One of the most important motives for the European “Scramble for Africa” in the late 1800s was that Africa provided a source of a. raw materials used.

Independence in Africa

One of the most important motives for the European “Scramble for Africa” in the late 1800s was that Africa provided a source of a. raw materials used in

industry b. religious inspiration c. free labor for the

Americas d. technologically

innovative practices

What problems may arise once Africans have gained independence from European colonial powers?

African Unity

Fight for Independence after WWII United Nations charter declares

that all colonial people should have the right to self-determination

Pan-Africanism Emphasized the unity of Africans

and people of African descent all over the world▪ Regardless of national boundaries

Nations should work together to solve their problems

Ghana

British colonyStruggle led by Kwame

Nkrumah Used strikes and boycotts

Independence gained in 1957 Gold Coast renamed Ghana

Organization of African Unity (OAU), 1963 Created by Nkrumah to

promote Pan-Africanism

Kenya

British colonyStruggle led by Jomo

Kenyatta Was jailed when violence

broke out Independence gained in

1963

South Africa Ruled by European white minority

after winning independence from Britain in 1910 1912, African National Congress (ANC)

forms▪ Used violence, boycotts and nonviolent

civil disobedience to oppose injustice Apartheid – 1948, official

separation of races Black Africans and other non-whites

had to live in certain zones, public facilities and transportation were segregated, interracial marriages were forbade

Apartheid

Anti-Apartheid Movement▪ 1960, police killed 69 and wounded 180 at a

peaceful demonstration in Sharpeville▪ Government outlaws ANC

Nelson Mandela▪ 1964, an important ANC leader, was sentenced to

life in prison▪ Became symbol of the struggle for freedom▪ Wrote “The Long Walk to Freedom”

Desmond Tutu▪ Black bishop and civil rights leader▪ Convinced foreign nations and businesses to limit

trade and investment in segregated South Africa▪ Strong effect

F. W. de Klerk President of South

Africa in 1989 Legalizes ANC,

repealed segregation laws, released Mandela in 1990

All can participate in 1994 elections; Mandela elected president

S.A. Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) Resolve conflict leftover from apartheid and

wrongdoings by the government

Post-Apartheid Mandela, de Klerk, and Tutu all won

Nobel Peace Prizes for their efforts to end apartheid

Trade and investment has resumed Struggles still exist

What is the main idea of the cartoon?

Obstacles to Progress in Africa

Economic Challenges Focused on building

industry and agriculture Many remain dependent on

imports and foreign financial aid

Many rely on export of a single cash crop or natural resource▪ Nigeria - oil

Few food crops and drought --> widespread hunger

Health Challenges Poverty▪ Slums, lack of

running water and electricity

HIV/AIDS▪ Epidemic

Political Challenges Single party rule or military

rule in most nations Violent overthrows Ethnic and regional conflicts

African Union 2002, 53 African countries Goals: ▪ solving economic, social,

political and environmental problems in Africa

Ethnic Tensions and Nationalism

Rwanda Hutu vs. Tutsi Hutu ran new gov’t; resentment

grows Genocide, 1994▪ Hutu kill approximately 500,000 Tutsis

Darfur, Sudan 2003, Arab gov’t officials attacked

African tribal groups Villages burned, tens of thousands

killed, millions of refugees(HR VIOLATIONS AGAIN!!!!!!!)