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• Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

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Page 1: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Setting the StageSetting the Stage

• Oil shortage• Greenhouse Effect

Page 2: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

M. King Hubbert (1903-89)M. King Hubbert (1903-89)

American geophysicist

Shell Oil research laboratory

Houston, TX

Page 3: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

US Oil ProductionHubbert’s Prediction (1956)US Oil ProductionHubbert’s Prediction (1956)

1870 90 1910 30 50 70 90 2010 30 50Year

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

Prod

uctio

n (b

illio

n bb

l/yr)

Predicted

Actual

Source: Deffeyes, Hubbert’s Peak (2001)

Page 4: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

World Oil ProductionDeffeyes Prediction (2001)World Oil ProductionDeffeyes Prediction (2001)

35

30

25

20

15

10

5Prod

uctio

n (b

illio

n bb

l/yr)

1860 80 1900 20 40 60 80 2000 20 40 60YearSource: Deffeyes, Hubbert’s Peak (2001)

Page 5: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Where will we get our energy?Where will we get our energy?

Study by Shell Group Planning

Georges Dupont-RocAlexon KhorChris Anastasi

The Evolution of the World’s Energy Systems

1996

Page 6: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)
Page 7: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

• Oil shortage• Greenhouse Effect

Setting the StageSetting the Stage

Page 8: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

VisibleInfrared

Page 9: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Greenhouse GasesGreenhouse Gases

Visible

Greenhouse Gases• CH4• CFC• NOx• CO2

Page 10: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Recent CO2 ConcentrationRecent CO2 Concentration380

370

360

350

340

330

320

310

CO

2C

once

ntra

tion

(ppm

)

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Year

Mauna Loa Observatory

Page 11: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Historical CO2 ConcentrationHistorical CO2 Concentration

380360340320300280260240220200180

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Time Before Present (1000 years)C

arbo

n D

ioxi

de C

once

ntra

tion

(ppm

)

Page 12: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

1086420-2-4-6-8-10

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Time Before Present (1000 years) Te

mpe

ratu

re C

hang

e fr

om P

rese

nt (o C

)

Temperature ChangeTemperature Change

Page 13: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

CombinedCombined

380360340320300280260240220200180

1086420-2-4-6-8-10

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Time Before Present (1000 years)C

arbo

n D

ioxi

de C

once

ntra

tion

(ppm

)

Tem

pera

ture

Cha

nge

from

Pre

sent

(o C)

Page 14: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

CorrelationCorrelation

Hypothesis Independent Dependent

1 Temp CO2

2 CO2 Temp

Page 15: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Carbon Emissions Carbon Emissions

1905 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

CO

2Em

issi

ons (

billi

on to

nnes

per y

ear)

DevelopedWorld(US, Canada, Western Europe)

Rest of World

Year

Page 16: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Recent CorrelationRecent Correlation

1860 80 1900 20 40 60 80 2000 Year

385

365

345

325

305

285

265 CO

2C

once

ntra

tion

(ppm

)

14.7

14.5

14.3

14.1

13.9

13.7

13.5

Ave

rage

Glo

bal T

empe

ratu

re (o C

)

Temp

CO2

Page 17: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

ConclusionConclusion

Hypothesis Independent Dependent

1 Temp CO2

2 CO2 Temp

Page 18: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Princeton ModelPrinceton Model14.8

14.6

14.4

14.2

14.0

13.8

13.6

13.4

13.2Ave

rage

Glo

bal T

empe

ratu

re (o C

)

1860 80 1900 20 40 60 80 2000 Year

Model

Data

Model Includes:• CO2• Aerosols• Solar Radiation

Page 19: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Potential Negative EffectsPotential Negative Effects

• rapid extinctions• tropical diseases moving north• Grain Belt becomes Dust Belt• more insects• rising ocean levels• increased heat-related deaths• Gulf Stream shuts down, chilling Europe• increased storms/floods/hurricanes• droughts and floods more common• more forest fires due to drought• weakened coral reefs

Page 20: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Exacerbating EffectsExacerbating Effects

• extended thaw in tundra• polar ice caps melt• methane clathrates melt

Page 21: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Sustainable Energy and Transportation

Sustainable Energy and Transportation

CO2

Page 22: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

ResearchersResearchersFaculty• Mark Holtzapple• Richard Davison

Post Docs• Praveen Vadlani• Vincent Chang• Xu Li

Masters• Murlidahar Nagwani• Chang Ming Lee• Champion Lee • Seth Adleson• Robert Rapier• William Kaar• David Gaskin• Hiroshi Shirage• Wilbelto Adorno-Gomez• Shelly Williamson• Maria Almendarez• Ramasubramania Narayan• Patricia O'Dowd• Hung-Wen Yeh• Manohar Vishwanathappa

PhD• Nan Sheng Chang • Shushien Chang • Mitch Loescher• Kyle Ross• Susan Domke• Salvador Aldrett-Lee• Cateryna Aiello-Mazzarri• Wenning Chan• Piyarat Thanakoses• Xu Li• Cesar Granda• Guillermo Coward-Kelly• Li Zhu• Se Hoon Kim• Frank Agbogbo• Zihong Fu• Jonathan O'Dwyer

Page 23: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Research StatisticsResearch Statistics

• Year started = early 1991• Time spent = 12 years • Labor = ~107 person·years• Total funding = $2.1 mill

Page 24: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

You can’t have it all!You can’t have it all!

CheapGoodFast

UniversityIndustry

Page 25: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Examples of BiomassExamples of Biomass

•• treestrees•• grassgrass•• agricultural residuesagricultural residues•• energy cropsenergy crops

Most of these are Most of these are ““lignocelluloselignocellulose..””

FuelsChemicals

•• municipal solid wastemunicipal solid waste•• sewage sludgesewage sludge•• animal manureanimal manure

Page 26: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

What is lignocellulose?What is lignocellulose?

•• CelluloseCellulose -- glucose polymerglucose polymer•• HemicelluloseHemicellulose -- xylosexylose polymerpolymer•• LigninLignin -- aromatic polymeraromatic polymer

Page 27: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

787810.910.9

334.34.3

400400330330220220

U.S. Biodegradable Wastes

Municipal Solid WasteMunicipal Solid WasteSewage SludgeSewage SludgeIndustrial Industrial BiosludgeBiosludgeRecycled Paper FinesRecycled Paper FinesAgricultural ResiduesAgricultural ResiduesForestry ResiduesForestry ResiduesManureManure

AmountAmount(million (million tonnetonne/year)/year)

Alcohol PotentialAlcohol PotentialWasteWaste (billion gal/year)

10101.41.40.40.40.50.5

525243432828

TotalTotal 1,0461,046 135135U.S. Gasoline Consumption = 130 billion gal/yearU.S. Gasoline Consumption = 130 billion gal/yearU.S. Diesel Consumption = 40 billion gal/yearU.S. Diesel Consumption = 40 billion gal/year

Page 28: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

MixAlco ProcessMixAlco Process

HydrogenHydrogen

BiomassBiomass

Lime KilnLime Kiln

MixedMixedAlcoholAlcoholFuelsFuels

HydrogenateHydrogenate

MixedMixedKetonesKetonesThermalThermal

ConversionConversionDewaterDewaterFermentFermentPretreatPretreat

Calcium CarbonateCalcium CarbonateLimeLime

CarboxylateSalts

Page 29: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

PatentsPatents

5,986,1335,969,1896,262,313

5,962,3075,874,263

5,865,8985,693,296

6,043,3926,395,926

HydrogenHydrogen

BiomassBiomass

Lime KilnLime Kiln

MixedMixedAlcoholAlcoholFuelsFuels

HydrogenateHydrogenate

MixedMixedKetonesKetonesThermalThermal

ConversionConversionDewaterDewaterFermentFermentPretreatPretreat

Calcium CarbonateCalcium CarbonateLimeLime

Page 30: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)
Page 31: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

PretreatmentPretreatment

FermentFerment DewaterDewaterPretreat ThermalThermalConversionConversion HydrogenateHydrogenate

Lime KilnLime Kiln

MixedMixedAlcoholAlcoholFuelsFuels

MixedMixedKetonesKetones

BiomassBiomass

HydrogenHydrogenCalcium CarbonateCalcium CarbonateLimeLime

CarboxylateSalts

Page 32: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Lime TreatmentLime Treatment

TT = 100= 100ooCCtt = 1 h= 1 hLime loading = 0.1 g Ca(OH)Lime loading = 0.1 g Ca(OH)22/g biomass/g biomassWater loading = 5 to 15 g HWater loading = 5 to 15 g H22O/g biomassO/g biomass

Page 33: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

In situ DigestionIn situ Digestion

•• Weigh ~ 2 g of biomassWeigh ~ 2 g of biomass•• Place biomass in Place biomass in ““tea bagtea bag””•• Place Place ““tea bagstea bags”” in porous sackin porous sack•• Place porous sacks in cattle rumenPlace porous sacks in cattle rumen•• IncubateIncubate•• Remove porous sackRemove porous sack•• Wash Wash ““tea bagstea bags””•• DryDry•• Weigh residueWeigh residue

Page 34: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)
Page 35: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

In-Situ DigestionIn-Situ Digestion

SugarSugar--canecanebagassebagasse

AfricanAfricanmilletmilletstrawstraw

SorghumSorghumstrawstraw

TobaccoTobaccostalksstalks

4848-- h

Dig

estio

n h

Dig

estio

n (g

dig

este

d/g

fed)

(g d

iges

ted/

g fe

d) 1.01.00.80.80.60.60.40.40.20.20.00.0

UntreatedUntreatedLimeLime--treatedtreated

Page 36: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Pretreatment Vessels

Page 37: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Advanced Lime Treatment Advanced Lime Treatment

Biomass + Lime

Gravel

Air

Page 38: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Lignin RemovalLignin Removal

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Time (days)

Lign

in C

onte

nt in

Tre

ated

Bag

asse

(g

ligni

n/10

0g

ofba

gass

e)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Time (days)

Lign

in C

onte

nt in

Tre

ated

Bag

asse

(g

ligni

n/10

0g

treat

edba

gass

e)

50 100 150 200 250 300Time (days)

50 100 150 200 250 300Time (days)

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Lign

in C

onte

nt (g

lign

in/1

00 g

bag

asse

) 30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Lign

in C

onte

nt (g

lign

in/1

00 g

bag

asse

) 30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Lign

in C

onte

nt (g

lign

in/1

00 g

bag

asse

) 30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Lign

in C

onte

nt (g

lign

in/1

00 g

bag

asse

)

25oC

50oC57oC 25oC

50oC57oC

No Air Air

Page 39: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

FermentationFermentation

Ferment DewaterDewaterPretreatPretreat ThermalThermalConversionConversion HydrogenateHydrogenate

Lime KilnLime Kiln

MixedMixedAlcoholAlcoholFuelsFuels

MixedMixedKetonesKetones

BiomassBiomass

HydrogenHydrogenCalcium CarbonateCalcium CarbonateLimeLime

CarboxylateSalts

Page 40: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Environments where organic acids naturally formEnvironments where organic acids naturally form

•• animal rumenanimal rumen-- cattlecattle-- sheepsheep-- deerdeer-- elephantselephants

•• anaerobic sewage anaerobic sewage digestorsdigestors•• swampsswamps•• termite gutstermite guts

Page 41: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Why are organic acids favored?Why are organic acids favored?

The actual The actual stoichiometrystoichiometry is more complexis more complex

CC66HH1212OO66 →→ 2 C2 C22HH55OH + 2 COOH + 2 CO22 ∆∆G = G = --48.56 kcal/mol48.56 kcal/mol

CC66HH1212OO66 →→ 3 C3 C22HH33OOH OOH ∆∆G = G = --61.8 kcal/mol61.8 kcal/mol

5 C5 C66HH1212OO66 →→ 6 acetate + 2 propionate + butyrate + 5 CO6 acetate + 2 propionate + butyrate + 5 CO22 + 3 CH+ 3 CH 4 4 + 6 H+ 6 H22OO(67 mol%) (22 mol%) (11 mol%)(67 mol%) (22 mol%) (11 mol%)

glucose ethanolglucose ethanol

glucose acetic acidglucose acetic acid

Page 42: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Typical Product Spectrumat Different Culture TemperaturesTypical Product Spectrumat Different Culture Temperatures

40oC 55oC C2 – Acetic 41 wt % 80 wt %C3 – Propionic 15 wt % 4 wt %C4 – Butyric 21 wt % 15 wt %C5 – Valeric 8 wt % <1 wt %C6 – Caproic 12 wt % <1 wt %C7 – Heptanoic 3 wt % <1 wt %

100 wt % 100 wt %

Page 43: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)
Page 44: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)
Page 45: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)
Page 46: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Marine InoculumMarine Inoculum

0102030405060708090

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Conversion

Tota

l aci

d co

ncen

tratio

n (g

/L)

5

LRT(days)

1015

4111418

20.5

VSLR (g/(L·d)) 28

Marine InoculumAir

Terrestrial InoculumNo Air

Page 47: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Storage + Pretreatment + Fermentation

Storage + Pretreatment + Fermentation

Biomass + Lime + Calcium Carbonate

Gravel

Air

Tarp Cover

Page 48: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

DewateringDewatering

FermentFerment DewaterPretreatPretreat ThermalThermalConversionConversion HydrogenateHydrogenate

Lime KilnLime Kiln

MixedMixedAlcoholAlcoholFuelsFuels

MixedMixedKetonesKetones

BiomassBiomass

HydrogenHydrogenCalcium CarbonateCalcium CarbonateLimeLime

CarboxylateSalts

Page 49: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Jet Ejector DewateringJet Ejector Dewatering

SaltSolution(FermentorBroth)

High-PressureSteam

Distilled Water

Filter

Jet Ejector

Salt Crystals

Page 50: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Heat RequirementsHeat Requirements

SingleSingle--effect evaporator 1000effect evaporator 1000TripleTriple--effect evaporator effect evaporator 333333Jet ejector dewateringJet ejector dewatering

1010--effect effect 100 100 2020--effecteffect 50503030--effecteffect 3333

BtuBtulb water removedlb water removed

Page 51: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)
Page 52: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Thermal ConversionThermal Conversion

FermentFerment DewaterDewaterPretreatPretreat ThermalConversion HydrogenateHydrogenate

Lime KilnLime Kiln

MixedMixedAlcoholAlcoholFuelsFuels

MixedMixedKetonesKetones

BiomassBiomass

HydrogenHydrogenCalcium CarbonateCalcium CarbonateLimeLime

CarboxylateSalts

Page 53: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Thermal ConversionStoichiometryThermal ConversionStoichiometry

HH33CCOCaOCCHCCOCaOCCH33 →→ ΗΗ33CCCHCCCH33 + CaCO+ CaCO33

OO

Calcium Acetate AcetoneCalcium Acetate Acetone

OO OO

HH33CCHCCH22COCaOCCHCOCaOCCH22CHCH33 →→ ΗΗ33CCHCCH22CCHCCH22CHCH33 + CaCO+ CaCO33

Calcium Propionate DiethylCalcium Propionate Diethyl KetoneKetone

OO OO OO

HH33CCHCCH22CHCH22COCaOCCHCOCaOCCH22CHCH22CHCH33 →→ ΗΗ33CCHCCH22CHCH22CCHCCH22CHCH22CHCH33 + CaCO+ CaCO33

Calcium ButyrateCalcium Butyrate Dipropyl KetoneDipropyl Ketone

OO OO OO

Page 54: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

Thermal Conversion KineticsThermal Conversion Kinetics

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

380 400 420 440 460 480 500

T (°C)

t (m

in)

999590

Conversion (%)

Page 55: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)
Page 56: • Oil shortage • Greenhouse Effect - CS Course …courses.cs.tamu.edu/daugher/engr482/EnviroEthicsHotz...Carbon Dioxide Concentration (ppm) Temperature Change from Present (o C)

HydrogenationHydrogenation

FermentFerment DewaterDewaterPretreatPretreat ThermalThermalConversionConversion Hydrogenate

Lime KilnLime Kiln

MixedMixedAlcoholAlcoholFuelsFuels

MixedMixedKetonesKetones

BiomassBiomass

HydrogenHydrogenCalcium CarbonateCalcium CarbonateLimeLime

CarboxylateSalts

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Ketone HydrogenationStoichiometryKetone HydrogenationStoichiometry

O OHH3CCCH3 + H2 → H3CCCH3

HAcetone Isopropanol

H3CCCH2CH3 + H2 → H3CCCH2CH3H

O OH

Methyl Ethyl Ketone 2-Butanol

H3CCH2CCH2CH3 + H2 → H3CCH2CCH2CH3

O

H

OH

Diethyl Ketone 3-Pentanol

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Ketone HydrogenationKetone Hydrogenation

HH22

Liquid Liquid KetonesKetones

Catalyst = 200 g/L Raney nickelCatalyst = 200 g/L Raney nickelTemperature = 130Temperature = 130ooCCTime = 35 min (@ P = 15Time = 35 min (@ P = 15 atmatm) )

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Advantages of MixAlcoApproachAdvantages of MixAlcoApproach

•• nonsterilenonsterile fermentationfermentation•• no spoiled batchesno spoiled batches•• inexpensive tanksinexpensive tanks•• robust plant operationrobust plant operation•• adaptable microorganismsadaptable microorganisms•• stable microorganismsstable microorganisms•• microorganisms selfmicroorganisms self--generategenerate•• no enzyme additionno enzyme addition

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Plant CapacityPlant Capacity

((tonnetonne/h) (mill gal/yr)/h) (mill gal/yr)Plant CapacityPlant Capacity

City PopulationCity Population

2 1.5 40,0002 1.5 40,0001010 7.67.6 200,000200,00040 30.3 800,00040 30.3 800,000

160 121.2 3,200,000160 121.2 3,200,000800 606.2 16,000,000800 606.2 16,000,000

Base Base CaseCase

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Capital Cost of Each Section (mill $)(40 tonne/h) Capital Cost of Each Section (mill $)(40 tonne/h)

PretreatPretreat/ / Dewater Dewater Thermal HydrogenThermal HydrogenFerment Ferment ConvConv

10.610.6

4.04.0 4.14.1

1.31.3

Total = $20 millTotal = $20 mill

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Effect of Feedstock Cost( 40 tonne/h, 15% ROI)

Effect of Feedstock Cost( 40 tonne/h, 15% ROI)

-40 -20 0 20 40Biomass Cost ($/tonne)

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00

Alc

ohol

Sel

ling

Pric

e ($

/gal

)

30 g/L, 10-effect

50 g/L, 20-effect

70 g/L, 30-effect

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Fuels and Sugar from Energy Cane

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Productivity in Puerto Rico(dry ton/(acre·yr))Productivity in Puerto Rico(dry ton/(acre·yr))

Energy Cane

Source: Alex Alexander, The Energy Cane Alternative, Sugar Series 6, Elsevier

Sugar

BiomassFiber

ConventionalSugarcane

5.8

8.8

14.6

9

21

30

40%

60%

70%

30%

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Energy Cane ProcessingEnergy Cane Processing

Energy Cane Extract

Sugar Mill

MixAlcoProcess

Sugar

AlcoholFuel

Sugar

BiomassFiber

Residue(Boiler Fuel)

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Fuels from Energy Cane(no sugar credit)

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Required AreaRequired Area

Scale = 800 tonne/h

Feedstock yield = 30 ton/(acre·yr)

acre 000,23530

acre·yrtonne

ton1.1yr

h8000h

tonne800 Area =×××=

= 366 mi2

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Centralized ProcessingCentralized Processing

15.3 mi50% of area planted

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Supply US Gasoline Consumption Supply US Gasoline Consumption

plants 248alc gal 10 629

plant·yrgas gal

alc gal 2.1yr

gas gal 10 130 Plants 6

9=

×××

×=

22

mi 900,90plant

mi 366plants 248 Area =×=

100% planted 302 mi

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Effect of Automotive EfficiencyEffect of Automotive Efficiency

302 mi1× better (Current)

2× better

3× better

213 mi

174 mi

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Land required in BrazilLand required in Brazil

1 × 2 × 3 ×

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Sweet SorghumSweet Sorghum

Grows in ~35 US states

William Rooney, Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University

Yield = 20–25 dry ton/(acre·yr)

100% planted 345 mi1×

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Land Area in United StatesLand Area in United States

1× 2× 3×