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當代美國蒙古學研究發展趨勢 (Oct 23, 2011)

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Wei-chieh Tsai
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1022 () 08:30-09:00

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The Current Trends of Mongolian Studies in the U.S.A.Wei-chieh Tsai AbstractThe academic tradition of Mongolian studies in America started in the years after the Second World War. Many refugee Mongolists or Mongol intellectuals went to the United States escaping from the Communist rule in Soviet Union or China. Due to their endeavors, Mongolian studies had flourished in the United States. However, after the end of the Cold War, Mongolian studies in the United States did not take advantage of the opening of independent Mongolia State and Inner Mongolia of China. In contrast, it began to recess. The difficulty of Mongolian studies in the United States is that it had not been widely recognized as an independent academic field because of international politics and corresponding academic situation under the Cold War. Therefore, the prospect of Mongolian studies in the United States is to find its own niches in the given academic fields and keep developing. So far, except continuing the studies about history of the Mongol Empire and its successor khanates and relevant Altaic peoples, there are five trends: 1) to build strong links with Inner Asian Buddhist kulturkreis and Buddhism studies through Tibetan Buddhism; 2) to connect to East Asian Studies via history of early modern and modern history of China; 3) to bond with Soviet Central Asia by comparing the development of socialist states; 4) to tie to Russian Studies via the Mongols in Russia; 5) to focus on cultural exchange between China and Inner Asia by Silk Road; 6) to conduct fieldworks of the humanities and social science in Mongolia. Keyword: United States of America, Mongolian studies, Inner Asia, Tibetan Buddhism, Silk Road

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William R. Jankowiak Dee M. Williams Michael Khodarkovsky (1955- ) Iveta Silova Gita Steiner5 3 4

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Khamsi Keith Griffin Atwood Robert A. Rupen (1922- ) 1959 8

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Iveta Silova (Lehigh University) Gita Steiner-Khamsi () Iveta Silova and Gita Steiner-Khamsi, How NGOs React: Globalization and Education Reform in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Mongolia (Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2008). Keith Griffin (University of California, Riverside) Keith Griffin ed., Poverty and the Transition to a Market Economy in Mongolia (London & New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995); Poverty Reduction in Mongolia (Canberra: Asia Pacific Press, 2003). Christopher P. Atwood, The Academic Tradition of Mongolian Studies in the U.S.A., Lecture given at Dankook University, Yongin, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea, October 29, 2008. (John Gombojab Hangin) 1988 42 Atwood, The Academic Tradition of Mongolian Studies in the U.S.A.. - 169 -

Nicholas N. Poppe (1897-1991) Denis Sinor (1916-2011) Dilowa Khutugtu (1884-1964) John Gombojab Hangin (1921-1989) Urgunge Onon Jagchid Sechin (1917-2009) nensechen (Kuo-yi Pao 1919- ) (Demchugdongrob, 1902-1966) Owen Lattimore (1900-1989)Francis Woodman Cleaves (1911-1995) Antoine Mostaert (1881-1971) Lattimore Dilowa KhutugtuJohn Gombojab Hangin Urgunge Onon (Johns Hopkins University) (Walter Hines Page School of International Relations) 1950 Lattimore Urgunge Onon (University of Leeds) Lattimore Cleaves (Harvard University) (Department of Far Eastern Languages) (1946)Poppe (University of Washington) (Far Eastern and Russian Institute) (1949) Sinor (Indiana University) (Department of Ural and Altaic Studies) (1965) Poppe Poppe 1942 1949 Poppe 11 12

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Owen Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York: American Geographical Society, 1951). Owen Lattimore, Nationalism and revolution in Mongolia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1955); Owen Lattimore, Nomads and Commissars: Mongolia Revisited (New York, Oxford University Press, 1962). Poppe Nicholas N. Poppe, Grammar of Written Mongolian (Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1954); Introduction to Mongolian Comparative Studies (Helsinki, Suomalais-ugrilainen Seura, 1955); The Mongolian Monuments in the Phagspa Script, trans. and ed. John R. Krueger (Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1957); Buriat Grammar (Bloomington, Indiana University, 1960); Introduction to Altaic - 170 -

Turrell Wylie (1927-1984) Herbert Franke (1914-2011) Robert A. Rupen John R. Krueger (1927- ) James E. Bosson Paul Buell Henry G. Schwarz (1928- ) 1963 (University of Wisconsin) Poppe nensechen 1961 Bosson 19 18 16 17 14 15

Poppe Paul Buell Poppe Bosson (University of California, Berkeley) Krueger Schwarz Buell (Western Washington University in Bellingham) Sinor 19391948 Paul Pelliot () 19481962 University of Cambridge1962 19651993 (Department of Central Eurasian Studies, CEUS)1967(Asian Studies Research Institute)1979 (Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies) 2006 Sinor (Sinor ResearchLinguistics (Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1965); and The Twelve Deeds of the Buddha: a Mongolian Version of the Lalitavistara (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1967). Robert A. Rupen, Outer Mongolian Nationalism, 1900-1919 (PhD diss., University of Washington, 1954). Rupen (University of North Carolina) John R. Krueger, Poetical Passages in the Erdeni-yin Tobi, a Mongolian Chronicle of the Year 1662 by Saang Secen (PhD diss., University of Washington, 1960). Krueger Kaare Grnbach 1955 () (An Introduction to Classical (Literary) Mongolian: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, Glossary) Poppe William Rozycki, ed., John R. Krueger: A Bibliography (Bloomington: Eurolingua, 2001). James E. Bosson, A Treasury of Aphoristic Jewels: the Subhasitaratnanidhi of Sa Skya Pandita in Tibetan and Mongolian (PhD diss., University of Washington, 1965). Paul Buell, Tribe, Qan and Ulus in Early Mongol China: Some Prolegomena to Yan History (PhD diss., University of Washington, 1977). Henry G. Schwarz, Leadership Patterns in China's Frontier Regions (Washington, D.C.: Department of State, 1964). Kuo-yi Pao, Marriage Customs of a Khorchin Village Central Asiatic Journal, vol. 9 (1964): 29-59; Family and Kinship Structure of the Khorchin Mongols Central Asiatic Journal, vol. 9 (1964): 277-311; Child Birth and Child Training in a Khorchin Mongol Village Monumenta Serica, vol. 25 (1966): 406-439; and The Lama Temple and Lamaism in Bayan Mang Monumenta Serica, vol 29 (1970): 659-684. - 171 -

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Institute for Inner Asian Studies, SRIFIAS) 1962 (Uralic and Altaic Language and Area Center) 1981 (Inner Asian and Uralic National Resource Center, IAUNRC) Krueger Hangin Sinor Hangin Lattimore (Columbia University) Injannashi (Kke Sudur) 1970 Sinor Larry W. Moses21 20

Stephen A. Halkovic, Jr. Krueger 23

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Gyrgy Kara (1935- ) KaraPoppe Mostaert Cleaves Mostaert Cleaves 19411946 1972 (Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations) 1949 Mostaert Cleaves Cleaves (philology) Mostaert Cleaves Joseph F. Fletcher, Jr. (1934-1984) 1984 David M. Farquhar (1927-1985) 24

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John Gombojab Hangin, The Literary Position of Injannasi's Kke Sudur (The Blue Chronicle) (PhD diss., Indiana University, 1970). Larry W. Moses, Revolutionary Mongolia Chooses a Faith: Lamaism or Leninism (PhD diss., Indiana University, 1972). Stephen A. Halkovic, Jr., Studies in Oirat Historiography: an Annotated Translation of Xalimaq xdiyin tuujiyigi xurji bicigsen tobci orosibai (PhD diss., Indiana University, 1977). Kara Poppe David M. Farquhar, The Ching Administration of Mongolia up to the Nineteenth Century (PhD diss., Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, 1960). - 172 -

Cleaves Elizabeth Endicott Nicola Di Cosmo (1957- ) Mark C. Elliott 27 26

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1972 (Committee on Inner Asian and Altaic Studies) Cleaves Jagchid Sechin1949 1972 (Brigham Young University) Paul Hyer : (1902-1966) 1988 Arash Bormanshinov (1922- ) 19708033 32 31 29 30 28

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Elizabeth Endicott, Regional and Local Government in Yan China (PhD diss., Princeton University, 1982). Nicola Di Cosmo, Inner Asia in Chinese History: An Analysis of the Hsiung-nu in the Shih Chi (PhD diss., Indiana University, 1991). Mark C. Elliott, Resident Aliens: The Manchu Experience in China, 1644-1760 (PhD diss., University of California at Berkeley, 1993). Jagchid Sechin and Paul Hyer, Mongolias Culture and Society (Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press, 1979). Jagchid Sechin and Paul Hyer, A Mongolian Living Buddha: Biography of the Kanjurwa Khutughtu (Albany, N.Y. : State University of New York Press, 1983). Jagchid Sechin and Van Jay Symons, Peace, War, and Trade along the Great Wall: Nomadic-Chinese Interaction through Two Millennia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989). Jagchid Sechin, The Last Mongol Prince: The Life and Times of Demchugdongrob, 1902-1966 (Bellingham, WA: Center for East Asian Studies, Western Washington University, 1999). Jagchid Sechin, Essays in Mongolian Studies (Provo, Utah: David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies, Brigham Young University, 1988). Arash Bormanshinov, Kalmyk Manual (New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1961). - 173 -

(Columbia University)1950 196263 John C. Street Henry Serruys Morris RossabiHenry Serruys Mostaert (C. I. C. M.) Serruys 1955 Hangin Rossabi1970 (Queens College) 37 36 35 34

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(Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT) Manduhai Buyandelger (Macalester College) Naran Bilik () (City University of New York) Uradyn Erden Bulag () Thomas EwingSamuel M. GrupperWilliam RozyckiBruce LippardRobert K. Doebler 39

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Sherylyn Briller, Whom Can I Count on Today? Contextualizing the Balance of Family and Government Old Age Support for Rural Pensioners in Mongolia (PhD diss., Case Western Reserve University, 2000); Katherine Metzo, It Didnt Used to Be This Way: Households, Resources, and Economic Transformation in Tunka Valley, Buriatia, Russian Federation (PhD diss., Indiana University, 2003); Amy Moore, Life Skills Education in Mongolia (PhD diss., University of Wyoming, 2010). Buyandelgeriyn Manduhai, Between Hearth and Celestial Court: Gender, Marginality, and the Politics of Shamanic Practices among the Buriats of Mongolia (PhD diss., Harvard University, 2002). Naran Bilik 1989 Uradyn Erden Bulag 1993 (Reader) Nationalism and Hybridity in Mongolia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)The Mongols at China's Edge: History and the Politics of National Unity (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002) Collaborative Nationalism: The Politics of Friendship on China's Mongolian Frontier (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010). Thomas Ewing, Chinese and Russian Policies in Outer Mongolia, 1911 to 1921 (PhD diss., Indiana University, 1977); Samuel M. Grupper, The Manchu Imperial Cult of the Early Ching Dynasty: Texts and Studies of the Tantric Sanctuary of Mahakala at Mukden (PhD diss., Indiana University, 1980); William Rozycki, Mongol Elements in Manchu-Tungus (PhD diss., Indiana University, 1983); Bruce Lippard, The Mongols and Byzantium, 1243-1341 (PhD diss., Indiana University, 1984); Robert K. Doebler, Cities, Population Redistribution, and Urbanization in Mongolia: 1919-1990 (PhD diss., Indiana University, 1994). William Rozycki (University of Aizu) Robert K. Doebler (North Central University) (Bethel University) (University of Kurdistan - Hewler) - 175 -

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2005 2010 18 Devon Dear (1861-1921) Jonathan Schlesinger (PhD in History and East Asian Language) Tserenchunt Legden (Sain baina uu? Mongolian Language Textbook) Saruul-Erdene Myagmar (Virginia) (Arrington)

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2005 John KruegerGyrgy KaraChristopher AtwoodMorris RossabiTimothy MayBrian G. BaumanAndrew ShimunekLeland Liu Rogers Johan Elverskog Udaanjargal Chuluunbaatar Alicia J. CampiChristopher AtwoodAlice W. SeddonDevon Dear Jonathan Schlesinger Robert A. RupenIveta SilovaGita Steiner-KhamsiMelissa Andrea Cakars Sarah Combellick-Bidney Tristra Newyear Robert W. MontgomeryKatherine MetzoMelissa Andrea Cakars Tristra Newyear Johan Elverskog - 181 -

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Peter K. Marsh Sarah Combellick-Bidney Katherine Petrie Teresa Nichols Roberta Charpentier - 182 -