© Prentice Hall 2002 5.1 CHAPTER 5 Organizational Systems.

5.1

© Prentice Hall 2002

CHAPTER 5CHAPTER 5

Organizational SystemsOrganizational Systems

5.2


ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMSORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS

• TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMSTRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS• ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING

SYSTEMSSYSTEMS• DATA WAREHOUSINGDATA WAREHOUSING• OFFICE AUTOMATIONOFFICE AUTOMATION• GROUPWAREGROUPWARE• INTRANETSINTRANETS• FACTORY AUTOMATIONFACTORY AUTOMATION

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5.3


MANAGERIAL SUPPORT MANAGERIAL SUPPORT SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

• DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMSDECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS• DATA MININGDATA MINING• GROUP SUPPORT SYSTEMSGROUP SUPPORT SYSTEMS• GEOGRAPHIC INFO SYSTEMSGEOGRAPHIC INFO SYSTEMS• EXECUTIVE INFO SYSTEMSEXECUTIVE INFO SYSTEMS• EXPERT SYSTEMSEXPERT SYSTEMS• NEURAL NETWORKSNEURAL NETWORKS• VIRTUAL REALITYVIRTUAL REALITY

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5.4


BATCH BATCH vs. vs. ON-LINE ON-LINE PROCESSINGPROCESSING

• BATCH PROCESSING: BATCH PROCESSING: Accumulate Accumulate a suitable batch of transactions, a suitable batch of transactions, then process entire batchthen process entire batch

• ON-LINE PROCESSING: ON-LINE PROCESSING: Process Process transactions as they occur, transactions as they occur, updating all files almost updating all files almost immediatelyimmediately

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5.5


DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS &DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS &CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMSCLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMS• THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF

PROCESSING POWER TO PROCESSING POWER TO MULTIPLE SITESMULTIPLE SITES

• TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING BECOMES NETWORKING BECOMES CRITICALCRITICAL

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CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMSCLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMS

• PROCESSING POWER DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING POWER DISTRIBUTED BETWEEN A CENTRAL SERVER, SUCH AS BETWEEN A CENTRAL SERVER, SUCH AS A MINICOMPUTER OR POWERFUL A MINICOMPUTER OR POWERFUL WORKSTATION, AND A NUMBER OF WORKSTATION, AND A NUMBER OF CLIENT COMPUTERS, USUALLY DESKTOP CLIENT COMPUTERS, USUALLY DESKTOP MICROCOMPUTERSMICROCOMPUTERS

• SPLIT IN RESPONSIBILITIES BETWEEN SPLIT IN RESPONSIBILITIES BETWEEN SERVER AND CLIENT VARIES FROM SERVER AND CLIENT VARIES FROM APPLICATION TO APPLICATIONAPPLICATION TO APPLICATION

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• BUILDING BLOCKS OF A BUILDING BLOCKS OF A CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEM:CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEM:– Client: Wants file, data, or service– Server: Location of desired support

• MIDDLEWARE: MIDDLEWARE: Software Software needed to support interaction needed to support interaction between clients and serversbetween clients and servers

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CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMSCLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMS

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CLIENT SERVERREQUESTS

DATA, SERVICE

USER INTERFACEUSER INTERFACE

APPLICATION APPLICATION

FUNCTIONFUNCTION

DATADATA

APPLICATION FUNCTIONAPPLICATION FUNCTION

NETWORK RESOURCESNETWORK RESOURCES

CLIENT / SERVERCLIENT / SERVER

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ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE CLIENT/SERVER MODELSCLIENT/SERVER MODELS

• TWO-TIER FAT CLIENT OR THIN TWO-TIER FAT CLIENT OR THIN SERVER MODEL: SERVER MODEL: Most work Most work done on clientdone on client

• TWO-TIER THIN CLIENT OR FAT TWO-TIER THIN CLIENT OR FAT SERVER MODEL: SERVER MODEL: Most work Most work done on serverdone on server

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5.10


ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE CLIENT/SERVER MODELSCLIENT/SERVER MODELS

• THREE-TIER MODEL: THREE-TIER MODEL: Separate Separate application and database application and database servers. User interface is on servers. User interface is on client (tier 1), processing is on client (tier 1), processing is on application server (tier 2), and application server (tier 2), and data is on database server data is on database server (tier 3)(tier 3)

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TRANSACTION PROCESSING TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

• PAYROLLPAYROLL• ORDER ENTRYORDER ENTRY• INVENTORYINVENTORY• ACCOUNTS PAYABLEACCOUNTS PAYABLE• ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLEACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE• HUMAN RESOURCESHUMAN RESOURCES• MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS PLANNING MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS PLANNING

(MRP)(MRP)

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5.12


ENTERPRISE RESOURCE ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING SYSTEMSPLANNING SYSTEMS (ERP)(ERP)

• SPECIAL TYPE OF TRANSACTION SPECIAL TYPE OF TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMPROCESSING SYSTEM

• A SET OF INTEGRATED BUSINESS A SET OF INTEGRATED BUSINESS APPLICATIONS PURCHASED FROM A APPLICATIONS PURCHASED FROM A SOFTWARE VENDORSOFTWARE VENDOR

• USUALLY INCLUDE MODULES TO USUALLY INCLUDE MODULES TO CARRY OUT COMMON BUSINESS CARRY OUT COMMON BUSINESS FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

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5.13


ENTERPRISE RESOURCE ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING SYSTEMSPLANNING SYSTEMS (ERP)(ERP)

• DISTINGUISHING FEATURES FROM DISTINGUISHING FEATURES FROM EARLIER EARLIER TPSTPS: : Modules integrated Modules integrated through common definitions, through common definitions, common database. Modules reflect a common database. Modules reflect a particular set of business processesparticular set of business processes

• LEADING VENDORS: LEADING VENDORS: SAPSAP (German), (German), Baan, Oracle, and PeopleSoftBaan, Oracle, and PeopleSoft

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DATA WAREHOUSINGDATA WAREHOUSING

• ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF A LARGE DATA STORAGE FACILITY A LARGE DATA STORAGE FACILITY CONTAINING DATA ON MANY ASPECTS CONTAINING DATA ON MANY ASPECTS OF THE ENTERPRISEOF THE ENTERPRISE

• DATA PULLED FROM OPERATIONAL DATA PULLED FROM OPERATIONAL SYSTEMS, PLACED IN A SEPARATE SYSTEMS, PLACED IN A SEPARATE “DATA WAREHOUSE”: “DATA WAREHOUSE”: Users may Users may analyze data without endangering analyze data without endangering operational systemsoperational systems

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5.15


DATA WAREHOUSINGDATA WAREHOUSING

THREE TYPES OF SOFTWARE :THREE TYPES OF SOFTWARE :• WAREHOUSE CONSTRUCTION WAREHOUSE CONSTRUCTION

SOFTWARE: SOFTWARE: Extracts relevant data from Extracts relevant data from databasesdatabases

• WAREHOUSE OPERATION SOFTWARE: WAREHOUSE OPERATION SOFTWARE: Stores data, manages warehouseStores data, manages warehouse

• WAREHOUSE ACCESS AND ANALYSIS WAREHOUSE ACCESS AND ANALYSIS SOFTWARE: SOFTWARE: Catalog, query reporting Catalog, query reporting toolstools

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OFFICE AUTOMATIONOFFICE AUTOMATION

THE USE OF THE USE OF INFORMATION INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY TO AUTOMATE TO AUTOMATE VARIOUS VARIOUS ASPECTS OF ASPECTS OF OFFICE OFFICE OPERATIONSOPERATIONS

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• MICROCOMPUTERS CONNECTED MICROCOMPUTERS CONNECTED BY LOCAL AREA NETWORKS BY LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LAN)(LAN)

• WORD PROCESSING AND WORD PROCESSING AND APPLICATION SUITESAPPLICATION SUITES

• ELECTRONIC MAILELECTRONIC MAIL• WORD PROCESSINGWORD PROCESSING• PHOTOCOPYINGPHOTOCOPYING

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• DOCUMENT PREPARATIONDOCUMENT PREPARATION• VOICE MAILVOICE MAIL• DESKTOP PUBLISHINGDESKTOP PUBLISHING• PERSONAL DATABASESPERSONAL DATABASES• ELECTRONIC CALENDARINGELECTRONIC CALENDARING• FACSIMILE MACHINESFACSIMILE MACHINES

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5.19


GROUPWAREGROUPWARE• SOFTWARE DESIGNED TO SUPPORT SOFTWARE DESIGNED TO SUPPORT

GROUPSGROUPS BY FACILITATING BY FACILITATING COLLABORATION, COMMUNICATION, COLLABORATION, COMMUNICATION, AND COORDINATIONAND COORDINATION

• GROUPWARE FUNCTIONS: GROUPWARE FUNCTIONS: Electronic Electronic mail, bulletin boards, computer mail, bulletin boards, computer conferencing, calendaring, group conferencing, calendaring, group scheduling, sharing documentsscheduling, sharing documents

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GROUPWAREGROUPWARE

• MORE FUNCTIONS: MORE FUNCTIONS: Electronic Electronic whiteboards, meeting support whiteboards, meeting support systems, workflow routing, systems, workflow routing, electronic forms, desktop electronic forms, desktop videoconferencingvideoconferencing

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5.21


INTRANETSINTRANETS

• NETWORK OPERATING WITHIN AN NETWORK OPERATING WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION THAT EMPLOYS THE ORGANIZATION THAT EMPLOYS THE TCP/IPTCP/IP PROTOCOL PROTOCOL

• USES SAME WEB BROWSER, USES SAME WEB BROWSER, CRAWLER, SERVER SOFTWARE AS CRAWLER, SERVER SOFTWARE AS INTERNETINTERNET

• INTRANETS DELIVER FUNCTIONALITY INTRANETS DELIVER FUNCTIONALITY OF GROUPWARE AT LOWER COSTOF GROUPWARE AT LOWER COST

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5.22


FACTORY AUTOMATIONFACTORY AUTOMATION

• NUMERICALLY CONTROLLED NUMERICALLY CONTROLLED MACHINESMACHINES

• MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS PLANNING PLANNING (MRP)(MRP)

• COMPUTER-INTEGRATED COMPUTER-INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING MANUFACTURING (CIM)(CIM)

• COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD)(CAD): : Computer generates plans for partsComputer generates plans for parts

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5.23



• COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING (CAE)(CAE): : Computer generates calculationsComputer generates calculations

• GROUP TECHNOLOGY GROUP TECHNOLOGY (GT)(GT)• MANUFACTURING RESOURCE MANUFACTURING RESOURCE

PLANNING PLANNING (MRP II)(MRP II): : Computer Computer consolidates capacity needs consolidates capacity needs

• SUPPLY-CHAIN MANAGEMENT SUPPLY-CHAIN MANAGEMENT (SCM)(SCM): : Controls distribution of raw materials, Controls distribution of raw materials, finished productsfinished products

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5.24



• COMPUTER-AIDED MANUFACTURING COMPUTER-AIDED MANUFACTURING (CAM)(CAM): : Computers control processesComputers control processes

• MANUFACTURING AUTOMATION MANUFACTURING AUTOMATION PROTOCOL PROTOCOL (MAP)(MAP): : Protocol to ensure Protocol to ensure open manufacturing systemopen manufacturing system

• ROBOTICSROBOTICS

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5.25


CHAPTER 5CHAPTER 5

Organizational SystemsOrganizational Systems

© Prentice Hall 2002 5.1 CHAPTER 5 Organizational Systems.

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