- PapaCambridge International... · (c) Study Figs 3A and 3B, which are population pyramids for India. Fig. 3A shows information about the population in 2005. Fig. 3B is based on

This document consists of 12 printed pages and 2 Inserts.

SP (SM/CGW) T39734/7© UCLES 2008 [Turn over

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONSInternational General Certificate of Secondary Education

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen.You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Answer all the questions.You should read and study the sources before answering the questions.Insert 1 contains Photograph A for Question 2 and Insert 2 contains Fig. 8 for Question 3.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

*4790905135*

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 0453/02

Paper 2 October/November 2008

2 hours

Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper Ruler

www.XtremePapers.com

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1 (a) Study Fig. 1, which shows information about population growth in three countries.

1 750

1 500

1 250

1 000

popu

latio

n (m

illio

ns)

750

500

250

1950 1970 1990 2010 2030

projected figures

20502020 2000 1980 1960 2040 0

China

India

United States

Fig. 1

(i) What was the total population of India in 2000? [1]

(ii) How did the rate of growth of the population of the USA and India differ between 1950 and 2000? [1]

(iii) Identify one similarity and one difference in the pattern of population growth which is expected in India and China between 2010 and 2050. [2]

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(b) Study Fig. 2, which shows birth and death rates in India during the twentieth century.

1901

-191

1

1911

-21

1921

-31

1931

-41

1941

-51

1951

-61

1961

-71

1971

-81

1981

-91

1991

-200

10

10

death ratebirth rate

Key

rate

per

100

0 po

pula

tion

20

years

30

40

50

60

Birth and death rates in India 1901 to 2001

Fig. 2

(i) Between which years was the birth rate in India 46 per 1000 and the death rate 37 per 1000? [1]

(ii) Calculate the natural population growth rate of India between 1981 and 1991. You must show your calculations. [2]

(iii) Suggest possible reasons for the high birth rates in India during much of the twentieth century. [5]

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(c) Study Figs 3A and 3B, which are population pyramids for India. Fig. 3A shows information about the population in 2005. Fig. 3B is based on projected figures for 2050.

60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10

75-79 80+

0-4 5-9

10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44

Agegroup

45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74

Population (millions)

Male

Young dependents

Economically active

Old dependents

Female

0 0

2005

Fig. 3A

75-79 80+

Population (millions)

Male Female

0-4 5-9

10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74

60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0

Young dependents

Economically active

Old dependents

Agegroup

2050

Fig. 3B

(i) Which age group in 2005 had the largest number of both males and females? [1]

(ii) What evidence in the population pyramids suggests that:

A people will have a longer life expectancy in 2050 than they had in 2005;

B there will be a lower birth rate in 2050 than there was in 2005?[2]

(iii) How is the dependent population of India expected to differ in 2050 from what it was like in 2005? Support your answer with figures. [3]

(d) Suggest how the life expectancy is expected to change in developing countries during this century. Give reasons for your answer. [4]

[Total 22 marks]

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2 (a) Study Fig. 4, which shows rural to urban migration, a process involved in urbanisation.

Rural to urban migration

PUSH PULL

countryside city

Fig. 4

(i) What is rural to urban migration? [1]

(ii) Push and pull factors can be used to explain rural to urban migration. What is meant by push and pull factors? [2]

(iii) By referring to different push and pull factors, explain in detail why there has been a large amount of rural to urban migration in many developing countries. [6]

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(b) Study Fig. 5, which shows information about cities in India with a population of 2 million or more.

The population of cities in India

Jaipur

Lucknow

Kanpur

Ahmadabad Kolkata

Nagpur

Hyderabad

Bangalore

New Delhi

Pune

Chennai

0 500

km

Mumbai

Surat

2

4

4

2

4 2

4

N

2

4

2

2

4 2

4

2

4

6

2

4

6

8

10

2

4

6

8

10

12

2

4

6

2

popu

latio

n (m

illio

ns)

4

6Key

totalcity

population

populationliving inslums

2

4

6

2

4

Fig. 5

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(i) Estimate the total population of Bangalore. [1]

(ii) Rank the following cities in order of their population size. Rank from largest to smallest.

Kolkata Ahmadabad

Nagpur New Delhi [1]

(iii) Identify the city with over half of its population living in slums. [1]

(iv) Many people who have migrated to urban areas in developing countries, such as India, still end up with a poor quality of life. Suggest three reasons for this. [3]

(c) Study Photograph A (Insert 1), which shows slum housing in Mumbai.

(i) Imagine you were visiting the city shown in Photograph A, to make observations about the slum housing. Describe:

A the location of the homes shown in the photograph; [1]

B two features of the buildings in which people are living. [2]

(ii) Describe problems that people who live in the area shown may experience. [4]

[Total 22 marks]

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3 Study Fig. 6, which is about a study carried out in Jaipur, a city in India.

In many cities in India, slums have grown wherever there was space. Many have by now become so crowded that there is no longer room for new migrants to the towns or cities to build their homes. Therefore many new migrants live on pavements, or next to roads and railways. Most of them live in home-made shelters made of polythene sheets, cardboard, cloth or blankets, supported by tree branches or bamboo poles. A tap in the street is often their only source of water; a nearby street lamp the source of light and any unused space becomes a place to throw rubbish and human waste.

A piece of research was carried out to investigate the lifestyle of these people, who live on pavements and alongside roads in Jaipur. A total of 296 families were studied, which was a 10% sample. Interviews were used to find out information about the people and their families.

Fig. 6

(a) (i) In which city was this research carried out? [1]

(ii) Use the information in Fig. 6 to explain why many new migrants to this city live on pavements, or next to roads and railways. [1]

(iii) Suggest reasons why interviews were used for this investigation. [2]

(iv) What is meant by a 10% sample? [1]

(v) Give three different ways by which the sample of 296 families could have been chosen. [3]

(vi) Describe and explain any difficulties which you think the researchers might have had in carrying out these interviews. [4]

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(b) Study Fig. 7, which shows the states from which the people interviewed migrated to Jaipur. These states are shown in Fig. 8 (Insert 2).

State Number of migrants interviewed

Rajasthan

Gujarat

Haryana

West Bengal

Uttar Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh

Punjab

241

16

14

10

10

4

1

Fig. 7

(i) Present the data shown in Fig. 7 using a suitable method. You may use Fig. 8 (Insert 2) if you wish. If Fig. 8 is used, it must be handed in with your answer paper. [6]

(ii) Use Fig. 8 to suggest reasons why there were more migrants to Jaipur from Rajasthan than from West Bengal. [2]

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(c) Study Figs 9, 10 and 11, which show some of the results of the research carried out in Jaipur.

Main sources of water Main sources of lighting

0% 10%

20%

30%

publictaps

kerosenelamps

streetlights

nolighting

gaslamps

batterylamps

nearbyshops /houses

publichandpumps

publicwells

watertankers

40% 50%

60%

70%

80%

90% 0%

10%

20%

30%

40% 50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Fig. 9

Main type of work done by head of family

10

0

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

construction work

making and selling home-made items

blacksmith

% ofpeople

intervieweddecoration of trucks/buses

pulling rickshaws/trolleys

playing drum/pipe

statuette making

iron/rag pickingdigging and selling of sand by tractorsnake charmingpolishing shoes

other

Fig. 10

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Disposal of household rubbish

Thrown next to shelter

Thrown on the road

Burnt

Dumped at least 10 metres away from shelter

0 10 20 30

percentage of household waste

disp

osal

met

hod

40 50

Fig. 11

(i) What percentage of the families use water from public taps? [1]

(ii) What percentage work as blacksmiths? [1]

(iii) Name the method of presentation which has been used in each of Figs 9 and 10. [2]

(iv) The main conclusion of this research was that the quality of life of these new migrants to Jaipur was very low. Explain how the information shown in Figs 9, 10 and 11 supports this conclusion. [5]

[Turn over© UCLES 2008

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(d) Study Fig. 12, which shows information about four possible schemes being considered by the authorities of Jaipur to solve the problem of people living on pavements, or next to roads and railways.

JAIPUR METROPOLITAN AUTHORITY PLANNING DEPARTMENT

Scheme 1

Provide low-cost housingwith basic amenities onthe edge of the city.

Scheme 2

Give an area of land tothese people with a public washroom, piped water and toilets.

Scheme 3

Employ more police toprevent people fromliving on the pavements,and teams of council workers to clear rubbish.

Scheme 4

Give grants to farmers in the countryside so they can buy tools, fertilisers and irrigation pumps.

Fig. 12

Choose the scheme which you think will be most likely to solve the problem of people living on pavements, or next to roads and railways.

Explain your reasons for choosing this scheme. You should do this by describing the advantages of the scheme you have chosen and the disadvantages of the schemes you rejected. [7]

[Total 36 marks]

Copyright Acknowledgements:

Question 1 Fig. 1 © http://www.un.org/esa/population/pubsarchive/india/poptrend/.htm United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 1998 Revision, Copyright © 1999.Question 1 Fig. 2 © http://populationcommission.nic.in/facts1.htmQuestion 1 Figs. 3A & 3B © US Census Bureau.Question 2 Photograph A © Purnima Datt.

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2008