InWEnt · Suggested JSA format. Conclusion. Glossary 1 . Reference Introduction JSA and risk management hierarchy ... FMEA, HAZOP, FTA, BTA TASK 5, JSA …

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gtz-ASEMThe Advisory Services in Environmental Management (ASEM) Programme, is a joint programme of the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and the Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) supports several environment related projects in India through GTZ. ASEM focuses on seven major thrust areas -Sustainable Industrial Development, Sustainable Urban Development, Sustainable Consumption and Consumer Protection, Sustainable Environmental Governance and the cross cutting areas. Climate Change and Human Resource Development. Public PrivatePartnership (PPP) project with Indian and German companies contribute towards identified project activities. Detailed Information can be explored using our WEB sites:

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InWEnt - Qualified to Shape the FutureInWEnt - Capacity Building International, Germany, is a non-profit organisation with worldwide operations dedicated to human resource development, advanced training, and dialogue. Our capacity building programmes are directed at experts and executives from politics, administration, the business community, and civil society. We are commissioned by the German federal government to assist with the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations. in addition, we provide the German business sector with support for public private partnership projects. Through exchange programmes, InWEnt also offers young people from Germany the opportunity to gain professional experience abroad.

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Disaster Management Institute(DMI) BhopalThe Disaster Management Institute (DMI) was set up in 1987 by the Government of Madhya Pradesh (GoMP) as an autonomous organization in the aftermath of the industrial disaster in Bhopal.Since inception, DMI has built vast experience in preparation of both On-site and Off-site Emergency Management Plans, Safety Audit, Risk Analysis and Risk Assessment, Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP), etc.The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) constituted under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister selected DMI as a member of the Core Groupfor preparation of the National Disaster Management Guidelines- Chemical Disaster.It is a matter of pride that NDMA has selected DMI for conducting Mock Exercises onchemical (industrial) Disaster Management at key industrial locations in the country.The Ministry of Environment and Forests, InWEnt and gtz-ASEM Germany have recognized DMI as a Nodal Training Institutes for capacity building in industrial DisasterRisk Management.

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MoEFThe Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) is the nodal agency in the administrativestructure of the Central Government for the planning, promotion, coordination andoverseeing the implementation of India’s environmental and forestry policies and programmes.The Ministry also serves as the nodal agency in the country for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme (SACEP), International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) and for the follow-up of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). The Ministry is also entrusted with issues relating to multilateral bodies suchas the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD), Global Environment Facility (GEF) and of regional bodies like Economic and Social Council for Asia and Pacific(ESCAP) and South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) on matters pertaining to the environment.

FEDERAL REPUBLICOF GERMANY

COOPERATIONREPUBLIC OF

INDIA

FEDERAL REPUBLICOF GERMANY

COOPERATIONREPUBLIC OF

INDIA

Capacity Building InternationaleGermany

in ent

DisclaimerThough all care has been taken while researching and compiling thecontents provided in this booklet. DMI-InWEnt-gtz-ASEM accept noliability for its correctness.The reader is advised to confirm specifications and health hazardsdescribed in the booklet before taking any steps, suitability of actionrequires verifications through other sources also.Information provided here does not constitute an endorsement orrecommendation.

Chief EditorPraveen Garg, IAS, Executive Director, DMI, Bhopal, India

Editors

Florian Bemmerlein-Lux, Sr. Advisor, InWEnt, GermanyDr. Rakesh Dubey, Director, DMI, Bhopal, India

Published underInWEnt-gtz-ASEM Capacity Development Programme for industrial Disaster Risk Management (iDRM)

Edition 1, 2010

A-33, Gulmohar Park,New Delhi 110049Fon +91-11-26528840Fax +91-11-26537673www.asemindia.com

GTZ ASEMAdvisory Service in Environmental Management

Paryavaran Parisar, E-5, Arera Colony, PB No. 563Bhopal-462 016 MP (India),Fon +91-755-2466715, 2461538, 2461348, Fax +91-755-2466653 www.hrdp-iDRM.in

Disaster Management Institute

International Weiterbildung und Entwicklung gGmbHCapacity Building International, GermanyFriedrich-Ebert-Allee 4053113 BonnFon +49 228 4460-0Fax +49 228 4460-1766www.inwent.org

InWEnt

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SupportSudheer Dwivedi, Dy. Director, DMI, Bhopal, IndiaDr. Asit Patra, Asstt. Director, DMI, Bhopal, IndiaNeeraj Pandey, Content Manager, InWEnt IndiaAmit Kumar Dadhich, Content Manager, InWEnt IndiaHuda Khan, Content Manager, InWEnt India

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Contents

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7.1.

7.2.

7.3.

7.4.

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. Suggested JSA format

. Conclusion

. Glossary

1 . Reference

Introduction

JSA and risk management hierarchy

Application of a JSA

The importance of a JSA

Resources for JSA

Personnel to be involved

Conduct a JSA

Procedure

Identify the resources required to perform tasks in each step

Identifying the hazard/potential losses at each step

Establish controls

Assessment of the risk

9 Training

10 Endorsing the JSA

11 The danger of completing an ineffective JSA

12 Documentation and records

13 Positioning of portable ladders

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7

2

The Job Safety Analysis (JSA) process is the heart of a proactive occupational safety and health programme. The purpose of a job safety analysis is to ensure potential hazards, related to a specific project or activity, are anticipated, and abated before beginning work. The job safety analysis is an invaluable tool for managers and supervisors to use in meeting their obligation to prevent employee exposure to health and safety hazards. The best job hazard analysis are those that are focused, complete, clearly documented, communicated to employees, and implemented. The purpose of this module is to help make that happen.

1. Introduction

The purpose of this module is to understand what a Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is and to advise when to use it, how to develop it and where it fits into the risk management process. It seeks to provide practical guidance for holders, operators, site senior executives, supervisors, contractors and persons who are responsible for safety. The module does not prevent other ways of achieving an acceptable level of risk from being adopted and followed.

JSA is one of several hazard identification and risk assessment tools used by the industries. It is a basic tool and its application and quality varies greatly. Used in the correct context, it can be a useful safety tool, however if it is used incorrectly or inappropriately, it can result in poor identification of hazards and may contribute to serious incidents.

The term 'job' and 'task' are commonly used interchangeably to mean a specific workassignment. There may be many individual tasks in a job and as such 'job' may be a more appropriate term. Similarly 'safety' and 'hazard' can also be used interchangeably.

Fig-1

Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is a very effective process. It is not difficult to learn and it can be applied to any one of jobs or tasks by anyone who knows how to perform that job. Objectives are shown in fig 1.

3

In general the JSA has the following two ways of understanding:“Job safety analysis is an important part of a safety programme for stopping work accidents and illnesses. It is about looking at each job to identify and assess hazards and set up safe work practices”.Or; and“A JSA is a task oriented risk assessment which can be applied by a work team prior to undertaking a potentially hazardous activity. Generally the technique is applied on site for routine activities as a precursor to a safe working procedure. It uses job observation and experience as the basis for identifying hazards and controls to be used. It is a primitive, but helpful, qualitative safety analysis tool”.

As the term 'job safety analysis' is not restricted to only identification of hazards, but the implementation of controls and verification of the effectiveness of those controls, the term 'safety' will have a more appropriate meaning in the context of assessment of risk in a job.

Presently there are many different versions of JSAs operating in industries, including: Job Safety and Environment Analysis (JSEA) Task Hazard Analysis (THA) Safe Job Analysis (SJA) Task Safety Analysis (TSA) Pre-Work Safety Check Job Task Analysis

2. JSA and risk management hierarchy

The selection and application of a particular risk assessment tool depends on thecomplexity of the issue being assessed and the design and expected risk managementdeliverables of an organisation.

A JSA is one of several risk assessment tools that help to identify job or task hazards and unwanted events with the aim of ensuring the resultant risk in a job as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). This is done through the selection and implementation of appropriate controls.

Risk assessment tools that are commonly used in the industry include:

Quantitative Risk Assessment (various methods) (QRA) Bow Tie Analysis (BTA) Fault / Logic Tree Analysis (FTA/LTA) Event Tree Analysis (ETA)

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Energy Barrier Analysis (EBA) Consequence Analysis (CA) Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) Hazard Analysis (HAZAN) Hazard and Operability Assessment (HAZOP) Failure Modes, Effects (and Criticality) Analysis (FMEA/FMECA) Human Error Analysis (HEA) Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA) Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC) Job Safety Analysis (JSA) Stop, Think, Identify, Plan, and Proceed (TASK9 5)

Figure 2 illustrates the levels or layers of possible application of risk assessment tools. It should be noted that within each layer, the application of risk assessment methods varies depending on a number of issues. These include the complexity of the issue, thenature of the assessment, the detail and outputs required and other factors. Within each layer, several methods and tools may be used.

A JSA is a basic and low level risk assessment tool and sits above the individual, informal risk assessment tools. It is used for routine and non-routine job and task planning to help develop effective safe work expectations such as guidelines, procedures, standard work instructions (SWIs), job plans, review tasks and the level of risk where adequate procedures or SWIs are not available.

Fig-2

INCREA

SED

CO

MPL

EXIT

Y

FMEA, HAZOP, FTA, BTA

TASK 5, JSA etc.

FTA, BTA, WRACQRA

WRAC, JSA

DECREA

SIN

G R

ISK

Risk Assessment for routine andnon-routine job/task planning

Risk Assessment for entireproject (major hazards)

Risk Assessment for reviewprojects, changes, incidents

Individual, informal risk Assessment

6

A JSA should not be conducted as the primary tool to identify hazards and controls where the job:

has the potential for serious injuries, illness, equipment damage or environmental harm is new and has not been conducted before is of a long duration (that is over one shift) involves multiple work teams is known to have had a history of accidents or near misses is unusual or complex involves the use of new equipment, tools, or chemicals involves interaction with many interdependent systems (such as electrical, mechanical or hydraulic systems).

It should also not be used as the primary tool for jobs where there is a new regulatoryrequirement in place or where there is a change in the process of performing a job.

"What projects require a job safety analysis?"Any projects or activities, including travel, with potential for employees to be exposed to hazardous conditions or procedures require a Job Safety Analysis. Examples of common hazards, which may be encountered by employees while working, are:

Moving vehiclesUse of hand toolsEyestrainUse of ladders or scaffoldingFlying or falling objectsCompressed gasDangerous animalsMedical emergenciesExplosivesPressurized containers or conduitsMechanized equipmentHazardous materials (toxic, flammable, etc.)Overhead hazardsUneven or slippery walking surfacesSharp objectsSuspended loadsContaminated air

Disease organismsHigh stress levelsFatigueExtreme or inclement weatherHoles or drop-offsWorking below the groundHostile peopleMoving objectsElectricityLifting and/or carrying objects Unstable or steep terrainPoisonous plants and/or animalsPoor lighting Loud noiseWater bodiesConfined spacesErgonomic hazards (awkward positions, reaching, repetitious motions, etc.)

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3. Application of a JSA

Figure 3 illustrates a suggested JSA flow chart. On completion of the JSA, the supervisor is required to review and sign off the JSA, where appropriate. If a job is considered to be 'high risk' by the supervisor or the team (during personal prestart checks), a formal risk assessment, as appropriate, other than a JSA should be conducted by an appropriate team.

Appropriate training, competency and understanding of the task is required for the supervisor to determine the level of risk a job attracts. In general, a JSA should only be applied to a job when:

- the hazards and potential or resultant risks are known to be low - there is no procedure or SWI - developing, modifying or reviewing a procedure (where appropriate).

Fig-3

Job/task Assignment

Supervisor to assess job/task for risk potential

Do Job/Task

Safe Outcome

Review and Sign off bySupervisor

Yes

No

No

Yes

Other processesas required by site

JSA inappropriate

Formal riskassessment other

than JSA

Modify JSA

Check JSA

System/Supervisor to assessjob/task for risk potential.

Has this task resulted in injuries?Could the task result in injuries?

Could the task result in otherserious outcomes?

JSA by work teamDevelop/modify procedure

system of safe work

Implement procedure, safesystem of work as per site

requirements,and communicate procedure,

safe system of work

Job/task high risk?

Procedure or safe system of work

available?

Review

Fig-4

7

CONDUCTIONA JOB SAFETY

ANALYSIS

2DETERMINEROOT CAUSE

1IDENTIFY

HAZARDOUSCONDITION

3ELIMINATE HAZARDS

4CONTROL

MEASURES

5EVALUATION OFEFFECTIVENESS

COST PROJECTIONS;

EMPLOYEE ORIENTATION;

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION;

TRAINING NEEDS

DETERMINATION;

4. Importance of a JSA

Before developing a JSA it is essential to understand the value of a JSA. The success of a JSA is dependent on the knowledge of those performing it and their attitude and commitment to it.

It is important to note that a JSA is not a 'personal prestart check' or 'permit to work'. AJSA is also not a compliance activity but it is a key step in workers protectingthemselves. Keeping the JSA relevant is a challenge and all involved in the process ofconducting a JSA need to have a clear understanding of its purpose.

The role of the supervisor is essential in creating an effective JSA. Supervisors should have the skills and knowledge to put together a JSA or be able to oversee its development. This includes assessing how well it has been completed and how effective the chosen controls are.

8

When the JSA has been done, it can be used to tell the worker how to do the job, and is ideal for training, since it shows a worker how to do the job in the best and safest way. It also sets the standard for the job so that everyone learns to do the job in the same safe way.

The JSA can help managers and supervisors learn about the jobs to be supervised, even if they have not actually done all the jobs themselves. The JSA should be used as a checklist when doing safety inspections or audits, as it tells the auditor what should be happening on any job.

The JSA provides a “measure” during any incident investigation, as it sets out how the job should be done.

The obvious use of a job safety analysis is to insure that safety issues are identified and resolved prior to beginning work on a project. The job safety analysis can also support other activities, including: -Cost projections; -Employee orientation; -Training needs determination; -Performance evaluation; and -Accident investigation;

Job safety analysis has immediate and effective value additions to the system where the safety analysis has been done (fig 4).

5. Resources for JSA

Make appropriate resources available to the JSA team including (but not limited to):

sufficient time to conduct the JSA an appropriate JSA team experienced with the task a clear definition of the scope of job to be analysed access to participants who have job-specific knowledge competencies required to carry out the job safely and competently training on conducting or participating in the JSA process an appropriate JSA worksheet including relevant 'hazard prompt' checklists previously completed JSAs while developing a JSA for a modified/changed work, the SWI of the original job company policies access to observing the job being performed under normal conditions to note job steps

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PlantPerformance

SystemInfluences

Unsafe Supervision

SupervisoryInfluences

Preconditions for Unsafe Acts

IndividualInfluences

Unsafe Acts

HumanPerformance

Equipment andProcess

Performance

Organisational Influences

OrganisationalInfluences

Fig-5

Relevant accident and incident reports Hazard and risk register(s) Safety Alerts or Bulletins referring to industry best practices OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer's) drawings, manuals and procedures specialist supplier information Material Safety Data sheets (MSDS) National standards Internal organisational standards and specifications Relevant codes of practices Relevant regulatory requirements (including environmental protection policies).

The biggest resource is the attitude of the organisation for insisting JSA. The ultimate impact goes on the plant performance and this performance has direct and indirect influence on other stakeholders with in a plant as shown in the fig-5.

10

experienced team leader/supervisor with job-specific knowledge, and competency in conducting and writing a JSA persons with hands-on knowledge and expertise of the job for which the JSA is being performed (equipment operator, fitter, etc.) manager, superintendent or engineer technical experts facilitator safety and health professional equipment or process providers [e.g. OEM (original equipment manufacturer) representative for new equipment/process].

6. Personnel to be involved

Workers will take more interest in a job if they are asked to help with the JSA. Workers might have good ideas on how to do the job safely and better ways to do the job safely, for example:

some part of the workplace may need to be changed (materials, lighting, work area layout, ventilation, safety gear, etc.) the number of times the job is done may need to be reduced

The following people should be involved in the development of a JSA (this list is notexhaustive):

11

When a JSA is being used to assess a job or task involving equipment such as machinery or plant and interconnected mechanical items (such as hydraulics, gears, pulleys, levers, motors, gearboxes, etc.) careful consideration must be given to potential secondary knock-on effects of actions outlined in the JSA.

Serious accidents have occurred where a seemingly safe act such asdisconnection of a chain, in combination with a creeping hydraulic cylinderhas resulted in creating a secondary hazardous condition of that chainfalling onto people while carrying out the task. For technically complexsituations, the task should be assessed using a risk assessment tool otherthan a JSA.

Similar cascading impacts have also been reported when there is fire leading to secondary fires in associated systems or substances.

7. Conduct a JSA

7.1 Procedure

To ensure hazards and potential risks are properly captured and addressed, JSAs shouldbe performed at the job site prior to carrying out the job. JSAs conducted for the purpose of developing or modifying a procedure/SWI may be conducted anywhere, but inspection of the job site, task or equipment is essential. In this instance, the possibility of observing the same job or similar kind of job if being performed should be considered.

A job step is defined as a segment of the operation necessary to advance the job. Whilebreaking down the job into basic steps, care must be taken not to make the steps toogeneral as controls may be overlooked, or missing detail may lead to missing somehazards. At the same time there should not be too many steps.

If the job is complex, steps may be combined where suitable. Ensure that the steps are in the correct sequence. Any step that is out of order may miss serious potential hazards or introduce new hazards. Each step should be started with a verb (such as 'do', ‘remove', 'open' or 'fix').

Each step is to be written on the JSA form in the respective column.

Fig 6. illustrates the basic steps of developing a JSA.

Fig-6

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Input resources

Revieweffectiveness ofcontrols while

performing job/task

Monitor for otherhazards

Implement additionalcontrols andcommunicate

Identify the hazardsfor each step

Communicate JSAto all stakeholdersinvolved in job/task

Establish additionalcontrols and amend

JSA

Establish resultantrisk

Check effectivenessof controls

Establish controls

Break down thejob/task into basic

steps

Clearly define thejob or task

Do job as per JSA

13

Job Steps ControlsHazards

Every task can be broken down into steps. This sequence of steps will eventually become the basis of the safe work procedure.

Identifying every step of the task is essential to the end result. Ensure you write down everything the worker does. After each step is identified, you can go back and combine things or eliminate unnecessary detail.

Limit the number of steps that you actually record. If there are too many steps to your job, you may need to look at breaking the job down into two jobs.

Workers must play an active role in this process.

Identify the hazards present in each of the Job Steps.

Safety Hazards Falls Pinch points Sharp points Sharp edges Moving machinery Dropping items Pressure systems Fire, toxic and explosion

Health Hazards Chemical Hazards (acids, solvents, fumes) Biological Hazards (bacteria, viruses) Physical Agents (heat, noise, radiation) Risks for Musculoskeletal Injury (MSI) (awkward postures, forceful exertions, repetitive motion) Psycho-Social Hazards (harassment, time constraints, violence)

What out of the following controls measures can be implemented for each of the identified hazards:

At the Source Elimination Substitution Redesign Isolation Automation

Along the Path Relocation Barriers Absorption Dilution

At the Worker's Level Administrative controls Orientation, training supervision Work procedures Emergency planning Housekeeping Hygiene practices PPE

In general the following three steps to conduct a Job Safety Analysis (JSA), are considered:

1. Break the job down into its basic steps; 2. Identify the hazards that are present in each of the steps; and 3. Develop controls for all hazards that you have identified.

The following table helps in understanding the three steps:

14

7.2 Identify the resources required to perform tasks in each step

The JSA format (see section 14) allows the workers to record what resources are needed for the job. Some examples are listed below:

isolation equipment (such as tags, locks, etc.) work permits equipment, tools, materials, or parts competencies required to carry out the task personal protective equipment (PPE) required including specialised PPE (such as harnesses, etc.) other precautions identified by the MSDS (such as ventilation) procedures for coordinating activities design drawings or plans safe access to exits and transport, if required time team specifically skilled people leadership and guidance communication methods a pre-prepared JSA: -it may not be suitable for all situations -it may need a risk assessment Instruments for testing of oxygen, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, etc SOPs, manuals and guidelines

7.3 Identifying the hazard/potential losses at each step

In each step of job, the hazard identification must be done as:

visible/obvious hazards. hidden hazards by looking beyond the obvious. developing hazards (the hazards that can emerge as a result of work activity in each step and also due to changes in the environment. For example, a part dismantled from a machine during servicing/repair left unrestrained may cause the development of a new hazard). hazards that have low initial consequence but over time the consequence may change or increase.

SPOT THE HAZARDASSESS THE RISKFIND A SAFER WAYEVERDAY

15

The hazard identification process must consider:

the actual work environment where the job is to be conducted. potentially unsafe acts, behaviours and oversights by personnel involved in the task. energy sources , the energy concept is useful for understanding safety and health hazards. Physical damage to people can only occur due to energy.

It is important to consider using prompts such as respecting 'people', 'environment', 'equipment', 'procedures' and 'organisations'. Or prompts in the form of questions (Section 14). unplanned or secondary knock-on effects of actions, behaviours, or conditions at the job site. job observation by experienced personnel on the job site (this is particularly relevant when conducting a JSA for developing or modifying a procedure/SWI). previous incidents and accidents and other ‘lessons learnt' information relating to the task or job.

The hazard identification process must also consider:

any changes to work environment or tasks while the job is being conducted the effects when job is handed over to the next shift.

Hazards identification in the following various organisational components should be in the priority:

Organisational Structure

Workplace Design

Automation

OperatorInterfaceDesign

Training

Procedures

Communications

Leadership

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7.4 Establish controls

Determine the required control measures for each identified hazard. The control measures must be applied for each hazard individually or in combination and must be effective in reducing the resultant risk for each hazard to ALARA levels.

It should be noted that: all hazards and resultant risk must have at least one control measure the current controls in place must be reviewed to ensure that the controls are appropriate and effective additional controls identified in the JSA must be available and in place while the job is being performed all controls must be realistic and effective in controlling the hazards and resultant risks. each control may have a person identified as responsible for implementing it communicating the hazards and controls to the personnel performing the job is essential.

It is of little value to identify hazards and devise controls if the controls are ineffective or not implemented. The following controls need to be kept in JSA:

i. Engineering controls eliminate exposure to the hazard by: -Isolating the employee from the hazard -Improving (redesign) work area layout -Substituting less hazardous product -Modifying equipment

ii. Administrative controls reduce employee exposure to a hazard by: -Reducing the frequency of performing the hazardous task -Rotating employees to reduce exposure time -Training employees to recognize hazards and employ safety practices.

iii. Work practice controls include: -Workplace rules -Safe & healthful work practices -Personal hygiene -Housekeeping and maintenance -Procedures for specific operations

iv. Use of PPEs (personal protective equipments) -PPE reduce employee exposure to hazards when engineering and administrative controls are not feasible or effective -PPE alone should not be relied on to protect against hazards; other uses include

17

guards, engineering controls, and sound manufacturing practices.

v. Training: Another way to prevent exposure to a hazard is training -The nature of hazards which may occur; -How to recognize hazardous conditions; -Procedures which will ensure work is done safely in the vicinity of a hazard; -Personal protective equipment which is required, and how to use it effectively; -Procedures to follow if there is an emergency.

vi. Efficient supervision: Efficient supervision is required, inefficient supervision has a lot of safety and risk limitations as briefed below:

Unsafe Supervision Category

Inappropriate Operations PlansFailed to provide correct dataFailed to provide adequate brief timeImproper manningMission not compliant with regulationsProvided inadequate time for crew rest

Failed to Correct Known ProblemFailed to CorrecFailed to Correct identify an at-risk aviatorFailed to initiate unsafe actionFailed to report unsafe tendencies

t document error

Supervisory ViolationsAuthorised unnecessary violationsFailed to enforce rules and regulationsAuthorised unqualified crew to run a plant

Inadequate SupervisionFailed to provide guidanceFailed to provide operational doctrineFailed to provide oversightFailed to track qualificationsFailed to track performance

8. Assessment of the risk

Estimate the likelihood/probability and consequences for each of the identified hazards to be realised at each step.

The procedure may be as follows: establish the consequence or severity for each identified hazard. There may be more than one consequence for a given hazard. Each must be assessed individually. establish the likelihood/probability of the consequence occurring for each identified hazard. use a 'risk matrix' to assign a score for each identified hazard. An organisation may develop its own or use the already developed criteria for evaluating consequence and likelihood and may determine the risk score using the site's risk matrix.

The following tables helps in determining the likelihood, severity and the risk.

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A Almost certain Happens often More than 1 event per month

B Likely More than 1 event per yearCould easily happen

C Possible Could happen and has occurred here or elsewhere

1 event per 1 to 10 year

E Less than 1 event per 100 yearConceivable but only in extreme circumstances

Rare

D 1 event per 10 to 100 year (e.g. Within a single mine life)

Hasn’t happened yet but couldUnlikely

Rating Frequency Description Frequency example

DETERMINE LIKELIHOOD

DETERMINE CONSEQUENCE

Low/Insignificant

Minor/short term injury

Low financial loss Limited damage to minimal area of low significance

Minor Medium financial loss

Reversible Disability or impairment

Minor effect on biological or physical environment

Moderate High financial lossModerate irreversible disability

Moderate short term effects but not affecting eco-system

Major Major financial lossSingle fatality Serious medium term environmental effects

Catastrophic Financial lossMultiple fatality and/or significantirreversible effects

Serious long term environmental damage

Consequence Injury Property damage or process loss

Environment Impact

A Happens often High High Extreme Extreme Extreme

B Could easily happen Moderate High High Extreme Extreml

C Could happen and has occurred here or elsewhere

Low Moderate High Extreme Extreml

D Hasn’t happened yet but could

Low Low Moderate High Extreme

E Conceivable but only in extreme circumstances

Low Low Moderate High High

Low Minor Moderate Major Critical

Probability Factor Consequence severity

DETERMINE RISK

19

Training should: Explain the need for JSAs

Explain the benefits of JSAsProvide the information necessary to properly complete JSAs

Provide the tools necessary to properly complete JSAs

Some examples of training materials are: Lesson plans Company policies and procedures Operating manuals and checklists Mock-ups or actual equipment and machines Workplace diagrams JSAs and associated job breakdowns Videos, films and CD ROMs Overhead slides, 35-mm slides, computer programs

The evaluation process for task training will vary with each and every task. In some cases, questions and answers may be adequate. In other cases accurate demonstration of the learned skill or ability is essential. In all cases the evaluation should address the three areas of safety, quality and productivity (rate of work) because the effort committed to each of these areas must be compatible to sustain a continued successful operation. In training the following points should be assessed:

Ability, Alertness, Physiology, Psychology, Roster, Training, unsafe acts, interaction between people etc. Influence of the people behaviour and safety.

9. Training

A person must be able to demonstrate the skill and knowledge required to carry out JSA to a standard that will ensure the risk in a job is at an acceptable level.

To satisfy the requirements of JSA competency, the individual must: undergo initial training on JSAs (through formal training courses and informal on-the job instruction) to understand the value, importance, context, application and the basic methods that may be used in training include: Classroom training Question and answer techniques Demonstration with real or mock-up equipment Supervised student practice with coaching and feedback Supervised On the Job Training (OJT) with coaching and feedback

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Environment is being influenced by Illumination, precipitation, contaminants, noise, temperature/humidity, wind/turbulence, vibration, acceleration/ deceleration, radiation, work surface/space, electricity, air pressure, wildlife, unsafe conditions, interaction of people/working environment, equipment design, construction, operation, man machine interface, PPE, emergency response equipment, etc.

Procedures Correctness, safety, availability of necessary information, task specific, emergency provisions, effective hazard/risk control, etc.

.

The training should be of such level that trainees should be able to follow the competency to implement the change as shown below.

Envision theFuture State

Plan theTransition

Implementthe Changes

Assess theCurrent State

10. Endorsing the JSA

11. Danger of completing an ineffective JSA

Once the JSAs have been completed, all persons involved in the JSA must sign off in theJSA Form. Persons should sign only after they have read and understood the JSA, andare in agreement with the content of the JSA.

The acceptance of risk should lie with the people who will be exposed to consequences.What must be avoided is a situation where the consequences of a poor JSA are 'owned' by the employees on the job, but the decision of accepting the risk is taken bymanagement.

Individuals should never sign the JSA without reading and understanding it. JSAs are important quasi-legal documents and are often used in incident investigations, disputes and court cases. It is of no value where JSAs have been completed and persons are endorsing a JSA indicating they have read and understood it, when there were not involved in the process.

MEETINGS:THE PRACTICAL ALTERNATIVE TO WORK

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Type of JSA Completed by Review / re-conduct

JSA by

Approved byResidualrisk

JSA withoutrisk scoring

Team and/orsupervisor

Supervisor- Supervisor

Supervisor

Supervisor

Superintendent

Superintendent

Low

Medium

High

Extreme

Supervisor

Supervisor/

Superintendent

Manager HOD (Safety)

JSA withrisk scoring

Team and/orsupervisor orappropriateescalatedteam

The review and approval process forms an important link in effective supervision. Somerecommendations of review and approval process of JSAs are listed in following table.. The table shows the importance of the risk assessment and with the risk assessment the JSA will have more influence on the safety of human and equipments.

12. Documentation and records

A completed copy of the JSA must be available at the workplace to all personnel while the job is being performed.

After completion of the job, the completed JSA form should be stored in the document control system. Any new developed of the JSA should be awarded aunique identification number or similar and be recorded along with the JSA.

It should be ensured that documentation should beprecise and should be available at the time of the need.

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13. Application of JSA in positioning of portable ladders

Many falls from heights result from the non-correct of ladders, for example, where crates, stools or desks are used to access heights instead of properly setting up a ladder. However, each type of ladder has specific safety requirements and considerations.

Left: The distance between the ladder base and the supporting structure should be about one metre for every four metres of working ladder height. Horizontal benching of ground ensures vertical alignment of ladder.

Right: Unsafe arrangement of ladder, which will create instability. Base of ladder positioned too far from wall. Sudden slipping can occur.

If a ladder is used, check that: the type of ladder is appropriate to the task. Do not use 'domestic' or 'home-made' ladders; the ladder is in good condition. Before it is used, the ladder should be inspected for faults, such as broken rungs, rails and footing. Consult the manufacturer's checklist, if available; damaged ladders are removed from service; the ladder is on firm, stable and level ground; the ladder is the correct height for the task to avoid reaching or stretching. Keep the body centred between side rails at all times. Never over-reach; the ladder is not too close or too far from the support structure. The ratio must be one to four. For example, the distance between the ladder base and the supporting structure should be about one metre for every four metres of working ladder height. (See the diagrams of ladders); the ladder is secured against displacement (i.e. slipping or sliding) and/or there is another person holding the base of the ladder;

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if used at a construction site, the ladder must not be suspended from a parapet hook; the ladder is not placed so that the weight of the ladder and any person using the ladder is supported by the rungs. (See the diagram on the next page); all the locking devices on the ladder are secure; the ladder is always faced while climbing up or down; materials or tools are not carried while climbing the ladder. Tools should be carried in a tool belt or side pouch; only light duty work is undertaken while on the ladder, where three points of contact can be maintained and tools can be operated safely with one hand; no person should stand on a ladder any higher than 900 mm from the top of the ladder; no other person is allowed on the ladder at the same time; slip resistant base, rungs or steps are provided; slip resistant shoes are worn; metal or wire bound ladders are never used close to energised power lines; non- metallic ladders should be used instead; and ladders are not used in access areas or next to doors when the work involves hot work, such as welding or oxy cutting, on scaffolding or an elevating work platform to get extra height, next to power lines, in very wet or windy conditions and next to traffic areas unless the working area is barricaded.

Step and trestle laddersStep and trestle ladders should be used only in the fully open position. A step ladder may be used in the closed position by leaning against a support; however, care must be taken to ensure that the load is carried by the front stiles only. Alternatives to trestle ladders should be considered. There is a wide variety of working platforms now available for use in all circumstances, including small scissor lifts, light duty aluminium mobile scaffolds, boom arms and modular scaffolding.

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14. Suggested JSA format:

A suggested format example of JSA may have the following components and is subject to change looking to the need of the job.

SEQUENCE OF BASIC JOB STEPS

POTENTIAL HAZARDS

RESPONSIBILITYCONTROL

RESOURCE REQUIRED

Tool

s/eq

uip

men

t

Pers

onnel

List of persons involved in the job (other than JSA members)

List of tools/equipment materials/drawings etc. for the job

List of PPE requiredfor the job

Signature

EQUIPMENT NAME/No.(IF ANY)

SIGNATUREJSA TEAM MEMBER’S NAME

JSA TEAM MEMBER’S NAME SIGNATURE

Is any isolation required before commencing the job?(If yes, consult supervisor and obtain signature)

Yes/No

DATE:COMPANY NAME/LOGO JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS-JSA 1

Supervisors Authorisation Signature Print Name Date:

DEPARTMENT SITE/AREA JOB TITAL JSA No.No. Of times this JSA has been used:

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SUPERVISORSIGNATURE

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We understand that now an example of cmanhole entry make us competent to do JSA. The example is shown in following table.

leaning inside surface of chemical tank top

15. Conclusion:

Sample - job safety analysis form for

Cleaning inside surface of chemical tanktop manhole entry

Explosive gas. Improper oxygen level. Chemical exposure Gas, dust, vapor: -irritant -toxic Liquid: -irritant -toxic -corrosive - heated Solid: -irritant -corrosive Moving --blades /equipment.

-Establish confined space entry procedures -Obtain work permit signed by safety, maintenance, and supervisors.-Test air by qualified person.-Ventilate to 19.5% - 23.5% oxygen and less than 10% LEL of any flammable gas. Steaming inside of tank, flushing and draining, then ventilating, as previously described, may be required.-Provide appropriate respiratory equipment SCBA or air line respirator.-Provide protective clothing for head, eyes, body, and feet.-Provide harness and lifeline. -Tanks should be cleaned from outside, if possible.

1. Determine what is in the tank, what process is going on in the tank, and what hazards this can pose.

Hazards Recommended protection

Or Procedure

Sequence of job steps

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ESTABLISH AND IMPLEMENT CONTROL: Determine the control measures for each identified hazard as per the hierarchy controls.

1 Elimination-remove hazard completely

2 Substitute-substitute with lesser hazard

3 Separation-sepration of persons from the hazard

4 Engineering control-guarding etc.

5 Administrative control-signage, training etc.

6 Personal protective equipment (PPE)-earplugs,safety glasses etc.

Most effective

Least effective

Is lighting a problem?

Do tools, machines, or equipment present any hazards?

Is there a danger from falling object?

Is excessive noise or vibration a problem?

Is anybody exposed to extreme heat or cold?

Can anybody suffer strain from lifting, pushing or pulling?

Can anybody slip, trip or fall (incl fall from height)

Can anyone recive electric shock?

Can an energised or pressurised system hurt anyone?

Can anybody makeful contact with moving object?

Have all controls suggested by the relevant MSDS been obtained and are they available at the jobsite? Have people been trained in the use of such equipment?

Can any body part get caught in or between object?

What are the ‘knock-on’ effect of particular task step? (Particularly important when dealing with mechanical equipment)

Yes NoQuestions (sample only)

What training dose a person need to have to carry out the safety and competently? ( incl training in the use of PPE and other safety type equipment)

Are the correct tools and equipment available to carry out the task safety?

Suggested Questions

How to make JSA form for chemical storage tank is another

example and it has been shown in conclusion part

intentionally after being assessing the importance of

confined space safety, pl also refer the module 1 with Section 15

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-Arrange hoses, cords, lines, and equipment in orderly fashion, with room to maneuver safely.-Use ground-fault circuit interrupter. -Lockout and tag mixing motor, if present

Hoses, cord, equipment tripping hazards.Electrical voltage too high, exposed conductors.Motors not locked out and tagged.

3. Set up equipments

-Examination by industrial physician for suitability to work.-Train operators.- Dry run.

Operator with respiratory or heart problem; other physical limitation.Untrained operator failure to perform task.

2. Select and train operators

-Secure to manhole top or rigid structure.

Ladder slipping 4. Install ladder in tank

-Empty tank through existing piping.-Review emergency procedures.-Open tank.-Check of jobsite by industrial hygienist or safety professional.-Install blanks in flanges in piping to tank (isolate tank).-Test atmosphere in tank by qualified person ,by using (long probe

Gas or liquid in tank. 5. Prepare to enter tank

-Provide personal protective equipment

Ladder tripping hazard. 7. Enter tank.

-Use mechanical-handling equipment. -Provide guardrails around work positions at tank top.

Trip or fall 6. Place equipment at tank-entry position.

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-Dry run.-Use material-handling equipment.

Handling of equipment, causing injury.

9. Cleaning up.

-Provide protective clothing and equipment for all operators and helpers.-Provide lighting for tank (Class I, Div. 1).-Provide exhaust ventilation.-Provide air supply to interior of tank.-Frequent monitoring of air in tank.-Replace operator or provide rest periods.-Provide means of communication to get help, if needed.-Provide tow-man standby for any emergency.

Reaction to chemicals, causing mist or expulsion of air contaminant.

8. Cleaning tank.

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16. Glossary

Acute: Acute the effect caused by a single shortterm exposure.

Cofined Sapce: Any are that limited opening for entry or exit for men.

Hazard: Haxzard means a thing or a situation with potential to cause injury or

illness to a person.

Risk: Risk means the risk of injury or illness to a person arising out of a hazard.

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17. References

1. Code of Practice: Prevention of Falls at Workplaces, Commission for Occupational

Safety and Health, Govt. of Australia, 2004.

2. Confined Space Safety, industrial Disaster Risk Management, DMI, MOEF, InWEnt, gtz

Publication, 2010 under Indo-German bilateral programme.

3. Job Safety Analysis, The Texas Department of Insurance.

4. Causes of Accidents at Construction Sites, Abdul, Rahim Abdul Hamid, Muhd Zaimi,

Bachan Singh, Malasian Journal of Civil Engineering, 20(2): 242-259, 2008.

5. Job Hazard Analysis, OSHA 3071, 2002 (Revisesd).

6. Guidance Note QGN 17, Development of effective Job Safety Analysis, Queenland

Government, 2010.

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NotesNotes