ITTO...Plate 13: Ungraded seedlings of Meranti tembaga (Shorea leprosula) planted in Compartment 122, Labis Forest Reserve, Johor showing very poor form (Class 4) with no possible

~-ITTO

Malaysia

SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

(Malaysia - International Timber Tropical Organisation Joint Project: PD 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase 11)

A MANUAL OF ENRICHMENT PLANTING

IN LOGGED-OVER FORESTS

IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia

Malaysia

1rfW~~

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. . I Irro

International Tropical Timber Organisation

A MANUAL OF ENRICHMENT PLANTING IN LOGGED-OVER FORESTS

IN PENISULAR MALAYSIA

Malaysia - International Tropical Timber Organisation Joint Project:

PD 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase 11

By:

Sheikh Ibrahim bin Sheikh Ali (Forestry Consultant)

Published By:

Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia

Printed By:

AG Network Sdn. Bhd.

A Manual of Enrichment Planting in Logged-over Forests in Peninsular Malaysia

Malaysian - ITTO Project on Sustainable Forest Management and Development in Peninsular Malaysia: PD 185/91 Rev. 2(F) Phase 11

© 2006 Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur / International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO)

All rights reserved, Printed in Malaysia. No Part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or

retrieval system, witho~t the prior written permission of the publisher except in the < fair dealings of doing research.

ITTO Project PD 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase n

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF PLATES

LIST OF APPENDICES

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 AREAS REQUIRING ENRICHMENT PLANTING

3.0 WORK ACTIVITIES LEADING TO ENRICHMENT PLANTING

4.0 SELECTION OF SPECIES FOR PLANTING

5.0 PREPARATION OF PLANTING STOCKS

5.1 Shading 5.2 Wildings 5.3 Tending of Seedlings and Wildings

5.3.1 Shading 5.3.2 Watering 5.3.3 Weeding 5.3.4 Protection from Insect and Fungal Attacks 5.3.5 Root Pruning 5.3.6 Fertilizer Application 5.3.7 Spacing

6.0 GRADING OF PLANTING STOCKS

7.0 ENRICHMENT PLANTING AND WORK PROCEDURES

7.1 Office Preparation 7.2 Enrichment Planting Work Area Boundary Demarcation and Certification 7.3 . Setting up of Enrichment Planting Work Team

8.0 ENRICHMENT PLANTING METHOD

8.1 Spacing 8.2 Site Preparation 8.3 Preparation of Base Line (s) 8.4 Preparation of Planting Corridors and Planting Lines 8.5 The Planting Operation

8.5.1 Planting Season 8.5.2 Transportation of Planting Stocks

Sustainable Forest Management and Development in Peninsular Malaysia

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IV

V

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1

2

6

8

8 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 12 12

13

15

15 16 18

18

18 18 18 19 21 21 21

ITTO Project PD 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase II

8.5.3 Holding of Seedlings for Planting 8.5.4 Handling of Seedlings During Planting 8.5.5 Planting Operation

9.0 SURVEY AND TREATMENT ACTIVITIES

9.1 Sampling of Survival and Development 9.1.1 Timing and Frequency of Sampling 9.1.2 Sampling Intensity 9.1.3 Selection of Sampling Lines 9.1.4 Recording of Information 9.1.5 Preparation of Summaries 9.1.6 Preparation of Stocking Map 9.1.7 Interpretation of Sampling Data and Stock Map 9.1.8 Prescription of Treatments

9.1.9 Frequency of Treatments

10.0 SHEDULE OF ENRICHMENT PLANTING OPERATION

11.0 REFERENCES


ii

22 22 22

24

24 24 24 26 26 28 29 30 30 31

32

34

ITTO Project PD 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase IT

LISTS OF TABLES

Title

Table 1: Species-site Matching

Table 2: Shade Tolerant Species

Table 3: Characteristics for Use in Collection ofWildings

Table 4: Field Sheet for Survival and Development Sampling (Modified)

Table 5: Survival Sampling (100 %) - Summary

Table 6: Treatments Schedule

Table 7: Schedule of Operations for the Overall Enrichment Planting


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Page

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7

10

26

28

31

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ITTO Project PD J 85/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase II

LISTS OF PLATES

Plate No. Page

Plate 1: Part of ground survey carried out in the logged-over Compartment 123B, Labis Forest Reserve, J ohor, showing the weedy ground vegetation. 3

Plate 2: An open area in the logged-over Compartment 123B, Labis Forest Reserve, Johor. (Note the weedy shrubs and the Kelampayan (Anthocephalus chinensis) trees growing at the periphery of the opening. 4

Plate 3: Part of logged-over Compartment 122, Labis Forest Reserve, Johor, showing extensive weed ground cover. 4

Plate 4: Part of logged-over Compartment 122, Labis Forest Reserve, Johor,which has been over grown with 'bertam' (Eugeissona triste). 5

Plate 5: Part of logged-over Compartment 111, Labis Forest Reserve, Johor, covered by 'bertam'(Eugeissona triste). 5

Plate 6: Germinated seedlings of Meranti kepong (Shorea ova lis) ready for tranplanting. 9

Plate 7: Potted seedlings of Meranti tembaga (Shorea leprosula) undergoing 'hardening' treatment.

Plate 8: A sample of Meranti tembaga (Shorea leprosula) seedlings showing

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morphological variations justifying grading requirement. 13

Plate 9: Manisfestation of undesirable stem forms in Meranti tembaga (Shorea leprosula) seedlings. 14

Plate 10: Manisfestation of poor stem forms in Meranti kepong (Shorea ovalis) seedlings. 15

Plate 11: A prepared planting corridor in Compartment 123B, Labis Forest Reserve, Johor, showing the 3 meter planting intervals (designated by Im pegs). 19

Plate 12: Tying colored 'raffia' ropes to the Im pegs to designate the species to be planted an attempt to match species to the site. 21

Plate 13: Ungraded seedlings of Meranti tembaga (Shorea leprosula) planted in Compartment 122, Labis Forest Reserve, Johor showing very poor form (Class 4) with no possible hope of becoming future crop tree. 23

Plate 14: Planting in open area occupied by 'lalang' (Imperata cylindera) in Compartment 123B, Labis Forest Reserve, Johor. 25

Plate 15: A problem area covered with 'Tepus' (a type of wild ginger species) in Compartment 123B, Labis Forest Reserve, Johor cleared for planting. 25


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Appendix 1:

Appendix 2:

Appendix 3:

Appendix 4:

Appendix 5:

LISTS OF APPENDICES

Title

The Regeneration Sampling List of 1982

Enrichment Planting Area Plan

Enrichment Planting Block Plan

Boundary Demarcation and Preparation Certificate

Assessment Form for Enrichment Planting Block Preparation

Page

35

38

39

40

43

Appendix 6: Report on the Preparation of the Enrichment Planting Block by Contract 45

Appendix 7: Enrichment Planting Work Assessment Form 48

Appendix 8: Planting Assessment Report (Enrichment Planting by Contract) 50

Appendix 9: Work Completion Report (Enrichment Planting by Contract) 53

Appendix 10: Field Sheet for Survival and Development Sampling 55

Appendix 11: First Survival Sampling (100%) Summary 56

Appendix 12: SurvivallTreatment Sampling Summary 57


v

1TTO Project PD 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase II

A MANUAL OF ENRICHMENT PLANTING IN LOGGED· OVER FORESTS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Enrichment planting in the context of this manual refers to the rehabilitation of logged-over forest areas (LOF) deficient in the regenaration of the commercial timber species. Enrichment planting of such areas aims to improve the forest contents in order to achieve the desired levels of productivity of the valuable commercial timber species. Although enrichment planting can be effected through sowing of seeds or planting seedlings in natural gaps, group planting or line planting, the emphasis of this manual is however only on enrichment planting through line planting of indigenous hardwood species.

The guideline on enrichment planting currently used by the Forestry Department6f Peninsular Malaysia is given under the Circular No.2/96 of the Director General of Forestry, Peninsular Malaysia. This guideline is written in Bahasa Malaysia (see Bab 9: Panduan Aktiviti Tanaman Mengaya in Manual Kerja Luar, labatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia, 1997).

The preparation of the present manual is based on (i) the information generated from the, implementation of the current and previous phases of the Malaysia-ITTO Project on "Sustainable Management and Development in Peninsular Malaysia", (ii) relevent current practises in other related activities of the Forestry Department, Peninsular Malaysia, and (iii) experiences in other almost similiar projects implemented elsewhere in the country.

2.0 AREAS REQUIRING ENRICHMENT PLANTING

In general, there are two categories of areas that will require enrichment planting namely, forested areas and open areas. The latter category includes log landings, abandoned forest roads, snig trails and shifting cultivation areas abandoned by the local aboriginal communities. Implementation of enrichment planting in both categories of areas is based on the same concept and philosophy but having different methods and approaches. This guideline however deals only with the enrichment planting of the logged-over forest (LOF) areas.

LOF areas requiring enrichment must qualify the following residual stocking criteria based on the post felling (post-F) inventory results:

, (i) The number of trees of diameter sizes > 45 cm dbh ( diameter breast height ) of selected species from RS (Regeneration Sampling) Species List in Appendix 1 which have the potential of producing at least one 5-metre log for sawn timber is less than 25 trees/ha;

(ii) The number of trees of diameter sizes> 30 - 45 cm dbh of selected species from RS Species List which have the pontential of producing at least one 5-metre log for sawn timber is less than 32 trees/ha;

(iii) The number of pole sized trees having diameter> 15 -30 cm dbh of selected species from RS Species List which have good bole form and are vigorous is less than 400 trees/ha;


lTTO Project PD 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase II

(iv) the percentage of inventory plots containing seedlings of size 5 cm dbh and > 150cm in height of selected species from RS Species List is less than 50 % and

(v) the percentage of inventory plots containing seedlings of height > 15 - 150 cm of selected species from RS Species List, is less than 30%

From examination and interpretation of post-F inventory data of a LOF area, and applying the above criteria, the need for enrichment planting for the area can be established.

3.0 WORK ACTIVITIES LEADING TO ENRICHMENT PLANTING

Enrichment planting should only be pursued after careful interpretation of the post-F inventory data has been made and followed by ground truthing of the inventory data. The following work procedures should therefore be followed in order to achieve optimum and effective results from,the enrichment planting:

(i) carry out post-F inventory within 2 - 5 years after harvesting is completed. Guidelines for the carrying out and interpreting post-F inventory given in the Manual of Field Work preapared by the Forestry Department, Peninsular Malaysia (see Bab 6 - Panduan Kerja Luar Inventory Hutan SeZepas Tebangan) should be referred to.

(ii) Examine and evaluate the summaries of the post-F inventory 'from which interpretation should be made of the area. Carry out ground truthing on at least 10% of the total inventory plots.

(iii) Examination and interpretation of the post-F inventory summaries together with the site inspection need to emphasize the following aspects:

• Distribution of the poles and seedlings; • Species and sizes of poles and seedlings; • Distribution of the poles and seedlings; • Open areas resulting from establishment of log landings, temporary sheds for

logging operators, etc.

(iv) Based on the examination and interpretation above, suggestion for enrichment planting should be made by the District Forest Officer (DFO) concerned.

(v) The Assistant State Director of Forestry (ADFO) responsible for the silviculture should further investigate on the ground at least 20% of the total area concerned to confirm the actual need the enrichment planting in the area. '

(vi) Carry out enrichment planting no latter than three (3) years after the implementation of post - F inventory.

Careful ground checks of the area to be rehabilitated through enrichment planting need to be done

Sustainable Forest Management imd Development in Peninsular Malaysia

2


iII order to get a general picture of the general ecology and the vegetation status (see Plates 1 - 5). Ideally, the area should be divided into small workable blocks of the 10 -15 hectares each. The field checking entails diFect observation and taking records of the existing vegetation and important physical features of the area. This is done by having a team of field staff walking through randomly selected tracks within each of the blocks in the area. This ground checking will give much useful information such as the following:

• The terrain condition; • The intensity and condition of logging roads-serviceable or otherwise; • The probable size of area to be planted via enrichment plantil'1:g; • Type of weeds that may posesevere problems to the planted seedlings, ego Bertam

(Eugeissona triste) etc; and • Existing timber species composition and distribution.

The information gathered from the preliminary field checking will be very useful in planning the actual enrichment planting operation, particularly when the operation will be contracted out.

Plate 1: Part of ground survey carried out in the logged-over Compartment 123B, Labis Forest Reserve, Johor, showing {fie weedy ground vegetation


3


Plate 2:

Plate 3:

An open area in logged-over Compartment 123B, Labis Forest Reserve, Johor. (Note the weedy shrubs and the Kelampayan (Anthocephalus chinensis) trees growing at the periphery of the opening)

Part of Area logged-over Compartment 122, Labis Forest Reserve, Johor, showing extensive weed ground cover

Sustainable Forest Management ,md Development in Peninsular Malaysia

4


Plate 4: Part oflogged-over Compartment 122, Labis Forest Reserve, Johor, which has been overgrown with 'bertam' (Eugeissona triste)

Plate 5: Part oflogged-over Compartment 111, Labis Forest Reserve, Johor, cover by 'bertam' (Eugeissona triste)


5


4.0 SELECTION OF SPECIES FOR PLANTING

In view of the high cost involved, it is necessary to ensure that maximum returns are obtained from this investment.The species planted should be capable of producing high quality and high value logs. Ideally, priority must be given to planting of high quality species that were indigenous to the areas to be enriched. Records of previous harvesting of the area should be able to indicate the timber species that were once found growing in it. Valueable slow growing timber species, such as Vatica spp., that were also known to have been found growing in the area should also be considered for planting with the view to improve the diversty of the area. In introducing species that are 'exotic' to the sites, every effort must be given toward matching the introduced species to the local site conditions.

Select species for enrichment planting on the basis of the following silvicultural features:

* Frequent flowering and fruiting; * Easy nursery handling; * High germination rate; * Fast height growth in the early stage; * Tolerant of reasonable amounts of shade and site competition; * Rapid growth in girth, or fast volume producer; * Producer of timber of high, or above average, economic value; * High survival rate on planting-out; * Naturally self-pruning; * Normally free from all types of insect and disease; * Site specificity (should be low); * Natural regeneration capacity (stands capable of regenerating naturally within the assumed

rotation period); and * Apical dominance (maintained even at later age or can be enchanced through stand density

regulation)

It will certainly be almost imposibble to locate any species in Malaysia that possesses all of the above silvicultural requirements. A compromise should be sought to select species that can adapt successfully in the new sites.

Diameter growth

From economic point of view it will be desirable to select species with shorter rotation period. This is feasible for species having fast diameter growth of the crop trees. Rotation period of 40 to 60 years should be targeted.

Initial height growth

Wherever and whenever possible select species having initial height growth of at least 1.0 meter per annum. This is important in order to avoid the costly weeding after post-planting.

Site specificity

Among other factors contributing to the success of enrichment planting, site specificity plays a very important role. Ideally, the lower the requirement of the species to the site the greater will be the chance for the species to establish. The very heterogeneous nature of the moist tropical forest


6


conditions will require judicious species-site matching. A useful guideline toward matching of species to broad site categories is shown in Table 1 below:

Table 1: Species-site Matching

Site Condition Species

1. Exposed site prone to water stress Dryobalanops aromatica, Shorea leprosula (e.g, ridge hill tops)

2. Sites with sufficient soil water, only Anisoptera laevis, A. scaphula, occasional water stress, no perched water Dipterocarpus baudii, D. costulatus, tables, also low-lying land with high D. kerri, Shorea acuminata, S. leprosula, ground water table S. macrophylla, S. macroptera, S. ovalis,

S. parvifolia, S. platycylados

3. Sites with perched water tables, sites with Dryobalanops oblongifolia, impeded drainage Shorea macrophylla

4. Riparian sites, occasional inundation Hopea odorata, Shorea macrophylla

Avoid planting of Kapur (Dryobalanops aromatica), Damar pipit hitam (Shorea mUltiflora), Meranti rambai daun (S. acuminata), Meranti sarang punai (S. parvifolia) , Meranti seraya (S. curtisii), Meranti tembaga (S. leprosula) and Gerutu (Parashorea densiflora) in areas with problems of climbers as these species are comparatively climber sensitive.

As enrichment planting in LOP is normally carried out under partial canopy conditions, there will be certain amount of shading the planted seedlings will be subjected to. Under such situation, species having shade tolerant characteristics during their seedling or sapling stage should only be planted. The following species are categorized as being "shade tolerant" (Table 2):

Table 2: Shade Tolerant Species

Vernacular name Scientific name

Kapur Dryobalanops aromatica Damar hitam pipit Shorea multiflora Keruing neram Dipterocarpus oblongifolius Meranti melantai Shorea macroptera Meranti nemesu S. pauciflora Meranti rambai daun S. acuminata Meranti sarang punai S. parvifolia Meranti seraya S. curtisii Merawan siput jantan Hopea odorata Chengal Neobalanocarpus heimii Ramin Gonystylus affinis

Source: ( JICA, 1998 )


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5.0 PREPARATION OF PLANTING STOCKS

Preparation of planting stocks needed for enrichment planting must be planned and initiated several months ahead so that they can be be ready at the time of planting. For some fast growing timber species such as Meranti melantai (Shorea macroptera), Meranti rambai daun (S. acuminata), Meranti tembaga (S. leparosula), Meranti nemesu (S. paucijlora), Meranti pipit (S. assamica) and Kapur (Dryobalanops aromatica), it will take between 6 to 12 months for the seedlings raised in the nursery to attain plantable height of between 40 to 60 cm. while some of the slow growing species like Meranti pa'ang (S. bracteolata), Meranti sarang punai (S. parvifolia) and Meranti seraya (S. curtisii) will take slightly longer period up to 14 months to achieve this planting height.

5.1 Seedlings

The bulk of the seeds required for the planting program will normally come from outside areas. Although seeds of some dipterocarp species can be obtained almost throughout the year, these will have to come from many different parts of Peninsular Malaysia through very intensive search of the fruiting trees in the forests. The logistics for such seed collections may prove more difficult in addition to incurring high cost. Furthermore, the amounts of seed that can be collected during irregular fruiting season are usually small. Centralized seed collection should be made from seedproducing mother trees in established seed production areas ( SPAs) during mass flowering season.

The best method of securing large amounts of seeds during fruiting periods is by climbing the seed trees. Seeds obtained by this method guarantee high germination. For this purpose a team of specially trained climbers should be available. Care must be taken by the climbers to not damage the seed trees. In situations where climbers are not available, seeds can be collected by trapping them in nets positioned underneath the trees. The quantity and the germination of the seeds collected by this method however will be lower than by the climbing method. Collection of seeds from the forest floor should be the last resort if the other two methods cannot be adopted as the quantities of seeds obtained are small and their germination rate is usually even lower than the seeds collected by the other two methods.

Collected seeds should be clearly identified according to the origins of the their mother trees. Batches of seeds collected from selected mother trees from different locations should be clearly identified according to their respective provenances. It is also important that seeds collected from different mother trees be seperated and should not be mixed together. The collected seeds should be packed in polyurethane boxes measuring 32cm x 49cm x 38cm and containing ice blocks, or packed in grass-sacks and sprayed with water in order to keep them in wet and cool conditions for transportation to the nursery.

The seeds collected must be sown immediately, preferably within two days. Dipterocarp seeds have to be dewinged prior to sowing. This is time consuming activity and it has to be carried out expeditiously. The dewinged seeds are then sown in the prepared germination seedbeds in the nursery. Each seedbed measuring about 1.2 m x 10.0 m is elevated approximately 10 - 15 cm above the ground level with sandy sowing medium which is supported with wooden boards or bricks. It is provided with a roofing made up of black sarlon netting that enable only 20% light penetration and prevents heavy rainfall from splashing onto the seed bed and displacing the sown seeds or the germinated seedlings. Sowing is normally done in the morning or late in the evening. For most dipterocarp species, the seeds should be pushed into the sowing medium at an angle and just below the surface. It will also be a good practice to sow the seeds in the germination beds according to the mother trees. This will enable detection of distints variability of morphological characteristics which


8


will be useful in grading exersice. The seeds should be protected from birds and rodents by covering the seedbeds with wire-mesh netting. Seeds that are found to be affected with fungal or insect attacks must be removed from the germination seedbeds in order to prevent further spread of the disease.

The seeds in the germination beds must be watered immediately after sowing. Watering should be done twice daily until the seeds germinate after which the watering should be tightly controlled in order to prevent damping-off and fungal attacks.

Transplanting of germinated seedlings of dipterocarp species (see Plate 6) from the seedbeds into prepared 'potting polybags can be done at 2 - 3 months after germination or when three pairs of leaves have developed. Again, it will be a good practice to complete transplanting germinated seedlings of each mother tree before going with seedlings of another mother tree.

Black gusseted polybags of 0.05 mm thic~ess, and a filled dimension of 10 cm in diameter and

Plate 6: Genninated seedlings of Meranti kepong (Shorea ova lis) ready for transplanting

19 cm in height with drainage holes (about 0.5 cm in diameter at 4 cm intervals from the base) are normally used for transplanting or germinated seedlings. Transplanting should be dQne in the transplanting activity is carried out, the prepared polybags already filled with potting mixture should be arranged in the transplanting beds.

In the transplanting process the newly germinated seedlings should be carefully lifted from the germinated seedbeds. Germinated seedbeds should be watered thoroughly in order to prevent root damage and to ease in the lifting process. Lifting should be carried out in the morning. Immediately after lifting the newly germinated seedlings shouldd be placed in moist plastic containers. Transplanting should be carried out with a pencil-sized dibble. A small hole of about 2 - 3 cm in depth should be made at the center of each polybag to plant the newly germinated seedlings. The potted mixture should then be pressed down so as to position the planted seedlings upright. W.atering of the potted seedlings should be carried out immediately after transplanting.


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5.2 Wildings

If the seed supply is insufficient to meet the planting requirements for the year, wildings may be collected to supplement the planting stock requirement. Newly germinated wildings, about 1- 3 months old between 5 - 30 cm in height (normally with 2 - 4 pairs of leaves), should be collected. Collection should preferably be confined to SPAs. Wildings from previous fruiting seasons and taller than 30 cm in height, should be avoided. Lifting of wildings from the forest floor should be made either with a small.garden trowel or with a small flat piece of bamboo or wood. Collection of wildings should be done in the early morning and preferably during rainy day to prevent them from dying. Lifting of wildings in the afternoon should be avoided. Every precaution should be taken to avoid damage to the tap roots of the collected wildings since tap roots are important for the survival of the collected wildings. Only healthy wildings should be collected. As in the collection of seeds, the collected wildings should be properly identified and batched together according to their origins (provenances). The following criteria should be used as a guidance to the collection of wildings (Table 3):

Table 3: Characteristics for Use in Collection ofWildings

Site Condition Species

Stem characteristics Straight

Tap root characteristics Straight with many root hairs

Height 5 cm - 30 cm

Number of leaves 4 - 8 green and healthy leaves

Health condition Healthy and vigorous and free from disease, insects or fungus attacks

The collected wildings should be packed in polyurethane boxes containing moist sawdust. During transportation to the nursery, the boxes must be kept tightly closed and care should be taken not to expose these boxes to strong light.

Sometimes logistics in the nursery may not be able to accommodate immediate transplanting of the collected wildings. In such situations, it may be necessary to carry out transplanting of the collected wildings in a temporary nursery in the forest and transport them to the nursery after taking care of them for about one to two months.When this alternative step is opted, it is important to ensure the temporary nursery be kept under high humidity with the light condition of the natural habitat to be maintained.

5.3 Tending of Seedlings and Wildings

Proper and careful tending of the potted seedlings and widlings is very important in order to ensure high survival percentage and good quality planting stocks. For this purpose the following activities are usually carried out in the nursery.


10

ITTO Project PD 185191 Rev.2 (F) - Phase II

5.3.1 Shading

Potted seedlings and wildings of dipterocarp species require protection from heavy rainfall and strong sunlight. They must therefore be kept in transplanting beds under a 3-meter high shade. The high shade usually consists of black sarlon netting roofing that will be able to reduce the light intensity to about 25 %. After about one month or so the light intensity will need to be increased to about 50%. One to two months before the seedlings and wildings are ready for outplanting, they will need to be hardened off in order to enchance enviromental adaptability of the seedlings and wildings after planting (see Plate 7). Hardening off normally refers to the manipulation of certain tending activities for the seedlings and wildings suh as watering, spacing, rooting and shading. After keeping them under the shade for a period of 4 - 6 months the seedlings and wildings should be expected to strong direct sunlight until they are ready to be planted in the field.

Plate 7: Potted seedlings of Meranti Kepong (Shorea ovalis) undergoing 'hardening' treatment

5.3.2 Watering

Initially for about one mqnth,. watering is done twice daily, preferably once in the morning before 10.00 a.m. and once in the late afternoon after 4.00 p.m to ensure the seedlings and wildings rece\ye enough water during their initial growing stage. It will be preferable to use some form of water sprinkler system to effect even watering. The amount of watering must be controlled to ensure the seedlings and wildings receive the right amount as too much water may be harmful to the healthy growth. During rainy season, watering should be reduced to once ~ day. Too moist soil condition in the polybags will be conducive to the growth of certain damping -off fungi which may pose health hazard to the seedlings and wildings. Insufficient watering will lead to wilting and stunted growth of the potted seedlings and wildings. After the first month, the water schedule should be carefully monitored and the amount of water should gradually be reduced to about half the original quantity before the seedlings and wildings are planted in the field in order to increase the survival rate after planting.


11

ITTO Project PD 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase Il

5.3.3 Weeding

Weeding should be done manually and be carried out at least once fortnightly in order to prevent any weeds present from growing too large and competing with the potted seedlings and wildings. Weedicides and herbicides should not be used for the potted seedlings and wildings.

5.3.4 Protection from Insect and Fungal Attacks

Protective measures should immediately be taken if there is indication of any insect or fungal attack. For some dipterocarp species, such as Shorea leprosula and S. macroptera, the young leaves and terminal shoots have been found to be frequently eaten by leaf-eating insects. For such species, regular spraying of insecticide such as 'malthion', is recommended.

For fungal attacks, precautionary measures should be taken by spraying any fungicide that is available. All infected seedlings and wildings should be removed from the beds and destroyed to prevent the spread of the disease.

5.3.5 Root Pruning

As the seedlings and wildings grow older there may be tendency for their roots to come out from the pots. Roots protruding from the polybags, especially the tap roots, should be regularly pruned, if they be.come too large and penetrate deep into the ground. Root pruning should be done using scissors or scateurs-.

5.3.6 Fertiliser Application

The present practice of mixing decomposed oil palm empty fruit bunches with the potting soil, in the ratio of 1 (soil): 2 (decomposed oil palm empty fruit bunches), for the raising of healthy seedlings and wildings seems to w9rk as good as; or even better than, the regular application of inorganic fertilizers. However, should this use of decomposed oil palm empty fruit bunches be adopted as a regular practise, it must be pointed out that there is atendency for a reduction of the volume of the potting soil mixture in the polybags perhaps due to frequent watering and further decomposition of the organic material ~f the oil palm empty fruit bunches. There will be a need to top up the potting soil mixture.

Where fertilizer is to be used it should be applied 2-3 months after transplanting. A small quantity of inorganic frtilizer (e.g. granular NPK fertilizer) which contains trace elements such as Mg should be applied at the rate of about 3-5 gm. per seedlings per month. Overdose of fertilizers should be avoid since this will cause damage to the seedlings and wildings.

5.3.7 Spacing

Spacing of the potted seedlings and wildings should be carried out once the leaves are seen to be overcrowding. This may take place at six months after transplanting. Spacing is required to enchance better growth. It is suggested that every alternate row of the potted seedlings and wildings should be removed to new growing beds. If the seedlings and wildings are to be kept longer in the transplanting beds, further spacing out operation may be required.


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lTTO Proj eel PD 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase 1I

6.0 GRADING OF PLANTING STOCKS

Seedlings and wildings raised in the nursery must be graded before they are finally transported to the planting sites. This requirement arise from the fact that only good quality, vigorous stocks can guarantee initial survival and subsequent development. It must be poited out that even though the seeds and wildings collected originated from selected so-called elite trees (or mother trees), there is no guarantee that the seedlings or wildings will be all of high quality. This is because even so-called elite trees may carry some undersirable genetic makeup and also because of the uncertainty of the pollen parents. Normally within a batch of seeds there will be certain amount of variability in recognizable characters in the seedlings such as height, stem diameter and vigor (see Plate 8). This variability is even more pronounced in wildings.

Plate 8: A sample of Meranti tembaga (Shorea ZeprosuZa) seedlings showing morphological variations justifying grading requirement

/

For practical reasons grading of seedlings should be based on easily seen external morphological criteria and not on the more difficult to see internal characteristics such as the "inherent growth patterns". As growth of surviving seedlings is closely related to size, larger seedlings tend to maintain their advantage over smaller seedlings even though they may not always grow faster (South and Mason, 1993). In general, stem diameter has been found to be a useful predictor of field survival and growth. Transplants resume their growth by utilizing the food reserve accumulated in the stem. This food reserve is also important for root development; a stem with a large diameter contains abundant food. For this reason, stem diameter is more important than height when selecting good seedlings (Sasaki and Mori, 1981).


13


Grade the seedlings/wildings of the Meranti species group (Shorea spp.) first according to the stem diameter in cm at ground level and height in cm according to the preferred standard (0.60-0.90 cm diameter and> 45 cm height) and the acceptable standard (0.40-0.60 cm diameter and 30-50cm height). Then grade these preferred and acceptable seedlings/wildings according to their vigor classes, namely:

• Vigor Class 1 - Seedlings/wildings are having very good all-round vigor; • Vigor Class 2 - Seedlings/wildings are good to fair, lack the general first

impression of very good health, crown appearance quite open, free of stem defects, disease and insects;

• Vigor Class 3 - Seedlings/wildings are those with unhealthy general apperance, with poor crown volume, leaves and bark have lackluster apperance and disease and insects may be present; and

• Vigor Class 4 - Seedlings/wildings are those that appear dying but not dead yet with a few green leaves, but the seedlings/wildings appear terminally ill.

Select seedlings / wildings that are in vigor classes 1 and 2 only. Seedlings that do not fulfill these grade standards must be rejected from being planted in the field (see Plates 9 and 10).

Assessment of the variability of seedlings in the nursery must be considered seriously. Early identification of height variability allows desicion to be on how to best package stock for plantingfor instance, efforts can be concentrated on planting small stock on sites with low risk of vegetative competition, and vice versa. Seedlings abnormalities such as multiple leaders, crooked stem, disease and other pests should be detected early. High incidence of such abnormalities will enable readjustment in the anticipated seedlings numbers by predicting cull rates based on attributes other than conventional height and diameter targets.

Plate 9: Manifestation of undesireable stem form in Meranti tembaga (Shorea leprosula) seedlings


14

lTTO Project PD J 85/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase II

Plate 10: Manifestation of poor stem form in Meranti Kepong (Shorea ovalis) seedlings

7.0 ENRICHMENT PLANTING WORK PROCEDURES

7.1 Office Preparation

There will be certain amounf of the office preparation to be done in order to facilities effective and smooth implementation of the enrichment planting in the field. Upon receipt of the confirmation from the State Director of Forestry that certain compartment(s) / sub-compartment(s) will need to be rehabilititated by enrichment planting, the DFO should instruct the map / plan tracer or a Forester to prepare the necessary maps and plans of the proposed compartment(s)/sub-compartment(s) based on the topographic map of scale I :50000. These maps / plans will be prepared on a scale of 1:5000. For ease of management each compartment I sub-compartment should be divided into small planting blocks each of size 10-15 ha.

At the district forest office, plans of Enrichment Planting Area (scale 1 :5000) and Enrichment Planting Block Areas (scale 1 :500) will be prepared. Then Plan of the Enrichment Planting Area contains the following information (see Appendix 2):

(i) Title of the Plan; (ii) Compass Bearing; (iii) Plan Scale; (iv) Forest District; (v) Forest Reserve; (vi) Compartment / Sub-Compartment No; (vii) Size of Compartment / Sub-Compartment; (viii) Key Plan of scale 1:50000; (ix) Topographic Sheet No; (x) Boundary of the Enrichment Planting Area; (xi) 20-meter interval Contour Lines; (xii) Forest roads, log landings and rivers / streams (if any); (xiii) Enrichment Planting Blocks;


15

(-~


(xiv) Number and size of Enrichment Planting Blocks; (xv) Legend; (xvi) Name, position and signature of Officer responsible for the preparation of the plan

together with the date; and (xvii) Name, position and signature of Officer certifying the plan and the date.

For Enrichment Planting Block Area Plan, the following additional information will be included apart from the information i-ix, xi-xii, xv-xvii of the Enrichment Planting Area Plan, namely (see Appendix 3)

(i) Enrichment Planting Block No; (ii) Size of Enrichment Planting Block (Ha); "I

(Ill

(iii) Enrichment Planting Block Boundary showing bearing and distance; (iv) Ground Reference Point (GRP) with bearing and distance to Start of Base Line

(SBL)/Beginning Boundary Station (BBS) for Enrichment Planting Block Area (if any);

(v) Start of Base Line (SBL) and Boundary Starting Station (BSS) for Enrichment Plant ing Blocks;

(vi) Base Line with bearing and distance; (vii) Planning Lines and position together with Planting Hole Number; and (viii) Species to be planted.

The preapared plans of the Enrichment Planting Area and the Enrichment Planting Block Area will have to be certified by the DFO. Once certified, the DFO will then instruct a Forest Ranger to carry out the ground boundary demarcation and certification of Enrichment Planting Work Area. The Forest to demarcate the work area boundary on the ground.

7.2 Enrichment Planting Work Boundary Demarcation and Certification

The demarcation of the enrichment planting work area boundary on the ground will be done by team of field staff comprising two (2) Foresters, one of them acting as the leader while the other one together with two (2) Forest worker are responsible for clearing the 'rentises' and measuring the ground distances according to the bearings given to them by the leader.

The position of the Reference Point (RP) will have to be identified on the ground by the Forest Ranger. Based on this RP the team leader will identify and mark the position of Boundary Starting Station (BSS) with a post identifiable by having two red painted rings at the top, serial station alphabet and an arrow sign denoting its situation. The tree adjacent to BSS is treated as Station Reference Tree (SRT) and is marked with two red painted rings, station alphabet and an arrow showing the direction of the related station post and is given the Department's Property Hammer Mark. The information on the position, station alphabet, species and diameter measurement together with the bearing and distance of the RST from the station post are recorded in the Field Work Book. The Forest Ranger will also identify and mark the Reference Point for the Starting Point of the Base Line/Starting for the boundary of the First Enrichment Planting Block.

The team leader is responsible for determining the direction and bearing between station. He will record the station numbers and the boundary bearing between stations in the Field Work Book. It is the responsibility of the team leader to ensure that the Station Reference Trees (SRTs) do not exceed 40 meters from each other along the cleared 'rentises' of the boundary. At the same time he will identify, measure and record in the Field Work Book the diameters of the SRTs together with their


16

lTTO Project PD J 85/9 J Rev.2 (F) - Phase II

serial numbers and positions. All the SRTs will be given the Department's Property Hammer Mark by the team leader.

The other Forester together with the Forest worker will be as.sisting the team leader carrying out following tasks:

• clearing of the 'rentises'; • measuring boundary distances according to the bearing given; • giving painted rings on Boundary Trees to designate different situations

such as: three (3) rings for Permanent Reserve boundary; two (2) rings for Compartment in Permanent Forest Reserve; and

• Painting red serial numbers on the Reference Boundary Trees below the red painted rings.

Once the Work Area boundary has been prepared by the field team, the Forest Ranger will make an assessment based on 30% of the total prepared boundary to determine:

(i) whether the Station posts have been marked satisfactorily; (ii) whether the Station Reference Trees have been marked satisfactorily; (iii) the accuracy of the bearings and distances of the boundary from station to station; and (iv) whether marking of the Boundary Trees and the Boundary Station Trees has been done

satisfactorily;

Once the boundary demarcation has been accurately and satisfactorily done on the ground, the Forest Ranger will instruct the Forester (leader of the field team) to prepare the Plan of the Work Area Boundary Demarcation on a scale 1:5000 based on the information recorded in Field Work Book. The information to be in this Plan are the following:

(i) Plan Title; (ii) Compass Direction; (iii) Plan Scale; (iv) Forest District; (v) Forest Reserve; (vi) Compartment / Sub-Compartment No; (vii) Size of Compartment/Sub-Compartment; (viii) Key Plan of scale 1 :50000; (ix) Topographic Sheet No; (x) Work Area Boundary with bearings and distances; (xi) Station Reference Tree Alphabets (e.g. A,B,C, etc); (xi) Boundary Reference Tree Serial Number (e.g 1,2,3,4, etc); (xiii) Forest roads and rivers / streams (if any); (xiv) 20-meter Contour Intervals; (xv) Reference Point (RP) with bearing and distance to Boundary Starting Station; (xvi) Legend; (xvii)Name, position and signature of Officer responsible for the preparation of the plan

together with the date. (viii) Name, position and signature of Officer certifying the plan and the date.

The prepared Plan of the Work Area Boundary Demarcation will be examined and certified by the Forest Ranger who will then preapare a Work Area Boundary Demarcation Certificate using the fonnat shown in Appendix 4 and submit to the DFO together with the Field Work Book. The DFO


17


will then endorse the plan if it IS correct and satisfactory and request the plan tracer to trace the Work Area Boundary Demarcation Plan with all the necessary information included. Finally, the prepared tracing of the Work Area Boundary Demarcation Plan together with the Work Area Boundary Demarcation Certificate are submitted to the State Director of Forestry for final endorsement and further instructions.

7.3 Setting up of Enrichment Planting Work Team

At the forest district office, an Enrichment Planting Work Team should be set up comprising Assistant DFO (leader), one (1) Forest Ranger, two (2) Foresters and four (4) forest workers. The function of the team will be in the supervision ofthe contractors implementing the enrichment planting activities according to the stipulated contract work specifications as given in the contract document. The team will also be responsible for the follow-up survival and development surveys after the planting operation.

8.0 ENRICHMENT PLANTING METHOD

The following procedure applies to activities that should be done when enrichment planting is to be carried out by contract workers. The Enrichment Planting Team must carefully supervise the contract workers in the field from the beginning when they are preparing the boundaries of the compartment( s)/ sub-compartment(s) and planting blocks to the end of the field planting in order to ensure the contract work specifications are fully adhered to. The leader of the Enrichment Planting Work Team must always have discussion relating the work procedure with the contractor's supervisor.

8.1 Spacing

Ideally the spacing for the different timber species should very according to their ultimate crowndiameterlbole-diameter ratio. However, lacking in information on these rations and for practical reasons the planting spacing to be adopted should be 10 m between planting lines and 3 m between planted sedlings in each line. At 10m x 3m spacing there should be theoretically 333 trees to be planted in each hectare. With proper management and after allowing natural mortality hopefully there should still be adequate number of trees to select for the final crop.

8.2 Site Preparation

The timing of site preparation has a very significant success implication in the overall enrichment planting operation. It is vital to have knowledge of the local weather conditions in order to carefully plan the whole enrichment planting operation. Site preparation should commence during the dry period and end before the start of the rainy season or just after the initial rainy period when planting should ensure.

8.3 Preparation of Base Line(s)

The Forest Ranger/Forest Range Officer will be responsible to show the contractor the position of the Reference Point for the Starting Point of the Base Line/Starting Station for the Base Line / Starting Station for the boundary of the First Enrichment Planting Block. The Refence Points for the subsequent Planting Blocks can be ascertained from the adjacent base line.

Sustainable Forest M,magement and Development in Peninsular Malaysia

18


Rase line are prepared on the ground in a north-south orientation. The contract worker should clear aU ve~etation ranging from herbaceous undergrowth to small trees found along the base lines leaving only bigger trees especially of the commercial timber species to serve as Station Trees. At intervals of" 10 meters along each base line temporary pegs of 1.5 meter height - marking the planting linesw'ill be planted. Each of these pegs will given a ring of white paint at the top end will be numbered sequentially from 1 at the south end to the number 'N' in the north end (see Appendix 3 and Plate 5)

8.4 Preparation of Planting Corridors and Planting Lines

Planting lines are to be alligned in an east-west direction in order to allow the planted seedlings to obtain maximum exposure to sunlight. The planting lines are laid down perpendicular to the prepared base lines. All planting lines are to be clearly established at 10 m intervals and marked with temporary pegs of 1.5 m height along the base lines and compartment/sub-compartment block boundary. Clearing of strips of forest vegetation along the 3 m width planting corridors will be carried out by contractor (see Plate 11) With the exception of trees having commercial values, all vegetation ranging from herbaceous undergrowth to all trees found within 1.5 m on each side of the planting lines will be removed. All non-commercial trees outside, but overchanging the planting corridors, will be girdled. The vegetation cleared from the planting corridors must be stacked on the adjacent uncleared areas and left to degrade naturally. Bamboos and 'bertarn' (EugiessonaJriste) must be completely re moved by poison (if allowed) if they found growing in the planting corridors.

Plate 11: A prepared planting corridor in Compartment l23B, Labis Forest reserve, Johor, showing the 3 m planting intervals (designated by lm pegs)


19


Once the planting corridors have been prepared the seedling planting positions will be marked on the ground with 1 m temporary pegs at 3 m intervals along the planting lines. Numbering of the planting positions for each line will start from the base line. Beginning from planting position number 1 at a distance of 1.5 m from the base line subsequent planting position numbers are marked on temporary pegs at 3 m intervals to the last number 'N' in east direction. The numbering is continued with the number 'N + l' on the opposite (west) direction at 1.5 m from the base line and at 3 m intervals the remaining planting positions are marked until the end of the planting line (see Appendix 2). All the planting positions on plantable and non-plantable locations (except bodies of water, inundated swamps and massive rock outcrops) must be marked on the ground and shown the Planting Block Plan.

The Forest Ranger/Forest Range Officer and the Enrichment Planting Work team are responsible for checking on the ground and certifying that the planting lines and planting positions have been prepared by the contractor according to the details given in the Planting Block Area Plan providedby the Forestry Department. A report on the preparation of the Planting Block Area based on 100 percent (%) checking has to be prepared by the Forest Ranger/Forester and his Enrichment Planting Work Team using the reporting formats shown in Appendix 5 and Appendix 6 and the report will be submitted to the DFO. Only when the report has been certified by the DFO as being satisfactory will the contractor be allowed to proceed with the planting activity in the enrichment planting blocks.

A complete (100%) assessment of the planting positions in terms of whether they can or cannot receive seedlings and what species to be planted at those plantable positions (based on the available species at the nursery), is definitely required to be carried by the team before planting is allowed to be implemented. For the desicion on the species to be planted some form of coding scheme should be used. For example, nursery prepared seedlings of one species are given one color paint on the plastic polythene pots holding the seedlings, seedlings of another species with another col or, and so on. Using the color coding scheme for the species, close matching of the species to the planting positions can be carried out by similarly painting on the temporary pegs, or trying the pegs with colored raffia ropes with the colors designating the species to be planted at the planting positions (see Plate 12). This is very crucial when planting will be done by contract workers as the workers are usually not trained to handle such assessment. Failure to carry out the assessment will end up in seedlings being planted in off-site situations. All the 1 m temporary pegs at .the planting positions that will not be planted with seedlings - those which are positioned at the non-plantable position -must be taken out and their respective planting position number recorded.

In carrying out the ground checking on the preparation of the planting lines, the team will also be able to collect information on the number of seedlings and species that will ultimately be planted in each line and hence the total number of seedlings according to the species for the planting block.

Sustainable Forest Management ,mct Development in Peninsular Malaysia

20


Plate 12: Tying colored 'raffia' ropes on the 1 m pegs to designated the species to be planted - an attempt to match species to the site

8.5 The Planting Operation

8.5.1 Planting Season

All planting should be carried out during rainy season. Planting should be stopped if a lapse of three consecutive days without rain occurs. No planting should be carried out during the dry season.

In view of the very localized -rainfall over small areas, particularly in hill forest, the EnricJnnent Planting Work Team should be instructed and trained to make their own observations on incidence of rain over the area to be planted - e.g moisture conditions of soil, road, etc. Experience has shown it is possible that the planting areas are receiving adequate rainfall altrough the nursery site located quite a distance away is experiencing rainless days.

,

8.5 ~2 Transportation of Planting Stocks

Graded planting stocks should be handled with proper care at all times to avoid damage. All planting stocks leaving the nursery should be accurately recorded in the nursery stock registry. The contractor taking delivery of the planting stocks from the nursery should be informed of his responsibilities on the safety of the planting stocks. The actual number of seedlings by species taken out from the nursery - preferably on planting block basis, should be verified the Nursery Officer / Forest Ranger and the contractor.


21


When tranportation is done by the assigned contractor, insist that all the seedlings be placed in close units to avoid them from swaying, sliding or falling while in transit in the vehicle. Seedlings should be transported in a firm, upright position.

In cases where the tranportation is done by the assigned contractor, insist that all the seedlings is done in layers inside the vehicle, insist that there be allowance between each layer. The vehicle transporting the seedlings should be sufficiently covered to reduce desiccation from heat and wind. There should also be provision for adequate ventilation to prevent overheating conditions within the storage chamber in the vehicle. Transportation of seedlings should be done before 10.00 a.m and after 5.00 p.m. No seedlings should be transported between 10.00 a.m and 5.00 p.m

8.5.3 Holding Seedlings for Planting

It is often the situation that seedlings taken from the nursery and transported to the planting site will not be planted immediately. Under this situation the seedlings should be kept in holding containers to prevent them from falling over, and in light shade or in the open while being held. Heavy shade at this stage would tend to soften the seedlings and tend to enchance mortality after planting.

In order to facilitate ease of planting the contractor must be provided with the information on the number of seedlings and species that are each and very planting lines. This will enable the contractor to organize his workers to carry and plant the actual number of seedlings by species according to their assigned planting lines.

8.5.4 Handling of Seedlings During Planting

It is important to insist the contract workers to handle the seedlings according to the following practices:

•

•

•

•

•

•

Always to handle the seedlings on the top of one another while carrying in their back-pack; Workers stopping to rest should sit with their back-packs upright and to avoid leaning leaning against with their back-packs againts a tree, rock, etc; To have the planting holes ready before slitting the seedlings polybags and ensure the planting holes are deep enough to receive the full length of the roots; Ensure only seedlings of the correct species be planted at their predetermined planting positions as previouly identified by the color code scheme; To avoid planting the seedlings together with the plastic seedling polybags. The empty plastic seedlings polybags should be placed on the top of the 1 m temporary pegs planted at the planting positions; and Ensure the soil around the planted seedlings is firmly compacted with the heel of the shoe.

8.5.5 Plan~ing Operation

Ideally, planting should immediately follow the planting line prepation - once each planting line has been prepared planting is implemented. This is feasible when enrichment planting is done by the staff ofJhe Forestry Department. However, when enrichment planting is done by contract workers, planting should only be allowed after the preparation of each planting block has been assessed and certified by the Forest RangeriForester and approved by the DFO, and the planting positions as


22

ITTO Project PD J 85/9 J Rev.2 (FJ - Phase IT

well as the species to be planted at the plantable positions have been determined by the Enrichment Planting Work Team.

For enrichment planting by contract it is important to ensure that there is minimum time lapse between the period taken for taken preparation of the planting blocks and the actual planting. It is critical to ensure that the timing between the completion of the planting block preparation and the commencement of the planting is right from the point of view of the weather situation. Ideally, planting should coincide with the start of the rainy season and there should still be adequate rainfall after the completion of planting to ensure availability of soil moisture to the newly planted seedlings.

In carrying out the planting, the following must be seriosly considered:

(a)

(b)

(c) (d) (d)

seedlings must only be planted on favorable planting positions - althought the planting lines have been prepared in fairly straight lines, the actual planting positions should be adjusted in order to avoid unfavorable planting locations, e.g. rocks, tree stumps, etc.; avoid planting at sites where there are existing natural regeneration of desirable species with good form and vigor; avoid planting at sites where there are clumps of big trees; avoid planting on very steep slopes (> 40° ); avoid planting poor seedlings of form classess 4-6 as in Plate 13.

(a) - (d) above can be avoided if the preparation of the planting lines by the contract workers is followed by 100% ground assessment by the Department's Enrichment Planting Work Team as described in 8.4 above.

Plate 13: Ungraded seedling of Meranti tembaga (Shorea ZeprosuZa) planted in Compartment 122, Labis Forest Reserve. Johor, showing very poor stem form (Class 4) with no possible hope of becoming future crop tree


23

lTTO Project I'D 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase II

Immediately after the completion of planting operation by the contractor, the Forest Ranger !Forester together with the Enrichment Planting Work Team should carry out a 100 percent (%) check on all the planting lines of each planting block. A planting assessement should be made using the format shown in Appendix 7. A report of the assesessment using the reporting format shown in Appendix 8, will be prepared by the Ranger/Forester and submitted to the DFO who will subsequently forward it to the State Director of Forestry or his Assistant. If the report is found satisfactory the State Director of Forestry will instruct the contractor to submit Enrichment Planting Work Completion Report as shown in Appendix 9 and to return any remaining unplanted seedlings (and remaining unused fertilizer if fertilizer application is to be done during planting and the fertilizer being supplied by the Department to the contractor) to the Forestry Department nursery. Final payment for the contract work should only by the contractor.

9.0 SURVEY AND TREATMENT ACTIVITIES

Planting operation constitutes only one of the many operations necessary to rehabilitate a LOF area. The overall objective of enrichment should be successful establishment and maintance of a manageable acreage of planted stands. In order to achieve this objective there should be carefully planned and implemented post-planting activities which are described below.

9.1 Sampling of Survival and Development

This sampling provides diagnostic information on the type of the subsequent operations required -whether replanting, 'bertam' cutting, girling or a general slash will be required.

9.1.1 Timing and Frequency of Sampling

In Enrichment planting by the contract, it should be a practice to delay the final payment to the contractor until replanting of the dead seedlings has been done by the contractor during the tender validity period. To effect this replanting or beating-up operation a 100 % survival sampling should be done by the Enrichment Planting Work Team within two weeks after completion of planting. A summary on the survival sampling as shown in Appendix 10, should then be prepared and submitted for further decisions to be made by the DFO/Assistant State Director of Forestry.

Subsequent sampling in the first year after replanting should be carried out between six (6) and twelve (12) months for the major portion of the planted area under canopy conditions. However, where planting has been carried out in open areas particularly in areas previosly covered by (i) 'resam' (Gleichenia linearis) - usually in small patches at the periphery oflog landings and logging roads, (ii) 'lalang' (lmperta cylinderica), and (iii) 'Tepus' (a wild ginger species) - timing of survival sampling for these areas should be very earlier, perhaps no later than two (2) months after initial replanting (see Plates 14 and 15)

9.1.2 Sampling Intensity

In order to save cost, sampling at 50% intensity should be carried out for the major portion of the . planted area between six (6) and twelve (12) months after replanting in the first year. This should

be regarded as adequate to reflect the survival and development conditions of the planted area taking into account of the 100% sampling previouly perfomed within one month after completion of the planting operation. Subsequent sampling during the second to fifth year should be done at 20% intensity.


24

ITTO Project PD 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase If

Plate 14: Planting in open area occupied by 'lalang' (Imperata cylinderica) in Compartment 123B, Labis Forest Reserve, Johor

Plate 15: A problem area covered with 'Tepus' (a type of wild ginger species) in Compartment 123B , Labis Forest Reserve, Johor, cleared for planting


25

ITTO Project PD 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase 11

9.1.3 Selection of Samling Lines

The starting point should be at the more accessible end of the planting block. At 50% sampling intensity, alternate planting lines constitute the sampling lines. With a sampling intensity of the 20% two lines out of every ten lines shall be sampled. Drawing randomly any two numbers from a batch of numbers numbering 1 to 10 enables the required two sampling lines to be obtained. Thus, if the two numbers drwn are three (3) and seven (7), for instance, then the sampled lines shall be (3), (7), (13), (17), (23), (27), and so on.

9.1.4 Recording of Information

From a practical point of view and in an effort to reduce the cost of carrying out sampling while making sure the information collected will enable useful silvicultural decisions to be made, the following information should be collected during the survival sampling (adapted and modified from Tang H. T & H. E Wadley, 1976; see Appendix 10)

Table 4:

Column

2

3.

4

5

Field Sheet for Survival and Development Sampling (Modified)

Information Recorded

Number of tree - position of planting site in progressive order along the line

Species - species of the planted seedlings or the selected wilding

The presence of tree/wilding on the planting spot.

The absence of a planted seedlings or wilding on the planting site

For unplantable sites

Treatment Class - The columns records the character, both in density and type, of physical interference to the growth and development of seedlings/wildings. The rating under this column must be made for all plantable sites irrespective of whether it is filled or blank. This is important for purposes of correlating the survival/mortality to site factors and diagnosing subsequent treatments. Rating of 1 to 5 must be given in addition to the first rating, but should never be given alone.

Details of Information

Each site is numbered. This includes plantable and unplantable sites. The total number of sites for the particular spacing gives the lenght of the time.

The symbol for the species should be recorded. Where one species has been predominantly planted, a dash can be used to the denote this species.

A denotes that be planted tree is alive. A tick within parenthesis ( ) denotes either (i) is no planted seedlings present but a wilding is present, or (ii) there is a planted seedling presnt but the wilding is superior in vigor and form, i.e. columns 5-11 shall be made for this wilding. The presence of the planted seedlings is to be recorded in column 11. This will enable the percentage of mortality of the stocking of seedlings and wildings to be calculated.

A cross X denotes that there is no planted seedlings or cross within parenthesis (X) denotes that there is no wilding on the planting site.

Where unplantable sites occur, the word "not planted" should be shown in this column followed by the reason for this, e.g river, swamp, rocks steep slope, etc.

The physical interference and associated incidence of light ratings are numbered on a severity scale with" 1" being the optimum and "7" being the least desirable as follows:

1. Exllencent development opportunities, full light.

2. 3/4 light-adjacent trees are sufficiently open to allow upper 1/3 of the planted trees' crown to receive light. Adjacent tree wall has not enclosed sufficiently to impair full development.


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rfTO Project PD 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase II

Column Infonnation Recorded Details of Infonnation

3. 112 light - exposed on one side or the other with enroachment from above by adjacent.tree wall; as height of seedlings increases it will be forced to bend, or is presently bending towards light.

4. 114 light - only a small overhead gap present, or no such gap, but canopy sufficiently broken to permit penetration of side light.

5. Total closure overhed; dark. This is a high closure for young seedlings but may approach " 6" for elder saplings.

6. Top and branches of planted stock and side wall trees or vegetation have interwined.

7. Climbers and/or creepers from below or above have enwined the planted tree/wilding.

6 The type of vegetation responsible for The vegetation responsible for the above ratings the above light ratings. should be recorded as follows:

G: Trees requiring girdling I

B: Bertam (Eugeissona triste)

I T: Vegetation which can be controlled by slashing with machete ('parang'), e.g sapling of weed species, climbers,etc.

Vegetation types like 'resam' (Gleichenia linearis) rattan, bamboo, etc., may not be identified individually unless they occur very frequently.

Where more than one vegetation type is affecting the development of planted/selected tree, the more dominant type should be recorded fIrst, e.g. 4BG. No more than two (2) vegetation types should be

I

recorded each time.

Whenever the sampling crew decides to release

I the selected trees from climbers or other vegetation, the 'rating' given for that tree must be

, the condition prior to 'release' . This is important to give management the proper picture of the existing stand condition.

7 Vigor and fann of seedlingslwildings Four types of ratings should be used:

l. very good vigor from all aspects; leaf colour, crown a arrangement and limb sizes related to age of; limbs - old or new wood. Good fonn with straight stem.

2. Good to fair, lacking the general first impression health, surface of crown being quite open or patchy appearance due to lack or loss of leaf area; some leaves may lack healthy green colour. Good fonn with minor crooks in the stem. Terminal leader in healthy condition.

- -- - - -_. -_._-- -_.


27


3. Poor crown area by the volume; sporadic I grouping of leaves; lack-lustre with overall

unhealthy appearance; older leaves may be yellowish or red-brown showing signs of leaf surface loss. Stem form quite acceptable with the possibility for future improvement. Terminal leader slightly suppressed but still alive. ;

:;

4. Appears to be dying but not dead yet; may have few green leaves but number of these and , coloration indicate the plant is very unhealthy and is on the border of death. Forms are very

j undersirable from forking to having multiple leader. Stems are crooked to bent in more less horizontal positions.

8 Height of each planted seedlings or The height of each is to be measured to the selected wildings nearest Tenth of a centimeter in trees 3.5 m or

less and to the nearest meter in trees exceeding in 3.5m.

9 Girth of each planted seedlings or The minimum girth to be measured is 12 cm, at selected wilding. ground level. J

j

10 Miscellaneous information. Notes the insects or disease damage area are to be made in this column. When a wilding is t selected over a planted seedling and recorded in column 3 then the planted tree is noted as being present in this column. General conditions of the forest or other pertinent observations are made in

I this column also.

9.1.5 Preparation of Summaries

The data from the field forms (see Table in Appendix 10) should be summarized on the summarized on the summary forms (see Appendix H).The summary should be done first for each sampling line and then for each planting block, sub-compartment or compartment. The data should be summarized as follows:

Table 5:

1

2

3

4

5

Survival Sampling (100 %) - Summary

Total number Of sites This figure multiplied by the tree spacing used shoulg. be equal to the length of the planting line.

Total number of plantable sites This is number of sites which are plantable. The. difference between the total number of sites (1, above); and this figure represent the number or unplantables I

sites Le due to rocks, stream, etc.

Total number of live planted trees This is the number of (ticks) appearing in column 3 of the field form plus the number oflive planted seedlings recorded in column 10 of the field form

Total number of selected planted trees This is the number of (ticks) within parenthesis, appearing in column 3 of the field form

Total number of selected wildings This is the number of (ticks) within parenthesis, appearing in column 3 of the field form


28

I

I

I


6 Total number of dead wildings This is used of X, (crosses) appearing in column 4 of the filed form.

7 Total number of dead wildings This is number of X (crosses) within parenthesis, appearing in column 4 of the field form.

This is calculated as follows: 8 % survival of planted trees

Total no.of live Elanted trees (32 X 100 Total no.of live (3) and dead (6) planted trees

This will indicate the 'success of the planting operation' and any values less than 70% within a year of planting should warrant an investigation to determine the causes of mortality.

9 % survival of planted area (including This is calculated as follows: selected wildin~s)

Total no.of selected live planted trees i.e. no.of (4) + no.of selected wildings (5)

X 100 Total no. of plantable sites (2)

This value will determine the necessity for the beating up operation.

10 Type of species planted Record the total number of seedlings and % I

survival of each type of species planted. I

11 Treatment ratings The symbols used here are as follows: I

C ; for clear (i.e.no treatment required) G ; for girdling (with poison if permitted) B ; for 'bertam' (Eugeissona triste) S ; for slash treatment Bo ; for bamboo (poison if permitted)

12 Form and vigor Record the total number of trees rated for these parameters as indicated in the summary form.

13 Height class frequency distribution Where the majority of trees are under 3.0 m tall, 0.5 m height class should be used.

14 Girth classes The girth classes used should be 5.0 cm girth classes.

9.1.6 Preparation of Stocking Map

The Plans of Enrichment Planting Block Area and Enrichment Planting Block Areas of scale 1 :500 should be used in plotting the suvival and the treatment ratings. Each unit on the map should represent one site on the ground. The following color codes should be used:

Green Red Blue Blank

Represent live trees, planted. Represent dead trees. Represent Natural Regeneration (selected) Represent unplantable site, e.g. swamp, rock outcrops, roads.


29


Each planting line on the ground shall be represented by two column on the map. The left column is for plotting survival distribution while the right clumn is for the treatment rating.

Plotting 'Of data on the map must be done in the same direction as the lines were sampled on the ground and plotting of data for all lines must begin from the same boundary. In this way good general view of the relative distribution of survival and treatment requirements for the area can be easily seen.

9.1.7 Interpretation of Sampling Data arid Stock Map

From the sampling results and the prepared stock map interpretation should be focused on the percentage of effective survival of healthy trees of good form (i.e. vigor and form classes 1 and 2) and the distribution of the surviving trees.

When interpreting the survival data, allowances should be made for trees of poor vigor and form (class 3 and 4 - see Plate 13) from the field sheet and sampling summary. From the calculated survival percentage, further reduction should be made class 3. This will then give the effective surrvival percentage of the crop trees in the area. During the first year of establishment of the enrichment planted area, effective survival percentage of at least seventy percent (70%) should be targeted. In order to achieve this initial target, it is important that the planted seedlings be rais~d from selected seeds and strictly graded according to the grading standards. Whenever and wherever possible seedlings to be used for enrichment planting should not come from the private nurseries.

The prepared stock map should be able to indicate the situation with regard to the distribution of the surviving trees. It should be able to guide whether: (i) in areas with high mortality of the planted trees, replanting should be carried out over the whole area or over partes) of the area o~Jy; or (ii) in areas with an acceptable mortality of trees, there are any areas which require replanting:

The occurrence of a high overall mortality or the concentration of high mortality in definite. areas should be immediately investigated to determine the cause(s) of mortality. If such causbs are determined to be natural and unavoidable, then the area so affected should be deducted from the productive area of the forest and the effective survival percentage should be recalculated accordingly.

9.1.8 Prescription of Treatments

The severity of the growing conditions of the planted trees can be observed during the first five years after the initial planting. For the major portion of the planting area, i.e. where the seedlings have been planted under the existing tree canopy, the first general treatment which will be needed between 3 to 6 months after planting will be cutting back climber and other woody growth within a zone of 1.5 m radius around each planted tree. The over-wood vegetation shading the planted trees should be girdled to provide full overhead light. About six months after the first treatment was done the same type of treatment should be applied to the area. In the second year, in addition to the climber cutting and the maintenance of the 3 m planting corridor, the cleared circle zone aro~nd each planted tree should be increased to 3 m radius in order to allow the planted trees receive maximum light as the trees will have already increased in size. Where wildings have been selected, these should also be treated according to size.

Planting in open areas - such as abandoned log landings previouly colonized by 'resam' (Gleichinea linearis) or 'lalang' (lmperata cylinderica) - or in areas with problems of Mikania creepers and


30

LTTO Project PD 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase II

'Tepus' (wild ginger species)(see Plates 13 and 14), will certainly require much earlier treatment, perhaps before the first three months after planting and may need more frequent treatments, at least three treatments per year, during the first three years. In addition, due to the inherently low fertility of the soil in the areas covered by 'resam' and 'lalang', the planted trees will need to be given fertilizer applications to enable them to put good growth and compete with the sorrounding vegetation. The nutritional status of the soil should be checked by taking soil samples from the area and carriying out soil analyses. Application of fertilizers in these inherently poor soil areas should best be done during the onset of the rainy season according to treatments schedule in Table 6 :

Table 6: Treatments Schedule

Year Treatments

Year 1 Apply fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus and some pottassium at the rate of 100 grams per tree at the time of planting (or one month after planting) and 6 months after planting. The fertilizer should be ring applied evenly about 20 cm from the tree base;

Year 2 Same fertilizers as in Year 1 can be applied at the' rates of 200 gm/tree. The applications should be made about 40 cm from the plant base.

Year 3-5 Same fertilizers as in Year 1 can be applied at the rate of 400 gm/tree. The application should be made about 80 cm from the plant base.

From the second year onwards and for the major part of the planted area, treatment priority should be given to the treatment classes 5, 6 and 7. These three classes comprise situations whereby the trees are under closed canopy, trees that receive physical interference from adjacent trees, or trees that are being enwined by climbers, respectively. They should be considered to be primary ones which require immediate corrective action since they contribute a general risk of the stand's capability of producing crop trees.

9.1.9 Frequency of Treatments

In general, as the nature of each depends on the sampling results of the survival and development, the frequency of treatments should be the same as that of sampling. For the greater part of the enrichment planted area - planting under the canopy - the frequency of treatment should be about twice during the first two (2) years after planting and then once every year for the next three years until the trees are five years old. However, where enrichment planting has been carried out in open and weed prone areas, the frequency of treatments should be guided by the actual ground situations - whether weeds have already become a serious problem to the planted trees. Observations in such areas indicate that the weeds such as 'resam' (Gleichenia linearis), climbers such ass Mikania spp. and 'Tepus' (wild ginger species), made their appearance very early about one to two months after the initial planting and each treatment operation and pose serious threat to the growth and survival of the planted trees. For those areas three to four rounds of the treatment per year during the first three years will required. Enrichment planting in these open planted areas with serious weed problems certainly calls for frequent monitoring of the weed situation at the short time (1-2 months) intervals by the Forestry Department field staff to effect immediate implementation of the follow up treatments.

Subsequent treatments after the fifth year should be reviewed.


31


10.0 SCHEDULE OF ENRICHMENT PLANTING OPERATION

The schedule of operations for the overall enrichment planting for the forest compartment should be as in Table 7.

Table 7: Schedule of Operations for the Overall Enrichment Planting

Year Responsibility / Operation

0 Forestry Department:

(i) seed/wilding collection; raising and grading of seedlings / wildings and applying color coding to the species at the nursery;

(ii) preparation of Enrichment Planting Area and Enrichment Planting Block plan; (iii) ground demarcation of compartment boundary; (iv) preparation of tender document; calling and awarding tender for enrichment planting by

contract; (v) assessment of the contractor's work on the preparations of planting blocks, planting

corridors, planting lines and planting hole positions; (vi) verifying plantable planting positions and determining what species to be planted at each

planting position; and (vii) taking record of the number of plantable planting positions and the species to be planted

for each planting line

Assigned Contractor

1. clearing of compartment and planting block boundaries; ii. preparation of planting corridors, planting lines and pegging planting hole positions; and iii. applying color code scheme to the planting pegs according to the color code scheme

given to the species by the Department

1 Forestry Department

(i) issuing of graded seedlings/wildings according to the required number and species for each planting block;

(ii) carrying out 100% enumeration of the planted seedlings within one month after initial planting for beating-up operation;

(iii) carry out first (100%) survival inventory between 3-6 months after replanting for major part of the planted area (under canopy);

(iv) prepare tender document for 1 st treatment for the under canopy planting; call and award tender for 1 st treatment

(v) carry out 2nd (50%) survival inventory 6 months after the 1st treatment for the major part of the planted area (under canopy)

(vi) prepare tender for 2nd treatment for the under canopy planting; (vii) call and award tender for 2nd treatment; and (viii) departmentally carry out the circle weeding, and climber removal for plantings in 'resam'

and 'lalang' areas at least once every 3 months; apply fertilizer at the time of planting (or month after planting) and 6 months later in these planted open areas.


32


Assigned Contractor

(i) taking delivery of graded seedlings/wildings to the planting blocks; (ii) planting seedlings/wildings at the predetermined planting positions according to the

species; (iii) replanting of dead seedlings/wildings; and (iv) carry out cirle weeding, climber removal and maintenance of planting corridors during

1 st and 2nd treatments

2 Forestry Department

(i) carry out 3rd and 4th (20%) survival inventory for the major part of the planted area (under canopy) at 6 month intervals;

(ii) prepare tender document for 3rd and 4th treatment for the under canopy planting; call and award tenders for 3rd and 4th treatments; and.

(iii) departmentally carry out circle weeding, and climber removal for plantings in 'resam' and 'lalang' areas at least once every 3 months; apply fertilizers at the 18 months after the initial planting in these planting these planted open areas.

Assigned Contractor

(i) carry out circle weeding, climber removal and maintenance of planting corridors during 3rd and 4th treatments; in addition to increase the diameter of the circle weeding during the 4th treatment

3-5 Forestry Department

(i) carry out 5th, 6th and 7th (20%) survival inventory for the major part of the planted area (under canopy);

(ii) prepare tender document for 5th, 6th and 7 th treatments for the under canopy planting; call and award tenders for 5th

, 6th and treatments; and (iii) departmentally carry out circle weeding, and climber removal for plantings in 'resam'

and 'lalang' areas at least once every 3 months; apply fertilizer once a year during this three year period in these planted open areas

Assigned Contractor

(i) carry out circle weeding climber removal and maintenance of planting corridors during 5th, 6th and 7 th treatments; in addition to increase the diameter of the circle weeding during these treatments if necessary

i


33

lTTO Project PD 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase Il

11.0 REFERENCES

Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, Perak State Forestry & Department & Japan International Cooperation Agency (nCA) (1999): Silviculture Manual For Multi-Storied Forest Management

Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia (1997): Manual Kerja luar - Sistem Pengurusan Memilih (Selective Management System)

Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia (1998): Panduan Kutipan, Penabungan & Penyelenggaraan Anak Liar Bagi Sebilangan Jenis Meranti. Projek Kerjasama Malaysia -ITTO "Sustainable Forest Management & Development in Peninsular Malaysia" - PD 185/ 91 Rev. 2 (F) Phase 11

Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia (2001):Prosedur Kualiti - Tanaman Mengaya Secara Kontrak

Sasaki, S. and Mori, T. (1981). Growth response of dipterocarp seedlings to light. Mal. For. 44 (2-3): 319-345

,-.in ~T<) ~,yyp

South, D.B and Mason"W.L (1993): Influence of differences in planting stock size on early height growth of Sitka spruce. Forestry 66(1): 83-96.

Tang H. and H. E. Wadley (1976): A Guide To Artifical Regeneration With Particular reference To Line-Planting In Peninsular Malaysia. Research Pamphlet No. 68. FRI, Kepong.

Zuhaidi, A. and Weinland, G. (1993): Establishment and management of plantations of high-quality timber species: a holistic approach.ln:Appanah, S., Khoo K. c., Chan, H. T. & Hong L. T. (Eds.) Proceedimgs of the conference on Forestry and Forest Products Research. Kuala Lumpur. November 1-2, 1993

:J

'<:"1U


34

1TTO Project PD 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase II

Appendix 1

THE REGENERATION SAMPLING LIST OF 1982*

(A) Preferred Species

NO Vernacular Name Botanical Name

1 Balau bukit Shorea joxworthyi

2 Balaukumus Shorea laevis

3 Balau kumus hitam Shorea maxwelliana

4 Balau laut Shorea glauea

5 Balau laut merah Shorea kunstleri I

6 Balau membatu Shorea guiso

7 Balau membantu jantan Shorea oehrophloia

8 Balau merah Shorea eollina

9 Balau tembaga Shorea exelliptiea

10 Cengal Neobalanoearpus heimii

11 Damar hitam bulu Shorea longisperma

12 Damar hitam katup Shorea doliehoearpa

13 Damar minyak Agathis borneensis

14 Giam lintah bukit Hopea helferi

15 Jelutong Dyera eostulata

16 Kapur Dryobalanops aromatiea

17 Keladan Dryobalanops oblongifolia

18 Keledang Keledang Artoearpus laneeifolius

19 Kempas Koompassia malaeeensis

20 Keruing belimbing Dipteroearpus gradiflorus

21 Keruing bulu Dipteroearpus baudii

22 Keruing gombang Dipteroearpus eornutus

23 Keruing gondol ,- Dipteroearpus kerrii

24 Keruing kelabu Dipteroearpus pseudojagineus

25 Keruing kertas Dipteroearpus ehartaeeus

26 Keruing kipas Dipteroearpus eostulatus

27 Keruing latek Dipteroearpus apterus

28 Keruing mempelas Dipteroearpus erinitus

29 Keruing ropol Dipteroearpus hasseltii

30 Mengkulang jari Heritiera javaniea

31 Merantibatu Shorea dasyphylla

32 Meranti belang Shorea resinosa

33 Meranti bukit Shorea platyclados

34 Meranti daun besar Shorea hemsleyana

35 Meranti kepong Shorea ova lis

36 Meranti langgong Shorea lepidota ,-


35

lTTO Project PD 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase n

37 Meranti melantai Shorea macroptera

38 Meranti nemesu Shorea pauciflora

39 Meranti pa' ang Shorea bracteolate

40 Meranti rambai daun Shorea acuminata

41 Meranti sarang punai Shorea parvifolia

42 Meranti seraya Shorea curtisii

43 Meranti temak nipis Shorea roxburghii

44 Meranti tembaga Shorea leprosula

45 Merawan batu Hopea beccariana

46 Merawan penak Hopea mengarawan

47 Merawan siput Hopea sangal

48 Merawan siput jantan Hopea odorata

49 Merbau Intsia palembanica

50 Mersawa durian Anisoptera laevis

51 Mersawa gajah Anisoptera scaphula

52 Nyatoh sidang Palaquium rostratum

53 Sepetir licin Sindora ceriacea ------ -- -- -

(B) Acceptable species

NO Vernacular Name Botanical Name

1 Ara bertih Paratocarpus spp.

2 Balau, and others Shorea spp.

3 Bintangor Calophyllum spp.

4 Damar hitam, and others Shorea spp. from Yellow Meranti group

5 Dedali Strombosia javanica

6 Durian Durio spp.

7 Geronggang Cratoxylum spp.

8 Gerutu Parashorea spp.

9 - Giam and others Hopea spp.from Giam Group

10 Jelawai Terminalia spp.

11 Kasai Pometia spp.

12 Kedondong Burseraceae spp.

13 Kekabu hutan Bombax valetonii

14 Keledang, and others including Bangkok Artocarpus spp. from Keledang Group and Pudu)

IS Kembang Semangkok Scaphium spp.


36


16 Keranji Dialium spp.

17 Keruing, and others Dipterocarpus spp. 18 Mata ulat Kokoona spp.

19 Melunak Pentace spp.

20 Menkulang, and others Heritiera spp.

2C Meranti bakau Shorea rugosa

22 Meranti bumbong Shorea dealbata

23 Meranti bung a Shorea teysmanniana

24 Meranti jerit Shorea henryana

25 Meranti kepong hantu Shorea macrantha

26 Meranti lapis Shorea lamellate

27 Meranti mengkai Shorea bentongensis

28 Meranti paya Shorea platycarpa

29 Meranti pepijat Shorea leptoclados

30 Meranti pipit Shorea assamica

31 Meranti sarang punai bukit Shorea ovata

32 Meranti sengkawang nerah Shorea singkawang

33 Meranti temak Shorea hypocra

34 Meranti tengkawang ayer Shorea palembanica

35 Merawan, and others Hopea spp.from Merawan Group

36 Merpauh Swintonia spp.

37 Mersawa, and others Anisoptera spp.

38 Nyatoh, and others (including Taban) Sapoteceae other than Bitis

39 Pelong Pentaspadon spp. 40 Perupok Lophopetalum spp.

41 Petai Parkia spp.

42 Podo Podocarpus spp. I !

43 Pulai Alstonia spp.

44 Punah Tentramerita glabra

45 Ramin Gonystylus spp.

46 Resak Vatica spp.

47 Sepetir, and others Sindora spp.

48 Sesendok Endospermum spp.

49 Simpoh Dillenia spp. 50 Surian Cedrela spp.

51 Terap (including Tampang and Temponek) Artocarpus spp.from Terap Group 52 Terentang Campnospermum spp.

53 Tualang Koompassia excelsa -------


37

Cl) ~

'" ;; s· po r::r (0

61 @ ~

~ po ;:; ~

(1)

~ ;:; ... po ;:; 0-

t;.l t:J 00 (1)

< (1)

,g ~ g ;:; "0

2. ;:; Vl

S po ,., ~ e?. ~ ~. po

ENRICHMENT PLANTING AREA PLAN


Appendix 2

Forest District: Forest Reserve Compartment/Sub-Compartment No.: Acreage: ha

" ~ \\

,\ \\ ~

/'

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~""""'"

o o \0 M

s o o l/')

Block 1 (10 ha)

' ...... ~ .... "~ ~ ':.--., H

"~

D

Block 2 (14 ha)

N

Scale: 1:5000

80m

OOm

~120m

~ KEY PIAN Scale:'1 : 50,OQO Topo Sheet No. 43.60

Legend

SBL: Start of Base Line GRP: Ground Reference

Point A: Boundary Starting

Station B, C, .. Boundary Stations

~ River

-~ F lOOm

/""'{O mContour Lines /"-- Approach Road ===Road

Work Area Boundarv

"" 80m Prepared Certified by by

Signature Name and Position Date

~ 1.

(1)

::;. "0 t:J >-00 VI

\D

:;0

~ N

~

~ po

'" (0

i=l

Cl) s:: '" ~L ::: i>' eT 0' 'Tl 0 .., (1)

~

$: i>' ::I P

IJQ (1)

8 (t,

:::. p ::I 0-

w tj \0 (1)

< g. '1::l a

(1)

:::. ~.

::I '"tI (1l

2. ::I

'" C r:;' .., $: p ;;;-'< '" p;'

ENRICHMENT PLANTING BLOCK PLAN

ITTO Project PD 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase n Appendix 3.

Forest District: ________ Forest Reserve ________ CompartmentlSub-Compartment No.: _____ Acreage: ______ ha

Block No.: ____ Acreage: _____ ha Planted Species: __________________ _ N

D . .-____ ~-

0 0 \0 ('<j

El 0 0 It")

66

66

E ..

I Signature Name

Planting lines

65

lOm

3m

65

- - - 100 m 2700 --------+~ ...... -------AlSBL

Prepared by Certified by

---------.c

32 33

80m

32 33

+-----....IB

KEY PLAN Scale : 1 :50,000 Topo Sheet No. 4360

Legend

SBL: Start of Base Line GRP: Grotmd Reference

Point A: Boundary Starting

Station B, C, .. Boundary Stations

re-< River

~o ffiContour Lines /'.... Approach Road ==:: Road

Work Area Botmdarv

® Planting Site & 3 Hole No.

ITTO Project PD 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase 1I

BOUNDARY DEMARCATION AND PREPARATION CERTIFICATE

1.0 Boundary Demarcation

Appendix 4

1.1 Following the directive as contained in the letter No. ( ......................... ) DFO .......................... dated ................ , we, the undersigned names, confirmed that we have accurately performed the boundary demarcation works in Compartment! Sub-Compartment ...................... Forest Reserve, according to the procedures previously assigned as shown in the attached plan.

i. ii. ill. iv. v. vi.

Name of Officer Position Signature

1.2 Details regarding the Stations, Station Reference Trees and Boundary Reference Trees are as in Attachment A. Station and boundary Reference Trees have been marked with Department's Property Hammer Mark No ............. Registered under the name ................................ ..

1.3 The date of the Work Area boundary preparation was from ............... to .................... for ................. days.

2.0 Boundary Assessment

2.1 The boundary information that were assessed were the following:

Station Front Back Distance Bearing Bearing (m)

Remarks

From Station .......... to ............ ..

From Station .......... to ............ ..

From Station .......... to ............ ..

From Station .......... to ............ ..

From Station .......... to ............ ..

From Station .......... to ............ ..

From Station .......... to ............ ..

From Station .......... to ............ ..


40


2.2 The boundary assessment was carried out together with the following staff:

i. ii. ill. iv. v.

Name of Officer

3.0 Boundary Certification

Position Signature

Based on the above boundary assessment, I ............................................................... , ................................... Range Officer certify that the Boundary Stations, Station Reference Trees, Boundary Trees,Boundary Reference Trees together with their bearings and distances have been prepared satisfactorily and have met the stipulated work procedures.

Forest Range Officer Name Signature Date

Attachment A

DETAILS OF STATIONS, STATION AND BOUNDARY REFERENCE TREES

1.0 Details of Station and Station Reference Trees .

Station Station Reference Trees Position of Station Reference Tress to the Station


41

lTTO Project I'D 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase n

2.0 Details of Station and Boundary Reference Trees

Station Boundary Reference Trees

From Station To Station Bearing Distance No. Species Diameter (m) (cm)

- - ----- - - -- ,~~

Team Leader Forest Range Officer

Name Signature Date

Note: Please use separate sheets of paper if the space provided is inadequate


42

-


Appendix 5

ASSESSMENT FORM FOR ENRICHMENT PLANTING BLOCK PREPARATION

FtJrest District ............................................. . Forest Reserve: ............................................... . C <lmpartment/Sub-Compartment .............. . Size of Compartment/Sub-Compartment .... ha Planting Block No: .................................... .. Size Planting Block No: .............................. ha Total Planting Lines: ......... , ........................ . No.of Planting Line Assesed: ........................ .. Planting Species: ........................................ . Planting Species: ............................................ . Assessment Date: ...................................... ..

Planting Pegging Planting Hole Spacing* Planting Line width*

Hole No. Present I Absent Acceptable I Not Acceptable Acceptable I Not Acceptable


43


* Mark ( ) in the relevent column

Base Line bearing (assessment at the start of the Planting Line): ................................................... .. Planting Line bearing (assessment at the start of The Planting Line): .................................................... . Spacing from previos Planting Line: ...................... Spacing from next Planting Line: .................... .. Conditions of boundary 50 meters left and 50 meters right at the end of the assessed Planting Line:

(i) Width: Acceptable/Not Acceptable* (ii) Clear:Acceptable/Not Acceptable*

Tender Sign Board (where relevant): Acceptable/Not Acceptable/Not Prepared*

Comments by Assessment Team Leader:

(Assessment Team Leader's Signature)

Name: ......................................... . Position: ...................................... . Date: ........................................... .

* delete where not applicable


44


Appendix 6

REPORT ON THE PREPARATION OF THE ENRICHMENT PLANTING BLOCK BY CONTRACT

1.0 General Information

Tender No: ................................................ . Name of Contractor: ................................ . Forest District: ......................................... .. Forest Reserve: ....................................... .. Compartment/Sub-compartment No: Size of compartment/

SUb-compartment: ................................ ha Planting Block No: ................................. .. Total planting lines: ................................ .. Size of planting block: ............................. .

Planting Line Number checked: .............. .

2.0 Work ImplementatiQn Period

i. Site Acquisition Date: ......................... .. ii. Work Commencement Date: ................ . iii. Work Completion Date: ...................... ..

3.0 Work Implementation Period

Ground assessment works are carried out at the rate of not less than 10% from the total Planting Lines or at least two (2) Planting Lines, whichever is greater, that has been determined randomly at the office based on the work conditions and specifications on

. the following items:

3.1 Planting Block Boundary

Planting Checked Boundary Bearing- Boundary Width* Boundary Sign* Line No. Left of I Right of i\cceptable I ~ot Present

I i\bsent

Planting Line Planting Line i\cceptable

( * Mark ( ) in the relevant boxes)

3.2 Base line

Planting Line No.1 Checked Bearing


45


3.3 Planting Lines

Spacing Between Planting Planting Width at the Planting Hole Site Planting Lines

I Line No. Bearing Checked From Planting From Planting Number Number not Percentage

Line Before Line After Acceptable Acceptable Acceptabl~ I

,

-

.:

Total I --- _ . ___ . ___ L-... . _______ . __ ~ . __ ~ ______

3.4 Planting Hole Site Demarcation

Pegs should refer to planting hole sites which are suitable for planting only.

Planting Planting Hole Sites

Line No. Number With Number Percentage Demarcated

Pegs Without Pegs With Pegs

Total -- - - - -- - - - - -

Planting Planting Hole Sites

Line No. Number Number Not Percentage

Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable

I

Total


46

ITTO Project PD 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase 11

4.0 Assessment Team And Date

This Enrichment Planting Block assessment was carried out together with the following staff ................ to .................. for ................ days:-

No.

i. 11.

iii.

IV.

v.

VI.

vii

Name Position

5.0 Comments and Recommodations by Team Leader

Signature

(State if Enrichment Planting Block preparation works carried out have adhered to the stipulated work conditions and specifications and give recommendations and follow-up actions)

(Team Leader's Signature)


5.1 Comments / Desicison by Assistant State Forest Director

( Signature of Team Leader's Signature)

Name: .......................................... " Position: ..................................... ,. Date: .......................................... ..


47


Appendix 7

ENRICHMENT PLANTING WORK ASSESSMENT FORM

Forest District: ......................................... .. Forest Reserve: .......................................... . Compartment/Sub-compartment No: Size of Compartment/

Sub-compartment: .............. ~ ................... ha Planting Block No: .................................. . Size of Planting Block: ........................... ha Total planting lines: ................................ .. Checked Planting Line No: .................... ha Planting Species: .................................... .. Planting Spacing: ...................................... . Date of Assessment: ................................ .

Planting Hole Planting Seedlings* Remark*

Site No. Planted Not Planted Alive Dead

c

•

( * Mark ( ) in the relevant boxes)


4F


Comments by Assessment Team Leader: .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................

( Signature of Assessment Team Leader)



49

ITTO Project I'D 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase 1I

PLANTING ASSESSMENT REPORT (ENRICHMENT PLANTING BY CONTRACT)


Appendix 8

Tender No:.................................................. Name of Contractor: .................................. . Forest District: .......................................... .. Forest Reserve: ........................................... .

Compartment/Sub-compartment No: Size of Compartment/ Sub-compartment: .................................. ha

Planting Block No: .................................. .. Size of planting block: ............................ ha

Total planting lines: .................................. . Planting Line Number Assessed: .............. ..


1. Site Acquisition Date: ................ .. ii. Work Commencement Date: ...... .. iii. Work Completion Date: .............. .

3.0 Planting Assessment

Work assessment is done 100% on the ground based on work conditions and specifications on the following:-

3.1 Pegging/Stacking

Pegs/Stakes should refer to planting hole sites which are suitable for planting only.

Planting Planting Hole Sites Line No.

Number Number Without Pegs/ Percentage With Pegs/Stakes Stakes Demarcated With Pegs/Stakes

Total

Sustainable Forest M,magement and Development in Peninsular Malaysia

50

rfTO Project PD 185/91 Rev.2 (F) - Phase II

3.2 Planting

Planting should refer to planting hole sites which ares suitable for planting only.

Planting Planting Hole Sites Line No.

Number Number not planted Percentage Planted Planted

Total

3.3 Seedings

Planting Conditions of Planted Seedlings

Line No. Number Number Died Percentage of seedlings alive

alive

Total

4.0 Assessment Team and Date

This Enrichment Planting Assessment was carried out together with the following staff from ............... to ............ for ................. days:-

No.

1.

11.

111.

IV.

V.

VI.

V11

Name Position Signature


51


5.0 Comments and Recommodations by Team Leader

(State if Enrichment Planting Block preparation works carried out have adhered to the stipulated work conditions and specifications and give recommendations and follow-up actions)

(Team Leader's Signature)


6.0 CommentslDecision by Assistant State Forest Director

(Signature of Team Leader's Signature)



52


Appendix 9

WORK COMPLETION REPORT (ENRICHMENT PLANTING BY CONTRACT)


Tender No: ............................................... ··· Tender Cost (RM): .......................................... .

Forest District: .......................................... .. Forest Reserve: ............................................... .

Compartment/Sub-compartment No: Size of CompartmentlSub-Compartment .... ha

Planting Block No: .................. " .............. .. Size of Planting block: ................................. ha


2.1 Site Acquisition Date: ................ .. 2.2 Work Commencement Date: ...... .. 2.3 Work Completion Date: .............. .

3.0 Block Boundary Preparation

3.1 Site Acquisition Date : .................. meter 3.2 Work Commencement Date : .................. meter

4.0 Planting Information

4.1 Total Lines Planted 4.2 Planting Distance 4.3 Species Planted

(i) Species:

: .................. meter : .................. meter

Number: (ii) Species: .......... Number: (iii) Species: Number: (iv) Species: Number: (v) Species: Number:

Total:

4.4 Planting Information

(i) Total Number of Sites (ii) Total Number of Sites Planted (iii) Total Number of Sites not Suitable for Planting

4.5 Sign Boards:

Number Erected:

......


53

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trees · trees


5.0 Miscellaneous (specify)

6.0 Declaration by The Contractor

6.1 1.. .......................... hereby confirm that I1staff of my company have satisfactory completed the enrichment planting works according to the above information based on the work

conditions and specifications set by the State Forestry Department

6.2 Attached herewith are three (3) copies of the Plan of Enrichment Planting Block Area fully prepared for your information and evaluation.

Signature: ..... . Name of Contractor: Position: Address:

Date: .....

(Company's Official Stamp)


54


Appendix 10

FIELD SHEET FOR SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT SAMPLING


Tender No: .......... . Forest District:. . . . . . . . . Compartment/Sub-compartment No:

Planting Block No: .. Total Planting Lines:. Planting Date:. . . . . . . . . . . Sampling by:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Forest Reserve: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Size of Compartment/Sub-Compartment: . . ha Size of Planting block: . . . . . . . . . . . . ha Planting Spacing: . . . . . . . . . . . Sampling Date: . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.0 Sampling Assessment (to be filled by Sampling Team Leader)

1 2 3 4 5 I 6 7 8 9 10

Tree Species Live Dead

Treatment Vigor Height Girth Miscellaneous No Light I Vegetation and Form


55


FIRST SURVIVAL SAMPLING (100%) SUMMARY


Appendix 11

Forest District:. . . . . . . . . Compartment/Sub-compartment No:

Forest Reserve:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Size of Compartment/Sub-Compartment:. . ha Size of Planting block:. . . . . . . . . . . . ha Planting Spacing: .............. . Sampling by: ................. .

Planting Block No:. . . . . . . . . Total Planting Lines: ...... . Planting Date:. . . . . . . . . . . . . Sampling Date:. . . . . . . . . . . .

2.0

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

Sampling Summary

Total number of sites: ........................... . Total number of planted sites: ...................... . Total number of live planted seedlings: ................ . Total number of selected wildings: .... '.' ............. . Total number of dead planted seedlings: .. . Total number of dead wildings: ....... . Percentage (%) survival of plantep seedlings:

Total no. of live planted seedlings (2.3) X 100=

Total no. of (2.3) and dead (2.5) planted seedlings

2.8 Percentage (%) survival of planted area (including selected wildings):

Total [ selected live planted seedlings (2.3) + selected wildings (2.3)]

--------------------------X100= Total no. of plantable sites (2.2)

2.9 Total no. of seedlings and % survival of each type of species planted: 2.10 Remarks on site conditions, seedlings vigor and others:

2.11 Comments by DFO*:

Signature: Date:

2.12 Comments by Assistant Director of Forest:

Signature: Date:


56

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Forest District: Compartment/Sub-compartment No: Planting Area Block No: Total No. of Planting Lines: Sampling Date:

SURVIVAL TREATMENTITREATMENT SAMPLING SUMMARY

Forest Reserve:

ITTO Project PD Rev.2 (F) - Phase IT

Appendix 12

Size of Compartment/Sub-Compartment: ha ha Size of Planting block:

Planting Date:

Line No.: Species Planted Summary of Treatment Class Height/Girth Summary

1. Total No.Sites 1O.Species No. of No. of % 12. Treatment 1 2 3 4 5 16.Height (m) No. %

2.Total No.of Planted trees trees survival Clear <0.5

Plantable Site planted survived Girdling 0.6 - 1.0

3.Total Live Bertam 1.1- 1.5

Planted Trees Bamboo 1.6 - 2.0

4. Total Selected Slash 2.1 - 2.5

Live Planted % 2.6 - 3.0 Trees

13.Formand > 3.0

5. Total Dead Vigor

Planted Trees 17.Girth (cm) No. %

6. Total Selected 11. Wilding Species 14.Comments By DFO: <0.5 Wildings Selected 5.1 - 10.0

7. Total Dead Species No. 10.1 - 15.0

Wildings 15.1 - 20.0

8. % Survival of 15.Comments By State Director of Forestry {Assistant State 20.1 - 25.0

Planted Trees 25.1 - 30.0 Directory of Forestry:

30.1 -35.0 9. % of Planted Area (including 35.1 - 40.0

Selected 40.1 - 45.0 Wildingss)

45.1 - 50.0

>50

ITTO...Plate 13: Ungraded seedlings of Meranti tembaga (Shorea leprosula) planted in Compartment 122, Labis Forest Reserve, Johor showing very poor form (Class 4) with no possible

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