
(Gospel according to Luke)
(Gospel according to John)
75Luke 3:18-24:53 & extensive portions of John 1-15,
majuscule script, appr. date: 175-225 CE.
Excerpt showing the ending of Luke and the beginning of John on
the same page. On one page, this is un-common!
Gospel according to
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The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, Formation
1. The Gospel genreGospel and Gospels Meaning of
Greco-Roman term: a) reward for bringing good news to the
emperorb) good news
In the NT: a) oral proclamation by Jesus (Matt 11:5)b) oral
proclamation concerning Jesus, hear the word of the gospel (Acts
15:7)c) the person who is proclaiming (Acts 21.8; Eph 4.11; 2 Tim
4.5)
In the 2nd century: written traditions, written stories about
Jesus words and deeds. The expression in the Gospel ( gg)
appears.
JUSTIN Martyr is the first to use the word in the plural for
written stories about Jesus words and deeds, suffering and
resurrection. Apology 66.3 : ... in the recollections called
gospels
End of 3rd century: a whole book (Gospel according to , ex. ,
p66)
By the 4th century: writers of gospels are called
evangelists.
Gospel ~ god-spell = good tidings
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The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, FormationThe Synoptic
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The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, Formation
1. The Gospel genreGospel and Gospels Meaning of
Similarity to popular folk literature : 1930 consensus
Collections of Jesus-sayings framed by a short narrative ()
handed down orally later written down and compiled in
Not biographies, since no interest:
in Jesus upbringing, his formative years (just 6 months,or, at
most, 2 years) in Jesus human personality or character in Jesus
physical appearance or psychological development
Similarity to ancient bioi ~ lives : 2000 consensusComparison
with ancient bioi (e.g. by Plutarch, Tacitus, Nepos and
Philostratus) show the following similarities:
continuous prose narrative of 10,000 to 20,000 words, the amount
for a typical 10 meters scroll collections of stories, anecdotes,
speeches and sayings that purport the main character underlying
agenda such as polemics, apologetics, special teachings, or hero
portrait 25 to 30% of the verbs are determined by the hero of the
story (Mk 25%, Mat and Luke 20%) 15 to 30% of the verbs occur in
sayings of the hero (Mk 20%, Mat and Luke 40%)
(compare to John: 50% of verbs occur in direct or indirect
speech by Jesus) no concern for strict chronological order no
concern for whole lives, but selective interest (birth,
adolescence, public life, death) no concern for psychological
analysis of heros character
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The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, FormationThe Synoptic
Gospels Genre, Comparison, FormationDieter Mitternacht
The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, Formation
1. The Gospel genreGospel and Gospels Meaning of Similarity to
popular folk literature : 1930 consensusSimilarity to ancient bioi
~ lives : 2000 consensus
Differences from ancient bioi
Strong focus on Jesus death would not seem proportional abrupt
ending of Mark would seem puzzling connection between Luke and
Acts, seems to point to more than just a Jesus-bios (Acts 2:11:
mighty
works of God); Luke combines a historiographical + biographical
interest; The Jesus in the bios is also living voice in the church
and the Lord who is worshipped.
Gospels unusual and uniqueThe fact that more than 60 accounts
were written of the same person within less than 30 years is
unparalleled in the literature of the time
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The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, Formation
2. Gospel Research Methods and ApproachesFormation of the Text
(diachronic approaches)
Particular methods for the study of the formation stages of the
Gospels and the conflation of sources and redactions:
Text analysis: establishing the original text Source analysis
(18th cent) focus on comparison of written sources Form analysis
(19th cent) focus on the mechanisms of oral transmission of forms
Redaction analysis (1950s) focus on the compiler of sources
(written and oral) as a
redactor
Final Form of the Text (synchronic approaches)In the 1970,
especially, many scholars began to concern themselves with the
final form of the Gospels rather than their pre-history:
Rhetorical analysis focus on ancient communication Narrative
analysis focus on literary genre Sociological analysis focus on
society and economy (patronage, honor and shame ..) Psychological
analysis focus personality, attribution, etc.
Reader-Concern approaches Postmodern analysis Feminist exegesis
Canonical approach Reception history
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Time
Time segment
diachronic
Text in formation
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The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, Formation
3. Literary inter-relatedness
StatisticsMark 99.5% also in Matt and/or Luke 0.5% only in Mark
(Mk)Matt 56% = Mark 23% common source with Luke (Q) 23% only in
Matt (M)Luke 30% = Mark 18% common source with Matt (Q) 52% only in
Luke (L)
Q23% of Matt
Mark56% of Matt(90% of Mark)
M23% of Matt
Matthew
Q18% of Luke
Mark30% of Luke(52% of Mark)
L52% of Luke
Luke
Mark99.5 %
MarkMk.5 %
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The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, Formation
Triple traditions
3. Literary Inter-relatednessProportions
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The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, Formation
3. Literary inter-relatedness
Single-, Double- and Triple-traditions in the Synoptics
The structural and verbal similarities (despite differences)
between the three synoptic gospels point to a literary
inter-relatedness.
Triple Definition: materials that are found in all three of the
synoptic Gospels Arrangement: similar sequence of passages
Double Definition: mostly sayings material, found in two (Matt
and Luke) of the synoptic Gospels Arrangement: different dispersion
in Matt and Luke; independently of each other? Matt: collected in
speech blocks Luke: spread out between stories Example: Sermon on
the Mount (Matt 5-7) is condensed in Luke 6:20-49
Single Definition : materials found in only one of the synoptic
Gospels all three synoptics have material of their own.
Note that Jesus spoke Aramaic! Detailed similarities in the
Greek wording of his sayings, necessitate literarydependence.
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3. Literary Inter-relatednessSynoptic gospels
Mid 18th century: scholars began asking what can be known
scientifically about the formation of the Gospel texts the focus is
on understanding the textual differences:
Where do the sources come from? Who copied from whom? Which of
the Gospels came first? Why and how do the Gospels sometimes agree,
sometimes disagree? What kind of selection and combination
processes can be identified?
1776: Johan J Griesbach coined the term Synoptics to distinguish
Mk, Matt and Luke from John.
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4. SimilaritiesSimilar sequence of events
Healing of Peters mother in law
Healing of a paralyzed man
Call of Matthew/Levi Healing of man with
a withered hand Parable of the sower
+ interpretations Feeding of 5000
First Passion prediction
Transfiguration Healing of an
epileptic boy The rich young
ruler
Cleansing of temple Passion prediction Eschatological
discourse
Preparation for Passover
The Lords supper Jesus prayer
in Gethsemane Jesus arrest Peters denial Before Pilate
Crucifixion
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The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, Formation
4. SimilaritiesSimilarities Sequence of Events
Similar Activities and Style
Jesus actions Proclaiming the Kingdom of God Teaching disciples
Healing the sick and possessed Caring for the marginalized (sinners
and tax collectors)
Jesus words Short sayings or dialogues (different from the
fourth gospel) Parables
Story character Episodes, thematic not biographical story
sequence Loose chronological or spatial connections
Some thematic sequence similarities Conflict stories (Mk 2.1-22
par) Sabbath stories (Mk 2.23-3.6 par) Parables about the kingdom
(Mk 4 par)
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The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, Formation
5. DifferencesUnique materials (selection)
Mark (Mk) Matthew (M) Luke (L)
Jesus and his family (he is out of his mind)
Healing of a deaf and muteman
Healing of blind near Bethsaida
The young man who flees when Jesus is arrested
Annunciation to Joseph
Visit of Magi
Flight to Egypt
Slaughter of innocent babies
Par. Wheat and Tares
Par. Pearl of great Price
Par. Coin in fishs mouth
Par. Laborers in vineyard
Par. Wise and foolish maidens
Par. Sheep and goats
Judas remorse and suicide
Pilates wifes dream
Bribing of guards
Great commission
Annunciation to Mary
Shepherds in the field
Jesus boy in temple
Widows son in Nain
Par. Good Samaritan
Par. Rich fool
Par. Lost coin
Par. Prodigal son and his brother
Par. Unjust steward
Par. Rich man and Lazarus
Cleansing of 10 lepers
Zacchaeus
On the road to Emmaus
Jesus ascension into heaven
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The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, Formation
TIME Mark Matt Luke John
Logos, in the beginning
Birth of John the Baptist
Announcement to Mary
Birth of JesusThe Magi
Flight from Egypt
Birth of Jesus And the word became flesh
Jesus 30 years
GEOGRAPHICAL FOCUS Bethlehem Nazareth In the beginning
ORIGIN ? (3:31-35) of Abraham of Adam Logos of God
5. DifferencesUnique materials (selection)
Gospel beginnings
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The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, Formation
5. DifferencesUnique materials (selection)Differences
Beginnings
Childhood stories
Matt Luke
Focus on Joseph Focus on Mary
Conception and birth of John the Baptist
Angel visits Joseph Angel visits Mary
Bethlehem Nazareth
Census and trip to Bethlehem
Birth of Jesus Birth of Jesus
Kings from the east visit the child Shepards from the fields
come to manger
Slaughter of babies Dedication in the Temple, Simeon and
Hannah
Flight to Egypt
Return from Egypt and move to Nazareth Return to Nazareth
Visit to Jerusalem at the age of 12
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Matt 1: 1-17 Luk 3:23-381 An account of the genealogy of Jesus
the
Messiah, the son of David, the son of Abraham.
23 Jesus was about thirty years old when
he began his work. He was (as was thought) the 2 Abraham was the
father of Isaac,
and Isaac the father of Jacob,
and Jacob the father of Judah and his brothers,3 and Judah the
father of Perez and Zerah
by Tamar,
and Perez the father of Hezron,
and Hezron the father of Aram,4 and Aram the father of
Aminadab,
and Aminadab the father of Nahshon,
and Nahshon the father of Salmon,5 and Salmon the father of Boaz
by Rahab,
and Boaz the father of Obed by Ruth,
and Obed the father of Jesse,6 and Jesse the father of King
David.
And David was the father of Solomon
by the wife of Uriah,7 and Solomon the father of Rehoboam,
and Rehoboam the father of Abijah,
and Abijah the father of Asaph,8 and Asaph the father of
Jehoshaphat,
and Jehoshaphat the father of Joram,
and Joram the father of Uzziah,9 and Uzziah the father of
Jotham,
and Jotham the father of Ahaz,
and Ahaz the father of Hezekiah,10 and Hezekiah the father of
Manasseh,
and Manasseh the father of Amos,
and Amos the father of Josiah,11 and Josiah the father of
Jechoniah and his brothers, at
the time of the deportation to Babylon.
12 And after the deportation to Babylon:
Jechoniah was the father of Salathiel,
and Salathiel the father of Zerubbabel,13 and Zerubbabel the
father of Abiud,
and Abiud the father of Eliakim,
and Eliakim the father of Azor,14 and Azor the father of
Zadok,
and Zadok the father of Achim,
and Achim the father of Eliud,15 and Eliud the father of
Eleazar,
and Eleazar the father of Matthan,
and Matthan the father of Jacob,16 and Jacob the father of
Joseph the husband of Mary, of whom
Jesus was born, who is called the Messiah.
17 So all the generations
from Abraham to David are
fourteen generations;
and from David to the deportation to Babylon,
fourteen generations;
and from the deportation to Babylon to the
Messiah,
fourteen generations.
________________
total 51
(from Abraham to Joseph)
son of Joseph,
son of Heli,24 son of Matthat,
son of Levi,
son of Melchi,
son of Jannai,
son of Joseph,25 son of Mattathias,
son of Amos,
son of Nahum,
son of Esli,
son of Naggai,26 son of Maath,
son of Mattathias,
son of Semein,
son of Josech,
son of Joda,27 son of Joanan,
son of Rhesa,
son of Zerubbabel,
son of Shealtiel,
son of Neri,28 son of Melchi,
son of Addi,
son of Cosam,
son of Elmadam,
son of Er,29 son of Joshua,
son of Eliezer,
son of Jorim,
son of Matthat,
son of Levi,30 son of Simeon,
son of Judah,
son of Joseph,
son of Jonam,
son of Eliakim,31 son of Melea,
son of Menna,
son of Mattatha,
son of Nathan,
son of David,32 son of Jesse,
son of Obed,
son of Boaz,
son of Sala,
son of Nahshon,33 son of Amminadab,
son of Admin,
son of Arni,
son of Hezron,
son of Perez,
son of Judah,34 son of Jacob,
son of Isaac,
son of Abraham,
son of Terah,
son of Nahor,35 son of Serug,
son of Reu,
son of Peleg,
son of Eber,
son of Shelah,36 son of Cainan,
son of Arphaxad,
son of Shem,
son of Noah,
son of Lamech,37 son of Methuselah,
son of Enoch,
son of Jared,
son of Mahalaleel,
son of Cainan,38 son of Enos,
son of Seth,
son of Adam,
son of God.
____________
total 56
(from Joseph [Mary?]
to Adam)
5. DifferencesGenealogies: Matt = forward to Abraham; Luke =
backward to Adam
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5. DifferencesUnique materials (selection)Gospel
BeginningsChildhood storiesGenealogies
Location of Resurrection accounts
Mark Luke Matthew
no resurrection accounts(16:9-20 is a 3nd century addition,
which alludes to events recorded in Math, Luke and John)
Jerusalem and surroundingsDo not leave Jerusalem (Acts 1:4)
Galilee (Matt 28:7)
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6. The Synoptic problemPriority of Matthew?
Augustine summarizes why the Early Church considered Matthew to
be the most important Gospel as follows:
1. Matt is the oldest Gospel, even with a predecessor in Hebrew
(claim by Papias, 3rd cent, acc. to Eusebius, Church history).
2. Matthew was an Apostle3. Especially suitable for liturgical
use4. Strong anti-pharisaic tone (useful as Christendom
wanted to distinguish itself from Judaism)
According to Augustine, Mark was just an extract of Matthewhe
[Mark] followed Matt like a slave and produced a summary (On the
Agreement of the Evangelists, 1.2.4).
Critical questionIf Luke builds on both Mk and Matt, why does
Luke differ so much more from Matt than from Mk?
Response (based on Papias)All three translated an Aramaic
original independently. The supposed differences are due to
independent translations. There is no literary
inter-relatedness.
Counter responseBut then, why is there so much agreement on the
Greek text between the three?
The debate went on for hundreds of years, until .
Mark
Luke
Matthew
The order of appearance of the Gospels in the New Testament was
decided on the assumption that Matt wrote first. Some collections,
however, put Matt and John at the beginning, on account that they
were both Apostles.
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6. The Synoptic problem the famous philologist Karl Lachman in
1835 picked up on a novel idea first suggested in 1786 by Gottlob
Storr!
Priority of Mark!
NOT Matthew BUT Mark was the earliest gospel.
The idea was refined by Chr. Wilke and Chr. Weisse and finally
endorsed by H.J. Holtzmann in 1863.
It won general acceptance and remains a consensus view among
scholars to this day.
Three basic assertions
1) Mk defines the story sequence
2) The Greek of Matt and Luke is better than the Greek of Mk
3) Mk is the common denominator for the othersMatthew Luke
Mark
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The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, Formation
6. The Synoptic problemPriority of Mark!
Example: Mk as common denominator for chronological sequence
Mark Matt Luke
Calling of Levi Meal with tax collectorsQuestion concerning
fasting
2.13-142:15-172:18-22
9.99:10-139:14-17
5.27-285:29-325.33-39
9.18-11.30 other material
Jesus and the Sabbath 2.23-3.6 12.1-8 6.1-11
12:9-14 a healing in a synagogue
A great crowd and many healingsCalling of the TwelveJesus and
his familyJesus power over evil spiritsSin against the holy
Spirit
3.7-123:13-193:20-213:22-273:28-30
12:15-21
12:22-3012:31-37
(6.17-19)6.12-16
12:38-42 the sign of Jonah12:43-45 Return of unclean spirits
Jesus true family 3:31-35 12.46-50
ChronologicalSequence
6:20-49The sermon on the plain
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6. The Synoptic problemPriority of MatthewPriority of Mark!
A second major source: QKarl Lachmann also argued that Matt and
Luke
used another written source (Q) which consisted mainly of Jesus
sayings
They freely and independently inserted Q material into Marks
story design,
Other sources: M & L
Both Matt and Luke had their own sources which in the Gospels
appear as single traditions.
Matthew and Luke knew and used a written version of the Gospel
of Mark in their own accounts (Matt 90%, Luke 52%)
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6. The Synoptic problemPriority of MatthewPriority of Mark!A
second major source: QOther sources: M & L
Two Source Hypothesis1. Mark is the oldest Gospel2. A speech
source (Q) must have been available for Matt and Luke3. Matt and
Luke were written independently of each other
Matthew Luke
Mark Q
M L
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6. The Synoptic problemEffect on Gospel research
Mark = Innovator of GenreMark was recognized for being the
oldest and earliest gospel previously = a simple clip and paste
text with no real concern for interpretation now = genre innovator
and concise story teller
Mark = Closest to the historical context previously = devalued
by Church fathers for lack of theology; simplicity of style now =
elevated for being closest to the historical situation now =
simplicity is perceived as sign of objectivity and
historiographical concernConclusion: a unique opportunity to reach
back to early stages of the transmission process.
Optimistic Quests for the Historical Jesus Boom of Lives of
Jesus, optimism about the earliest Gospel some paulinisms (ch 7:
all foods clean) and some magical material, but
otherwise reliable information.
The original Ending of Mark = challengeA passion narrative with
an extended introduction
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7. Hypothetical Q
Main topics of Q Luke MatthewJohn the B. preaching 3:717
3:712Jesus temptation 4:213 4:211The Sermon 6:2049 57Centurion in
Capernaum 7:110 8:513John the B. 7:1835 11:219Woes and Praises
10:1315.21f 11:2127Beelsebul 11:1423 12:2230Return of unclean
Spirits 11:2426 12:4345Against the Pharisees 11:3951
23:4.2325.2936Woes over Jerusalem 13:34f 23:3739About the last
things 17:2237 24:2628.3741Parable of the Talents 19:1227
25:1430
Characteristics of QCannot be exact, since there may have been
material that neither matt nor Luke used.
1. Mainly a sayings source (Logia of Jesus) with some story
fragments2. No passion account (!?)3. The saying seem to be
collected in categories4. There seems to be structure putting John
first and Jesus sayings about the last things last
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Title Verses in Luke Verses in Matthew
John's preaching Luke 3:7-9 Matt 3:7-10
The Coming One Luke 3:16-17 Matt 3:11-12
Jesus Tested Luke 4:1-13 Matt 4:1-4, 9-12, 5-7, 13
Inaugural sermon Luke 6:12, 17, 20 Matt 5:1-2
Congratulations Luke 6:20-26 Matt 5:3, 6, 4, 11-12
Love of enemies Luke 6:27-36 Matt 5:44, 39-42; 7:12; 5:46-47,
45, 48
On judging Luke 6:37-38 Matt 7:1-2
Blind guides Luke 6:39-40 Matt 15:14; 10:24-25
On pretense Luke 6:41-42 Matt 7:3-5
Tree & fruit Luke 6:43-45 Matt 7:16-20; 12:33-35
Foundations Luke 6:46-49 Matt 7:21, 24-27
Centurion's slave Luke 7:1-10 Matt 7:28; 8:5-10, 13
John's inquiry Luke 7:18-20, 22-23 Matt 11:2-6
Jesus praises John Luke 7:24-28 Matt 11:7-11
Law & prophets Luke 16:16 Matt 11:12-13
Children in the marketplace Luke 7:31-35 Matt 11:16-19
Foxes have dens Luke 9:57-62 Matt 8:19-22
The Mission Speech Luke 10:2-12 Matt 9:37-38; 10:7-16
Damn you Chorazin Luke 10:13-15 Matt 11:21-24
Rejecting the sender Luke 10:16 Matt 10:40
Father & son Luke 10:21-22 Matt 11:25-27
Privileged eyes Luke 10:23-24 Matt 13:16-17
Lord's prayer Luke 11:2-4 Matt 6:9-13
Ask, seek, knock Luke 11:9-13 Matt 7:7-11
Beelzebul controversy Luke 11:14-23 Matt 12:22-30
Return of an unclean spirit Luke 11:24-26 Matt 12:43-45
Request for a sign Luke 11:16, 29-32 Matt 12:38-42
Lamp & bushel Luke 11:33 Matt 5:15
Eye & light Luke 11:34-36 Matt 6:22-23
Prophet's tombs Luke 11:47-48 Matt 23:29-32
Wisdom's oracle Luke 11:49-51 Matt 23:34-36
Blocking the way Luke 11:52 Matt 23:13
7. Hypothetical QList of hypothetical Q insertions into Luke and
Matt
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Title Verses in Luke Verses in Matthew
Veiled & unveiled Luke 12:2-3 Matt 10:26-27
God & sparrows Luke 12:4-7 Matt 10:28-31
Before the father Luke 12:8-9 Matt 10:32-33
Blasphemies Luke 12:10 Matt 12:32
Spirit under trial Luke 12:11-12 Matt 10:19
On anxieties Luke 12:22-31 Matt 6:25-33
On possessions Luke 12:33-34 Matt 6:19-21
Homeowner & burglar Luke 12:39-40 Matt 24:43-44
Unexpected return Luke 12:42-46 Matt 24:45-51
Peace or conflict Luke 12:49, 51-53 Matt 10:34-36
Knowing the times Luke 12:54-56 Matt 16:2-3
Before the judge Luke 12:57-59 Matt 5:25-26
Mustard seed & leaven Luke 13:18-21 Matt 13:31-33
Two gates Luke 13:24-27 Matt 7:13-14, 22-23
Dining with patriarchs Luke 13:28-30 Matt 8:11-12; 20:16
Jerusalem indicted Luke 13:34-35 Matt 23:37-39
Promotion & demotion Luke 14:11, 18:14 Matt 23:12
The feast Luke 14:16-24 Matt 22:1-10
Hating one's family Luke 14:26-27, 17:33 Matt 10:37-39
Saltless salt Luke 14:34-35 Matt 5:13
Lost sheep & coin Luke 15:4-10 Matt 18:12-13
Two masters Luke 16:13 Matt 6:24
God's rule & violence Luke 16:16 Matt 11:12-13
Not one serif Luke 16:17 Matt 5:18
On divorce Luke 16:18 Matt 5:32
Millstone award Luke 17:1-2 Matt 18:6-7
Scold & forgive Luke 17:3-4 Matt 18:15, 21-22
Mountains into the sea Luke 17:6 Matt 17:20
Coming of son of Adam Lk 17:22-24, 26-30, 34-35, 37 Mt 24:26-28,
37, 39-41Entrusted money Luke 19:12-26 Matt 25:14-30
On twelve thrones Luke 22:28-30 Matt 19:28
7. Hypothetical QList of hypothetical Q insertions into Luke and
Matt
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Dieter MitternachtDieter Mitternacht
The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, FormationThe Synoptic
Gospels Genre, Comparison, FormationDieter Mitternacht
The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, Formation
8. Alternative HypothesisLuke knew both Mark and Matt; no need
for Q.
Matthew
Luke
Mark
M
L
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Dieter MitternachtDieter Mitternacht
The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, FormationThe Synoptic
Gospels Genre, Comparison, FormationDieter Mitternacht
The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, Formation
9. The Synoptics and the Fourth Gospel Only 10 % overlap with
the Synoptics no transfiguration no exorcisms no parables no
institution of Eucharist Several new sections: Wedding at Cana,
Nikodemus, Woman at the well, Lazarus, Last
Discourses.
Traditionally John knew the other three gospels and saw a need
to add a spiritual dimension
to the physical accounts of the others (Eusebius, Hist.
6.14.7).
Today Most scholars agree that John wrote without knowledge of
the Synoptics Some argue though that he may have known Mark
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Dieter MitternachtDieter Mitternacht
The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, FormationThe Synoptic
Gospels Genre, Comparison, FormationDieter Mitternacht
The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, Formation
10. The Transmission of Jesus TraditionsOral forms
1920s: with the synoptic problem (written sources) being solved,
scholars focus on the period of oral transmission, i.e. before the
traditions were written down. This is called the research of the
history of forms, or form criticism.
a) Stories can be cut out Scholars (KL Schmidt, R Bultmann)
noted that the Gospels seem to contain many small stories that are
loosely connected to form a narrative and can be cut out
(peri-cope) from the narrative and stand on their own.Ex. Mk
1:40-45:
1:39 And he went throughout Galilee, proclaiming the message in
their synagogues and casting out demons.
40 A leper came to him begging him, and kneeling he said to him,
"If you choose, you can make me clean." 41 Moved with pity, Jesus
stretched out his hand and touched him, and said to him, "I do
choose. Be made clean!" 42 Immediately the leprosy left him, and he
was made clean. 43 After sternly warning him he sent him away at
once, 44 saying to him, "See that you say nothing to anyone; but
go, show yourself to the priest, and offer for your cleansing what
Moses commanded, as a testimony to them." 45 But he went out and
began to proclaim it freely, and to spread the word, so that Jesus
could no longer go into a town openly, but stayed out in the
country; and people came to him from every quarter.
2:1 When he returned to Capernaum after some days, it was
reported that he was at home.
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Dieter MitternachtDieter Mitternacht
The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, FormationThe Synoptic
Gospels Genre, Comparison, FormationDieter Mitternacht
The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, Formation
10. The Transmission of Jesus traditionsOral forms
a) Stories can be cut out (peri-cope)
b) Main forms (types) of stories: miracle stories (nature, Mk
4:35-41; healing, Mk 3:1-6), often with a 3-fold structure:
situation-miracle-result sayings, without apparent context, ex
Mk 2:21-22:
18 Now John's disciples and the Pharisees were fasting; and
people came and said to him, "Why do John's disciples and the
disciples of the Pharisees fast, but your disciples do not fast?"
19 Jesus said to them, "The wedding guests cannot fast while the
bridegroom is with them, can they? As long as they have the
bridegroom with them, they cannot fast. 20 The days will come when
the bridegroom is taken away from them, and then they will fast on
that day.
21 "No one sews a piece of unshrunk cloth on an old cloak;
otherwise, the patch pulls away from it, the new from the old, and
a worse tear is made.22 And no one puts new wine into old
wineskins; otherwise, the wine will burst the skins, and the wine
is lost, and so are the skins; but one puts new wine into fresh
wineskins.
23 One Sabbath he was going through the grain fields; and as
they made their way his disciples began to pluck heads of grain.
(Mar 2:18-23 NRS)
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Dieter MitternachtDieter Mitternacht
The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, FormationThe Synoptic
Gospels Genre, Comparison, FormationDieter Mitternacht
The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, Formation
10. The Transmission of Jesus traditionsOral forms
a) Stories can be cut out (peri-cope)
b) Main forms (types) of stories: miracle stories Sayings
parables (Mk 4) pronouncement stories (usually with a
punch-line, ex. Mark 2:23-28)
c) Stories are put into collections under a themeExamples of
collections in Mark 1-4Conflict stories (including some healings):
1:40-45; 2:1-12; 13-17; 18-22; 23-28; 3:1-6;Parables: all of
chapter 4
Blended transmission process
While in the past scholars often saw the oral forms being older
than the written, today many would argue instead that the
transmission is
not from an oral stage to a written stage
but rather two transmission processes that interface over a long
period of time:early written accounts may be transmitted
independently and combined with oral accounts at a very late
stage.
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Dieter MitternachtDieter Mitternacht
The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, FormationThe Synoptic
Gospels Genre, Comparison, FormationDieter Mitternacht
The Synoptic Gospels Genre, Comparison, Formation
Time
30
40
50
70
90
60
80
10. Transmission of Jesus traditionsBlended transmission
process
Written sources about Jesus