-
58 Japan Railway & Transport Review 28 • September 2001
Railway Operators
Railw
a y Operators
Copyright © 2001 EJRCF. All rights reserved.
Railway Operators in Japan 2
HokkaidoShuichi Takashima
Overview
General description of HokkaidoSurrounded by the Pacific Ocean,
the Seaof Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk, Hokkaidois the northernmost
island in the Japanesearchipelago with an area of 83,452
km2,representing 22% of the nation’s total landarea. Although
Hokkaido is the largest ofall 47 prefectures in Japan, its
populationis just 5.7 million, representing only about4.5% of the
national total—the populationdensity is just 20% of the
average.Agriculture, fisheries, and forestry are themajor
industries, and the scenery is stilllargely untouched with wild
mountainareas, wetlands, and natural lakes. Severalport cities have
active industrial sectors, butmost Japanese generally visualize
Hokkaido as vast fields and verdant nature.Amidst the Japanese
economic recession,Hokkaido is suffering from a stagnanteconomy.
Moreover, the centralizationof economic activity and population
inSapporo, the prefectural capital, is aconcern. For example,
Sapporo has 1.76million inhabitants while the second andthird
largest cities of Asahikawa andHakodate have just 0.36 million and
0.30million, respectively.
Outline of railwaysRailways in Hokkaido have a total lengthof
2702.0 km of which 2499.8 km (on 1April 2001) are operated by JR
Hokkaido,which was established in 1987 after thebreakup and
privatization of JapaneseNational Railways (JNR). The
sparsepopulation makes it difficult to operate
profitable private railways in Hokkaido.In the 1950s, several
private railwayshauled coals from Hokkaido’s coalmines,and also
provided local passengerservices. However, most freight
railwaysclosed after the decline of the coalindustry and as private
cars becameincreasingly common.JR Hokkaido has three major
railwayfunctions––to link Sapporo with othermajor cities in
Hokkaido and the mainisland of Honshu; to provide transport inurban
areas of Sapporo; and to providelocal transport in other rural
regions.The four other private railway operatorsin Hokkaido have
just 202.2 route-km. Tostem mounting losses, JR Hokkaido gaveits
Chihoku Line to the local governmentin 1989 and it was renamed the
HokkaidoChihoku Highland Railway. The line
Size and Financial Status of Railways in Hokkaido
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
JR Hokkaido No. of Passengers (1,000) 103,035 109,954 116,368
122,622 125,941 127,602 129,393 129,130 124,644 124,544
Passenger Density* 4,455 4,826 4,991 5,076 5,030 5,026 5,124
5,173 4,995 4,975
Hokkaido Chihoku Highland Volume 904 1,027 943 903 880 866 816
765 698 678
Railway Density 516 476 439 472 462 456 431 406 372 361
Sapporo CitySubway Volume 272,980 275,579 283,818 275,180
270,159 271,134 281,364 269,110 260,482 251,913
TransportDensity 83,777 88,069 90,270 88,092 86,457 82,060
79,852 76,934 74,062 72,209
Bureau Tramway Volume 9,415 18,612 9,667 9,455 9,297 9,053 9,354
9,055 8,824 8,706
Density 7,365 7,449 7,717 7,568 7,432 7,227 7,409 7,182 6,982
6,879
Hakodate City Volume 8,803 8,583 8,678 8,683 8,705 8,258 8,317
8,175 8,431 7,743Transport Bureau Density 4,194 4,381 4,418 4,922
6,563 6,226 6,255 6,164 6,356 5,838
Passenger Volume and Density by Railway Company
Number of Capital Operating Revenue Operating Expense Operating
Profits/Losses Ordinary Profits/ Losses
Route-km Employees (¥1,000) (¥1,000) (¥1,000) (¥1,000)
(¥1,000)
Railway Non-railway Railway Non-railway Railway Non-railway
JR Hokkaido 2,499.8 10,071 9,000,000 89,265,972 9,932,704
121,251,620 10,672,973 -31,985,648 -740,269 1,989,148
Hokkaido Chihoku140.0 104 499,950 279,383 2,256 775,039 —
-495,656 — -474,339
Highland Railway
Sapporo City 48.0 (Subway) — — 39,266,394 10,062,742 42,453,536
14,060,712 -3,187,142 -3,997,970 -26,728,585 8.5 (Tramway)
Hakodate City 10.9 — — 1,314,804 1,270,724 1,448,409 1,809,169
-133,605 -538,445 -638,722
Note: Passenger Density = Daily Passenger-km/Route-km
-
59Japan Railway & Transport Review 28 • September
2001Copyright © 2001 EJRCF. All rights reserved.
offers local passenger transport betweenthe cities of Kitami and
Ikeda in easternHokkaido.The Sapporo and Hakodate localgovernments
operate subways and tramsin each city. In Kushiro, Taiheiyo
Coals& Transportation operates a local freightline with no
connections to other lines.
Interurban Transportation
In recent years, JR Hokkaido has beenk n u c k l i n g d o w n t
o r e b u i l d i n gtransportation links between Sapporo andother
local cities. Hakodate, Muroran,Asahikawa, Nayoro, Kitami, Obihiro,
andKushiro are all linked with Sapporo by fastlimited-express
trains running on narrow-gauge tracks (1067 mm).
Sapporo–AsahikawaThe first line to be speeded-up by JRHokkaido
was between Sapporo andAsahikawa. In Hokkaido, most lines
arenon-electrified single-track sections, butthis section has been
electrified anddouble-tracked. The limited expressWhite Arrow and
Lilac used to travel onthis section. In 1990, the Series 785
SuperWhite Arrow started operation atmaximum speeds of 130 km/h,
helpingto counter passenger losses to theSapporo–Asahikawa section
of the Doo
Expressway opened in the same year. TheSuper White Arrow
expresses completethe 136.8-km journey in 1 hour and 20minutes at a
schedule speed of 102.6 km/h. The train timetable is also
veryconvenient with hourly departures in bothdirections between
08:00 and 21:00. TheLilac limited express still
providessupplementary services with 30-minutedepartures from
stations that are notserved by the Super White Arrow. Thereare 26
daily roundtrips between the twotermini.
Sapporo–HakodateJR Hokkaido’s recent efforts to cut traveltimes
on difficult non-electrified single-track lines are of special
note. During itslast days, JNR tried to speed-up services
byexperimenting with introduction of newrolling stock. JR Hokkaido
strengthenedthese efforts by adding more powerfultraction units and
better track facilities. Forexample, the number of sections with
speedlimits such as station yards and curves havebeen reduced by
improving the trackcharacteristics. For higher speeds through
WakkanaiakkanaiWakkanaiMinami-WMinami-WakkanaiakkanaiMinami
Wakkanai
Otoineppu
Nayoro
Engaru
AbashiriAbashiriAbashiri
NemuroNemuroNemuro
AkkeshiAkkeshiAkkeshiNemuro-Mai
n lineNemuro
main line
Higashi-kushiroHigashi-kushiroHigashi kushiro
IkedaObihiro
Shintoku
Operating JR lines
Hokkaido Chihoku Highland Railway
Closed lines
SamaniSamaniSamani
Nemuro main line
Furano Line
Sekihoku main line
Senmo main line
Furano
Yubari
Shin-YShin-YubariubariShin YubariOiwakeTomakomai
Muroran-Main lineMuroran-Main lineMuroran main line
Hidaka main line
Sekisho Line
Higashi-MuroranHigashi-MuroranHigashi MuroranMuroran
Oshamambe
Mori
OnumaOnumaOnumaGorGoryokakuyokakuGoryokaku
HakodateHakodateHakodate
EsashiEsashi-LineEsashi-LineEsashi Line
Kikonai
Tsugaru Kaikyo Line
Hakodate-Main lineHakodate-Main lineHakodate main line
Shin-AsahikawaShin-AsahikawaShin Asahikawa
AsahikawaAsahikawaAsahikawaMashilceMashilceMashilce
Rumoi
FukagawaShin-TShin-TotsugawaotsugawaShin Totsugawa
TakikawaakikawaTakikawa
SunagawaSunagawaSunagawa
IwamizawaIwamizawaIwamizawa
Otaru
Hakodate-Main lineHakodate-Main lineHakodate main line
Sassho Line
Shiraishi
SoenSapporo
Shin ChitoseChitose Line
Rumoi-Main lineRumoi-Main lineRumoi main line
Kami-SunagawaKami-SunagawaKami-Sunagawa
Kushiro
Shibecha
Kitami
Railway Lines in Hokkaido
Series 785 EMU Super White Arrow limited express on Hakodate
main line(JR Hokkaido)
Series 781 EMU Lilac limited express on Hakodate main line. This
train serves asAirport rapid service on Chitose Line. (JR
Hokkaido)
-
60 Japan Railway & Transport Review 28 • September 2001
Railway Operators
Copyright © 2001 EJRCF. All rights reserved.
curves, a new Series Kiha 281 pendulumDMU with two engines each
with a ratedcapacity of 355 PS was developed over anarduous 3-year
period.The many non-electrified single-tracksections on the two
routes betweenSapporo and Hakodate via either theHakodate main line
or Muroran main linewere believed to prohibit the possibilityof
speed increases. Services at maximumspeeds of 120 km/h by the
conventionalHokuto (Ursa Major constellation) limitedexpress used
to take 3 hours and 47minutes but the start of the Series Kiha
281pendulum DMU Super Hokuto limitedexpress in 1994 cut times to
about 3 hours.Although the Super Hokuto is a DMU, itsmaximum
schedule speed of 106.8 km isstill faster than that of the AC
electric Series785 Super White Arrow. The seven dailyroundtr ips
between Sapporo andHakodate by the Super Hokuto have beenso popular
that air services between thetwo cities have been suspended.In
addition, an improved Series Kiha 183still makes three daily
roundtrips in 3hours and 30 minutes at maximum speedsof 130 km/h
between Sapporo andHakodate. Despite its higher maximumspeed, the
longer travel time of the non-pendulum Hokuto is due mostly to
thelarge speed reduction on curves,demonstrating the effectiveness
of theSuper Hokuto pendulum.
Furthermore, the Series 781 Suzuran (Lilyof the
Valley—Convallaria majalis) limitedexpress makes five daily
roundtrips at amaximum speed of 120 km/h betweenSapporo and Higashi
Muroran. This seriesof EMUs was manufactured in the JNRdays so the
Super Hokuto and HokutoDMUs run on this section at higher
speedsthan Suzuran EMUs.
Sapporo–Obihiro/KushiroThe next lines targeted for speed
increaseswere the lines to Obihiro (220.2 km fromSapporo) and
Kushiro (348.5 km fromS a p p o r o ) . T h e s a m e t y p e s o
fimprovements as described above weremade to both rolling stock and
trackinfrastructure between 1993 and 1996. In1997, a remodelled
Series Kiha 281pendulum DMU was put into service asthe Series Kiha
283 Super Ozora (SuperBig Sky) limited express. The pendulumtilt
was increased to 6° from 5° and self-steering bogies were installed
to increasethe maximum speed to 130 km/h, cuttingthe travel time
from Sapporo to Kushirofrom 4 hours 25 minutes to 3 hours and34
minutes with four daily roundtrips.Super Ozora services between
Sapporoand Obihiro, which is en route to Kushiro,take 2 hours and 9
minutes.There were a few trains operated withexisting rolling
stocks until 1 July. Now,the Super Ozora operates Six daily
roundtrips.The convenience of services betweenSapporo and
Obihiro is also greatlyimproved by five daily Tokachi (placename)
and Super Tokachi roundtrips. Fromthe one daily Obihiro arrival and
departure,the number rose to five daily roundtrips in1990,
increasing the number of dailyroundtrips between Sapporo and
Kushirofrom 7 to 11. This increase was made inan effort to compete
against highway busesand proved successful in maintaining theline’s
superiority on this route.
Sapporo–Nayoro/WakkanaiThe Sapporo–Nayoro/Wakkanai sectionwas
speeded-up in the same manner asdescribed above but since the
Sapporo–Asahikawa section was already ready forhigh-speed
operations, improvements totrack facilities were only needed in
theAsahikawa–Nayoro section (76.2 km).However, the Nayoro–Wakkanai
sectionhad very low demand, so no groundfacility improvements were
made and asimplified Series Kiha 261 Super Soya(place name) DMU was
introduced in2000. Instead of using pendulum tiltingto improve
speed on curves, the Series261 uses bogie air springs to control
thedegree of tilting to 2°. The Super Soyamakes two daily
roundtrips betweenSapporo and Wakkanai with a travel timeof 4 hours
and 58 minutes. The time
Series 281 pendulum DMU Super Hokuto limited express on Hakodate
main line(JR Hokkaido) Series 183 DMU Okhotsk on main line (JR
Hokkaido)
-
61Japan Railway & Transport Review 28 • September
2001Copyright © 2001 EJRCF. All rights reserved.
between Sapporo and Nayoro is 2 hoursand 14 minutes. These
services aresupplemented by one daily roundtripSarobetsu (place
name) limited expressand one Rishiri (place name) overnightlimited
express. The Sarobetsu Sapporo–Nayoro and Sapporo–Wakkanai
servicestake 2 hours and 38 minutes and 5 hoursand 30 minutes,
respectively. Theset imetables might not seem veryconvenient but
conditions have improvedimmensely from when there were nolimited
express trains on this section.How much did the speed increases
costand where did the funding come from?The Sapporo–Hakodate
improvements tot r a c k f a c i l i t i e s a l o n e t o t a l l
e dapproximately ¥7 billion. To reduce theburden of such a large
investment, JRHokkaido asked the pre fec tura lgovernment and local
authorities forassistance. The Doto High-SpeedRailway Development
Corporation wasestablished by JR Hokkaido, HokkaidoPrefectural
Government and the cities ofKushiro and Obihiro to help finance
thetotal construction costs of ¥10.7 billion.JR Hokkaido operates
the train servicesby paying track fees to the company. Thismethod
was also used for the Asahikawa–Nayoro improvements. In this case,
boththe ¥3.2 billion cost of improved trackfacilities and the ¥1.76
billion cost ofrolling stock were born by the HokkaidoHigh-Speed
Railway DevelopmentCorporation with JR Hokkaido payingtrack and
rolling stock fees. In recentyears, other parts of Japan have
startedto adopt similar methods in whichlocalities benefiting from
better railwayservices bear an appropriate part of thefinancial
burden.
Sapporo–Kitami/AbashiriThe Series Kiha 183 Okhotsk
limitedexpress makes five daily roundtrip runsfrom Sapporo through
Asahikawa toKitami (321.5 km) and on to Abashiri(374.5 km). So far,
the track facilities on
this route have not been upgraded for highspeeds and the best
travel times to Kitamiand Abashiri are 4 hours and 26 minutes,and 5
hours and 15 minutes, respectively.One roundtrip is an overnighter
withsleeping cars coupled to ordinarypassenger carriages. The
scheduled speedof this overnight Okhotsk service is slowerthan the
daytime services to givepassengers more convenient departureand
arrival times. The Marimo (Sapporo–Kushiro), Rishiri
(Sapporo–Wakkanai), and
Hamanasu (Sapporo–Hakodate/Aomori)express all adopt the same
lower schedulespeed for the same reason.
Rail Transport to Honshu
All railway transport between Hokkaidoand the main Japanese
island of Honshuhas been through the 53.85-km long SeikanTunnel
under the Tsugaru Strait since 1988when the tunnel opened. The
tunnel had
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Pas
seng
er V
olum
e (1
,000
)
Cange in Passenger Traffic through Seikan Tunnel
Series 261 DMU Super Soya on Soya main line (JR Hokkaido)
-
62 Japan Railway & Transport Review 28 • September 2001
Railway Operators
Copyright © 2001 EJRCF. All rights reserved.
been proposed before WWII but the tragicloss of 1155 lives when
the Toya maru ferrysank in a typhoon in 1954 pushed thetunnel
project forward. Preliminary boringstarted in 1964 and the tunnel
was finallybroken through in 1985 at a total cost of¥538.4 billion.
After the Minister oftransport gave instructions in 1972
thatshinkansen services should run through thetunnel, shinkansen
facilities wereincorporated in the design. However,operations are
still running on narrow-gauge track until new shinkansen linesreach
the tunnel portals. (A full descriptionof the tunnel history and
structure and isgiven on pp. 146–148 of A History ofJapanese
Railways 1872–1999.)
Seikan Tunnel trainsPassenger and freight trains passingthrough
the Seikan Tunnel are completelyseparate. The loco-hauled Kaikyo
(Strait)passenger train makes seven dailyroundtrips between Aomori
and Hakodate(160.4 km) in a time of 2 hours and 40minutes. In
addition, four Series 485Hatsukari (First Wild Geese)
limitedexpress EMUs connect directly withTohoku Shinkansen services
arriving atMorioka and travel through the tunnel toHakodate. The
Hamanasu (Sweet-brier)
overnight sleeper makes one roundtripbetween Sapporo and
Aomori.There are also sleeper limited expresseslinking Osaka and
Tokyo directly withSapporo. The first Hokutosei (Pole Star)services
between Tokyo (Ueno Station)and Sapporo used loco-hauled Series
24passenger carriages remodelled for coldclimates with most
carriages converted toluxury compartments as a marketingpoint. The
only train making the roundtripbetween Hakodate and Osaka
withdepartures from and arrivals at Aomoriwas the Nihonkai (Sea of
Japan) limitedexpress. This service was soon followedby the
Twilight Express between Osakaand Sapporo. It was also configured
fromremodelled Series 24 passenger carriagesbut had even more
luxurious facilities.The train schedule was irregular becauseit ran
exclusively for tourists.After 10 years, JR East announced aH o k u
t o s e i r e n e w a l p l a n a n dmanufactured the Series E26
Cassiopeiafor these prestige services.The tunnel is very convenient
for freighthaulage because there is no need to loadfreight wagons
onto train ferries. The freighttrains are operated by JR Freight
and mostare container trains. To haul both passengertrains and
freight trains, the Class ED 75
AC electric locomotive was remodelled asthe Class ED 79 to run
through the underseatunnel. The Class ED 79 is expected to
bereplaced by the more powerful Class EH500 in the near future.
Problems of Seikan TunnelThe Seikan Tunnel operation results
showthat it faces serious economic problems.In passenger transport,
most people (90%)travel between Hokkaido and Honshu byair because
the rail travel times are verydisadvantageous. For example, the
fastestpossible train journey between Tokyo andSapporo is to ride
the Yamabiko (MountainEcho) Tohoku Shinkansen, transfer to
theHatsukari limited express at Morioka, andthen transfer to the
Super Hokuto atHakodate—taking more than 10 hoursand 30 minutes. By
air, the journey isabout 3 hours and 30 minutes, includingairport
access times. In terms of fares,railways are very much more
expensivethan air, especially because airlinederegulation and
severe competition onthe Tokyo–Sapporo route have resulted inheavy
discounting. Although thedifference in recommended air and
railfares seems small, the actual ‘street’ priceof air tickets is
much lower than the priceof rail tickets. The Osaka–Sapporo
andTokyo–Hakodate routes suffer from thesame problems. Since it is
almostimpossible to compete with airlines inlong-distance intercity
transport, somepeople are working to stimulate activebusiness
exchange between Aomori andHakodate by creating one economic
zonethat utilizes the Seikan Tunnel. However,the outlook is grim.
Although theCassiopeia sleeper is popular, it offers nohope of
relieving the problems becausethe number of passengers it can carry
isl imited by the number of luxurycompartments. As a result of
these factors,the number of passengers using daytimerail services
between Tokyo/Osaka andSapporo is declining every year.Despite JR
Freight’s poor results resulting
Sapporo–Ishikari Sapporo–IwamisawaSapporo–Shin Chitose-kuko
Sapporo–Otaru
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
Pas
seng
er V
olum
e (1
,000
)
Change in Annual Passenger Volume in Sapporo Metropolitan
Area
-
63Japan Railway & Transport Review 28 • September
2001Copyright © 2001 EJRCF. All rights reserved.
from Japan’s prolonged recession, manymore freight trains (up to
52) pass throughthe Seikan Tunnel each day thanpassenger trains.
Although the domesticshipping industry still has the lion’s shareof
Honshu–Hokkaido freight transport,annual railway volumes now exceed
5million tonnes, which is a substantialincrease from pre-tunnel
days.Maintenance and improvement of tunnelfacilities are also big
issues. Although thetunnel opened to operations just 10 yearsago,
some parts date from the beginningof construction in 1964 and aging
isstarting to pose problems. It has beenagreed that JR Hokkaido wil
l beresponsible for tunnel maintenance andimprovement, but it is
difficult to allocatethe required funds due to stagnantpassenger
demand. In addition, themaintenance costs are enormous becausethe
tunnel is designed to accommodatefuture shinkansen services.
Despite JRHokkaido’s plea for government help, thesituation is
still undecided.
Transportation in SapporoArea
The trend towards over-concentration ofpopulation in Sapporo is
becoming moreand more ser ious, and al thoughHokkaido’s population
trend is flatteningout as a whole, Sapporo’s population isstill
rising. In response to such conditions,JR Hokkaido is making
efforts to meet thecommuting needs of workers and studentsin the
Sapporo area. Based on JRHokkaido’s train network, urban
Sapporoextends to Otaru (33.8 km from Sapporo)and Iwamisawa (40.6
km) on theHakodate main line, to Ishikari Tobetsu(27.5 km) on the
Sassho Line, and to ShinChitose-kuko (46.6 km) on the ChitoseLine.
JNR’s former urban train timetablewas not planned for commuting
purposesespecially because the number ofpassengers was smaller than
today.However, during the last days of 1986,
JNR started responding actively topassengers’ demands by
building newstations and increasing the number of trainservices. JR
Hokkaido’s present efforts area continuation of JNR’s policies.
Improving facilitiesSapporo’s new station was completed in1988,
tracks in the city were elevated andthe section shared by the
Hakodate mainline and Chitose Line between Sapporoand Naebo was
quadrupled. In addition,a third track was added to the
sectionbetween Sapporo and Soen for exclusiveuse by through trains
to the Sassho Line.These improvements eliminated thebottleneck near
Sapporo Station. Otherfacilities have been actively
improved,including elevation and double-trackingof the Sassho Line.
The huge capital costsof these improvement projects wereshared
between the city planning office,other public projects and JR
Hokkaido.
Improving carriagesDuring the JNR days, to keep passengerswarm
in the cold winter climate, mostcarriages in suburban areas
aroundSapporo had just two doors on one sideand footsteps at both
ends. Although heatsaving, such a design does not meet theneeds of
quick high-volume boarding anddisembarkation. As a result,
stationstanding times were longer than averageand delayed smooth
operat ions.Furthermore, many passenger trains werestill hauled by
electric locomotives. Inaddition to the poor acceleration
anddeceleration characteristics of loco-hauled trains, train
turnaround times atthe terminus are greatly delayed by theneed to
reattach the locomotive to theother end of the train. Right from
thestart, one of JR Hokkaido’s main prioritieshas been to switch
from loco-hauledtrains to multiple units.With the completion of
elevated tracksaround Sapporo Station in 1988, newSeries 721
commuter trains were
introduced. Although the cars still hadfootsteps, there were
three doors on oneside, which greatly improved passengerflow. In
addition, the train had amaximum speed of 130 km/h and
goodacceleration, contributing greatly to abetter train timetable.
The Series 721remained in production for a number ofyears and
comprised most passenger trainsin the Sapporo region. The Series
731appeared in 1997 and has more featuressuiting urban transport.
Carriages havethe same three doors on one side as thepredecessor
Series 721 but no footsteps.In order to shut out the severe winter
cold,air curtains are installed above the doorentrances. The seat
arrangement was alsochanged. Instead of conventional cross-seating
facing the direction of travel, sidebench seats like those in Tokyo
commutertrains are used. This caused somecontroversy about service
deteriorationdue to the fewer available seats but it doescontribute
to smoother passenger flow.The Series 731 can also be operated
inconjunction with a DMU. The Series 731operates mainly between
Sapporo andOtaru but urban sprawl is bringing morepassengers from
non-electrified sectionspast Otaru. There have been directservices
to Sapporo by diesel loco-hauledtrains, but the timetables were
limited bythe lower performance than electric trains.To solve this
problem, Series 201dieselcars with a similar body to the Series
731and that could be coupled to the Series731 were developed. Since
coupledSeries 201 diesel cars must match thespeed and high
acceleration anddeceleration of the Series 731 electriccars, each
diesel car has two high-powerengines rated at 450 PS as well
amechanism permitting a maximum tilt of2° to increase speed through
curves. Thedevice is simpler than the pendulum tiltmechanism and
achieves tilting byinflating air springs on the bogies.The
improvement to facilities hasfacilitated addition of extra
services,
-
64 Japan Railway & Transport Review 28 • September 2001
Railway Operators
Copyright © 2001 EJRCF. All rights reserved.
especially on the Sassho Line (where somesections have seen a
tripling of servicefrequency over the past 15 years), whichin turn
has necessitated more rolling stock.To meet this need, surplus
passengercarriages were remodelled into the SeriesKiha 143 DMUs
with new driving gearand driving seat, permitt ing costreductions
in manufacturing.
Airport Access
New Chitose Airport is the major airportfor the Sapporo area.
(The other isOkadama Airport.) The first railwayaccess to the
airport was possible whenChitose-kuko Station (now MinamiChitose
Station) was opened in 1980.When a new terminal building was
builtat a different location, a new undergroundline (2.5 km) was
opened between
Minami chitose Station and the new ShinChitose-kuko Station. The
opening of ShinChitose-kuko Station saw the start ofAirport
rapid-transit services at 15-minuteintervals in each direction from
08:00 to19:00 to and from Sapporo with a traveltime of 36 minutes.
Among the fourhourly Airport Sapporo–Chitose rapidservices, at
least one runs directly to andfrom Otaru, and another to and
fromAsahikawa. The latter becomes Lilaclimited express (surcharge
payable)between Sapporo and Asahikawa. Dueto the excellent rail
access, 50% of NewChitose Airport passengers use the railway.
Sapporo and HakodateMunicipal Transport
Sapporo subwaySapporo City opened a 12.1-km subwayin 1971 to
become the fourth city in Japan
with a subway. The route length hasincreased over the years to
reach 48.0 kmon a network of three lines: the north–south Namboku
Line (Asabu–Makomanai,14.3 km), the east–west Tozai
Line(Miyanosawa–Shin Sapporo, 20.1 km),and the nor th– sou th Toho
L ine(Sakaemachi–Fukuzumi, 13.6 km). Thethree routes operate
independently but allpass through the centre of Sapporo City.The
trains on these three lines arecharacterized by solid rubber tyres,
whichprovide low noise, superior accelerationand deceleration, and
good adhesion forclimbing grades. To cut constructioncosts, part of
the Namboku Line waselevated and covered with an aluminiumshelter
to prevent accumulation of snowon the tracks. (Sapporo receives an
annualaverage snowfall of 480 cm.)Although these subway lines carry
manymore passengers than JR Hokkaido, they
Series 721 Airport rapid service on Hakodate main line (JR
Hokkaido)
Sapporo City’s Namboku Line Series 3000 EMU with rubber tyres
running inside thesnow shelter (Sapporo City Transport Bureau)
Series 201 DMU coupled with Series 731 EMU on Hakodate main
line. (JR Hokkaido)
Sarara Tram running on Susukino district for the first time in
1983(Sapporo City Transport Bureau)
-
65Japan Railway & Transport Review 28 • September
2001Copyright © 2001 EJRCF. All rights reserved.
are also suffering from decreasingpassenger numbers, which can
be blamedmostly on the economic recession andwidespread adoption of
a 5-day workingweek. Another possible cause is the shortlength of
the lines, which all terminatewithin 10 km of central Sapporo;
sincethe roads in this central area are good,people tend to drive
rather than take thesubway. Furthermore, although there
isconcentration of population in SapporoCity, the number of people
living in thecentral area is decreasing. Finally, thesubway fares
are relatively expensive. Asa result, the Sapporo subway faces
anincreasingly bleak financial situation.
Sapporo tramwayThe Sapporo tramway starts from Odori(Main
Street) at the city centre, runswestward to the suburban outskirts
andthen sweeps around in a southerly loopback to the city centre at
Susukino nearMain Street. The 8.5-km length is almosta closed
circle but the line operates ashuttle service due to the small
breakbetween Main Street and Susukino. Theline has had chequered
history withexpansion and contraction, and thep re sen t rou te and
l eng th we reconsolidated in 1974. The tramcars andstreet
facilities have been renewed inrecent years. The tram stops now
haveroofs, safety rails, and an informationsystem. Also, the
trolley wires weresecured to centre poles as a part of a
citybeautification programme. New cars haveair
conditioners.Although the number of tram passengersis decreasing,
the low environmentalimpact and construction cost are meritsworth
further consideration.During Sapporo’s severe winters,
thesnow-clearing Sasara Tram removes snowon tracks using large
rotating brushes atthe car front—a unique method ofremoving snow.
The save snow-cleaningtrains are also used in Hakodate City butare
being replaced by trucks with brushes.
Hakodate tramwayThe Hakodate City Transportation Bureauoperates
an east–west 10.9-km tramwaywithin the city. It has four lines,
formedfrom two systems. Hakodate has a longhistory of trams dating
back to horse tramsin 1897. Electric trams started in 1913and
operation was transferred to theTransportation Bureau in 1943. The
linewas 17.7-km long in the 1960s, but wasreduced as more people
owned private
cars. A section was closed in 1993 whenthe system was
reorganized. Operationsare facing difficult times and
althoughpassenger densi ty was improvedtemporarily by closing the
loss-makingsection, it has not resolved the root of theproblem,
which is declining passengernumbers. Although no sudden changesto
the trams are expected, the long-termoutlook is bleak.
Miyanosawa
Hassamuminami
Kotoni
Nijuyonken
Nishi 28-chomeNishi 18-chome
Nishi 11-chome
Maruyamakoen
JR
Subways
Tramway
Oyachi
Tozai Line
Chitose Line
Hakodate main line
Sessho Line
Namboku Line
Toho Line
to Otaru
to Shin Totsugawa
to Takikawa
to Shin Chitose-kuko
Asabu
Kita 34-jo
Kita 24-jo
Kita 18-jo
Kita 12-jo
Kita 13-jo Higashi
Sakaemachi
Shindou Higashi
Motomachi
Sapporo
Kikusui
Hibarigaoka
Shin-SapporoShin-SapporoShin Sapporo
Shiraishi
Nango 7-chome
Nango 13-chome
Nango 18-chome
Higashi Sapporo
Bus Center-mae
Housui Susukino
Gakuen- mae
Toyohira -koen
Misono
Fukuzumi
Tsukisamu cho
Kanjoudori Higashi
Higashi kuyakusho mae
SusukinoSusukinoSusukino
Nakajima-koen
Horohirabashi
Nakanoshima
Hiragishi
Minami Hiragishi
Sumikawa
Jieitai-mae
Makomanai
Odori
Rail Transport in Sapporo City
Hakodate-dokku-mae
Hakodate-eki-maeHakodate-eki-maeHakodate-eki-mae
MatsukazechoShinkawacho
Chitosecho
to Sapporo
Goryokaku-koen-mae
Suginamicho
Kashiwagicho
Fukaboricho
Keibajo-mae
Komaba-shako-mae
Shimin-kaikan-mae
Yunokawa-onsen
Yunokawa
Showabashi HorikawachoChuo-byoin-mae
ChiyogadaiOmachi
Uoichiba-dori
Shiyakusho-mae
Hakodate Line
Suehirocho
Jujigai
Horaicho
Aoyagicho
Yachigashira
JR
Tramway
Bus route
Rail Transport in Hakodate City
-
66 Japan Railway & Transport Review 28 • September 2001
Railway Operators
Copyright © 2001 EJRCF. All rights reserved.
Rural Transport
Line closuresThe financial situation of many rural linesin
Hokkaido poses a very serious problem.The 1980 Law for Special
Measures toPromote JNR Rehabilitation specifiedclosure of all lines
and sections with a dailydensity of less than 4000
passengers/km/day. Hokkaido had 22 such lines and 15were closed and
changed to bus servicesby JNR. However, JR Hokkaido took overseven
such lines (Horonai, Matsumae,Utashinai, Shibetsu, Nayoro main
line,Tempoku, and Chihoku). The first threelines were changed to
bus transport withinthe first year of JR Hokkaido operations,but it
took much longer to makearrangements with the communities alongthe
four remaining lines, which ran overmuch longer distances. Finally,
it wasdecided that only the Chihoku Line wouldcontinue railway
operations due to thestrong requests of towns along the line. Asa
result, the Hokkaido Chihoku HighlandRailway was established by
jointinvestment in March 1990 to operate thisline. Actual
operations started in June ofthe same year and are described later
inthis article.However, even some lines that escaped the1980
designation as candidates for closurehave got in to trouble since
the foundationof JR Hokkaido. For example,
theSunagawa–Kami-sunagawa branch section(7.3 km) of the Hakodate
main line wasclosed in May 1994. It was built originallyto carry
coals and had been hit by a seriousdrop in passenger numbers since
the 1987coalmine closure. During its last years, theannual revenue
from fares had fallen to just¥1.8 million while operation
costsamounted to ¥100 million. Although theoperation results were
very bad, the lineescaped closure for some years because itwas
treated as a part of the Hakodate mainline and the true results
were masked bythe operation results for the entire Hakodate
main line. JR Hokkaido notified the localcommunity of its
intention about 1 yearbefore the planned closure because the1986
Railway Business Law required theconsent of local communities
affected bythe closure. Similarly, the Shinmei
Line(Fukagawa–Nayoro, 121.8 km) was closedin September 1995. It had
been carryingless than the 4000 passengers/km/daybenchmark when the
old JNR haddesignated lines for closure but escapedbecause there
was no parallel road service.However, the later completion of a
parallelroad made a switch to bus services possible.The local
community was notified of theplan and consented without major
friction.
Management by operations officesThere is little room for
optimism about thebusiness conditions of many other rurallines and
a system of operations offices hasbeen established to promote
efficientoperation of these lines. Each operationsoffice has a role
similar to a small branchoffice and is authorized by JR
HokkaidoHeadquarters to manage i ts l ineindependently by
developing localstrategies for scheduling trains, managingrolling
stock and crew, maintaining facilitiesand carriages, and planning
budgets.A good example is the Hidaka LineOperations Office
(Tomakomai–Samani,146.5 km), which was established in 1990.Although
a main line in name, the Hidakamain line was actually a
non-electrifiedsingle-track line with no superior trainservices and
flagging passenger volumes.The Hidaka Line Operations Office
servedas a case study in introduction of efficientmanagement
methods. Initially, somepeople took a dim view of this breakup
ofcompany operational unity, but the smalllocally tuned adjustments
made by theHidaka Line Operation Office producedsuch astonishingly
positive results that thenew system now receives high acclaim.1991
also saw the establishment of theHanasaki Line Operations Office
tomanage the Higashi Kushiro–Nemuro
section (132.5 km) of the Nemuro mainline, and the Soya Kita
Line OperationsOffice to manage the Nayoro–Wakkanaisection (183.2
km) of the Soya main line.
Sightseeing by ‘trolley train’ andsteam locomotiveSome lines are
attempting to revitalizebusiness by operating special trains
cateringto tourists, etc. In 1989, the Kushiro BranchOffice started
running the KushiroMoorland Norrokko on the Kushiro mainline with
the catch-phrase ‘Japan’s SlowestTrain.’ The plan was to offer
touristsspectacular views of the beautiful sceneryalong the line
seen from remodelledpassenger carriages with no windows.Such
open-type trains are called ‘TrolleyTrains’ for the rustic
sentiment they embody.The ‘Norrokko’ part of the train’s name is
acoined term combining noroi, a Japanesederogatory term for slow,
with torrokko,meaning a trolley. This train has provedvery popular
and although it was plannedto run just during summer, it now
operatesyear-round on various lines. TheAsahikawa Branch Office has
copied thisbusiness model and now runs a similar trainon their
Furano and Rumoi lines.Operation of restored steam locomotivesis
also relatively widespread. In 1987, arestored Class C62 steam
locomotive,which was the largest steam locomotive toever run in
Japan and holds the world speedrecord for a narrow-gauge
steamlocomotive, was returned to servicebetween Otaru and Niseko on
theHakodate main line. The restoration wasperformed by various
volunteer groups andsponsors who appreciated the
historicsignificance of railway preservation.However, due to the
long recession, thesponsors were forced to pull out and thetrain
stopped in 1995. Operation using aClass C11 with lower operating
costs thanthe Class C62 was resumed in 1999 on theRumoi main line
catering to tourists andtravelling to a destination made famous bya
TV programme in which the train itself
-
67Japan Railway & Transport Review 28 • September
2001Copyright © 2001 EJRCF. All rights reserved.
Shuichi Takashima
Mr Takashima is a doctoral student in economic history at the
University of Tokyo from where he
graduated in Japanese history in 1999. He is researching modern
city formation and transport, with
special interest in the development of railways.
appeared. Another Class C11 was restoredin 2000. Such
sightseeing trains werepopular during JNR’s last days and
seventrains were built to travel to popular touristresorts.
However, long-distance sightseeingtrains are not operated
frequently today.
Hokkaido Chihoku HighlandRailwayAs mentioned before, the
HokkaidoChihoku Highland Railway (Kitami–Ikeda,140.0 km) took over
operations of JRHokkaido’s Chihoku Line in 1989. The firststep
taken by the new operator was toincrease the number of trains each
day by50% from 26 to 39. In addition, thecompany started running
one daily expressbetween Kitami and Ikeda, cutting the traveltime
by as much as 49 minutes. Othertimetable improvements were based on
thecommuting needs of local high-schoolstudents and connections to
other JRHokkaido trains. Convenient directconnections with JR
Hokkaido services toObihiro started in 1991.The company also
replaced the old large20-m railcars from the JR Hokkaido era
withsmaller, but more efficient 16-m railcarsdeveloped by Niigata
Engineering Co., Ltd.for use on rural lines nationwide. Thedesign
is a ‘one size fits all’ concept thatcuts manufacturing costs by
increasing thenumber of common parts. To reduce staff
costs, the trains have no conductor. Stationswere improved in
conjunction with localcommunities by combining them withpublic
facilities, such as auditoriums, tomake the station a community
centre andincrease railway usage.Despite such efforts, the
HokkaidoChihoku Highland Railway carried just361 passengers/day/km
in 1998, a figurethat ranks at the bottom of all rural
linesnationwide. The line continues to operatewith the support of
local communities butthe decreasing number of passengersraises the
question of how much longer itcan survive. �
Further ReadingJR Hokkaido Kono 10 Nen (JR Hokkaido: The last
10
years), Hokkaido Railway Co., 1997.
Furusato Ginga-sen 10 Nen no Ayumi (Furusato Ginga-
sen: Steps in 10 years), Hurusato Ginga-sen 10-year
Anniversary Executive Committee, 1996.
The Railway Pictorial, Railways in Hokkaido (in
Japanese), No. 541, March 1991.
The Railway Pictorial, Hakodate, Chitose and Muroran
Lines (in Japanese), No. 609, August 1995.
The Railway Pictorial, JR Hokkaido (in Japanese), No.
657, August 1998.
Railway Journal, Hokkaido—Dream Railway Tracks (in
Japanese), No. 369, July 1997.
Railway Journal, Railways in Hokkaido (in Japanese),
No. 395, September 1999.
Tetsudo Tokei Nenpo (Railway Statistics Annual
Reports), edited by the Railway Bureau of the Ministry
of Transport.
Series Kiha 54 DMU running on northern section of Soya main line
where Rishiri Fujion back view (JR Hokkaido)
Steam locomotive Class C 11 hauling seasonal tourist train on
Rumoi main line(JR Hokkaido)