ႏိုင္ငံေရးအန္တုမႈ (PD handbook revised )

8/3/2019 (PD handbook revised )

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rmwdum

1/ ed'gef;2/ todtjrif A[kokw

(1) tm%m(2) emcHr_(3) ajymif;vJjcif; (4) rsKd;(4) qef@usifuef@uGufqENjy/ ryl;aygif;raqmif&Guf/ 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;?(5) acgif;aqmifr_(6) 0g'jzef@csda&;

3/ pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;qdkif&mu|rf;usifr_(1) jy\emajz&Sif;jcif;

(2) pDrHcsuf(3) r[mAsL[m(3) r[mAsL[majrmufawG;ac:jcif;

4/ pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&mwGif xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;(1) a=umuf&HG@r_(2) nSyfyl;nSyfydwftajctaeodk@ &efoltm;usa&mufapjcif;(3) vlxkyg0ifr_(4) avhvma&;

(5) EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_udk npfnrf;aponfhtcsufrsm;5? tpD&ifcHpmwifjcif;(1) EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf wifjyaomtpD&ifcHpm(2) 0g'jzef@csda&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tpD&ifcHpm(3) =um;cHnSdE_dif;aqmif&Gufay;ol. tpD&ifcHpm(4) etzowif;ay;ESifh ywfoufaom tpD&ifcHpm(5) etz t"duyk*~dKvfrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ywfoufaom tpD&ifcHpm(6) &&S daom owif;rsm;ud k qufpyfnSdE_dif;jcif;/ oHk;oyfjcif;yvkyf&mrS aemufxyf&&SdEkdifaom

owif;rsm;6? tm%m&Sifpepfudk zdcGJjcif;atmifjrifr_&+yD;/ wm0efvnf;,l&rnf?

7? aemufqufwGJrsm;(1) 0g'jzef@csda&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf erlemyHkpHrsm;(2) tpD&ifcHpmrsm;twGuf erlemyHkpHrsm;(3) EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_wdkufyGJ rSwfwrf;"mwfyHkrsm;

usrf;udk;pm&if;

1? ed'gef;


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EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;?EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_qdkonfrSm rdrdwdk @. tm;aumif;csufrsm;udk pepfwuspkpnf;+yD; &efol.

tm;tenf;qHk; ae&mudk csdef&G,fI t=urf;rzufaom enf;vrf;rsm;udk vdrfrmyg;eyfpGma&G;cs,f+yD;awmfvSefwdkufcdkufaom enf;wckyifjzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_qdkonfrSm

t=urf;rzufaom wdkufcdkufenf;udk qdkvdkayonf? qdkvdkonfrSm EdkifiHa&;ESifh ywfoufaom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twGuf (uef@uGufqENjyjcif;/ ryll;aygif;raqmif&Gufjcif;/ 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;)ponfh t=urf;rzufonfhenf;rsm;udk toHk;yjcif;yifjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; tcsKd@u t=urf;rzufenf;qdkonfrSm ppfwm;qD;a&;twGuf t=urf;rzufaom enf;[lIvnf;aumif; t"dy`g,fvGJacsmfIa&maxG;pGm ajymavh&Sdwwf=uonf? trSefpOfppftm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_qdkonfrSm etz ppftpd k;&. =oZmtm%mudk wrifoufouf zDqeftefwkjcif;udkqdkvdkayonf? etzcdkif; wmrSefor#udk rvkyfaqmifbJaejcif;ESif h etz tay: rusKd;EGHbJaejcif;yifjzpfonf? jynfolvlxk. &nfrSef;csufrsm; jzpfonfh EdkifiHa&;tm%m qkyfudkifEkdifa&;twGuf tpdk;&tm%mudk zDqeftefwkonfh

v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; jzpfvmrnfh jzpfpOfwckvHk; tusKH;0ifayonf?EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_ tESpfom&rSm etz ppftm%m&Sifwkd @. vufwGif;odk @ usa&mufaeaom

tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&mrsm;udk rdrdwdk@vufwGif; jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmap&ef jynfolvlxktrsm;pk}uD;urqkyfr&GH@bJ t=urf;rzufaomenf;rsm;jzifh tm%m&Sif etz ppftpdk;&.tm%mt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk zsufqD;ypfjcif;/ if;tjyif AsL[majrmuf }uHpnfaqmif&Gufr_rsm;ESifhpnf;pepfusaom pDrHcsufrsm;ud k toHk;yI tm%mzDqefr_udk ydkifydkifEdkifEdkifaqmif&Gufjcif;yifjzpfonf? etz uJhodk @aom tm%m&Sif tpdk;&rsm;onf jynfolvlxktrsm;pk}uD;. axmufyHhr_/ tultnDay;r_/ pdwfygvufyg yl;aygif;yg0if aqmif&Gufr_/ emcHr_

ponfwkd@udk rjzpfrae &&Sd&ef vdktyfayonf? tajccHt,ltqrSm tm%monf jynfolvlxk.qENrSqif;oufvmonf? jynfolvlxkonf if;wdk @. axmufcHr_/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_/ emcHr_wdk@udk&kwfodrf;vkdufygu tm%mwckonf qufvufwnf+rJ&ef rjzpfEkdif awmhay? Tt,ltqudktajccHI EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_wkd@udk qifhuJ wdk;wufap=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? Todk @ tm%m&Sifwkd@udkEkdifiHa&;tefwk r_enf;vrf;jzifh qifhuJwkd;wufI wdkufyGJ0if&m wGif tm%m&Sifrsm;.tm;enf;csufrsm;udk pepfwus a&G;cs,fwkdufcdkufEdkif&ef rdrdwd k@. tm;aumif;csufrsm;udkvdrfrmyg;eyfpGm/ pepfuspGm pkpnf;v_yf&Sm;&ef vdktyfayonf?

ppfa&; EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ EdkifiHwum oHwrHa&;&mv_yf&S;r_

tm;aumif;csufrsm;

tm%m&Sifetz. tm;enf;csuf


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EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ vkyfief;wGif atmufygt&nftcsif;(3)&yfudkpepfwus aygif;pnf;I yrlaqmif&GufoGm;&ef vdktyfayonf?

EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_

p

todtjrif pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;qd kif&m pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&mwGif xnfhoGif;A[kokw u|rf;usifr_rsm; pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;

(Knowledge) (Planning skill) (Operational consideration)

2? todtjrifA[kokw (Knowledge)(1) tm%m (Power)tm%m.obm0(11) tjcm;vlrsm;udk xdef;csKyfxm;Edkifaomt&monf tm%myifjzpfonf?(22) tm%mwnf&SdyHk ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf?

tm%m&Sif 'Drdkua&pD

Power P

tpdk;&Power P tm%m&tpdk;&

Peopleppppp jynfol People pppp jynfol

(1) txufrS atmufodk @ (1) jynfolvlxkrS tkyfcsKyfol tpdk;&tm; tm%m

tm%mpD;qif;onf? tyfESif;onf?(2) tm%mydkifqdkifr_ tajymif; (2) tm%mydkifqdkifr_ tajymif;tvJvkyf&eftvJvkyf&ef cufcJonf? vG,fulonf?(3) tm%mydkifqdkifr_tajymif;tvJ rsm; (3) tm%mydkifqdkifr_ tajymif;tvJudk a&G;aumufudk ppfa&; wdkufyGJrsm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ yGJjzifh yvkyf=uonf?ppfa&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ yl;aygif; wdkuf (4) trsm;oabmudk aqmifonf?

p

ppp

p

yGJrsm;jzifhvnf;aumif; yvkyfcJh=uonf? emcHr_onf Edkifia&;tm%m. aomcsujzpfonf? jynfolrsm;remcHygu rnfonftkyfcsKyfolr# tkyfcsKyfIr&ay?

,cktcgYrl EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufyGJESifh EdkifiH

wumoHwrHa&;wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyif ajymif;vJoGm;aom EdkifiHtcsKd@&Sd.?


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(4) tm%m&Sifwdk@xHYomtm%mydkifqdkifr_}uD;rm;aewwf+yD; jynfolvlxkxHY tm%mydkifqdkifr_r&Sdoavmufjzpfonf?(5)tm%m&Sifwdk@xHYom tusdk;pD;yGm;cHpm;

ydkifcGifhrsm;jym;aewwf+yD; jynfolvlxkxHYrltusdK;pD;yGm;cHpm;ydkifcGifhr&Sdoavmufjzpfaewwfonf?

txufyg rnfonfhudpP&yf ESpfckwGifjzpfap/ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfvHk;. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifhvltrsm;. yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_/ emcHr_ESifh tenf;qHk;wdwfqdwfaejcif;jzifh oabmwlnDr_rsm;r&&SdbJv#uf tm%mudk usifhoHk; taumiftxnfaz:I r&acs?

(33) EdkifiHawmftm%m (Authority)rnfonfh EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rqd k if;wkd @. EkdifiHudk zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya't& tkyfcsKyfEdkif&ef

}udK;pm;=uonf? zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'qdkonfrSm wki;jynESih vxuk rnfodk@tkyfcsKyf&rnf qdonuk tpdk;&tm;vrf;nefjyXmef;xm;onh tpd;&ESih jynot=um; oabmwncsu pmcsKyfjzpf.? tm%m&SifpepfwGif zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya't& tkyfcsKyfjcif;udk twkta,mif usifhoHk;=uonf?'Drdkua&pD pepfwGif zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya't& tkyfcsKyfjcif;udktESpfom&&Sd&SdtppftrSefusifhoHk;=uonf?

(c) tm%m.t&if;tjrpfrsm;

tm%mudkjzpfxGef;aponfh tajccHt&if;tjrpfrsm; -(11) =oZmwduUr(22) vltiftm;(33) twwfynmESifh u|rf;usifr_(44) vufqkyfvufudkifrjyEdkifonfh tcsufrsm;(55) &kyf0wK tiftm;(66) tjypfay;ta&;,ljcif;wdk@ jzpfonf?(11) =oZmwduUr? ? vlxku tpdk;&onf w&m;0iftpdk;&jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh tpdk;&.

trdef@udk emcH=uzdk@ wm0ef&Sdonf[k ,Hk=unf=ujcif;?(22) vltiftm;? ? tpdk;&. trdef@udkemcHI yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf ulnDolrsm;/

tkyfpkrsm; . ta&twGufESifh ta&;ygcsuf?(33) twwfynmESifhu|rf;usifr_? ? tcsKd @aom tao;pdwfudpPrsm; ay:vmv#if

ulnDrnfh vkyfief;u|rf;usifolrsm;/ ynmwwf tvkyform; toif;tzGJ@rsm;?(44) vufqkyfvufudkifrjyEdkifonfh tcsufrsm;/ jynfolwdk@. tultnDay;csifonfhpdwfrsm;/

trdef@emcHwwfonfh tusif hrsm; ay:vmatmifpdwf"mwfa&;&mESifh 0g'a&;&m jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmifcsufrsm;?

(55) &kyf0wKtiftm;? ? ypPnf;OpPm o,HZmw ypPnf;rsm;/ aiGtiftm;/ pD;yGm;a&;

pepf/ qufoG,fa&;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; ponfwdk@udk tpdk;&u csKyfudkifxm;Ekdifaomtwdkif;twm?


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(66) tjypfay;ta&;,ljcif;rsm;? ? tpdk;& wnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;twGuf csrSwfxm; aomrltwdkif; aqmif&GufEkdifa&;twGuf trdef@remcH/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif; ryolrsm;udk +cdrf;ajcmuftjypfay;ta&;,lr_?

tcsKyftm;jzifhqdk&aomf tm%monf tkyfcsKyfoltpdk;&ESifh twdkuftcHtzGJ@tpnf; tm;vHk;

taejzifh if;wkd@&nf&G,fcsuf aygufajrmufatmifjrifa&;twGuf aqmif&GufEdkifonfh vkyfaqmifEkdifor# enf;vrf; tm;vH k; =oZmtm%m/ zdtm;ay;jcif;/ vkyfydkifcGifh usifhoHk;jcif;ESifh qkay;'%fay;jcif;tm;vHk;wdk@yifjzpfonf?

(*) tm%m.a'gufwdkifrsm;'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif tm%monf jynfolvlxk=um;Y tESH @tjym; jyef@ESH@v#uf&Sdonf?

odk@aomf wOD;wnf; txD;usefaejcif;jzifh tm%m&Sdvmrnfr[kwfay? wOD;csif;pDonf trsm;ESifhpkaygif; vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh tm%mjzpfxGef;vmEdkifonf? Todk@jzifh vltrsm;onf pkaygif;vkyfudkifonfh tzGJ@tpnf;/ toif;tzGJ@rsm;udk xlaxmifaqmif&Guf vkyfudkifvm=uonf?

xkd@a=umifh tm%monf tzGJ@tpnf;/ toif;tzG J@rsm;rS jzpfay:vm&onf? tpdk;&w&yftaejzif h tm%m,l+yD; &yfwnfaeEdkif&eftwGuf if;wdk@udk a'gufwdkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u axmufyHhxm;&ef vdktyfonf? tm%m&SifpepfwGif vlxkudk,fwdkifxlaxmifaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&Sd&eftvGefcufcJayonf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&taejzifh if;[email protected]%mudk jzpfxGef;aprnfhvlxktzGJ@tpnf; twkta,mifrsm;udk if;wkd@a'gufwkdifrsm;tjzpf toHk;csavonf? etz.tm%m a'gufwdkifrsm;rS -

(1) axmufvSrf;a&;/(2) ppfwyf/

(3) jynfol@&J/ jynfol@ppf/ aomif;usef;ol qef@usifwdkufzsufa&;tzGJ@ (ouqz)(4) 0g'jzef@csda&; ,EW,m;/(5) jynfol@0efxrf;/(6) }uH@zGwf/ jynfol@pGrf;tm;&SiftzGJ@ESifh(7) EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;ryfESHr_rsm; (UNOCAL, TOTAL "mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif; ukr%Drsm;

ponfjzifh)

axmufvSrf;a&

ppfwyf &J/ jynfol@ppf/ouqz

0g'jzef@csda&;

jynfol@0 fxrf;

}uH@zGwf

etz(SPDC Power)

tm%m


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tm%m. a'gufwdkifrsm;onf tdrfwvHk;udk yifhrxm;aom wdkifrsm;ESifh omefwlonf?

wdkifvHk;rsm;wvHk;+yD;wvkH; qGJz,fvdkufaomtcg tdrfonf ydvJ&onfhenf;wl EdkifiHa&; tHwkr_vkyfief;rsm;jzifh tm%m.a'gufwdkifrsm; (Plilars or Support) udk wck+yD;wck zGJz,fzdcsvdkufaomtcg

tm%m&Sif pepfvnf; usqHk;&ayawmhonf?(C) tm%mtwuftusudk az:jyonf@*&yfzf (Z,m;)'Drdkua&pDudkvdkvm;onfhbuf etzudk axmufcHonfhbuf

(Pro-Democracy) (Pro-SPDC)

+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 - 5

88 ,ae@

ausmif;om; 88 ,ae@jynfol@0efxrf;88 ,ae@

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&[ef;oHCmtvkyform;jynfol@&JaxmufvSrf;a&;ppfwyf

(2) emcHr_(Obedience)

+yD;cJhonfh tm%mtcef;Y jynfolwdk @. emcHr_&SdrSom tkyfcsKyfolwdk @. tm%moufa&mufEdkifa=umif; wifjycJh+yD;jzpfonf? ,ckqufvuf+yD; emcHr_ta=umif;udk avhvm&rnfjzpfayonf? emcHr_onf EdkifiHa&;tm%m. aomhcsufyifjzpfonf? jynfolrsm;remcHygu rnfonfhtkyfcsKyfolr# tkyfcsKyfI r&ay? if;wkd@onf EdkifiHa&;tm%mud k em;vnf&eftwGuf toufaoG;a=umjzpfonf? ,if;tcsufonf tpdk;&wdkif;twGuf tm;enf;csuf aysmhuGufvnf;jzpfonf?Ttm;enf;csufaysmhuGufudk wdkufcdkufEdkifv#if ppftm%m&SifpepfusqkH;EkdifonfjzpfItaxmuftul&Sd&SdpOf;pm;pdwful;=unfhEkdif&ef&nfG,fI Tae&mwGiftm%m&SifpepfrS'Drdkua&pDodk @ (*sif;&Syf) pmtkyfrS tmcsdvdzaemifhykHjyifudk atmufygtwdkif;

xyfrHwifjyay; vdkufygonf?tmcsDv (Achilles ) zaemihuk&Skma&S;acwf*&d'm&DwckxJwGif xdvdk @r&/ wdkufI rEdkifEdkif [k,lqcHxm;&ol xdEkdif/

EkdifEdkifa=umif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;az:jyxm;onf? ppfol&Jaumif; tmcsDvdqdkolonf jrm;+yD; "m;+yD;[kqdk=uonf? oluav; b0 wefcdk;}uD;jrpfjzpfaom pwifjrpf xJodk @ ol@udk ESpfcJhojzifhab;tEW&m,ftoGk,foG,frusa&mufEkdif a=umif; qdk=uonf? odk@aomfjim;vnf;c|if;csufwckawmh&Sdonf? uav;tm;jrpfa&xJodk@arsmroGm;atmif rdcifu if;. ajczaemifhav;udk+rJatmifqkyfudkifxm;+yD;rS ESpfonfhtwGuf jrpfa&u ajczdaemifhudk rxd? uGufum usefcJhonf?

onfvdkESifhyif tmcsDvd tG,fa&mufvmonh ftcg vltrsm;u ol@udk jrm;+yD;/ "g;+yD; onfhvl/


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b,f&efol. vufeufrS rxdckdufEkdifonfhvl [k owfrSwfxm;=uonf? odk@aomfxGdKif ( Troy )ppfyGJwGif ol. aysmhuGufudk odxm;olwOD;u tmcsDvd. zaemifhwae&monfomv#if ol@udkxdcdkuf'%f&m &apEkdifonf[k !$efjycJhonf? xdk!$efjycsuftwdkif; zaemifhae&mwnfhwnfhudkjrm;jzifhypf&m jrm;csufxd+yD; tmcsDvdvnf; aoqkH;cJh&onf? ,ckwdkiftmcsDvd. zaemifhqdkonfrSm vlwOD;wa,muf. txdrcHEkdifaom aysmhuGuf pDrHudef;wck. vuf!d;xdk;p&mae&m/tzGJ@tpnf;wck. tm;enf;csufudk qdkvdk onf?

EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ r[mAsL[mudk a&;qGJolrsm;tjzif h txufygtcsufrsm;udk xdk;xGif;odjrif=u&rnfjzpfonf?

jynfolrsm;tb,fa=umifh emcH&a=umif; em;vnfygrS EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_udk rnfodk@wdk;csJ@vkyfqmif&rnfudk oabmaygufem;vnfvmrnfjzpfayonf? emcHr_udkjzpfay:apaom t&mrsm;rSm-

(11) tavhtusifh(Habit)

vlrsm;pGmwkd@onf if;wdk@udk,fwdkif. tavhtusifha=umifh emcHr_udkjzpfay:apv#uf&Sdonf?Oyrm- nzuf oef;aumifausmftcsdefwGif rD;yGdKifh rD;eDaev#if ,mOftoGm;tvm

&Sif;ygv#uf &yfem;aejcif;?

(22) ta&;,lcH&rnfudk a=umuf&GH@jcif; (Fear ofSanctions)vlrsm;pGmwkd@onf tpdk;&rS ta&;,lrnfudk a=umuf&GH @I Oya'rsm;udk emcHv#uf&Sd=uonf?

'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&rsm;taejzifh jynfolrsm;rS Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; oabmw&m;rsm; (Rule of Law) udktodynmay;jcif;jzifh Oya'udk oabmayguf vdkufem=uap&ef ud;yrf;onf? tm%m&Sif

tpdk;&rsm; taejzifhrl jynfolvlxktm; jyif;xefaomta&;,l ESdyfuGyfr_rsm; +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;yvkyfv#uf rw&m;aom Oya'ESifh trdef@tm%mwdk@udk jynfolvlxkrS a=umuf&GH@r_twdjzifhemcHvm=uap&ef ud;yrf;=uayonf?

(33) udk,fusKd;pD;yGm; (Self-Interest)tcsKdaomjynfolrsm;onf rdrdwkd @. udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf trdef @rsm;/ Oya'rsm;udk

emcHvsuf&Sd=uayonf? ,if;uJhodk @ udk,fusKd;pD;yGm; =unfholrsm;xJwGifvnf; toGifrwlbJuGJjym;jcm;em;r_ &Sdaeonfudk awG@&onfhtwGuf udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;[lonfudkvnf; av;av;eufeufcGJjcrf;pdwfjzm&ef vdktyfvmayonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif etz. &ufpuf,kwfrmaom rl0g'rsm;udkyiftrdef@emcH taumiftxnfaz:ae=uonfh ppfwyfrS t&m&Sdt&mcHrsm; }uH@zGwf trmcHrsm;onf&mxl;wkd;wufa&;/ qkwHqdyf&&Sda&;/ taqmifta,mifESifh tcGifhxl;cH&Ekdifa&; pojzifhtwW}uD;aom udk,fusKd;pD;yGm; &&Sd&ef trdef@emcHvsuf&Sd=uonf?

odk@aomftcsKd @aom jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;onf etzudk rcspfaomfvnf; atmifhumerff;ae=u&onf? if;wkd @. b0&yfwnfa&;wnf;[laom r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonfh udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;twGufetzudk emcHae=u&onf? olwdk@onf tjcm;enf;vrf;wckjzifh b0&yfwnf&ef tcuftcJ&Sd=uayonf? xdkolrsm;udk EdkifiHa&;tefwk wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;taejzifh r&_wfcsoifhay xdkolrsm;taejzifhif;wdk@vkyfudkifae&aom etz ,EW,m;wpHkwck. vkyfief;cGiftwGif; qufvufvkyfudkif&if;


8/36

etzudk tedrfhqHk;tqifhrSpwifI qef@usifr_rsm; yvkyfvmap+yD; aemufqH k;Y vHk;0remcHawmhaomtajctaeodk@a&muf&Sdatmif pnf;&kH;&ayrnf?

(44) tusifhaumif;aomwm0efodpdwf (MoralObllgation)

tcsKd @ jynfolrsm;. tusifhaumif;aomwm0efodpdwfonf tm%m&Sifwkd@vdktyfaeaomemcHr_twGuf ta&;}uD;aom t&mwckjzpfayonf? b,ftpdk;&yJwufwuf wdk@uawmh jynfol@0efxrf;yJ/ 0efxrf;aumif;wa,mufjzpfzdk @ udk,fh0efxrf;wm0efudk udk,fausyGefzdk@omvdkw,f[laom rSm;,Gif;aomtjrifudk ypfy,f=u&rnfjzpfonf? jynfolvlxku tm%mtyfESif;aomjynfol@tpdk;& rSomv#if jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;taejzifh 0efxrf;wm0efudk ausyGefpGm ud;pm;xrf;aqmifzdk @ vdkayonf? ,cktcgYrl jrefrmEdkifiHY tm%m&Sifppftpdk;&omv#if rw&m;tkyfcsKyfaeojzifh jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;taejzif h ppftm%m&Sifwkd@. 0efudkxrf;aqmif+yD; tqdyfyifa&ravmif;bJwdkif;jynftay: wm0efausyGefvdkpdwfudk 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;twGuf wwyfwtm; jzpfvm

atmif EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;u pnf;&kH;oGm;=u&rnfjzpfonf?

(55) rodvdkufrodbmomemcHaejcif; (ZoneofIndifference)tcsKd@aomjynfolrsm;onf Oya'rsm;/ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;/ if;pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk

vdkufemae&jcif;wdk@ud k *&kpdkufavhr&Sday? xdkolwdk@onf rodvkdufrodbmomjzifh Oya'rsm;udk emcHv#uf&Sd=uonf? EdkifiHa&;tefwk wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;onf txufygjynfolrsm;taejzifh tb,fa=umifhrnfodk@rnfyHk emcHaqmif&Gufae=uonfudk &Sif;jyay;&efvdktyfayonf?

(66) rdrdudkrdrd ,Hk=unfr_r&Sdjcif;(Absence

of

Confidence)

tcsKd@aomjynfolrsm;onf rdrdwdk @. udk,fydkift&nftaoG;udk ,Hk=unfavhr&Sd=uay/ rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkif qHk;jzwfaqmif&Guf&efvnf; qENr&Sd=uay/ xdkolrsm;udk tkyfcsKyfolrsm;u vGefuJpGmvrf;!Gefr_rsm;/ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; ay;avawmhonf? tcsKd@aomjynfolrsm;u tkyfcsKyfolrsm;onfif;wdk@xuf qkH;jzwfcsufcs&eftwGuf ydkIt&nftaoG;&Sd=uonf[k xifjrif=uonf? txufaz:jyyg jynfolrsm;onf EdkifiHa&; tefwkwdkufyGJudk atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEkdifrnf[kvnf;r,Hk=unf=uacs EkdifiHa&;tefwk wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm; taejzif h tqdkygjynfolrsm; rdrdudk,frdrd,Hk=unfr_&Sd pGm yg0ifvmatmif ud;yrf;& rnfjzpfonf? xdkjynfolrsm;udkrodusKd;u|efxm;vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh if;wdk@taejzifh rdrdudk,frdrd ,Hk=unfr_ r&Sdjcif;qufvufwnf&SdaeOD;rnfjzpfonf?

tm%m&Sifrsm;tm; jynfolrsm;rS emcHr_ray;atmif rnfodk@aqmif&Gufrnfenf;?tefwkzDqefjcif;onf vlwdk @. obm0jzpf+yD; emcHjcif;onf avhvmoif,l wwfajrmuf

vmjcif;jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tefwk wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;taejzif h Toabmw&m;udk av;eufpGmoabmaygufxm;&efvdktyfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh uav;rsm;t&G,fY vl}uD;ay;pm;aom tpm;tpmrpm;vdkjcif;/ olwdk@pm;csif&mpm;jcif;/ vl}uD;tdyfapcsifonfhtcsdefY rtdyfbJaeI olwdk@tdyfcsifonfhtcsdefwGif tdyfjcif;/ +rD;aumifayguft&G,fwGif vl}uD;rsm;.qENudk vGefqefvsuf qHyif&Snfxm;jcif;/rdef;cav;rsm;taejzifh ,Ofaus;r_ESifhqef@usifvsuf vdifpdwfudk E_d;aqmfaom t0wftpm;ray:w

ay:rsm; 0wfqifjcif;wkd@onf xif&Sm;aomjy,k*fwdk@yifjzpfonf? pmoifq&mtaejzifh twef;xJwGif


9/36

tzGJ@(2)zGJ @/ zGJ @ay;um wzGJ@rS tb,fa=umifh ausmif;om;rsm; e0wtrdef@udk emcHae&oenf;ESifhtjcm;wzGJ@rS tb,fa=umifhppfom; rsm; etz trdef@udk emcHae&oenf;wkd@udk aqG;aEG; tajz&Smcdkif;yg?

xdk@aemuf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;rS etzudk atmifjrifpGm tefwkzDqefEdkifonfh

enf;(3)ckqDudk oifwef;om;rsm;rS yvkyfay;=u&efjzpfonf? yvkyfEdkifaom enf;vrf;rsm;onf?ao;i,f onfjzpfap/ }uD;rm;onfjzpfap t"dur[kwfay? ta&;}uD;qHk;rSm ausmif;om;ESifhppfom;wdk @ atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEdkifonfh enf;(3)ckpDjzpf&efom vdktyfygonf?ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;tygt0if jynfolwdk@udk pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;aom vkyfief;rsm; (LowRiskAction) jzifh EkdifiHa&;tefwkwdkufyGJwGif pwifyg0ifvmap&efjzpfonf? if;wdk @. EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufyGJwGif yg0ifEkdif r_tm; ,Hk=unfr_ wjznf;jznf;wdk;yGm;ap+yD; jynfolwdk @. rdrdudk,fudk ,Hk=unfr_wnfaqmuf&rnf jzpfonf?

(u) ausmif;om;rsm;. ae@xl;ae@jrwfrsm; (Oyrm-&Spfav;vHk;ESpfywfvnfae@)wGif aeraumif;I ausmif;rwufEdkifa=umif; cGifhpmwifI ausmif;rwufjcif;?

(c) }uH@zGwftoif; r0ifbJaeI&v#if r0ifbJaejcif;? q&mq&mrrsm; rdbrsm;rSwqifhr0ifrae& zdtm;ay;r_&Sdvmv#if rvGJra&Smifom0ifI }uH@zGwf tvkyfrsm;udk rvkyfbJaejcif;?

(*) ausmif;pm=unfhwdkufrS pmtkyfrsm;/ ausmif;tdrfomrsm;/ tv#Of;oifhaomae&mrsm;wGifetz qef@usifa&;aqmifyk'frsm;a&;jcif; (Oyrm- etz tvdkr&Sd)?

xdk@jyif ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh vrf;rsm;/ txifu&ae&mrsm;wGif etzrS csdwfqGJxm;avh&Sdaom qdkif;bkwfrsm;/ a=umfjimrsm;ESifh r*~Zif;rsm;. yxrpmrsufESmrsm;Y a&;om;az:jyavh&Sdaom

aqmifyk'frsm;udk tenf;i,fzsufjcif;/ jyifjcif;rsm; yvkyfvdkufjcif;jzifh t"dy`g,fajymif;jyefxGufoGm;atmif (odk@r[kwf) wvGJwacsmfxGufoGm;atmif yvkyfEdkifygonf?Oyrm? ? wdk@wm0efta&; (3) yg;[laom pum;&yfudk wkd@wm0efta&; (3)yg; [lI

vnf;aumif;/ wyfrawmfzdcGJrnfht}uH wdk@vufrcH[laom pum;&yfudk wyfrawmfzdcGJrnfht}uHwdk@vufrcH [lIvnf;aumif; ajymif;vJEdkifygonf?

ppfom;rsm;u atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEdkifaom enf;vrf; (3) ck-

(u) a&S@wef;xGufv#if 0efxrf;rsm;udk cdk;v$wfjcif;/ ntcsdefY qef&duQmtdwfrsm;udkusnfxdyfzl; tc|efrsm;jzifh xdk;azgufjcif;?

(c) ppfwyfESifhoufqdkifaom &kH;rsm;ESifh etz/ wtz/ ytz/ rtz &kH;rsm;. &kH;oHk;pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;tm; jcrsm;xnfhI ysufpD;apjcif;?

(*) ppfwyfo,f,lydk@aqmifa&;,mOfrsm;. um;bD;rsm;udk tcGifhta&;&csdefY rodromavavsmhjcif;?

(rSwfcsuf- pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;pGmjzifh aqmif&GufEdkifaom enf;vrf;rsm;udk erlemazmfxkwfwifjy xm;jcif;jzpfonf?)

etz ppftm%m&Sifwdk @tm; jynfolrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdk @. emcHr_udktqifhqifhjyefvnfkwfodrf;I


10/36

qifhuJwdk;wufwdkufyGJ0ifumtm%m&Sifpepftm;t+yD;twdkif;zsufodrf;Ekdif&ef atmufygynm&Sdarsmuf ykHjyif tm;avhvmoifhayonf?ynm&darsmuyHjyi

[kd;a&S;a&S;wkef;u wkwfEkdifiH/ vDqdkwJhGmuav;wGmrSm arsmufawGudk arG;pm;+yD;

cdkif;pm;um pnf;pdrftjynf@eJ @ aewJh arsmufq&m}uD;wa,mufaew,f/ ol[m arsmufawGudkarsmufavSmiftdrfxJrSm xnfh wm;w,f? ol@rSm vl 4/5 a,mufavmufyg0ifwJharsmufxdef;wyfzGJ@vnf;&Sdw,f? arsmufq&m}uD;[m reufrdk; vif;wmeJ @ arsmufawGudkarsmufavSmiftdrfxJu v$wfay;vkduf+yD; teD;tem;ywf0ef;usifw0dkufu awmtkyfxJ rSmoGm;a&muf&Smcdkif;ygw,f?

arsmufawG[m tJ'DawmtkyfawGxJudk oGm;+yD; opfoD;0vH&SmazGum naeapmif;&ifjyefvm=u&ygw,f? &vmor#opfoD;0vHawG/ opfOopfzkawGtm;vkH;udk arsmufq&m}uD;udkjyeftyf&ygw,f? arsmufq&m}uD;u arsmufawG&SmvmwJhtxJu q,fykHudk;ykHudk ,l+yD;

wykHudkomv#if arsmufawGudk jyefay;ygw,f/tJ'DvdkeJ@arsmufawG[m rsKd;qufawGwquf+yD;wqufajymif;vJoGm;w,f? arsmufq&m}uD;

cdkif;wJhtwdkif; yJ vkyfvmcJh=uw,f? 'gayrJh wae@rSmawmharsmufawG[m awmxJrSm tpm&Smae&if;eJ @ c%tem;rSm arsmufrsKd; qufopfav;waumifu 'Dawmxu opfyiawuk b,ovmpduxm;wmv/ igwdk@&J @ q&m}uD;u vmpkdufxm;wmvm;vdk @ pl;prf;+yD;ar;cGef;xkwfvdkufwJhtcsdefrSmarsmuft}uD;awGu tHh=ooGm;=uw,f? 'gudk olwd k@ b,ftcsdefwkef;urS pl;prf;+yD; ar;cGef;rxkwfzl;bl;? b,folrS vmpdkufxm;wmr[kwfzl;? ol[molaygufae w,fvdk @? tm;vkH;wydifeufajz=uw,f? 'gqdk&i igwk@bmvk@ igwk@&Smxm;wJ opfo;0vawuk arsmuq&m}u; uday;ae&rSmvJ? vk d@ arsmufi,fav;u xyfqifhar;cGef;xkwfvdkufwJh tcsdefrSm arsmufawGtm;vkH;tod m%f tvif;a&mifwcsufvnf;& vdkuf=uw,f? 'gqdk&if igwdk @ 'Dae@ 'Dtcsdefup+yD; opfoD;0vHawGudkk arsmufq&m}uD;udk ray;awmhgbl;vdk @ 0dkif;ajym=uw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'DtxJrSmtajrmftjrif&SdwJh arsmufrwaumifu igwdk @ csufcsif;'gudk vkyfvdk @ &yghrvm;? csufcsif;vkH;0ray;yJaevdkuf=u&if arsmufq&m}uD;&J @ tjyif;txefzdESdyfr_udk &ifqdkif&Edkifw,f? igwdk@'gudk vdrfrmyg;eyfpGmaqmifGuf=u&r,f? 'gqdk&ifb,fvdkvkyf=urvJvdk @ 0dkif;+yD;ar;cGef;xkwf =uygw,f? r=umcifoifhawmfwJh tcsdefrSm b,fvdkvkyf=urvJ/ &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if igwdk @ awmfvSefa&;udk b,fvdkaqmifGuf=u&rvJ qdkwmudk tpnf;ta0;w&yf odkodyfpGmusif;y+yD; qkH;jzwf=ur,fvdk @ tm;vkH;u oabmwlvdkuf=uw,f?

'DvdkeJ @ r=umaomwae@rSm olwdk@&J @ awmfvSefa&;taumiftxnfaz:a&;qdkif&m tpnf;ta0;udkusif;y =uw,f? tJ'DrSm arsmufESpfaumifu arsmufq&m}uD;udk cJeJ@xkzdk @/ wkwfeJ @ dkufzdk@t}uHyw,f? tajrmftjrif&SdwJ @ arsmufru 'Dvdkt=urf;zufvvdk @ r&bl;? igwd k@ t=urf;zufEkdifwmxuf arsmufq&m}uD;u ydkvdk @ t=urf;zufEkdif w,f? +yD;awmh igwdk @u 'Dvdkt=urf;zufr_udkpvkyfvdkuf&if arsmufq&m}uD;u igwdk@udk t=urf;zufESdrfESif;zdk @ ta=umif;jycsuf aumif;aumif;&oGm;apEkdifw,fvdk @ vdk@ajym+yD; t=urf;zufwJh enf;vrf;rokH;zdk @ olwdk @ qkH;jzwf vdkuf=uw,f?+yD;awmht=urf;zufzdk@udk pwift}uHywJh arsmufESpfaumifudkvnf; owdxm;&r,fvdk @ ynm&SdarsmufreJ @ arsmufrsKd;qufopfav;wdk @u arsmufv_yf&Sm;a&;r;rsm;udk dk;dk;om;om;wdwfwqdwf

vufwdk @ owd ay;vdkuf=uygw,f? +yD;awmh b,fvdkawmfvSefa&;qifE$J=urvJvdk@


11/36

qufvuftajz&Sm awmh wqifh+yD;wqifh v_yf&Sm;r_ud k jrifhwifzdk @ tvG,fulqkH;enf;vrf;eJ@v_yf&Sm;r_udk pwifzdk@ olwdk@ qkH;jzwfvdkuf=uw,f?

odwfr=umcifrSmawmh arsmufawG[m awmxJudk tpmxGufwJhtcgrSm rdrd0rf;pmzlvka&;yxr rlt& olwdk @[m yxrqkH;&wJh opfoD;awGudk ywf0ef;usiftajctaeudk =unfh+yD;vkHcHa&;tajctaeaumif;&if (arsmufowif;ay;awG vpf&if) cd k;pm;=uygw,f? arsmufawGuolwdk @ tpnf;ta0;wkef;u t=urf;zufzdk @ v_H @ aqmfwJh arsmufESpfaumifudk arsmufq&m}uD;qDowif;ay;aewJh arsmufowif;ay;ESpfaumif jzpfw,fvdk@ xifjrif,lqxm;=uygw,f? trSefwu,fvnf; tJ'DarsmufESpfaumif[m arsmufq&m}uD;qDudk arsmufawG&J @ tajctaeeJ @ ywfoufyD;ykHrSefowif;ay;ydk@aeygw,f?

arsmufawG[m o&ufoD;jzpfjzpf/ iSufaysmoD;jzpfjzpf opfoD;wvkH;vkH;udk olwdk@&J@jcif;xJt&ifrxnfhao; yJ ckf;pm;=unfh=uygw,f? ckd;pm;vkd @ atmifjrifoGm;wJhtcsdefrSm olwdk@[migwdk@vkyfvdk@&ygvm;qdkyD; rdrdudk,frdrd ,kH=unfr_ (Self-confidence building )

wnfaqmufvmEkdif=uygw,f? ,kH=unfr_&SdvmwmeJ @tr# ydkvdk @ vkyfcsifpdwfawG&Sdvm+yD;vkyfvnf;vkyf&Jvm=uygw,f?

aemufwqifhtaejzifh arsmufawG[m apmapmrjyef=uyJ tcsdefqGJ+yD;rdk;csKyfrS jyef=uygw,f?tJ'DtcgrSm arsmufq&m}uD;u arsmufawGudk bmvdk @ tdrfjyefaemufuswmvJvdk @ ar;ygw,f?arsmufawGu 'Dywf0ef;usif w0dkufrSm opfOopfzkawGu &Sm;oGm;+yD? 'ga=umifh[kd;a0;a0;vHvHrSmvdkuf&Smae&wma=umifh tckvdkrsKd;tdrfjyef aemufuswm jzpfw,fvkd @ arsmufawGu olwdk@udwifpOf;pm;xm;wJh ta=umif;jycsufawGay;=uygw,f? arsmufq&m}uD;taeeJ@t=uHtdkuf oGm;ygw,f? tJ'Dvdk tcsdefaemufus+yD;rS tdrfjyefwma=umifh arsmufq&m}uD;[m jcif; awGxJu

[if;oD;[if;GufawG / opfoD;0vHawG aumif;aumif;ygryg ppfaq;zkd @ tcsdefodyfr&awmhbl;?+yD;awmh reufjzefopfoD;0vHawG rd@wufa&mif;zdk@vnf; aumif;aumif;rpDpOfEdkifawmhzl;? arsmufq&m}uD;&J@ pDrHcef@cGJr_udk taeSmifht,SufjzpfoGm;apcJhygw,f?

aemufwqifhtaeeJ @ arsmufawG[m arsmufq&m}uD; [if;oD;[if;Gufjcif;awGudk aumif;aumif;rppf aq;Edkifawmhwmudk tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; [if;oD;[if;GufawGudk jcif;awGxJ xnfhwJhtcgyGa,mif;xnfhwmawG/ xdk;xkd;axmifaxmifeJ @ odwfr0ifatmifxnhfwmrsKd;awG trSnfhvGefwJhopfoD;awGudk xnfhwmawG vkyfvm=uyg w,f? tJ'Dvdk arsmufawGu tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd aqmifGufvmaewmawGudk arsmufowif;ay;ESpfaumifuvnf; arsmufq&m}uD;qDudk if;wdk@pkHprf;&oavmufowif;awG ay;ydk@aeygw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ arsmufawGuvnf; arsmufxdef;wyfudk olwdk@tay:pmemzd k@/ arsmufqdkwm awmxJrSm obm0tavsmuf vGwfvGwfvyfvyfaerS aysmfa=umif; tckvdkavSmiftdrfxJrSmae&+yD; arsmufq&m}uD;cdkif;wJh[mawGudk vkyf&wmraysmfydkufa=umif; &Sif;jy umpnf;kH;ygw,f? arsmufxdef;wyfrS wcsKd@yk*~dKvfrsm;u arsmufawG&J@ta&;udk pmemvm=uygw,f?

tJ'DvdkeJ @ arsmufowif;ay;awGqDu owif;&xm;wJh arsmufq&m}uD;u arsmufawGudkolwdk@&J@jcif;awG xJrSm opfoD;0vHawG aumif;pGmxnfhrxnfh wnaerSmawmh aoaocsmcsm ppfygawmhw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm arsmufwaumif&J @ jcif;[m yGa,mif;a,mif;eJ @ csOfaygifGufcsnf;yJxnfhvmwmudkawG@awmh arsmufq&m}uD;u tJ'Darsmufudk dkufygw,f? tJ'Darsmufav;[macgif;uGJoGm;ygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm arsmufowif;ay;ESpfaumif [m arsmufawGudk cJeJ @ jyefypfzdk@

ajrmufay;ygw,f? 'gayrJh ynm&Sdarsmufru tJ'Dvdkjyefrvkyfzkd @ arsmufawGudk ajym+yD;


12/36

a'goxGufaewJh arsmufawGudk avSmiftdrfawGudk zsufqD;zdk @ ynm&Sdarsmufru v_H@aqmfvdkufygw,f? ynm&Sdarsmufrudk,fwdkifuvnf; avSmiftdrfwvkH;ay:wuf+yD; igwdk@awmfvSefa&; t+yD;owfatmifyGJqifzdk @ tcsdefwef+yDjzpfa=umif; / 'ga=umifharsmufwdkif;tm;vkH;yg0if+yD; igwdk@udk csKyfaESmifxm;wJh arsmufavSmiftdrfawGudk zsufqD;ypf=uzdk @ arsmufq&m}uD;&J@trdef@ud k vkH;0remcH=uawmhyJ

awmxJrSm arsmufobm0tavsmuf vGwfvGwf vyfvyf t+yD;tydkifoGm;ae=uzkd @ wdkufwGef;wJhrdef@cGef;wck a[majymvkdufygw,f? arsmufawGuvnf; awmxJrSm vGwfvGwfvyfvyfae&a&; 'dk@ta&; qdk+yD;auG;a=umf=uygw,f?

tJ'DtcsdefrSm arsmufq&m}uD;[m ol&J @ arsmufxdef;wyfudk ynm&Sdarsmufrudk cJeJ@ypfzdk@trdef@ay;ygw,f? arsmufxdef;wyfxJu arsmufawGu trdef@remcH=uygbl;? 'gayrJh arsmufowif;ay;ESpfaumif[m arsmufq&m }uD;&J @ trdef@udk emcH+yD; cJeJ@ypfvdkufvdk @ ynm&Sdarsmufr&J@ezl;udkrSefum ynm&Sdarsmufruvnf; ezl;uGJoGm;+yD; avSmiftdrfay:rS ywfusum owdvpfarharsmoGm;ygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm arsmufawG[m ydkvdk@a'goxGufvm=u+yD; tJ'Da'goawGudk ydkIjyif;xefwJh

awmfvSefa&;pdwf"gwftjzpfajymif;vJum auG;a=umfoHawGudk tm;eJ@rmefeJ @ ydkvdk @ auG;a=umfvm=uygw,f? arsmufxdef;wJh wyfawGxJu trsm;pk[mvnf; arsmufawG&J @ auG;a=umfoHawGudkoHydifvdkufauG;a=umf=u&if; arsmufawGudk axmufcHvm=uygw,f?

arsmufq&m}uD;xGufoGm;/ arsmufq&m}uD;udk tvdkr&Sd pwJh auG;a=umfoHawGudkvnf;auG;a=umf vm=uygw,f? aemufqkH;rSm arsmufq&m}uD;[m ol&J@owif;ay;ESpfa,mufeJ@twlxGufajy;oGm;ygw,f? ol @zm omol tpm&Smrpm;wwfwJh arsmufq&m}uD;[m r=umcifrSmyJtpma&pmiwfjywf+yD; aoqkH;oGm;ygw,f?

arsmufawGuawmh olwdk@acgif;aqmifynm&Sdarsmufrudk awmxJrSm aq;ukvdkufwJhtcsdefrSm

ynm&S d arsmufr[m jyefaumif;oGm;ygw,f? aemufqkH;rSmawmharsmufawG[m awmxJrSmaysmfaysmf$if$ifaexdkifoGm; =uygawmhw,f?

(3) ajymif;vJjcif; (4)rsKd;?vl@abmif tzGJ@tpnf;onf v_yf&Sm;ajymif;vJaeonf? &yfwnfaeonfr[kwf vlr_v_yf&Sm;r_

onf }uD;onfi,fonfr[l ajymif;vJr_w&m;&Sdae+yD; rnfonfht&mr# twnft+rJr[kwf/ ol@zufudk,fhzuf =oZmtm%m csdefcGifv#mrsm;onf t+rJajymif;vJonf? tv#iftjrefvnf; ajymif;vJoGm;wwfonf? tm%monf t&nfoabmaqmifonf v_yf&Sm;ajymif;vJaeonf? Tv_yf&Sm;ajymif;vJr_rsm;udk pepfwus avhvmaomtcg ajymif;vJjcif; yHkomef (4)rsKd;jzifh ajymif;vJaeonfudkavhvmawG@&Sd&onf? EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufenf;rsm;a=umifh xdktajymif;tvJ (4)rsKd; jzpfvmEdkifygonf? yxrtajymif;tvJ enf;vrf;rsm;u jzpfawmifhjzpfcJvSonf? owWd&Sd&Sd EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufae=uolrsm;. cHpm;ae&onfh qif;&J'kuQudk &efoltpdk;&bufuae+yD; u&k%moufvmonfhtcg odk@r[kwf tm%mzDqefolrsm;bufu &nf&G,fcsufrsm; rSefuefa=umif;udk tusKd;oifhta=umif;oifh ta=umif;jyI tpdk;&u em;vnfr_&SdoGm; onfhtcg awmfvSefolwdk @. &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk vufcH=uvdrfhrnf? tm%m&Sifrsm; TuJhodk @ pdwfajymif;vJoGm;atmif yvkyfjcif;(Conversion) [kac:onf? EdkifiHa&;tefwk wdkufenf;jzifh xdkodk @ pdwfajymif;atmif yvkyfjcif; onfwcgw&Hjzpfwwfaomfvnf; jzpfawmifhjzpfcJjzpfygonf? wcgw&H b,f awmhrS rjzpfyg?

jzpfv#ifvnf; rajymyavmufyg?


13/36

jzpfyG g;aeaom ydyuQ. tajctaeESifh jynfolwdk @. pdwfoabmxm;rsm;udk ajymif;vJ+yD;EkdifiHa&;tefwk wdkufenf;udk oHk;onfhtcgvnf;&Sdygonf? xdkodk@vkyfvdkufonfhtwGuf tpdk;&bufu vkyfcsifovdkvkyfI rjzpfawmh/ xdktajymif;tvJ&SdvmonfhtwGuf tjcm;ajymif;vJr_ (3)rsKd;vnf; ay:aygufvmEdkifonf? if; (3)rsKd;rSm vdkufavsmjcif; (Accomodation) t=uyfudkif+yD;

udk,fhbuf ygvmatmifwdkufwGef;jcif; (Coercion) ESifh &efoltkyfpkud k vlqdk;vlaumif;cGJjcm;umtuGJuGJ tjym;jym; jzpfatmifvkyfjcif; (Disintegration) wdk@jzpfonf? rnfonfh tajymif;tvJrsKd;jzpfonfqdkonfrSm tm%mvGefqGJr_wGif 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;bufudk tm%mb,ftwdkif;twmtxd ajymif;vm onfrvmonfudk =unfh&rnf? ydyuQjzpfaeonfhudpPudk csufcsif;oabmwl ajyvnfoGm;atmif uGJvGJae onfh tcsufrsm;ud k ol@bufudk,fbuf Z,m;csEdkifatmif tay;t,lvkyfEdkifatmif rnfonfhtajccHrsKd;jzifh vkyf=urnfenf;? tu,fItwdkuftcHjzpfaeonfhudpPu odyfta&;r}uD; twdkuftcHrsm;bufu xx uGuG v_yf&Sm;awmif;qdkonfh tcsufrsm;uvnf;tpdk;&udk odyftEW&m,fyEdkifyHkray:? tm%mvGefqGJr_wGif tcsKd@twdkif;twmtxdavsmh+yD;

vdkufavsmEdkifv#ifvuf&Sd jzpfaeonfh ydyuQudk oabmwlajyvnf oGm;atmifvkyfEdkifonf?Tajymif;vJr_udk vdkufavsmjcif;[kac:onf? tvkyform;oydwfrsm;wGif TuJhodk @ vdkufavsmvmatmifvkyf+yD; ajyvnfr_&oGm;wwfonf? ESpfOD;ESpfbufpvHk;vdkvm;csufrsm; &wefoavmuf&=uonf? b,fbufurS udk,fvdkcsifonfht&mrsm; tm;vH k;r&yg? tpdk;&uvnf;vdkufavsm+yD;ajyvnf atmif vkyfay;vdkufv#if tusKd;&Sdrnf[k jrifvmvddrfhrnf?Oyrm- wif;rmaeonfh udpPrsm;udk tqifajyatmif vkyfay;vdkufEdkifrnf? xdktcg jynfolwdk@utpdk;&udk r#r#ww &Sdonf[k xifvmayvdrfhrnf? EkdifiHwumtvnfwGif ,Ofaus;odrfarG@aomtpdk;&jzpfa=umif; oduQmq,fEkdifonf? odk@jzpfI vdkufavsmr_jzifh ajyvnfoGm;aprnfh awmif;qkd

csufrsm;udk *&kpdkuf+yD; tuef@towfjzifh a&G;cs,fwwf&efvdkonf? rnfonfh udpPrsKd;udk vdkufavsmjcif;enf;jzifh ajz&Sif;oifhonfudk aoaocsmcsma&G;cs,fqHk;jzwf&rnf? tm%m&Sifrsm;udk tjrpfywfatmifwdkufvdkv#if Tenf;jzifhr&yg? qkdcJhonfhtwdkif; tpdk;&ESifh vdkufavsmonfhenf;/ tpdk;&utcsKd@rlrsm;tm; ajymif;vJatmifvkyfonf h enf;rsm;xuf ydkrdkpGrf;&nf xufajrmufaom enf;rsm;jzifhvnf; EdkifiHa&; tefwkwdkufyGJudk qifE$JEkdifygonf? vlxkESifhcsD+yD; tultnDay;r_rsm; &yfqdkif;/ tm%mzDqef vkyfvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh vlr_a&;&m/ EkdifiHa&;&mwdk@udk ajymif;vJypfEkdifonf? txl;ojzifh=oZmtm%m tajymif;tvJ/ twuftusudk csdefqEdkifonf? tpd k;&u &yf&Gmvlxk. pD;yGm;a&;/vlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&; ponfwdk@udk csKyfudkifrxm;Edkifatmifyif vkyfvdkufEdkifygonf? tpdk;&tzdk@rdrdppfwyf udkyif t,HkroGif;Edkifonfhb0odk@ a&mufoGm;Ekdifonf?

tm%mzDqefaeolrsm;udk ESdrfESif;&ef trdef @ay;v#if remcHbJae=uvdrfhrnf? &efoltpdk;&bufu acgif;aqmifrsm;u ol@&mxl;ESifhol [efrysuf&Sdae+yD; olwdk @ vdk&if;yef;wkdifa&mufatmifOD;wnfaeaomf jim;vnf; bmrSxdxda&mufa&muf vkyfEdkifpGrf;r&Sdonfh tajctaeodk @ a&mufoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? Todk@ EdkifiHa&;tefwk wdkufonfhenf;udk udk,fhbufygvmatmif t=uyfudkif wkdufwGef;jcif;[kac:onf?

tvGefqdk;&Gm;vSonfh tajctaeodk @ a&mufoGm;onfhtcgrsm;wGifrl t=uyfudkif wdkufwGef;onfhenf; xufyd kI vkyfEdkifjcif;rsm; trsKd;rsKd;&Sdonf? &efol@tpdk;&bufu bmr#xdxda&mufa&mufvkyfEdkifawmhonfh tiftm;r&Sdawmhojzifh tm%m,EW,m; taqmuftOD;}uD;yg ydusysufpD;oGm;

wwfonf? tm%mzDqef onfhbufu udk,fhvlawGudk udk,fhtm;udk;+yD; tultnDray;bJaejcif;/


14/36

tmcHjcif;wkd@udk ydkifydkifEkdifEdkif ydkifydkifEkdifEdkif vkyfjyEkdif=uaomtcg tpdk;&tzdk @ xdef;r&EkdifatmifjzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf? ppfwyfESifh &JwyfzGJ@wdk@vnf; ykefuef=urnf?

if;wdk@udk axmufcHaeolrsm;uvnf; if;[email protected];aqmifr_udk todtrSwfry=uawmh/tpdk;&. vkyfydkifcGifhr&Sdqdk+yD; jiif;qefpyvm=uvdrfhrnf? xdk@a=umifh tpdk;&udk axmufcHrnfhol

trdef@emcHrnfholrsm; enf;oGm;=uayrnf? xdkenf;onf &efoltpdk;&bufudk tuGJuGJtjym;jym;jzpfatmifvkyfjcif;jzpfonf? if;enf;um; xda&mufonf? xda&mufvGef;tm;}uD;ojzifh bmr#=oZmtm%mr&Sdawmh/ tm%mewdESif h t&_H;ay;&awmhonf? tpdk;&wckvHk; tpdwfpdwf tr$mr$mysufpD;oGm;ayawmhonf?

txufyg ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;twGuf tusKH;0ifaom tjzpftysufrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHwGifatmufyg twkdif; awG@&Sd&onf?

pdwfajymif;jcif;? ? ppftkyfpktaeESifh tajctae wpHkw&m. wdkufwGef;ydk@r_a=umifh if;wkd@

udk,fYyif vdkvdkvm;vm;vufcHaom ajymif;vJr_wdk@udk yvkyfcJh&ayonf?Oyrm- jrefrmjynf. t*Fvdyfpm ynma&;tqifhtwef; edrfhusvmonfudk oabmaygufvmaoma=umifh rqv vufxufuyif t*Fvdyfbmom&yfudk roifrae& 'kwd, bmom&yftjzpfjyXmef;ay;cJhonf?

wygwDcsKyfudkifaom pD;yGm;a&;pepf A[kdcsKyfudkifaom pD;yGm;a&;pepfyHkpHjzifh wkdif;jynfc|wfcHusvmaomtcg yk*~vdu ukr%Drsm;tm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfydkifcGifhudk yvkyfay;cJh=u&onf?vdkufavsmjcif;? ? jynfolwdk @. awmif;qdkcsuf jyif;xefvmcsdefY tcsKd@aom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk rjzpfrae vdkufavsmcJh=u&onf?

Oyrm-a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;jcif;/ tajctae tusyftwnf;udk rxdef;Ekdifaoma=umifharSmifcdkaps;uGufudk cGifhyxm;&jcif;rsKd;jzpfonf?t=uyfudkifwdkufwGef;jcif;? ? jynfolvlxkbufu wzufom;rvdkufavsmvdkaom tcsufudktiftm;jzifh t=uyfudkifwdkufwGef;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?Oyrm- orRw OD;pef;,kudk z,f&Sm;jcif;/ orRw OD;pdefvGifudk z,f&Sm;jcif;/ orRw a'gufwmarmifarmifudk z,f&Sm;jcif;/&efoltkyfpkudkvlqdk;vlaumif;cGJjcm;um tuGJuGJtjym;jym;jzpfatmifvkyfjcif;? ? zdvpfydkifEkdifiHwGif 1986 ckESpfu 'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif orwtmuGDEkdbufokd @ 'k ppfOD;pD;csKyfAdkvfcsKyfzD',f&mrdk@pf OD;aqmifaom wyfrsm;u ajymif;vJaxmufcHvm+yD; tm%m&Sifrm;udk@pfatmufu wyfrsm; tuGJuGJtjym;jym;jzpfoGm;um 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm; tm%m&Sifrm;udk@pfudkarmif;xkwfI 'Drdkua&pDatmifyGJ&oGm;cJhjcif;?

(4) qef@usifuef@uGufqENjyjcif; (Protest) ryl;aygif;raqmif&Gufjcif; (Non-Cooperation) ESif0ifa&muf pGufzufjcif; (Intervention)(u) qef@usifuef@uGuf qENjyI udk,fhbufygatmif ajzmif;jzjcif;? (Protest and

Persuation) onf rdrd.qef@usifbufrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ jynfolrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ rdrdtzGJ@ .tpd k;&tay: EdkifiHa&;t& rauseyfr_/ oabmrwlnDr_ESifh ywfoufIvufcHvmap&ef pnf;&kH;jcif;

jzpfonf?


15/36

jynfolrsm;taejzifh tpdk;&tay: EdkifiHa&;t& rauseyfr_/ oabmrwlnDr_ESif h ywfoufI vufcHvmap&ef pnf;Hk;jcif;jzpfonf? jynfolrsm;taejzif h tpdk;&tay: EdkifiHa&;t& rauseyfr_ jyojcif;jzif h &nf&G,fxm;aom tusdK;wckckjzpfvm&ef qdkonfxuf tpdk;&udk qef@usifonfh jynfolxkrsm;&Sdaea=umif;jyo&efESifh xdkowif;us,fus,fjyef@jyef @ jzpfvmap &ef&nf&G,fygonf? TEdkifiHa&;tef

wkr_tqifhwGif csDwufjcif;/ pDwef;vSnfhvnfjcif; tp&Sdonfwdk @ yg0ifonf? wOD;csif;qef@usifuef@uGuf qENjyjcif;rSpI tpktzGJ@ESifh qENjyawmif;qdkjcif;rsm; txdyg0ifonf? enf;aygif;(54)enf;&Sd onf?

(c) ryl;aygif; raqmif&Gufjcif;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm tm%m. tjrifhfqHk;tydkif; txdudk wdkuf&dkufxdvdkufatmif wdkuf&efjzpfonf? TEdkifiHa&;tefwkr_wGif tpdk;&ESifh EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;t& yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;tm;vHk; kwfodrf;jcif;wdk@yg0ifonfh tqifhjzpfonf? oydwfarSmufjcif;/tpd k;&. vdkvm;csufrsm;udk rwkef@jyefjcif;ESif h tpdk;&tm; a&Smif=uOfjcif;wdk @ yg0ifonf?yl;aygif;aqmif &Gufr_rjyKjcif; onf EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_. txda&mufqHk;vufeuf jzpfonf? ryl;aygif;

raqmif&Gufjcif; wGif (3) rsdK;xyfrHcGJjcm;Edkifonf? if;wdk @rSm (u) vlr_a&;&mudpP&yfrsm;/yl;aygif;ulnDaqmif&Gufr_ rjyK jcif; (16) rsdK;/ (c) pD;yGm;a&;t& yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ rjyKjcif;(pm;oHk;oloydwf) (20) rsdK;/ tvkyfo rm;oydwf (23) rsdK;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& ryl;aygif;raqmif&Gufjcif;(98) rsdK;jzpfonf?

(*) 0ifa&mufpGufzwfjcif; (Intervention)EdkifiHa&; tefwkwdkufyGJ0ifolrsm; taejzifh tkyfcsKyfolrsm;udk wdkufdkufqef@usifaom tjyKt

r_rsm;udk rdrdbufrS pwifjyKvkyf&efjzpfonf? rdrdbufrS pwifaomwD;vHk;wD;uGufjzifh tm%m&Sifwdk@uap&efjzpfonf? ,if;EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_. &nf&G,fcsufrSm tpd k;& ,EW,m;tm; aESmifh,SufzufqD;

&efjzpfonf? ,if;wGif pufHk/ tvkyfH k/ ausmif;rsm;udk odrf;ydkufI xdkifoydwfarSmufjcif;/ [ef@wm;aESmifh,SufzsufqD;jcif;/ tpmtiwf cHjcif;/ pif+ydKiftpdk;&wnfaxmifjcif; tvkyform;rsm;u ukefxkwfvkyfr_usqif;atmif qENjyjcif; wdk@yg0if onf? Tenf;wGif pdwfykdif;qdkif&m kyfydkif;qdkif&m/ vlr_a&;&mESifh pDyGm;a&;&mESifh EdkifiHa&;&mt& 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; (41)rsdK;jzpfonf?

(Ttcef;ESifh ywfoufaom EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufenf; (197)enf;udk aemufqufwGJ (u) wGif=unfh_&efjzpf onf?)

(5) acgif;aqmifr_(Leadership)xda&mufonfh acgif;aqmifr_qdkonfrSm rdrd&nf&G,fcsuf aygufajrmufatmifjrifa&;twGuf

tjcm;olrsm;/ rdrdaemufvdkuf&Jabmfrsm;. qENjyif;jypGm axmufcHyg0ifr_ &&Sdvmatmif pGrf;aqmifEdkifonfh t&nftaoG;yifjzpfonf?

EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ wdkufyGJ0ifaeolrsm;twGuf acgif;aqmifr_pGrf;&nfonfr&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonf? xdka=umifh acgif;aqmifr_ynmudk avhvmoifh=uonf? EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wcktwGuf acgif;aqmif onf rD;yGm; odk@r[kwf aomhcsufjzpfonf? vlomrefwOD; ajymonfxufacgif;aqmift&nftcsif; &Sdol wOD;ajym=um;csufudk ,Hk=unfr_jzifh v_yf&Sm;r_wGifydkrdkyg0ifvmwwf=uonf? acgif;aqmifr_yHkpHrsm;udk avhvm aomtcg atmufyguGJjym;csufrsm;udk

awG@&Sd&onf?


16/36

tm%m&Sifpepf. acgif;aqmifr_onf atmufygtcsufrsm;tay: tajccHonf?(1) acgif;aqmifrsm;u vufatmufi,fom;rsm;udk tpOfa=umufGH@aeatmif zdESdyfxm;+yD;

OD;aqmifr_,ljcif;?(2) owif;tcsuftvufrsm; txufrSatmufodk @ wvrf;oGm; pD;qif;apjcif;/ (One way,

Top-Down, Flow of Information)(3) rawG;ESifh/ emcH&eftwGufom (Don't Think, Just Obey) [lIjzpfonf?etz ppfwyfrSppfom;rsm;odk @ trdef@rsm;udk pOf;pm;qifjcif+yD;rS emcH&ef[laom t,ltq

ysH@ESH@a&muf&SdoGm;atmif EdkifiHa&;tefwk wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;u }udK;yrf;=u&rnfjzpfonf?,if;t,ltq a&muf&SdoGm;jcif;jzifh ppfom;rsm;taejzifh rdrdwOD;wnf; rdrdzmom ar;cGef;xkwfjcif;/wOD;ESifhwOD; tjyeftvSefar;cGef;xkwfjcif;rsm; jzpfvmayvdrfhrnf? ,ae@etz udk,fwkdifrv$Jra&SmifombJ oH a,mifvdkuf+yD; vdkufajymae&aom usaemfwdk@vnf; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmfopfwnfaqmufaewmyg qdkonfh tcsufay: ppfom;rsm;taejzifh pl;prf;vdkpdwf/ 'Drdkua&pDta=umif;

ydkrdkodvdk/ avhvmvdk pdwfrsm; ay:aygufvmEdkifonf? 'Drdkua&pD oabmw&m; ydkrdkoabm aygufvm+yD; pOf;pm;+yD;rS trdef @ emcHwwfonfh tavhtusifhrsm; ppfom;rsm;wGif&Sdvmygu txufrSay;onf h rw&m;aom trdef@rsm;ud k tpyxrydkif;wGif wm0efausHk jzpfovdkaqmif&Gufr_rsm; wjznf;jznf;ESif h aemufydkif; wGif zDqeftmcHr_rsm;/ vlxkqDodk @ csdef&G,fxm;aom if;wdk @. aoewfajymif;0rsm;udk etzppfacgif; aqmifrsm;zufodk @ aoewfajymif;jyef vSnfhr_rsm;/ wyfwGif;ykefuefr_rsm;/'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;r_rsm; wdk;wufjzpfay:vmayrnf?

EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ wdkufyGJudk OD;aqmifrnfh acgif;aqmifrsm;Y &Sdoifhonft*Fg&yfrsm;rSm--(1) acgif;aqmifonf tzGJ@tpnf;0ifrsm;tm;vHk;. Oyrmjzpfonf? xdka=umifh pHjyjzpf&efvdkonf?(2) vufatmufi,fom;rsm;. ta=umif;udk od&rnf? olwdk @. oufomacsmifcsdr_ud k =unfh _apmifha&Smuf ay;&rnf? rdrdrEdkifpGrf;om udpPudk rcdkif;&?(3) rdrdtvkyfrdrdod&rnf?(4) trSm;rsm;udk wm0efcH&J&rnf?(5)atmifjrifr_twGuf &Jabmfrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk csD;usL;*k%fjyK&rnf?(6) &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;udk av;pm;&rnf?(7) tzGJ@tpnf;/ awmfvSefa&;ESifh jynfoltay:opPm&Sd&rnf?(8) &efolta=umif; aumif;aumif;od&rnf?(9) rdrdtawG@t}uHK/ &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;. tawG@t}uHKudkavhvm ocFef;pm,lI jyefvnftoHk;csEdkif

&rnf/ a&S@aqmifEdkif&rnf?txufygtcsufrsm;rSm 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&; umvtwGif;Y wdkufyGJ.tqifhtoD;oD;

wGif acgif;aqmifwm0ef,lae=u&onfh acgif;aqmiftqifhqifhY &Sdxm;oifhaom tcsufrsm;udk a,bl,stm;jzifh wifjyxm;jcif;omjzpfonf?&Spfav;vHk; 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk umvtwGif;Y wdus&Sif;vif;aom vlxkaxmufcHonfh acgif;aqmifr_ wck raz:xkwfEdkifcJhjcif;rSm t+yD;owfatmifyGJodk@ ra&muf&Sd&jcif;. t"duta&;}uD; onfhtcsuf wckjzpfay onf? ,if;tcsufudk ocFef;pm,lI ,ae@tcsdeftcgY ppftm%m&Sifpepf z,f&Sm;a&;wdkufyGJwGif acgif;aqmif r_ taxGaxGtjym;jym; jzpfraezdk @ ta&;}uD;ayonf? yxrqHk;t

a&;}uD;onfh ordkif;ay; wm0ef w&yfjzpfaom if;ppftm%m&Sifpepf z,f&Sm;a&;twGuf txufygacgif;aqmifr_t&nftaoG;rsm;jzifh jynfhpHkuHkvHkonfh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. OD;aqmifr_udk vlrsdK;pHk


17/36

wdkif;&if;om; jynfolrsm;u 0ef;&HaxmufcH ay;=u&ef ta&;w}uD; vdktyfaeayonf? ppftm%m&Sif pepfz,f&Sm;+yD;v#if +idrf;csrf;om,maom 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&; xGef;um;onfh z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpk wnfaqmufa&;twGuf oufqdkifonf h EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pktm;vHk;ESif h wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pktm;vHk;wd k@ yg0if+yD; tjyeftvSef em;vnfr_&Sd&Sd/ ,Hk=unfr_&Sd&Sd aqG;aEG;tajz&Sm =u&rnf

jzpfonf?

OD;aqmifr_ tajcjyZ,m;

trsm;pkOD;aqmifr_ A[dkjyK(Group-Centered)

acgif;aqmifaoG;wdk;prf;onfh ,lq csufwifjy tajymif;tvJvkyfjcif;udkcH,laponf?tajymif;tvJudk xdef;csKyfxm;qJjzpfonf?

trsm;pkuqHk;jzwf&rnfh e,fedrdwfudkowfrSwf+yD;trsm;pkuyif qHk;jzwf?

acgif;aqmifu qHk;jzwf&rnfh e,fedrdwfudkowfrSwfay;onf/trsm;pkuqHk;jzwf?

ESpfckteufwckudka&G;cs,f&rnfudkacgif;aqmifu wifjytrsm;pkuqHk;jzwf

acgif;aqmif,lqcsufwifjyar;cGef;rsm;udk zdwfac:qHk;jzwf?

acgif;aqmifqHk;jzwfajymqHk;jzwfcsuftwnfjyK?

acgif;aqmifqHk;jzwfcsufa=unmqHk;jzwfcsuftwnfjyK/

acgif;aqmifOD;aqmifr_ A[dkjyKLeader-Centered

acgif;aqmifOD;aqmifr_ A[dkjyKudkjzpfay:aponfh tajctae?

1? qHk;jzwfcsufcs&eftwGuf tcsdeftenf;i,fom&onf?2? ta&;ay:/3? wOD;csif; A[kokw (txl;ojzifhacgif;aqmifpGrf;&nfudk ) toHk;jyKonf/4? tzGJ@vdkuf u|rf;usifr_tm;enf;/5? acgif;aqmif{?f pHudk ar#mfvifhcsufydkxm;onf/6? Oya't& wm0efcH&onf/

trsm;pkOD;aqmifr_ A[dkjyKudkjzpfay:aponfh tajctae

1? tcdsef zdtm;r&Sd?

2? ta&;ay: r[kwf/3? tzGJ@vdkuf A[kokwudktoHk;jyKonf/4? tzGJ@vdkuf u|rf;usifr_ &Sdonf/


18/36

trsm;pkOD;aqmifr_A[dkjyK udk aqmif&GufEdkifonfh tajctae&Sdygvsuf acgif;aqmifOD; aqmifr_A[dkjyKudk jzpfaeonfh tajctaeESifh rudkufnDbJ usifhoHk;ygu tm%m&Sifrsm;ay:aygufvmEdkifonf?

acgif;aqmifOD;aqmifr_A[dkjyKudk jzpfay:aponfh tajctae&Sdygvsuf trsm;pkudkOD;aqmifr_

A[dkjyKudk tajctaeESifh rudkufnDbJ usifhoHk;vGef;yguvnf; tvGeftu|H 'Drdkua&pD usifhoHk;r_rsm;ay:aygufvmEdkifonf?

txl;ojzifh ppfa&;vkyfief;rsm; taumiftxnfaz:r_wGif trdef@remcHr_rsm; jzpfay:vmEdkifonf? tkyfcsKyfuGufuJr_udk xdcdkufapEdkifonf?

pGef@pm;r_enf;aom wdkufyGJenf;vrf;rsm;/ ajymufusm; qENjyyGJrsm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;tefwkkr_ wdkufyGJtm; pwif

taumiftxnfazmfI rdrdudk,fudkrdrd ,Hk=unfr_ wnfaqmuf=u?wpdwfwydkif; vGwfvyfaom tzGJ@tpnf;/ vGwfvyf

aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; wnfaqmufI vlxktm%m wnfaqmuf=u?

(6) 0g'jzef@csda&; (Propaganda)

(rSwfcsuf? ? 0g'jzef@csda&; tcef;udk ravhvmrD 0g'jzef@csda&;ESifhywfoufI ajymif;vJvmaomacwftajctae ESifhvdkfufI 0g'jzef@csda&; qdkonftay: xm;&Sdonfh oabmxm;rsm;ajymif;vJvmykHudk t&ifod&Sdxm;&efvdktyfonf[kxifI tenf;i,fr#wifjytyfygonf?

ppfat;wdkufyGJumvwkef;u qdkv#if vuf0JEdkifiHrsm;u if;wdk @. uGefjrLepfqdk&S,fvpfoabmw&m;rsm; jynfolrsm;,Hk=unfouf0ifvmap&ef &nfG,fI 0g'jzef@csda&;vkyfief;udkvkyfudkif&efvdktyfonf[k,lqI xdkpum;vkH;ESif h tESpfom&tay: tyoabmaqmifpGmtokH;yvmcJh=uonf? 0g'jzef@csda&;Xme [lI yifxm;&Sd+yD; jynfolrsm;udk pnf;kH;&mwGiftokH;ycJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk}uDk;yduGJr_ESif h qdkAD,ufavmif;&dyfatmufutaSOa&my tkyfpkuGefjrLepf0g'udk pGef@v$wfI ppfat;wdkufyGJ+yD;oGm;aomtcg 0g'jzef@csda&;udkpD;yGm;a&;wGif aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfusifhokH;I EkdifiHa&;wGif 'Drdkua&pDpepfusifhokH;onfh t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;bufu 0g'jzef@csda&;tay: oabmxm;ykHrSm &Sdoifh&SdxdkkufonfxufvGefuJ pGmydk ajymIpnf;kH;qGJaqmifonfhvkyf&yftjzpf oabmxm;vmcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; if;wdk @. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif 0g'jzef@csda&;ud k tokH;yaeqJjzpfonf? Oyrm a=umfjimvkyfief;rsm;wGif

txift&Sm; awG@Ekdifayonf? owif;enf;ynmacwf ( IT ) acwfa&mufvmaomtcgowif;orm;rsm;u 0g'jzef@csda&;udk vkH;0ryvkyf&[k if;wdk @. owif;vkyfief;rsm; oifwef;rsm;wGifxnfhajymvm =uonf? odk@aomfEkdifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;url if;wd k@. rl0g'rsm; jynfolvlxkvufcH,kH=unfvmap&ef twGuf owif;jzef@csda&;udk tajccHxm;vsuf 0g'jzef@csda&;udk vdktyfovdk

tokH;yae=uqJjzpf onf? tm%m&Sif EkdifiHrsm;url if;wdk@.


19/36

tm%mqufvufoufqdk;&Snfa&;twGuf 0g'jzef@csda&;udk wGifwGif tokH;yae=uqJjzpfonf?xdka=umifh rdrdwdk @ EkdifiHa&;tHwkwdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;bufrSvnf; etz ppftm%m&Sifrsm; bufrS0g'jzef@csda&;enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh rdrdwdk@ 'Drdkua&pDta&;wdkufyGJ0if olrsm;udk rnfokd@wdkufcdkufaeonfudkod&Sdap&efESifh rdrdwd k@. owif;jzef@csd r_ESifh jynfolwdk@tay:

EkdifiHa&;tHwkwdkufyGJxJyg0ifvmap&eftwGuf pnf;kH;&mwGif vdktyfonfh twdkif;twmtxdtokH;yEkdifap&ef &nf&G,fI T 0g'jzef@csda&; tcef;tm;qufvufavhvmxm;&ef vdktyfonfhtwGuf Ttcef;tm;qufvufxnfhoGif;az:jyvdkufygonf? )

tydkif; (1) 0g'jzef@csda&;vkyfief;vrf;n$ef0g'jzef@csda&;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm 0g'tjzef@cH&ol y&d\wf. oabmxm;ESifh tjyKtrlrsm;udk=oZmouf a&mufap&efjzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ wdkufyGJ 0ifolwOD;taejzifh 0g'jzef@csda&;enf;vrf;rsm;udk r&Sdrjzpf odxm;&efvdktyfonf?

0g'jzef@csda&;onf EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fwGifomru pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ bmoma&;e,fy,ftm; vHk;YwGifwGifus,fus,f toHk;jyKae=uonf? rdrdtvdkus oabmxm;vmapa&;/jyKrlvmapa&;t wGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ rdrd&efbufrsm;udk odrf;oGif;a&;twGufaomfvnf;aumif; 0g'jzef@csda&; enf;vrf;rsm;udk toHk;jyK=u&onf?

(u) t*Fg&yfrsm;? ? 0g'jzef@csda&;. t*Fg&yfrsm;rSm -

(11) ypfrSwf(Target) -&nf&G,foly&d\wf

(22) owif; (Message) -ypfrSwftm; odapvdkonfh ta=umif;tcsuf

(bmodapcsifovJ/ bmjyKvkyfapcsifovJ)?(33) owif;o,fydk@ol (Messenger) -owif;ydk@aqmif&mwGif toHk;jyKonfhenf;em

(Oyrm- a&'D,dk/ owif;pm/ vufurf;v$m/ kyfjrifoH=um;/ uyfcGg (Sticker) pojzifh)?

(44) jyefvnfwHk@jyefcsuf (Feed Back)-ypfrSwfrSm owif;vufcH&&Sd+yD;aemufwkef @jyefvm onfh oabmxm;ESifh tjyKtr_ (}udKufovm;/ r}udKufbl;vm;/ rdrd&nfrSef;ouJhodk@jzpfovm;/ r atmifjrifv#if tjcm;yHkoefwckudk ajymif;vJpOf;pm;=u&rnfjzpfonf?

txufyg 0g'jzef@csda&; t*Fg&yfrsm;yg tcsufrsm; (11)/ (22)/ (33) wdk@udk tajccHI 0g'jzef@kyfjyumwGef;rsm;ygaom vufurf;v$mrsm;/ uyfcGmrsm;/ ydkpwmrsm;ESifh pmrsufESm wrsufESmyg

a=umfjimcsufrsm; jyKvkyfygu ydkIpepfusaom 0g'jzef@csda&;udk aqmif&GufEdkifayvdrfhrnf? TuJhodk@jyKvkyf+yD;aom 0g'jzef@csdr_rsm; ypfrSwfxH&&SdoGm;+yD;aemuf xda&mufr_&Sdr&Sd tcsuf (44)wGif az:jyouJhodk @ jyefvnfwHk@jyefr_ cH,l&&SdEdkif&ef }udK;yrf;+yD; qufoHk;oifhroifh/ jyifqifoifhroifh/ pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfum qufvufaqmif&Guf =u&rnfjzpfonf?

txufygtwdkif; 0g'jzef @csda&; enf;emrsm;udk usifhoHk;aomtcg vl.pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh ywfoufaom tcsufwckudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;=u&ayrnf? Oyrm- vlwa,mufonf rdrdyg0ifaom

tzktzGJ@ (Group) yHkwyHktm; =unfhl @aomtcg rdrdyHkudk aoaojcmjcm pdwf0ifwpm;*kpdkuf=unfhl@ ayvdrfhrnf?

vlonf rdrdta=umif;/ rdrdESifh qufpyfaeonfh ta=umif;udk ydkIpdwf0ifpm;wwf=uayonf?xkdpdwfynmoabmudk toHk;jyKum rdrdypfrSwfxm;I pnf;Hk;rnfholonf tvkyform;jzpfygu 0g'


20/36

jzef@csda&;yd kpwm vufurf;v$m a&;qGJ&mwGif tvkyform;yHkudk rD;armif;xdk;jyum t"duZmwfaumiftjzpf ay:vGifapvsuf ypfrSwf. pdwfyg0ifpm;r_udk &,lI rdrday;vdkaom owif;

(Message) udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; oabmayguf odjrifap&rnfjzpfonf? xdk@twl rdrda&;om;0g'jzef@&rnfh a=unmcsuf. pnf;Hk;&rnfh ypfrSwfonf jynfol@0efxrf;jzpfygu xdka=unmcsuftm;a&;om;0g'jzef@ol onfjynfol@0efxrf;wOD; odk@r[kwf jynfol@0efxrf;rsm; yg0ifaomtoif;tzGJ@wckckrS udk,fpm;jyK a&;om;0g'jzef@csdr_rsdK;jzpf&ayrnf? xdkenf;wlpGmypfrSwfxm;pnf;Hk;&rnfholrsm;onf ausmif;om; jzpfygu ausmif;om;or*~rS a&;om;0g'jzef@csdr_rsdK;jzpf&rnf?

Oyrm? ? aqmifawmful; oeyfcg;rD;vyfpfpEdk;a=umfjimonfh a=umfjimcsufwckudkavhvm=unfh=uygpdk @ aqmifawmful;oeyfcg; odk@r[kwf rD;vyfpfpEdk;a=umfjimrS ypfrSwfxm;pnf;Hk;&rnfholrsm;onf touf (1314) tysdKabmf0if umpt&G,frsm;ESifh touf (3035) t=um; trsdK;orD;xkud k &nf&G,fayonf? xdka=umifh xdkt&G,ftrsdK;orD;rsm; ESpfoufjrwfEkd;zG,fjzpf

avmufonfh xuf xufrdk;OD; odk@r[kwf arqGdwdk@uJhodk @aom kyf&Sifrif;orD;acsmrsm;/tqdkawmfrsm;ud k xdk0g'jzef@csda&; ydk pwmwGif t"du Zmwfaumiftjzpf toHk;jyKayvdrfhrnf?xdkkyf&Sifrif;orD;rsm;/ tqdkawmfrsm;rS aqmifawmf ul;oeyfcg; odk@r[kwf rD;vyfpfpEdk;vdrf;IrsufESmb,favmuf 0if;yacsmrGwf vSyvm a=umif;/ pdwfESvHk;=unfvif &$ifvef;vma=umif;/aqmifawmful;oeyfcg; odk@r[kwf rD;vyfpfpEdk;wGif wu,f&Sdonf h t&nftaoG;xuf ydkrdkonfht&nftaoG;rsm; &Sdonf[k ypfrswftrsdK;orD;xkrS ,Hk =unfvufcHoGm;atmif xdk0g'jzef@csda&;ydkpwmtm; a&;qJGxm;onfudk awG@&ayrnf? ,if;rSom v#if trsdK;orD;xkrS aqmifawmful;oeyfcg; odk@r[kwf rD;vyfpfpEdk; 0,f,loHk;pGJr_ ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmay vdrfhrnf?

0g'jzef@csda&;ESifh ywfoufaom er_emyHkpHrsm;udk aemufqufwGJ (c) wGif=unfhl&efjzpfonf?

(c) trsdK;tpm;rsm;trsdK;tpm; (3)rsdK;&Sdonf?

(11) tjzLa&mif(White)wifjyoludk trSeftwdkif;az:jyonf? wifjyonfh ta=umif;tcsufrsm;onfvnf; trSef

wdkif;yifjzpfonf?Oyrm- etz . twkta,mif trsdK;om;nDvmcHESifh ywfoufaom trsdK;om;aumifpD. oabmxm;xkwfjyefcsuf?

(22) t!dka&mif(Gray)wifjyoludk trSeftwdkif; raz:jy/ trnf0Suf (uavmiftrnf) jzifhwifjyonf? wifjyonfh

ta=umif;tcsufrSm trSeftwdkif;jzpfonf? rSwfwrf;r&SdbJvnf; jzpfEdkifonf? (uavmif0Suf trnfwckjzifh rqv/ e0w/ etz. rl;,pfaq;0g;tr_wGif yg0ifywfoufonfhta=umif; a&;aomaqmif;yg;)

(33) teufa&mif(Black)wifjyoludk &nf&G,fcsufjzifh zHk;uG,fxm;onf? wifjyonfh ta=umif;t&m trSeftwdkif;

jzpfcsifrSvnf;jzpfrnf? trsm;u jzpfEdkifonf[k xifjrif,lqEdkifaom tcsufrsm;vnf;yg0ifonf? t

rSefw0uf rrSefw0ufvnf; jzpfEdkifonf? t"durSm rdrd&efolY jy\emwufap&ef &nf&G,fonf?


21/36

(Oyrm- ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;ESifh wdkufcdkufa&;wyfrsm;t=um; txiftjrifvGJrSm;ap&efa&;om;aom aqmif;yg;/ 0wWK/ owif;rsm;ESifh aumv[vrsm;) txufyg 0g'jzef@csda&;enf;vrf;rsm;udk aocsm avhusifhr_ r&SdbJ usifhoHk;yg u tEW&m,f&SdEdkifonf? jy\emwufEdkifonf?rdrdvkyf}uH owif;rsm; ygu ,Hk=unfr_vnf; usqif;vmwwf onf?

tydkif; (2) 0g'jzef@csda&; oDtdk&D(u) &nf&G,fcsufjynfolt=um;Y tjyKtrlwckck jzpfvmap&ef&nf&G,fonf?(c) 0g'jzef@csda&;rvkyfrD tajctae

(Pre-Propaganda)

,if;tajctaeY 0g'jzef@csda&;. wdusaom &nf&G,fcsufudk qHk;jzwfxm;&ef vdktyfonf?(11) v_H@aqmfjcif; (Agitation) jzifh aygufuGJtHk=uGvmap&ef &nf&G,fovm;?

(22) pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_(Integration) &Sd&Sdjzifh wufwuf=uG=uG tvkyfvkyfvmap&ef &nf&G,fovm;[lonfh tcsuf (2)ckteuf wckckudk a&G;cs,fxm;&ef vdktyfonf?

(*) 0g'jzef@csda&;yHkpH(11) a'gifvdkuf(Vertical)txufrSatmufodk @ pD;qif;aom 0g'jzef@csda&;yHkpH jzpfonf? tm%m&Sif ,EW,m;wGiftoHk;jyKonf?(22) tvsm;vdkuf(Horizontal)tvsm;vdkuf 0g'jzef@csda&;udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef @ toHk;jyK=u+yD; txda&mufqHk;vnf;jzpfonf? avhvmcsufrsm;t& armfpDwkef;OD;aqmifonfh wkwfjynfawmfvSefa&; umvtwGif;u yifau'grsm;arG;jrL=u+yD; vlxkt=um;wGif jrSKyfES@Hum tzGJ@tpnf;. 0g'vrf;pOfoabmxm;rsm; jynfol=um;xJwpdrfhpdrfh pD;0ifysH@ESH@apcJhonfudk awG@&Sd&onf? tvm;wlyif vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmif+yD; awmfvSefa&;buf. rlvrf;pOf oabmw&m;wdk@udk jyef@yGm;aponf? v,form;or*~/ tvkyform;or*~ESifh trsdK;orD; tpnf;tHk; ponfwdk@rSwqifh jyef@yGm;apaom enf;rsm;jzpfonf?

tydkif;(3) 0g'jzef@csda&;wGif owdjyK&rnfhtcsufrsm;?(u) rnfonfhenf;jzifhjzpfap tqufrjywf 0g'jzef@csda&;onf ta&;}uD;onf?

rdrdypfrSwfudk pnf;Hk;&ef tjcm;ypfrSwf rxm;olrsm;udk rwdkufcdkufrdap&ef owdjyK&rnf?(*) owif;vG,ful&Sif;vif;&rnf? vdktyfonfxuf ydkrajym&?(C) rdrd&nf&G,fcsufudk t+rJwkH@jyefr_ jyefvnfcH,lI vdktyfyguenf;em ajymif;vJr_&Sd&ef vdk

tyfonf?(i) v_H@aqmfjcif;udkjyKonfh 0g'jzef@csda&;udk owd}uD;pGmxm;oifhonf? if;0g'jzef@csda&;rsdK;

onf wzuf&efoltm; rkef;wD;r_udk tajccH+yD; ypfrSwftm; pnf;Hk;onfh pnf;Hk;&vG,fulonfh enf;jzpfonf? jy,k*f (jy\emaumif) udk&Sm+yD; vlxk.cHpm;csufud k toHk;csum pnf;Hk;a&;rsdK;jzpfonf?(Oyrm/ wkwf-Arm t"duk%f;uJhod k@)? odk@aomf vlr_taqmufttHkudk ysufpD;apwwf+yD; lyfaxG;

wwfonf? &yf&efcufcJwwf onf?(p) tjyKoabmaqmifaom 0g'jzef@csda&;rsdK;udk t+rJtmHkxm;oifhonf?


22/36

3? pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;qdkif&m u|rf;usifr_tzGJ@wck/ toif;yif;wckjzpfvmygu pDrHcsufrsm;onf rvGJraoG&Sdvmrnfjzpf+yD; jy\em

rsm;vnf; tenf;ESihftrsm; }uHKawG@vm=urnfjzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufyGJ0ifol &Jabmfw

a,muftaejzifhvnf; jy\emrsm; &ifqdkif}uHKawG@&Edkifonf? xdkodk @ tzGJ@tpnf;vdkufjzpfap/ wOD;csif;tvdkufjzpfap jy\emrsm;ud k &ifqdkif}uHKawG @vm=uaomtcg xdkjy\emrsm;udk atmifjrifpGmausmfv$m;vGefajrmufEdkifa&;twGuf atmufazmfjyyg pepfwus jy\emajz&Sif;jcif; enf;pepfudktoHk;jyKEdkif&eftwGuf avhvmod&Sdxm;&efvdk tyfayonf? jy\emajz&Sif;jcif;vkyfenf;tqifhqifhjy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ausmfv$m;onfh tawG@tuHrsm; &Sdvmonfh EkdifiHa&;tHwkwdkufyGJ0if&Jabmfrsm;onf rdrdudk,frdrd ,Hk=unfr_vnf;ydkI wnfaqmufvmEkdif=u rnfjzpfonf?

(1) jy\emajz&Sif;jcif; (Problem Solving)

jy\emajz&Sif;jcif;onf Hk;tr_xrf;rsm; avhvmqnf;yl;zG,f&m vkyfenf;tqifh (StaffStudy Format) jzpfonf? jy\emudk t"dyg,fzGifh&efESifh taumif;qHk;vkyfaqmif&rnfh vkyfaqmifcsufwckudk qHk;jzwfcsufcsonfhtqifhxd &&Sd&eftwGufom Tjy\em ajz&Sif;jcif;udk tokH;y&rnfjzpfonf? Tjy\em ajz&Sif;jcif;tcef;udk avhvm&m wGif aemuftcef;jzpfonfh pDrHcsufa&;qGJtaumiftxnf az:jcif; (Planning Format) udk qufpyf avhvmxm;&efjzpfonf? odk@r[kwfygu jy\emajz&Sif;jcif;ESifh pDrHcsufa&;qGJjcif;wdk @ a&maxG;oGm; Edkifygonf? jy\emajz&Sif;jcif;vkyfenf;tqifhqifhjzifh ajz&Sif;&&Sdvmaom qHk;jzwfcsufudk taumif txnfaz:&eftwGuf pDrHcsufa&;qGJ taumiftxnfaz:jcif; vkyfief;pOfjzifh qufvufaqmif&Guf &efjzpfonf? pDrHcsufa&;qGJ

taumiftxnfaz:jcif; vkyfief;pOfonf qHk;jzwfcsuf. &nf&G,fcsuf ayguf ajrmufatmifjrifap&efESifh tcsif;t&mwckck jzpfvmap&eftxd aqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf?jy\emajz&Sif;jcif;wGif aomfvnf;aumif;/ pHrHcsufa&;qG J taumiftqnf az:jcif;wGif

aomfvnf; aumif;/ ,if;wdk@ wckcsif;pDwGif yg0ifaom tqifhrsm;tm; wckESifhwck qufpyfr_xm;&Sd&rnf? t,ltqz vS,fjcif;/ owif;zvS,fjcif;/ ar;cGef;rsm;ar;jcif;/ ppfaq;jcif;wdk @ yg0ifapvsufaqmif&Guf&onf? ,if;uJhodk @ aqmif&Guf&jcif;rSm t}uHjyKjcif; (rSwfcsufjyKjcif;) trSeftuefjzpfap&efESifh pDrHcsuf. &nf&G,fcsuf aygufajrmufatmifjrif ap&efjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif jy\emESifh pDrHcsufwdk@ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvuf rsm; pkaqmif;xdef;odrf;xm;&ef vdktyfonf? ,if;tcsufudktaumiftxnfaz:&eftwGuf acgif;aqmifrsm; u Hk;tr_xrf;rsm;udk wGef;tm;ay;&rnf?tu,fI txufygtcsufudk vspfvsLlygu jy\emajz&Sif;jcif;ESifh pDrHcsufa&;qGJ taumiftxnfaz:jcif;wdk@ udk ajz&Sif;aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf csOf;uyf&rnfhvrf;a=umif;udk od&Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs?jy\emajz&Sif;jcif; vkyfenf;tqifhrsm;-1? jy\emaz:jycsuf (bmjy\emvJ)/2? cef@rSef;jcif; (b,fvdkxifjrif,lqovJ)/3? tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;/4? aqG;aEG;jcif;/5? aumufcsuf (odk@) ed*Hk;csKyfcsufqGJjcif;/

6? t}uHjyKcsif; (odk@) rSwfcsufjyKjcif; (Recommdndation)


23/36

(u) vkyfoifhjcif; (Suitatility)(c) vkyfEdkifjcif; (Feasibility)(*) vufcHEdkifbG,f&Sdjcif; (Acceotibility)[lonfh rSwfausmuf (3)ckjzifh prf;oyfum t}uHjyKcsufudk csrSwf&rnf? (&nf&G,f

ar#mfvifhxm;csufudk vufcHEdkifHkru tu,fI rar#mfvifhbJ tqHk;tH;}uHKygu vnf;vufcHEdkifjcif; &Sd&ayrnf? ) jy\emajz&Sif;jcif; vkyfenf;tqifhrsm; &Sif;vif;pGm oabmaygufap&eftwGuf jy\emrsm;udk yHkpHjyKI avhvm=u& rnfjzpf onf?

jy\em(1)vlwa,mufonf ae@pOf naebufa&mufwdkif; acgif;udkufvsuf&Sdonf? xdkolonf acgif;

udkufjcif; jy\emudk (tufpfy&if) aq;ESpfjym; ae@pOfaomufI ajz&Sif;aeonf? odk@aomfxdkolaq; aomuf+yD;aemuf oufomovdkvdk&Sdaomfvnf; naewdkif;yHkrSef acgif;jyefudkufavh&Sdonf

trSefrSm xdkolonf jy\em. t&if;tjrpfudk ajz&Sif;aejcif;r[kwfyJ jy\em. vuQ%mudkomajz&Sif;aejcif;jzpfonf? xdkolonf yg0grsufrSefwyfqifxm;olvnf;jzpfonf? xdkol. acgif;udkufjcif;jy\emudk ajz &Sif;=uygpdk@?

(1) jy\emaz:jycsuf? ? acgif;udkufjcif;. ta=umif;t&if;udk tajz&Sm&ef/(2) cef@rSef;jcif;? ? r&Sd/(3) tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;? ? acgif;udkufjcif;udk jzpfapEdkifonfh tcsufrsm;rSm-

(u) tdyfa&;ysufjcif;

(c) rGef;=uyfr_(*) iSufzsm;(C) tat;rdjcif;(i) wkyfauG;(p) tzsm;(q) aq;vdyftaomufrsm;jcif;(Z) t&ufemusjcif;(ps) rsufpdudkufjcif;(n) 0rf;csKyfjcif;() pmzwfI odwfraumif;?

(4)aqG;aEG;jcif;(u) aumif;aumif;tdyfaysmfw,f(c) ol@ywf0ef;usif taetxm;u ol@udkoufawmifhoufom&Sdapw,f(*) iSufzsm;r&Sd(C) tat;rd/ wkyfauG;tzsm;r&Sd(i) aq;vdyftenf;i,faomuf(p) t&ufjzwfxm;wm wvavmuf&Sd+yD

(q) rsufpdaq;ppfxm;wm ig;ESpfawmif=umcJh+yD


24/36

(Z) tpmausnufvG,fulaponf tpmrsm;udkom pm;onfhtwGuf 0rf;rcsKyf?(ps) pmzwfrsm;I acgif;udkufovdkvdk&Sdonf?

(5) aumufcsuf (odk@) ed*kH;csKyfcsufqGJjcif;aqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk oHk;oyf=unfhaomtcg rsufpdudkufjcif;onf acgif;udkufjcif;udk jzpfay:

aponfh ta=umif;t&if;jzpfonfudk awG@&Sd&ayonf? aq;ppfxm;onfhtcsdef ig;ESpfcef@=umcJh+yDjzpfonfhtwGuf rsufpdvdktyfcsufESifh rsufrSefudkufnDr_&SdcsifrS&Sdrnf?(6) t}uHjyKjcif;

(u) rsufpdaq;ppfcH,l&rnf?(c) vdktyfv#ifrsufrSef0,f,l ajymif;vJwyfqif&rnf?txufygt}uHjyKcsufudk rSwfausmuf (3)ckjzifh prf;oyfcsrSwfjcif;jzpfonf?(1) vkyfoifhaom tvkyfjzpfonf?(2) vkyfaqmifEdkifaom tvkyfjzpfonf?

(tcsdef/ pma&;jcif;tvkyfudk acwWc%&yfxm;I aq;cef;&Sd&m +rdK@odk@c&D;xGufrnf?)( aiG/ a&'D,dk0,frnf[k pOf;pm;xm;+yD; aiG (2000) usyfudk toHk;jyK&rnf?)( yk*~dKvfa&;/ c&D;oGm;vma&;ESifh ywfoufI vdktyfaom }udKwifjyifqifr_rsm; jyKvkyfxm;&rnf?)

(3) vufcHEdkifzG,f&Sdonfh tvkyfjzpfonf?( usef;rma&;ESifhqdkifaom tvkyfudpPwpfckjzpfI tjcm;tvkyfudpPrsm;twGuf

vsmxm;onfh tcsdef/ aiG ponfrsm;udk pGef@v$wfI vufcHaqmif&Guf&rnf?)TonfrSm Oyrm wckomjzpfonf?

vkyfenf;tqifhqifhESifh ywfowfI xyfrH&Sif;vif;csuf?jy\emaz:jycsuf? ? jy\emudk rSefuef&Sif;vif;pGm az:jy&rnf?cef@rSef;jcif;? ? cef@rSef;jcif;udk trSefwu,fvdktyfrSom az:xkwfwifjy&rnf? cef@rSef;jcif;udk vGJrSm;pGmjyKvkyfrdygu qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;/ pDrHcsufa&;qGJ taumifxnfaz:jcif;rsm;wGif rsm;pGm'kuQa&muf Edkifygonf? cef@rSef;jcif;onf tcsuftvufuJhodk @ tcdkiftrmrwnf&SdapumrljzpfEdkifzG,f&mcdkifESkef; trsm; tjym;&Sdaom tcsufwckudk tcsuftvuftpm; cef@rSef;jcif;tjzpfowif;&,lxm; jcif;jzpfonf? pDrHcsuf a&;qGJolrsm;/ &Hk;tr_xrf;rsm;t=um; ajz&Sif;&rnfhjy\emESifhpyfvsOf;I tcsufwckonf ar;cGef;rsm;udk jzpfay:aeapjcif;ESifh ,if;tcsufudkaz:xkwfwifjy&efvdka=umif; txift&Sm;ay:vGifaecsdefwGif ,if;tcsufESifh ywfoufI cdkifrmaomowif;tcsuftvuf r&&Sdao;yg u cef@rSef;jcif;wGif xnfhoGif;&rnfjzpfonf? cef@rSef;jcif;rsm;pGmwdk@onf tem*gwftajctae tjzpf tysufrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom tcsuftvuf rsm;jzpfonf?

jy\emajz&Sif;jcif; udpP&yfwGif &moDOwkonf qufpyft}uHK;0if ywfoufvmyguxkd&moDOwkESifh ywfoufonfh tcsuftm;cef@rSef;jcif;wGif xnfhoGif;&avh&Sdonf? Oyrm tm;jzifh-nae zufwGifygwDyGJoGm;a&muf&ef &Sdonfhvlwa,muftwGuf xdkygwDyGJoGm;a&mufEdkifa&;rEdkifa&;onf rdk;onf; xefpGm &GmoGef;r_ay:wGif r_wnfaeygu rdk;&GmEdkif/ r&GmEdkifcef@rSef;xm;&rnf?xdktjyif jy\emw&yfudkjzpfap/ udpP&yfwckudkjzpfap ajz&Sif;aqmif&Guf&csdefonf aEGtukefrdk;tul;{+yD/ arv vdk rsdK;wGif jzpfaeygu rdk;&GmEdkifzG,f&Sdr&Sd cef@rSef;jcif;wGif xnfhoGif;&Edkifayonf?

rdk;av0oESif hZvaA' OD;pD;Xmersm;onf rdk;av0goESifh ywfoufI cef@rSef;jcif;jzpfom az:jyavh


25/36

&Sdonf? tcsuftvuft aejzifh wifjyavhr&Sday? cef@rSef;jcif;onf tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;jcif;r[kwfay? txl;*&kxm;I cef@ rSef;jcif;udk jyKvkyf&rnf?

tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;jy\emaz:jycsufESifh wdkuf&dkufywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkom pkaqmif;&

rnf? jy\emESifh wdkuf&dkufroufqdkifaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk rpkaqmif;&?vHk;0tajctjrpf&Sd+yD; rSefuefonfh tcsuftvufrsm;omjzpf&rnf?

aqG;aEG;jcif;?tcsuftvufrsm;ud k tpDtpOftvdkuf wcsufjcif;wcsufjcif; aqG;aEG;&rnf? tu,fI

aqG;aEG; &if;jzifh xyfrHawG@&Sdvmaom tcsuftvufudk tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif; tydkif;wGif xyfrHxnfhoGif;+yD;rS aqG;aEG;jcif;tydkif;udk tpDtpOftvkduf qufvufjyKvkyf&rnf? vdktyfygu cef@rSef;

jcif;udkvnf; xnfhoGif; aqG;aEG;&rnf?

aumufcsuf (odk@) Ed*H;csKyfcsuqGJjci;aumufcsufqGJonfhtcg aqG;aEG;jcif;tay:Yom tajcjyKI aumufcsuffqGJ&rnf? tcsuf

tvufESifh cef@rSef;jcif;tay: tajccHI aqG;aEG;xm;aom aqG;aEG;csufrsm;ESifh roufqdkifaom tcsufrsm;udk aumuf csufrqGJ&? (Oyrm- txufaz:jyyg acgif;udkufjcif; jy\emudk ajz&Sif;&mYrsuf rSefwGif zHkrsm;uyfaeI rsufpd udkuf+yD; acgif;udkufjcif;jzpfEdkifao;onfqdkonfh tcsufrsdK;aumufcsuf rqGJ& wckckESifh jyif;xefpGm wdkufrd xm;I acgif;udkufEdkifonf[kvnf;

aumufcsufqGJI r&ay?)

t}uHjyKjcif; (odk@) rSwfcsufjyKjcif;aumufcsuftay: tajcjyKI t}uHjyKcsufcsrSwf&rnf? rSwfausmuf (3)ckjzifh

prf;owfcsrSwf&rnf? txufyg jy\emajz&Sif;jcif; vkyfenf;tqifhrsm;udk tpDtpOftvkdufpepfwus usifh oHk;zefrsm;vm aom tcg jy\emrsm;udk }uHKawG@vmonfh tcsdefwdkif;rdrd.OD;aESmufxJwGif tvdk tavsmufvG,ful v#ifjrefpGm tpDtpOfwus wkef@jyefajz&Sif;Edkifaomt&nftaoG;rsm; &&Sdvmrnf jzpfonf?jy\em (2)(1) jy\emaz:jycsuf? ? e,fpyfjzwfausmfI EkdifiHa&;tHwkr_oifwef;vma&mufwufa&mufolEkdifiHa&; tHwkr_&JabmfwOD; jynfwGif;odk@ vHkcHpGm jyefvnfoGm;a&mufa&;udpP?(2) cef@rSef;jcif;? ? ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;rS ydkrdkar;jref;Ekdif? ppfaq;r_tenf;trsm;onftajymif;tvJ&SdEkdif?(3) tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;? ? (u) w&m;0ifwHwm;vrf;rS jyef&eftcuftcJ&Sd?

(c) wHwm;atmufvrf; (cdk;*dwf) rS jyefv#if 'DaubDat*dwftm; 500 usyfay;v#if tqifajyaeao;onf?

(*) tcsdefumvonfjynfwGif; (&efukef) Y AkH;aygufuGJr_jzpf+yD;

2 ywf t=umcef@wGifjzpfae?


26/36

(C) etz todtrSwfy trsKd;om;rSwfykHwifvufrSwf&Sd?(i) bmvmvkyfovJ[k tar;cH&&ef aocsmoavmuf&Sdae?(p) oifwef;vmwufolonf &efukefrS jzpf?

u&ifjynfe,ftwGif;rS r[kwfv#if ydkrdkppfaq;cH&?

(q) aiGa=u;ydkrdkokH;pGJEkdifygu um;'dkifbmtm; rnfokd@r#tar;cH&jcif;r&Sdap&ef ydkufqHydkay;I vkHcHoavmufeD;yg; c&D;oGm;vmEkdifonf? ,ckrl ,if;uJhokd@okH;pGJ&ef tcuftcJ&Sdae?

(ps) ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;wGif rJaqmufodk@oGm;onf[kajymv#iftzrf;cH&Ekdifonf? jr0wD&SdOD;av;odk@r[kwf aqGrsKd;wOD;OD;. tdrfodk@oGm;onf[k ajzv#iftqifajyEkdifonf? jr0wDrd@wGif 1 &yfuGuf 2 &yfuGuf 3 &yfuGufrsm;&Sdonf[k jr0wDrd@ESifhywfoufI A[kokw &Sdxm;oifh?(4) aqG;aEG;jcif;? ? tcsuftvufwcsufcsif;tm; aqG;aEG;jcif;? tjyeftvSef

qufpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;rsm; yvkyfonf?(5) aumufcsufqGJjcif;? ? jr0wDrd@&SdOD;av;wOD;. aetdrfodk @ oGm;a&mufvnfywfonf[kajzqdkoifh?(6) t=uHyjcif; (odk@) rSwfcsufyjcif;? ? 'DaubDab *dwfrS jyefI 500 bwfay;um jynfwGif;odk@jyef0ifoifhonf? vrf;wav#muf&Sd *dwfrsm;wGif jr0wDrd@&SdOD;av;wOD;. aetdrfodk@oGm;vnfonf[kajz&rnf? OD;av;onf &yfuGuf (1) wGif aeonf[k ajz&rnf?

jy\em(3)(1) jy\emaz:jycsufjrefrmjynf'Drdkua&pD awmfvSefa&;wGif vlxkrSwuf=uGpGmyg0ifvmap&ef aqmif&GufEdkifaom

enf;vrf;udk&SmazG&ef(2) cef@rSef;jcif;(u) jynfol (80)&mcdkifESkef;cef@ yg0ifvmEdkifonf?(c) acgif;aqmifr_ wjznf;jznf;aumif;vmEdkifonf?(*) aiGa=u;vdktyfcsuf&SdEdkifonf?(C) vlxkrSEdkifiHa&; tefwkwdkufyGJudk taumiftxnfaz:&mY &efolaxmufvSrf;a&;

twm; tqD;rsm; }uHKawG@&Edkifonf?(3) tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;

(u) vlxk}uD;Y (8)av;vHk;qENjyyGJ}uD;wGif yg0ifcJhaom tawG@t}uHK&Sdonf?(c) EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufyJGrsm;ESifh qufpyftaumiftxnfazmf&rnfh ppfa&;wdkkufyJGrsm;Y vl

xkw&yfvHk; yg0if&rnfhta&;onf vufawG@tuef@owfrsm;&Sdonf? vloef;rsm;pGm yg0ifEdkifaomwdkufyJGonf EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufyJGjzpfonf?

(*) pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;aom vkyfief;jzifh EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufyJGudk pwifEdkif?(C) 0g'jzef@csda&; vdktyfvsuf&Sdonf?(i) vlxkESifh xdawG@pnf;&Hk;&rnfh ajymufusm; vufeufudkif 0g'jzef@csda&;tzJG@rsm;jzifh EdkifiH

a&;tefwkvkyfief; rsm;jyKvkyfEdkifonf?


27/36

(p) jynfwGif;rSEdkifiHa&;wuf=uGol 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;u vlxkESifhxdawG @ qufpyfumEdkifiHa&;tefwk vkyfief;rsm;jyKvkyfEdkifonf?

(q) EdkifiHwum. EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;tay: udkifwG,f aqmif&Gufr_yHkpHrsm; ajymif;vmaeonf?

(4) aqG;aEG;jcif;(u) rS (q) txd

(5)aumufcsufcsjcif;(u)vloef;aygif;rsm;pGm aqmif&GufEdkifonfh EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_wdkufyJGtm; pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;aom enf;emrsm;jzifhpwifxm;Edkif&ef ajratmuftzJG@rsm;rSwqifh }udK;yrf;oifhonf?(c) awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh vlxkESifhxdawG@edkifonfhae&mrsm;/ e,fajrrsm;Y vufeufudkif 0g'jzef@csda&;vkyfrsm;jzifh jynfolvlxkrS EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufyGJ0ifvmatmif pnf;&Hk;ynmay;oifh?

(*) 0g'jzef@csda&;udk wdk;jrSifhaqmif&Gufoifh?(C) jynfwGif;rS EdkifiHa&;wuf=uGol 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;. wdkufyJG0ifaer_tm; rsufajcr jywfavhvmItuif;yg;pGm qufpyfxm;oifh?

(6) t}uHjyKjcif;?(u) EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_ oifwef;rsm;zGifhvSpf&rnf? jyef@yGm;atmifaqmif&Guf&rnf? 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoHrSvnf; EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_enf;emrsm; wdk;yGm;vmapa&;twGuf wdkufyGJtawG@t}uHKrsm;/ vlxktajctaersm;udk pepfwus avhvmokawoejyKvkyf az:xkwf&rnf?

(c) jynfwGif;rS EdkifiHa&;wuf=uGol 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkrsm;. wdkufyGJ0ifaer_tm; rsufajcrjywfavhvmI tuif;yg;pGm qufpyfxm;&rnf? awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm; taejzifh xdawG@Edkifaomjynfolrsm;tm; pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh wdkufyGJ0ifvmatmif ynmay;&rnf?Todk@pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh pwifwdkufyGJ0ifvmjcif;jzifh EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_wdkufyGJ wGifvlxkonf rdrdudk,frdrd,Hk=unfr_ taqmuftOD;wnfaqmufjcif; (Self-Comfidence Building) jyKvkyfvmEdkif=urnfjzpfonf? ajratmuftzGJ@rsm;rS wqifhvnf;jynfwGif;Y v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;&Sdvmap&efpGef@pm;r_enf;yg;aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh wdkufyGJ0ifvmatmif vlxktm; pnf;&Hk;ynmay;&rnf?(*) vdkif;aygif;pHk a&'D,dk toHv$ifhtpDtpOf (Multi Band Radio) wck&&Sdatmif }udK;yrf;& rnf?'DAGDbDudk wdk;wufaumif;rGefatmif }udK;yrf;&rnf? xda&mufaom 0g'jzef@csda&; enf;emrsm;udktpDtpOf&Sd&Sd xkwfv$ifh&rnf?

(2) pDrHcsufpDrHcsuftydkif;udk vufawG@pDrHcsufwck a&;qGJjcif;jzifh avhvm=u&rnfjzpfonf?ajymufusm;qENjyyGJpDrHcsuf(u) tajctae/ owif;(11) rdrd


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29/36

t*Fvdyf - jrefrm ESpfbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom a=uG;a=umfoHrsm;/ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;ygonfhpm rsufESm wpfrsufESmyg vufurf;a=umfjimrsm;/ uifr&mwpfvHk;ESifh zvifwpfvdyf/(a[majymyGJrsm;/ tcsdef=umrnfh qENjyyGJrsm;/ csDwufqENjyyGJrsm;twGufvufudkifavmfpyDumi,f)rsm; }udKwif&SmazG jyKvkyfpkaqmif;&ef?

qENjyolrsm;vdktyfaomc&D;oGm;vmr_rsm;twGuftokH;y&efoifhawmfaomyrm%&SdonfhaiGtwdkif;twmwck(jzpfEkdifv#ife,fpyftxdxGufcGmEkdif&eftwGufygxnfhoGif;wGufcsufay;oifh)

(33) atmufyga=uG;a=umfoH (3)&yfudk (L1/L2/L3) wdk @ E_wfwdkufusufrSwfxm;&ef/ tqdkyga=uG;a=umfoHrsm;rSm-ppftm%m&Sifpepfwdkufzsufa&; (wdk@ta&;- wdk@ta&;)'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&;&&Sda&; ( wdk@ta&;-wdk@ta&;)vlxktpdk;&ay:xGef;a&; (wdk@ta&;- wdk@ta&;)

xdktjyif a=uG;a=umfoHrsm;ud k t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhvnf; a=uG;a=umfEdkif&ef }udKwifIwdkifyif

udkufxm;&rnf? xdka=uG;a=umfoHrsm;rSm-Free Burma.

We Want Democracy.Support Daw Aung San Suu Kyi.txufyga=uG;a=umfoHrsm;onf a,bk,sa=uG;a=umfoHrsm;omjzpfonf? tuef@towf

jzif h jyKvkyfaom qENjyyJGwckcsif;pDY uef@owf&nfrSef;csuf/awmif;qdkcsufESifha=uG;a=umfoHrsm;&Sd&rnf jzpfonf? ,if;wdk@udkum; qENjyyJGusif;yolrsm;utajctaeESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm }udKwifaqG; aEG; csrSwfxm;&rnfjzpfonf?

(44) (02) rS qENjyyJGtm; rSwfwrf;wif"mwfyHk&dkufxm;&eftwGuf vdktyfaom uifr&m

zvifrsm; pk aqmif;xm;&rnf? rSwfwrf;wif"mwfyHk owif;rsm; BBC/VOA/DVB/RFA tp&Sdonf h owif; avmursm;odk @ a&muf&Sda&;twGuf tquftoG,frsm;udk(01). nGef=um;csuf ESifhtnDaqmif&Guf xm;&ef?

(55) qENjyyJGusif;yrnfh oifhawmfaomae&m/ tcsdef/ vHk+cHKr_ paomaqmif&GufzG,f&mrsm;udk(01) rStzJG@0ifrsm;ESifh ndSEd_if;qHk;jzwfxm;&ef?

(cc) taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufjcif;(11) ajymufusm;qENjyyJGtm; (27-3- )ae@/eHeuf(9)em&DY r[mAE


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vufurf;a=umfjimrsm; tjrefjzef@a0jcif;/ vltkyf=um;xJjzef@usJjcif;wdk@udk tjrefjyKvkyfyg? (5)rdepftwGif; qENjyyJGtm; &kyfodrf;I udk,fa,mifazsmufxGufcGm&ef?

(66) qENjyyJGusif;ypOf tcsdefwdktwGif;Y (02) onf rdrd ajymufusm;qENjy&Jabmfrsm;(/L1/ L2/L3)rS aps;(odk@)vrf;qHkuJhod k@ vlxkxlxJaomae&mwGif qENjyjzpfygu vlxkaemufcH(Back Ground) xm;I qENjyaeyHktm; xdxdrdrd rSwfwrf;wif "mwfyHk&dkuf&ef?

(**) jyefvnfzJG@pnf;jcif;(11) ajymufusm;qENjyyJG+yD;aemuf }udKwifowfrSwfxm;aom oifhawmfonfhae&m (P1)

wGifjyefvnfpkqHk&ef? pkqHkrnfhae&mudk(P1/P2)ESpfqifhowfrSwfxm;+yD; pkqHkEdkif&ef }udK;yrf;&rnf?(22) vHk+cHKa&; tajctaet& tEW&m,f&Sdvmygu awmfvSefa&;e,fajrodk @ xGufcGm&ef vdk

tyfaom qENjyol (/L1/ L2/L3) wdk@oHk;OD;teuf rnfolrqdk xGufcGmEdkif&ef (O1) rS vrf;nGefxm;&rnf?

(33) vHk+cHKa&;tajctae aumif;ygu yHkrSeftwdkif;qufae=u&efjzpfonf?

(44) (O2) &dkuf,lvmaom owif;"mwfyHk ponfwdk@udk(O1) rS}uD;=uyfvsuf EdkifiHwumowif;avmuodk @ tjrefa&muf&Sdap&ef aqmif&Guf&rnf? &efukef/ jr0wD/ rJaqmuf vrf;rSjzpfap/oHwrefowif&yfuGufrSjzpfap/ acwfrDqufoG,fa&; enf;vrf;rsm;jzifhjzpfap tjrefydk@aqmif&rnf?(O1,O2) yg0ifaom pnf;&Hk;a&;uGef,ufudk toHk;jyKydk@aqmif&rnf?

tydkif;(2)wm0efcJGa0jcif;(uu) (O1) onf v_yf&Sm;r_wckvHk;. tzJG@acgif;aqmiftjzpf wm0ef,l&rnf? qENjyyJGwGif

ryg0ifay?

(cc) (O2) onf 0g'jzef@csda&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif wm0ef,l&rnf?(**) (L1)onf ajymufusm;qENjyyJG. tzJG@acgif;aqmiftjzpf wm0ef,l&rnf?

(C) tkyfcsKyfa&;/ axmufyHha&;(11) tzJG@acgif;aqmif(O1)rS v_yf&Sm;r_ taumiftxnfazmfaepOftwGif; owif;vHk+cHKr_/

tpDtpOfuser_/&kyf0wKypPnf; jynfhpHkr_rsm;twGuf t+rJ}uD;=uyfae&rnf?(22) v_yf&Sm;r_tzJG@0ifrsm; a=umuf&GH@r_ r&S dapa&;/ rdrdudk,frdrd ,Hk=unfr_ &Sdapa&;twGuf

pnf;&Hk;&rnf? pHjyaqmif&Guf&rnf? (O1) onf pDrHcsufw&yfvHk;udk tzJG@0iftm;vHk;tm; &Sif;vif;today;xm;&rnf?

(33) ajymufusm;qENjyyJG usif;ypOfY acgif;aqmifwm0ef,l&rnfh(L1)

onf qENjyyJGatmifjrif+yD;ajrmufapa&; twGuf rdrdudk,frdrd ,Hk=unfr_&Sd&Sd &J&J0Hh0hH OD;aqmif&rnf? tzJG@0iftm;vHk;tm; wm0efudk,fpDay;xm;I qENjyyJGwGif &J0Hhwuf=uGpGm yg0ifaeatmif pnf;&Hk;xm;&rnf?

(i) qufoG,fa&;(11) ajymufusm;qENjyyJG aumiftxnfazmfpOfumvY v_yf&Sm;r_tzJG@0if tcsif;csif; (zdk;eD -

barmif)[lonfh tjyeftvSef pum;0Sufjzifh qufoG,f=u&ef?(22) zkef; (012964) udk toH k;jyKI pum;0Sufjzifh (O1) tm;qufoG,f=u&ef/

zkef;twGif;YqufoG,fr_ vkyf&HkrSwyg; v_yf&Sm;r_ta=umif;udk vHk;0 (vHk;0) raqG;aEG;&ef/ vHk+cHKr_&Sdaom ae&mYom aqG;aEG;&ef?


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(33) qENjyyJGt+yD;Y vHk+cHKa&;tajctaepdwfrcs&ygu awmfvSefa&;e,fajrtwGif;odk @ xGufcGmEdkifa&;twGuf(O1,O2) wdk@yg0ifaom pnf;&Hk;a&;uGef,uf. qufoG,fr_pepfudk toHk;jyK&eft wGuf(O1) rS wduspGm nGef=um;xm;&ef? rSwfcsuf? ? pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;pGmjzifh jyKvkyfEdkifjcif;/yg0ifEdkifrnfholrsm; &Sdaeao;jcif; tay:rlwnfI qENjyyJGtiftm;udk tajctaet&

twdk;tavsmhjyK vkyfEdkifygonf? tu,fI tiftm; wdk; jrSifhjyKvkyfygu wdk;wufvmaomtiftm;ESifhtnD pDrHcsuf tm;vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm jyifqifa&;om;&rnf?

pDrHcsuf(u) tajctae/ owif;(11) rdrd(22) &efol(c) tzJG@/ &nfrSef;csuf/ wm0ef

(b-ajcmufvHk;)

(*) vkyfaqmifjcif;tydkif;(1)(uu) jyifqifpkzJG@jcif;(cc) taumiftxnfaz:aqmif&Gufjcif;(**) jyefvnfzJG@pnf;jcif;tydkif;(2)

wm0efcJGa0jcif;(C) tkyfcsKyfa&;/ axmufyHha&;(i) qufoG,fa&;pDrHcsuftcef;ESifhywfoufonfh taxGaxG(1)

owif;ay;rsm;/ axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;. ajc&mcHr_vdkufvHzrf;qD;r_rsm;udk ausmfv$m;Edkif&ef}udK;yrf;jcif;? Tae&mwGif wifjyvdkonfrSm toHk;jyKEdkifbG,f&Sdaom en;fvrf;tcsKd@udk wifjyxm;jcif;omjzpfygonf? aocsmayguf vGwfajrmufrnf[k tmr rcHEdkifay/ ajymufusm;qENjyyJG usif;olrsm;taejzifh vHk+cHKa&;tajctae pdwfrcs&r_a=umifh e,fpyfodk@ xGufcGmvGwfajrmufjcif;udk atmifjrifpGmaqmif&GufEdkif&ef wpHkw&m tcuftcJ&Sdayonf? +rdK@wGif;Yyif wwfEdkifoavmufvSnfhywfa&Smif&Sm; um rdrd.vGwfajrmufr_udk twwfEdkifqHk; }udK;yrf;&rnfh tajctaersKd;udkydkrdk}uHKawG@&rnfjzpfonf? xdka=umifh ,if;uJhodk @ vSnfhywfa&Smif&Sm;&v#if atmufygenf;tcsKd@udktoHk;jyKvdku toHk;jyKEdkif&ef t}uHjyKwifjyxm;jcif;omjzpfonf?

(11) rdrdaemufwGif ajc&mcHvdkufaeaom owif;ay;&Sdonf[k oHo,&Sdygu taqmuftOD;rsm;. rSefrsm;/ tvSukefypPnf;qdkifrsm; 0,f,l[efjzif h toHk;jyKEdkifonfh rSefrsm;/&kyf&Sif&Hk/ ukefwdkufponfh vltrsm;oHk;ae&mrsm;rS tdrfomrsm;wGif &SdwwfonfhrSefrsm; ponfwdk@udk toHk;jyKIrSefxJwGifaemufodk@ESpf}udrf (odk @) oHk;}udrf xyfcgxyfcgawG @&ygu rdrdaemufod k@ ajc&mcHvdkufaeaomowif;ay; odk@r[kwf axmufvSrf;a&;[k cef@rSef;Edkifjcif;?


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(22) rdrdaemufodk@vdkufaeaom owif;ay; odk@r[kwf axmufvSrf;a&;&Sd+yD[k odygubwfpf um;wpD;ay:odk@rdrdrS um;xGufcgeD; tjrefvdkufwufjcif;/ owif;ay; odk@r[kwf axmufvSrf;vdkuf wufvmygu a&S@wrSwfwdkifY um;&yf+yD; um;bD;vSdrfhpjyKum jyefpxGufcsdefum;t&Sdefjyif;jyif;ESifh rarmif;xGufrSD qif;aecJhum owif;ay;(odk @) axmufvSrf;a&;tm;

xdkum;jzifhygoGm;apjcif; xdk @ aemuf qef@usifzufodk @ OD;wnfoGm;aeaom (odk @) vdkif;eHywfrwlaombwfpfum;wpD;tm; ajymif;pD;jcif; vdktyfv#if wqifh+yD;wqifh ajymif;pD;Iajc&mazsmufjcif;?

(33) a,musfm;rsm;qHyifnSyfI&aom trsKd;orD;qHyifnSyfqdkif/ trsKd;orD;tvSjyifqdkifrsm;YqHyif0ifnSyfjcif;/ E_wfcrf;arG;/ trsKd;orD;tvSjyifqdkifY qHyif0ifnSyfjcif;/ E_wfcrf;arG;/ rkwfqdyfarG;rsm;qdyfarG;rsm;&Sdygu &Sif;vif;jcif;? (trsKd;orD; qHyifnSyfqdkifuJhodk @aom ae&mrsKd;tm; owif;ay;odk@r[kwf axmufvSrf;a&;u xl;xl;jcm;jcm; apmifh=unfhEdkifbG,f tvm;tvm enf;onf?)

(44) vlxktrsm;&Sdonfh ae&mrsm;jzpfonfh &kyf&Sif&Hkrsm;/ ADG'D,dk&Hkrsm;Y 0ifa&muf=unfh&_

tcsdefukefvGefapjcif;/ abmfvHk;yJG/ tm;upm;yJGrsm;odk@vnf; oGm;a&muf=unfh&_jcif;? rwwfomonfhtqHk; tzrf;cH&ygu vlxk=um;xJYtzrf;cHjcif;? &kyf&Sif&HkabmfvHk;yJG ponfhae&mrsm;wGif ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;rsm;taejzifh if;wdk@zrf;vdkoltm; zrf;qD;&efcufcJonf? if;wdk@zrf;qD;r_ jyKvkyfvdkufygu vltkyf}uD;&kwf&kwfoJoJjzpfoGm;+yD; vlxkqENjyyJG/ vlxkr+idrfroufr_rsm; jzpfvmEdkifudk if;wdk@a=umufvef@ayonf?

(55) aemufqHk;tzrf;cH&yguvnf; rdrd tzrf;cH&a=umif; rdrd&Jabmfrsm; tjrefqHk;odapEdkifonf h oauFwwckckudk ajymufusm;qENjyyJGodk@r[kwf EdkifiHa&;tefwkr_vkyfief;wckck rvkyfrDuwnf;u }udKwifndSE_dkif; owfrSwfxm;u tjrefqHk;odap&efvdktyfonf? etz ppftkyfpk axmufvSrf;a&;rS

rdrdtm;zrf;rdoGm;ygu rdrdESifh &Jabmf&Jbuf/ vkyfazmfudkifbufrsm; qufvuf tzrf;rcH&a&;twGufif;wdk@a&Smifwdrf;csdef/ vHk+cHKonfhae&mrsm;odk @ xGufcGmcsdef&atmif tenf;qHk; (24) em&Dcef @ etzaxmufvSrf;a&;wdk@. ESdyfpufr_udk }uH}uHcHxm;Edkif&ef tpGrf;ukef}udK;yrf; wdkufyJG0if&arrnf?

(66) OD;xkyfaqmif;jcif;/ cGswfjcif;/ OD;xkyfta&mif ponfwdk@udk toHk;jyKoauFwvkyfI rdrdwdk@tcsif;csif; tcsdef;csufjyKvkyfEdkifonf?csdef;qdkr_rsm;jyKvkyf&mwGif tcsdefwduspGm vma&mufawG@qHk=u&rnf? (ocifwifjy a&;om;onf h bHkb0rSmjzifh wGifyg0ifonfh ocifpdk;. zufqpfqef@usifa&;umv ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ta=umif;ud k avhvmzwf&_oifhonf?) pDrHcsuftcef;ESifhywfoufaom taxGaxG(2)a[majymyJ Grsm;/ xdkifoydwf/ &yfoydwfESifh csDwufqENjyyJGrsm; EdkifiHa&;tefwk

wdkufyJG0ifolrsm;taejzifh pGef@pm;r_enf;yg;pGmjzifh jyKvkyfaomvkyfief;rsm; (Low Risk Action)jzif h qEnjyyJGrsm;udk wqifh+yD;wqifh aqmif&Guf&mwGif yxrtqifhY tcsdefwdktwGif;

+yD;ajrmufaom tuef@towfrsm;onfh ajymufusm;qENjyyJG (Hit & Ryn

Demonstration) rsm;jzifh pwifwdkuf yJG0if&ayrnf? ,if;odk@ pwifwdkufyJG0if&if;jzifh rdrdudk,frdrd

,Hk=unfr_wnfaqmufjcif; (Self-Confidence Building) udk ydkrdkjyKvkyfvmEdkifjcif;ta=umufw&m;wpHkw&m avsmhusoGm;jcif;/ pGef@pm;EdkifpGrf; wdk;wufvmjcif;tay:rlwnfIajymufusm;qENjyyJGrsm;onf ,if;tqifhESifhjzifh &yf wef@+yD;ajrmufroGm;awmhbJtcsdefydkrdk=umjrifhvmaom/ vltiftm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;aom tuef @t owf ydkenf;oGm;aom

a[majymyJG/ xdkifoydwf/ &yfoydwf/ qENjyyJGrsm; tqifhxd wdk;wufa&muf&Sd oGm;atmif}udK;yrf;wdkufyJG0ifoGm;=urnfjzpfayonf?


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TuJhodk@wqifh+yD;wqifh wdk;csJ@vkyfaqmif&mwGif EdkifiHa&;tefwk wdkufyJG0ifolrsm;taejzifhatmufyg tcsufrsm;udk txl;owdxm;&ef aqmif&Guf&rnf?

(11) a[majymyJGrsm;wGif toHcsJ@puf (Speaker) rsm;ud k aocsmpGmxdef;csKyfjcif;/ etzowif;ay;/ axmufvSrf;a&;wd k@. vufxJodk@a&muf&SdroGm;atmif xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;/tb,fa=umifhqdkaomftoHcsJ@puf rdkufcGufudkifolrsm;onf qENjy/ a[majymyJGrsm;. trdef@ay;olozG,f jzpfoGm;Edkifaoma=umifh if;qENjyyJG. &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk ysufjym;aornfh a[majymr_rsm; jyKvkyfvmEdkifaoma=umifh if;EdkifiHa&;tefwk wdkufyJG0ifolwOD;OD;u tcrf;em;r;tjzpf tvSnfhus xdef;ausmif;&efvdktyfayonf? odk@rSom tcrf;tem; tpDpOfrsm;a[majymonfh rdef@cGef;rsm;udk OD;wnfcsufrSefrSef xdef;ausmif;Edkifayvdrfhrnf?

(22) a[majymyJGrsm; csDwufqENjyyJGrsm;wGif toHcsJ@pufESifh wyfOD;rSv$ifhxlaom cGyfa'gif;tvHawmfudk EdkifiHa&;tefwkwdkufyJG0ifol wOD;OD;u tcdkiftrm udkifaqmifcsDwuf&efvdkonf? odk@rSom etz owif;ay; (odk@) axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;u wyfOD;rStvHawmftm; 0ifa&mufudkifaqmif OD;

aqmifcsdDwuf+yD; owfuGif;twGif;/ vlxkr&Sdaom vlxkenf;yg;aomae&modk @ r#m;ac:onfh vrf;a=umif;ajymif; csDwufr_rsm;udk wm;qD;Edkifayrnf?

Tae&mwGif usaemfwdk @ ordkif;ocFef;pmwck xkwf,l&ef&Sdayonf?,if;rSm 1988

ckESpfrwfv (13) &ufae@wGif pwifjzpfyGm;aom &efukefpufr_wouUodkvf (RIT) ausmif;om;udkzkef;armf us qHk;r_ta&; ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ odk@oGm;a&mufyl;aygif;&ef }udK;yrf;onfh&efukefwuUodkv fESifhpD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvf ausmif; om;rsm; (16-3-88) ae@ tif;vsm;uefabmifwHwm;jzL jynfvrf;Y rqv vHkxdef;wdk @. &uf&ufpufpuf acsr_ef;cHvdkuf&onhf tjzpftysufjzpfygonf? aemufydkif;if;tjzpftysufudk wHwm;eD ta&;tcif;[k *k%fy ac:a0:=uygonf?

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ႏိုင္ငံေရးအန္တုမႈ (PD handbook revised )

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