OutdoorIllinois September 200710 / OutdoorIllinois September 2007 viewing of white-tailed deer, wild turkeys and fall colors), were constructed by the CCC to provide water for young

8 / OutdoorIllinois September 2007 (Photo by Adele Hodde.)

September 2007 OutdoorIllinois / 9

As one of only four designated Illinois forests, not only does Big River State Forest offer visitors plenty of

park activities, but also a rich history lesson.

Towering Pines

Big River State Forest lives up toits name.

Located on the banks of themighty Mississippi, the Hender-son County facility provides vis-itors with miles of river-front forfishing, birding, boating andwatching barges. And turningaway from the river, stands of

towering pines mark one of four proper-ties owned by the state with the desig-nation of state forest.

But beyond the obvious, Big Riverholds an interesting history.

Sac and Fox Indians frequented thearea known as Oquawkiek, or YellowBanks, a term memorialized today in thename of Oquawka, the community 9miles south of the forest. Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak, or Chief Black Hawk, alsoclaimed the land as his home ground.

Local tradition holds that in May1832, Captain Abraham Lincoln lednearly 2,000 mounted men through thearea on their march to the Black HawkWar. Lincoln’s connection to the areacontinued in October 1858 when he andStephan A. Douglass visited Oquawka,

four days apart, during their now-famousLincoln-Douglass Debates.

Despite determined attempts, earlypioneers found the shifting, sandy soilsheld little promise for making a living. Sopoor were the soils that by the GreatDepression young men hired throughthe Civilian Conservation Corps werebrought to the area to plant pine trees tostabilize the soils. In 1928, the state ofIllinois purchased land to establish BigRiver State Forest as one of the firststate forests. Subsequent land purchas-es in the 1940s and in 1969, plus leaseson U.S. Army Corps of Engineers land,bring the total acreage managed by theDepartment of Natural Resources toapproximately 3,100 acres.

Story and Photos By Kathy Andrews

Today, historical remnants await park visitors.

At the park headquarters, one of twofire towers remaining in Illinois remindsus of a day when communication of emi-nent fire hazards required dedicatedstaff perched high above the forestcanopy. Constructed in 1941, the 60-foot steel tower is listed on the NationalHistoric Lookout Register. An adjacentwindmill, and four additional windmillsalong Windmill Road Scenic Auto Trail(a 15-mile gravel drive providing great

Pines, now towering 30 to 50 feet

over Big River State Forest, were

planted during the Depression to

stabilize the sandy soils.

Big River State Forest boasts miles

of river front for fishing, birding,

boating and barge-watching.

10 / OutdoorIllinois September 2007

viewing of white-tailed deer, wild turkeysand fall colors), were constructed by theCCC to provide water for youngseedlings, and now provide water for fireprotection purposes and watering holesfor wildlife.

Big Pines Hiking Trail, a 1.4-milemoderate to easy hike, traversesthrough the oldest pines in the forest. At1.6 miles, Lincoln Hiking Trail also israted a moderate to easy trail and fol-lows the route Lincoln’s militia menreportedly traveled. This trail passes apioneer cemetery with sandstone mark-ers dating to the 1700s.

As rich as the forest is in history, BigRiver visitors will not be disappointed bythe site’s natural history.

At the forefront of the sand communi-ty is the Big River Natural Area, a 535acre tract identified by the Illinois Natur-al Areas Inventory in 1976. Composedof dry sand savanna, dry-mesic sandprairie and dry sand habitats, the area issignificant because of the natural quality

and size of these communities, andbecause it is contiguous with other simi-lar habitat in the state forest.

Michelle Simone, district heritage biol-ogist, explained how management of thearea emphasizes the need to providehabitat for two state-endangered plants,the large-flowered beard tongue (Pen-stemon grandiflorus) and Patterson’sbindweed (Stylisma pickeringii), and astate-threatened snake, the westernhognose snake (Heterodon nasicus).

“Management of this natural areaincludes prescribed burning, removal ofwoody plants from the prairie and exoticspecies control,” Simone said. “These

practices are critical for maintaining thehigh-quality habitat that these uniquespecies require to survive.”

Prior to the CCC tree planting pro-gram, a mix of prairie and blackjack oakscrub forest once covered a consider-able portion of the area. Natural fires,and those ignited by the railroad linesrunning through the area, helped main-tain the communities.

At a glanceAddress: Big River State Forest,R.R. 1, Box 118, Keithsburg, IL 61442.Telephone: (309) 374-2496.Website: www.dnr.state.il.us/lands/landmgt/PARKS/R1/BIGRIVER.HTM.Directions: From the south, east orwest, Big River State Forest can bereached from Highway 164, taking theOquawka-Keithsburg blacktop road for 9miles north of Oquawka.Satellite Facilities: The 89-acreDelebar State Park is 1.5 miles north ofOquawka near Illinois Route 164 andhas a boat launch, fishing docks, camp-ing area (75 total sites), picnic shelters,playground and trails. The 28-acre Glad-stone Lake is the hub of the 85-acreHenderson County ConservationArea, offering bank anglers and boaterswith electric trolling motors the chanceto haul in a stringer of bluegill, redearsunfish, largemouth bass, crappie orchannel catfish. Camping (35 Class Csites), picnicking, hiking, ice fishing andice skating are among the other activi-ties available at Henderson County.Both sites are managed through BigRiver State Forest. Near Lock and Dam18, the Henderson Creek Access Areais a 500-acre waterfowl refuge with aboat launch and picnic area. Twenty-fivemiles north of the park office, CrossesCorner provides additional boat accessabove Lock and Dam 17.

Constructed in 1941 and standing at a

height of 60 feet, the fire tower over-

looks the forest canopy. At the time,

four windmills also provided water for

protection against forest fires.

Built using the tools and techniques

of the late 1800s, replica cabins

were from pine trees harvested

from the forest.

(Pho

toby

Bar

rieM

cVey

/DN

R.)

September 2007 OutdoorIllinois / 11

Barrie McVey. “It is amazing to watchprairie plant seeds, dormant in the soilunder the shade of pine trees for morethan 70 years, germinate and begin theprocess of restoring these native com-munities.”

Additionally, firewood cutters areallowed to obtain a permit from the parkoffice to harvest wood in designatedareas in the forest for $10 a pickup loadand approximately 200-300 logs areharvested each year for constructionpurposes. In 1999, volunteers with theNauvoo Restoration project cut pinelogs, hauling them from the forest usinghorses and chains, for the constructionof replica cabins within the nearby Mor-mon settlement.

Even with annual timber standimprovement projects, large expansesof pines remain, providing scenic back-drops for overnight and day-use visitors.

Big River provides diverse, year-round camping opportunities. Near thenorth boundary of the facility, 20 eques-trian camp sites provide easy access to

28 miles of designated horse trails, andan additional 40 miles of fire lanes areopen for trail riders. At Riverview Camp-ground, visitors may opt for one of the 15tent (Class D) sites situated on a sandybeach of the Mississippi, or one of 32Class C sites. Adjacent to that camp-ground and situated under the pines, theShady Pines Campground contains 21Class C sites, two picnic shelters (maybe reserved by calling the park officeafter January 1 each year), a horseshoepit and a playground. Additional ClassB/E, D and tent camp sites are availableat Delabar State Park, 7.5 miles south ofBig River. Some sites at each park maybe reserved by contacting the Big Riveroffice. Water is shut off at the camp-grounds in winter months, and hardy vis-itors are advised to call to the park officeto ensure weather conditions have notclosed campground roads.

Five picnic areas, including one eachat Campbell Slough and Putney’s Land-ing, provide tables, camp stoves, drink-ing water, scenic forest or river vistasand easy trail access for the day visitor.A second playground is available at BigRiver Shady Pines Campgrounds.

Boating, fishing and hunting also arepopular with park visitors. Whether toenjoy the sights along the river, water

Spanning approximately 3,100 acres,

Big River State Forest is known for

its nature preserve and diversity of

sand-community plants, including

several rare species.

(Pho

toby

Ade

leH

odde

.)

Today, much of the forest manage-ment plan focuses on a slow reversionback to original habitats.

“Our focus has shifted from annualreplanting of large numbers of pineseedlings to thinning out 5- to 20-acrestands each year,” said district forester

12 / OutdoorIllinois September 2007

set the prairie ablaze with color. Wintervisitors find quiet trails for cross-countryskiing through snow-draped pineboughs, bald eagles perched in a river-side tree, or, if snow levels permit, a sitefor an exhilarating snowmobile ride.Spring wildflowers bring color to theprairie, and the heat of summer finds vis-itors enjoying cooling breezes from thedeck of a boat or under fragrant pines.

Whether exploring the region for itshistory or natural resources, a stop atBig River State Forest will be a highlightof your next trip.

at the end of their hunts,” Newtonexplained. “In the spring, the forest isdivided into six sections, with turkeyhunters who have received a site-specif-ic permit trying their luck at calling agobbler into range.”

Early fall has 100 dove hunters draw-ing for a numbered post on opening day,after which they need only stop by theoffice daily to sign in and out. Fall turkeyand archery and shotgun deer huntinground out the offerings.

Big River State Forest holds seasonalvariety for visitors. In the fall, scrub oaks

A Brief GeologicHistory of theArea of Big RiverState Forest

Driving along or floating down theMississippi River, you may think of

past cultures that relied on the river forfood, shelter and transportation. Thisrich cultural history of the MississippiRiver Valley is the most recent reflec-tion of the complex and intriguing geo-logic history of the river and the area.The area of Big River State Forest,with its peaceful pine forests and river-side campgrounds, provides andexcellent opportunity to see the varietyof geologic materials and landformsthat have developed from the forces ofthe mighty Mississippi. Engineeredlevees, locks, and dams contain theriver in many places, but they are ulti-mately no match for the relentlessearth-moving power of the MississippiRiver through geologic time.

Almost all of what we see on theland surface near Big River State For-est today is a result of geologicprocesses that occurred during theQuaternary Period. During this time,continental-scale glaciers repeatedlycovered the area of Big River StateForest and altered the course of theMississippi River several times. Theriver was one of the major outlets forglacial meltwater, and the river’scourse today is very different fromwhat it has been in the past. Prior tothe most recent glaciation (about21,000 years ago) and during thetimes between older glaciations (120-150,000 years ago and >500,000years ago), the ancient MississippiRiver flowed southward toward thearea of the Quad Cities but turnedsoutheastward near Clinton, Iowa andflowed across the Green River low-lands to join what is now the IllinoisRiver near the great bend of the Illi-nois above Peoria. So, the valley ofthe lower part of the modern IllinoisRiver through central Illinois was origi-

nally covered by the ancient Mississip-pi River. During these times, theancient Iowa/Cedar river flowed south-eastward through Iowa and enteredwhat is now the modern MississippiRiver valley just south of Muscatine,Iowa. This river flowed through what isnow the area of Big River State Forestand joined the ancient MississippiRiver near St. Louis. During the mostrecent glaciation (about 21,000 yearsago), glaciers moved across Illinoisfrom the Lake Michigan basin anddammed the Ancient Mississippi Rivernear Hennepin in Marshall County.When this happened, a large lakeformed in the Green River lowlandsbetween the Quad Cities and Hen-

nepin. This lake ultimately spilled overinto the ancient Iowa/Cedar river val-ley and re-routed the Mississippi Riverinto its current path and through thearea of Big River State Forest.

Today in the Mississippi RiverValley, most of the landforms areassociated with events during andafter the most recent glaciation andstudying these landforms can helpunravel the geologic history. Forexample, terraces are the remains of

ancient floodplains formed at higherelevations when the river was chokedwith the sediment and water gushingfrom the melting glaciers. When theriver lost its abundant sediment sup-ply, due to glacier retreating, the riverdowncut and left behind terraces thatreveal the former river level. Theseflat, continuous surfaces are easy tosee near and in the forest. Parts of anold terrace are located high in theriver valley along the eastern bluff,particularly just north of Bald Bluff.This terrace is thought to be associat-ed with the re-routing of the AncientMississippi River about 21,000 to18,000 years ago. Big River StateForest is situated on a large, younger

terrace of the Mississippi River, whichformed between 18,000 to 12,000years ago. This terrace likely formedas the continental glaciers meltedback from Illinois, Wisconsin and Min-nesota for the last time, and the sedi-ment supply to the Mississippi Riverdecreased. The terrace is about 30feet above the current river level andis composed of thick, sandy, riverdeposits that are capped by large,wind-blown dunes that trend north-

west-southeast. These dunes likelyformed when large quantities of siltand sand were transported within theriver valley during the waning stagesof glaciation. Look for these dunes onthe east side of the Oquawka-Keiths-burg blacktop just south of the rangerstation and you will see an undulat-ing, sandy surface overlain by thepine forest. Approximately 20 feet ofthe same wind-blown silt and sanddeposits also lie atop Bald Bluff to theeast of the forest, and wood and otherorganic materials in these depositshave been radiocarbon dated to beabout 13,700 years old.

Another geologic feature, pre-served as a broad, low-lying valleylocated between the dune-coveredterrace and the eastern valley wall, isvisible when traveling from the stateforest toward Bald Bluff. This valley,called the Edwards River paleochan-nel, is an abandoned stream channelthat was active between 12,000 and10,000 years ago. It is filled withsandy stream deposits that includelayers of reddish-brown clay. Remark-ably, these clay beds reflect floodingevents that originated from the LakeSuperior region during the last glacierretreat. Ultimately, as glaciers retreat-ed further north out of Illinois andbeyond the Great Lakes Region about12,000 to 10,000 years ago, the Mis-sissippi River likely began its transitionfrom a glacial meltwater braided-riversystem to an island braided system,and by about 7,000 years ago, theriver had likely attained a channel pat-tern similar to the modern river.

The complex history of the Missis-sippi River and its valley is difficult tounravel, but it helps us understand theorigins of the beauty that we see in BigRiver State Forest and the surroundingarea. So, while hunting, camping, boat-ing or hiking in Big River State Forestlook for the evidence of an excitinggeologic history that made the parkwhat it is today.

— Compiled by Jason Thomason and Joan Jach of the Illinois State

Geological Survey

ski or to spend a day angling for sunfish,bass or catfish, boaters will find boataccess areas at Riverview Campground(low water can make access difficult partof the year) or a mile south of the camp-ground at Putney’s Landing.

According to Tony Newton, Big Riversite superintendent, sportsmen haveample opportunity to visit the forestthroughout the year.

“During the winter months, uplandgame and raccoon hunters sign in at thepark headquarters before venturingafield, and return to report their harvest

Sand dunes created by glacial deposits from the ancient

Mississippi River are readily evident throughout the area.