1 第二課 だいにか / CHAPTER 2 毎日 まいにち の生活 せいかつ : Our Daily Lives Goals and standards In this chapter, students will learn frequently used verbs, adjectives and adverbs to describe our daily lives using present and past tense. After successfully completing this chapter, you will be able to talk about your daily activities that are typical to college student life. The chapter begins with a dialogue where a student runs into another student and they talk about activities using the past, present and future. Part A: 会話 かいわ と単語 たんご (Conversation and Vocabulary) I. 会話 かいわ (Conversation) II. 単語 たんご (Vocabulary) Part B: Grammar and Practice I. Action Verbs II. Particles に 、で and を III. Adjective Types in Japanese: な and い adjectives IV. Frequency Adverbs V. Telling time VI. Numbers 11-99 Part C: I.漢字 かんじ (Kanji) 大学校先生人小日本川山月男女子 II.宿 題 しゅくだい (Assignment)
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1
第二課だ い に か
/ CHAPTER 2
毎日まいにち
の生活せいかつ
: Our Daily Lives
Goals and standards
In this chapter, students will learn frequently used verbs, adjectives and adverbs to describe our
daily lives using present and past tense.
After successfully completing this chapter, you will be able to talk about your daily activities that
are typical to college student life.
The chapter begins with a dialogue where a student runs into another student and they talk
about activities using the past, present and future.
Part A: 会話かいわ
と単語たんご
(Conversation and Vocabulary)
I. 会話かいわ
(Conversation)
II. 単語たんご
(Vocabulary)
Part B: Grammar and Practice
I. Action Verbs
II. Particles に 、で and を
III. Adjective Types in Japanese: な and い adjectives
IV. Frequency Adverbs
V. Telling time
VI. Numbers 11-99
Part C: I.漢字かんじ
(Kanji) 大学校先生人小日本川山月男女子
II. 宿 題しゅくだい
(Assignment)
2
I. 会話かいわ
Dialogue 2A-Dialogue
Reiko Yoshida runs into her friend Steven Miller and begin talking about a concert Steve
attended the previous week.
吉田よしだ
あ、スティす て ぃ
ーブンぶ ん
さん、ひさしぶりですね。元気げんき
ですか。
ミラみ ら
ー はい、おかげさまで。
吉田よしだ
あれ? スティす て ぃ
ーブンぶ ん
さん、それは何なん
ですか。
ミラみ ら
ー ああ、これですか? 先 週せんしゅう
の金曜日きんようび
にマンハッタンま ん は っ た ん
でジャズじ ゃ ず
のコンサこ ん さ
ートと
が
ありました。そのポスタぽ す た
ーです。
吉田よしだ
そうですか。コンサこ ん さ
ートと
はどうでしたか。
ミラみ ら
ー とてもよかったです。そして、ピアノぴ あ の
はとてもすばらしかったですよ。礼子れいこ
さ
んはジャズじ ゃ ず
を聞き
きますか。
吉田よしだ
はい、時 々ときどき
、ジャズじ ゃ ず
を聞き
きます。好す
きです。
ミラみ ら
ー そうですか。…あのう、明日あした
もロングアイランドろ ん ぐ あ い ら ん ど
でコンサこ ん さ
ートと
があります。…
いっしょに行い
きませんか。*
吉田よしだ
ええ、いいですよ。コンサこ ん さ
ートと
は何時なんじ
に始はじ
まりますか。
ミラみ ら
ー 午後八時ごごはちじ
に始はじ
まります。あのう…じゃあ、その前まえ
に僕ぼく
といっしょに晩ばん
ごはん
を食た
べませんか。*
吉田よしだ
それはいいアイデアあ い で あ
ですね。(Rekio notices the time) あっ!スティす て ぃ
ーブンぶ ん
さん、
ごめんなさい。もう十二時じゅうにじ
です。クイく い
ーンズホん ず ほ
ールる
で十二時五分じゅうにじごふん
から
心理学しんりがく
の 授 業じゅぎょう
があります。
ミラみ ら
ー あ、わかりました。じゃあ、礼子れいこ
さん、後あと
でメめ
ールる
をしますね。
吉田よしだ
はい、ありがとう。またね。
ミラみ ら
ー 礼子れいこ
さん、じゃあ、明日あした
は僕ぼく
とデで
ートと
ですね!
3
吉田よしだ
ええっ! …デで
ートと
ですか?!
* Dialogue note
A negative question form is commonly used to indicate speaker’s intention to invite listener to do
something (“Would you like to ~”). For example, 行きませんか (it literary means “won’t you
go?”) is a negative question form of 行きます and it means “Would you like to go?”.
II. 単語たんご
Vocabulary
Nouns 2A-Vocab 1
僕ぼく
I (used by male)
授 業じゅぎょう
Lecture
勉 強べんきょう
Study
アイデアあ い で あ
Idea
テレビて れ び
TV
カフェテリアか ふ ぇ て り あ
Cafeteria
朝あさ
ごはん Breakfast
昼ひる
ごはん Lunch
晩ばん
ごはん Dinner
メめ
ールる
Email
図書館としょかん
Library
教 室きょうしつ
Classroom
寮りょう
Dormitory
体 育 館たいいくかん
Gymnasium
アルバイトあ る ば い と
or バイトば い と
Part-time job
仕事しごと
Job (in general but sometimes it refer to a full-time job)
4
Calendar Expressions 2A-Vocab 2
今日きょう
Today
明日あした
Tomorrow
あさって Day after tomorrow
昨日きのう
Yesterday
今 週こんしゅう
This week
来 週らいしゅう
Next week
先 週せんしゅう
Last week
毎 週まいしゅう
Every week
毎 日まいにち
Every day
毎 晩まいばん
Every evening
月曜日げつようび
Monday
火曜日かようび
Tuesday
水曜日すいようび
Wednesday
木曜日もくようび
Thursday
金曜日きんようび
Friday
土曜日どようび
Saturday
日曜日にちようび
Sunday
Time Expressions
午前ごぜん
/ 午後ご ご
AM / PM
Suffixes
~時じ
~ o’clock
~ 分ふん・ぷん
~ minute
~料 理りょうり
Cuisine of ~ (e.g. フランスふ ら ん す
料 理りょうり
“French food”,
中 華 料 理ちゅうかりょうり
“Chinese food”, 日本料理にほんりょうり
“Japanese
food”)
5
Wh-word~
どう How
いつ When
どんな What kind
Particles
を Object marker
に Location marker
に Time expression maker
と With
で At / in
Adverbs 2A-Vocab 3
よく Frequently
たいてい Often
時 々ときどき
Sometimes
あまり Not very / often (Negative polarity item)
毎 日まいにち
Everyday
毎 週まいしゅう
Every week
Adjectives
<い Adjectives>
大おお
きい Big
小ちい
さい Small
安やす
い Cheap, inexpensive
高たか
い Expensive
新あたら
しい New
古ふる
い Old
すばらいしい Extraordinary
いい(よい) Good (よい is also “good” but formal expression)
たのしい Fun
かわいい Cute
こわい Scary
<な Adjectives>
元気げんき
(な) Lively, healthy
6
立派りっぱ
(な) Splendid
有 名ゆうめい
(な) Famous
好す
き(な) Likable, desirable
ハンサムは ん さ む
(な) Handsome
ひさしぶり(な) After a long time
Verbs 2A-Vocab 4 (We will discuss Japanese verb classes [~る
verb and ~う verbs, and irregular verbs] in chapter X)
<Irregular verb>
します(する) (to) do
来き
ます(来く
る) (to) come
<る verb>
食た
べます(食た
べる) (to) eat
見み
ます(見み
る) (to) see / watch
起お
きます(起お
きる) (to) get up
寝ね
ます (寝ね
る) (to) sleep, go to bed
<う verb>
飲の
みます(飲の
む) (to) drink
読よ
みます(読よ
む) (to) read
行い
きます(行い
く) (to) go
帰かえ
ります(帰かえ
る) (to) return
入はい
ります(入はい
る) (to) enter
あります(ある) (to) have, (to) be held, (to) exist
始はじ
まります(始はじ
まる) (to) start, begin
終お
わります(終お
わる) (to) end
Conjunctions
そして And
それから And then (indicating sequence of events)
でも But
Expressions
7
ごめんなさい Pardon me, I’m sorry
Ritualistic expressions
お元気げんき
ですか/おかげさまで How are you? / I’m fine thank you. (お元気ですか or元気?
is usually used only when you have not seen some one for
a while.
(お)ひさしぶり(です) (Greeting expression)It’s been a while
Useful conversational expressions
あのう Well… (Hesitation)
じゃあ Then
じゃあ、また See you later.
後あと
で Later
前まえ
に Before
Supplemental Vocabularies 2A-Vocab 5
Locations
コンサこ ん さ
ートと
Concert
学 食がくしょく
( 学 生 食 堂がくせいしょくどう
) Student cafeteria
マンハッタンま ん は っ た ん
Manhattan
ロングアイランドろ ん ぐ あ い ら ん ど
Long Island
ニュに ゅ
ーヨよ
ークく
New York
家うち・いえ
Home, house
トイレと い れ
(お手洗てあら
い) Toilet (traditional: wash room)
リビングり び ん ぐ
(ルる
ームむ
) Living room
キッチンき っ ち ん
( 台 所だいどころ
) Kitchen (traditional: kitchen)
学 校がっこう
School
公 園こうえん
Park
スす
ーパぱ
ー Supermarket
8
コンビニこ ん び に
Convenience store
デパで ぱ
ートと
Department store, shopping mall
Food
シリアルし り あ る
Cereal
果 物くだもの
Fruit
ごはん Cooked rice
魚さかな
Fish
肉にく
Meat
卵たまご
Egg
野菜やさい
Vegetable
パスタぱ す た
Pasta
そば Buckwheat noodle
うどん Udon noodle
ピザぴ ざ
Pizza
ハンバは ん ば
ーグぐ
Salisbury steak
ハンバは ん ば
ーガが
ー Hamburger
サンドイッチさ ん ど い っ ち
Sandwich
Drink
水みず
Water
コこ
ーヒひ
ー Coffee
牛 乳ぎゅうにゅう
/ ミルクみ る く
Milk
ジュじ ゅ
ースす
Juice
ビび
ールる
Beer
ワインわ い ん
Wine
酒さけ
Sake / rice wine
Activities
さんぽ Walking
運 動うんどう
Exercise
9
テニスて に す
Tennis
バスケットボば す け っ と ぼ
ールる
Basketball
水 泳すいえい
Swimming
バレば れ
ーボぼ
ールる
Volleyball
卓 球たっきゅう
Table tennis
ジョギングじ ょ ぎ ん ぐ
Jogging
ヨガよ が
Yoga
ブログぶ ろ ぐ
Blog
買か
い物もの
Shopping
10
Part B: 文法ぶんぽう
と練 習れんしゅう
Grammar and Practice
I. Action Verbs
Basics
In this chapter, we will first talk about a type of predicate that features action verbs. We will
discuss predicates with adjectives later in this chapter. Unlike the copula verb we discussed in
the previous chapter where it links the subject to the complement, action verbs express what
someone/something does, such as (to) go, (to) see and (to) eat. They are the words we use
frequently in our daily lives.
Polite form vs. plain form basics
Every Japanese verb has a polite form and a plain form. The polite form is spoken with
strangers, different age groups, acquaintances and TV / radio news broadcasting to express
formality and politeness. All polite form verbs end with eitherます orです. Since you are likely
to begin speaking Japanese with strangers and different age groups, we will practice the polite
form first.
On the contrary, the plain form (or dictionary form) is used with family members, very close
friends, young children and among people of the same age group to express closeness,
friendliness and informality.
Let’s see how the polite form and plain form can be used. You would say the following (using
the polite form) to a person you have just met:
お茶ちゃ
を飲の
みますか ? tea drink Question
“Will you drink some tea?”
On the other hand, you would probably say the following (using the plain form) to your close
friend:
お茶ちゃ
(を) 飲の
む (か) ? “Wanna have some tea?”
Some grammatical elements such as copula verb, case markers and SFP か may be omitted
when you use plain form since the conversation is taking place in an informal setting.
In addition, the plain form is commonly used in newspaper articles and essay writing, since it is
shorter, more direct and the foundation of complex compounded verb expression. We will not
practice the plain form in this chapter, but we will come back to it and when we discuss verb
classes (る verb, う verb and irregular verbs) in chapter 5.
Conjugating action verb ending with ます
11
The conjugation pattern of ~ます which ends action verbs is very straightforward. Verbs that end
with ~ます are in the affirmative. To make the verb negative, simply change the verb ending ま
す into ません1 . This is the pattern.
Declarative Negative
食た
べます (to eat) 食た
べません
飲の
みます (to drink) 飲の
みません
見み
ます (to see) 見み
ません
行い
きます (to go) 行い
きません
来き
ます (to come) 来き
ません
Verb tense
Grammatically speaking, Japanese verbs have only present and past tenses. When we say
“grammatically”, we mean in terms of actual verb conjugations. That is, Japanese verbs only
conjugate in present and past tense, whereas English has progressive and perfect tenses in
addition to the present and past tenses. Semantically, similar distinctions exist in Japanese,
and may be understood either through context, or other means. For example, the sentence
below can be translated either present or future tense, depending on the context: “I go to
university” or “I will go to university”
私は大学に行きます。 I -top university -to go
Conjugating verbs into their past tense is very simple as well. The verb ending ます becomes
ました in the past tense affirmative andませんでした in the past tense negation.
Past tense declarative
Past tense negation
食た
べます (to eat) 食た
べました 食た
べませんでした
飲の
みます (to drink) 飲の
みました 飲の
みませんでした
見み
ます (to see) 見み
ました 見み
ませんでした
行い
きます (to go) 行い
きました 行い
きませんでした
来き
ます (to come) 来き
ません 来き
ませんでした
1 There is ないです negation pattern (less formal) but we will not practice this at this moment in the class.
We will come back to this in the chapter X with details).
12
Different types of action verbs
Verbs are categorized into different types according to what the verb requires in the sentence.
Let’s take a look at the following sentences to see what that means.
(1) I slept.
(2) I saw a teacher.
(3) *I gave.
Do these three sentences (1) to (3) seem fine or complete? Sentences (1) and (2) are fine but
(3) should sound a bit ungrammatical; you might have thought “Well, you gave what to whom?”
immediately after reading it. The reason why you might felt that way is because the verb “gave”
needs to have a direct object and indirect object to complete the sentence, i.e., the verb in the
sentence determines the basic structure of sentence.
The type of verbs, such as “saw” in (2), are called transitive verbs. Transitive verbs are kinds of
action verbs that must have an object to receive that action. Within the transitive verbs, there
are few verbs, such as “gave” in (3) and (To) tell, (to) show and (to) lend, are called di-transitive
verbs because those verbs require two objects (direct object and indirect object) to complete the
sentence.
On the other hand, “slept” in (1) is called intransitive verb. Intransitive verbs do not require an
object, i.e., the sentence is complete without an object with intransitive verbs. “Rained” in “It
rained” and “sing” in “birds sing” are examples of intransitive verbs.
Transitive verbs and the particle を (object marker)
Transitive verbs such as します (to do), 食べます (to eat), 飲みます (to drink), 見ます (to
see/watch) and読みます require an object. As we discussed in Chapter 1, a noun or NP must
be followed by a case marker to indicate abstract grammatical relation. When we use a
transitive verb, the direct object must be followed by the object marker を. Though を is in w-
line in the Hiragana chart, it is pronounced [o] in modern Japanese.
Topic Topic marker
Direct object Object marker
Verb
大 川 先 生おおかわせんせい
は
お茶ちゃ
を
飲の
みます “As for Prof. Ookawa, (she) drinks green tea.”
は as contrast / emphatic marker
Let’s see how a transitive verb and the object marker を work in conversation. The sentences
below are a yes/no question and its answers. Note 野村先生のむらせんせい
は is optional in the reply since a
phrase marked with the topic marker は does not need to be repeated.
Topic Topic marker Direct object
Object marker
Verb SFP
13
野村先生のむらせんせい
は
コこ
ーヒひ
ー を
飲の
みます か。
“Does Prof. Nomura drink some coffee?
Direct object Object marker
Verb
はい コこ
ーヒひ
ー を
飲の
みます。 “Yes, (he) drinks coffee.”
Direct object Contrast marker
Verb
いいえ コこ
ーヒひ
ー は
飲の
みません。 “No, (he) doesn’t drink coffee.”
Now, notice that in the negation, the object is marked with は in the answer instead ofを.
Grammatically speaking, marking the object with を is possible; here, however,
conversationally, は is more natural. Suppose Prof. Nomura does drink other beverages such
as tea and water but the one thing he does not drink is coffee. Typically, this is making contrast
between what Prof. Okawa drinks and not drink in the mind of Japanese native speaker. The
following sentence describe this situation.
野村先生のむらせんせい
は茶ちゃ
を飲の
みますがコこ
ーヒひ
ーは飲の
みません。
“As for Prof. Nomura, (he) drinks tea but he does not drink coffee.”
So, here’s a new information we need know on the particle は. The particle は has two functions,
1) topic marker which indicates the topic of the conversation and appears in the initial position of
the sentence and 2) contrast marker which indicates contrast or emphasis and appears non-
initial position in sentence where contrast is made. This may confuse you a bit right now, but
don’t worry. You’ll get the hang of it once we start practicing.
Exercises
Identify the types of verbs (intransitive, transitive or di-transitive verb) in the sentences below.