object 1. An entity that has O state, behavior, and identity. [ISA-TR50.02, Part 9-2000] 2. In object-oriented program- ming (OOP), a single struc- ture that comprises a data structure definition and its defined procedures. object code 1. The machine code that can be directly executed by the computer. It is pro- duced as a result of the translation of the source code. 2. A relocatable machine-lan- guage code. object dictionary An object dictionary (00) contains all the function block (FB), resource block (RB), and transducer block (TB) param- eters used in a device. Through these param- eters, the blocks may be accessed over the field bus network. objective variable A quantity or condition that is not measured directly for the purpose of controlling it but is rather controlled through its relation to another, controlled variable. object language A language that is the out- put of an automatic coding routine. Usually, object language and machine language are the same. However, a series of steps in an automatic coding system may involve the object language of one step serving as a source language for the next step and so forth. object linking and embedding (OLE) In computers, a database feature of the Microsoft Windows and Windows NT envi- ronments that treats data as a collection of objects to be shared by applications that sup- port the OLE specification. OLE enables sev- eral application, to be linked to accomplish a given task. It also allows the user to keep information current across several software applications simply by changing the infor- mation in one of them. object machine The computer on which the object program is to be executed. Same as tar- get co I1lp II ter. object module The primary output of an assembler or compiler. It can be linked with other object modules and loaded into mem- ory as a program. The object module is com- posed of the relocatable machine-language code, the relocation information, and the cor- responding symbol table that defines how symbols are used within the module. object-oriented drawing An approach in drawing and layout programs that treats dig- ital graphics as line-and-arc segments (boxes, ellipses, etc.) rather than as individual dots. Also called "vector-oriented drawing." See vector-oriented drawing. object-oriented programming (OOP) A pro- gramming technique whose central feature is the object. The concepts of "procedures" and "data" are replaced by "objects" and "mes- sages." See object. object-oriented system A system in which both data and procedures combine in soft- ware objects, message passing is used to communicate digitally. with and between objects, similar objects are grouped into class structures, and both data and procedures are inherited through the Class structure to spe- cific instances (copies) of objects. object program' A fuHy compiled or assem- bled program that is ready to be loaded into the computer. See also target program. object time system The collection of modules that is called by the compiled code to per- form various utility or .supervisory opera- tions. For example, an object time system usually includes I/O and trap-handling rou- tines. object type A software element that specifies the common attributes that are shared by all instances of an object. [ISA-TR50.02, Part 9- 2000] . observer A linear system that estimates a plant's state from the plant inputs and mea- surements. obsolescent Off something that is lower in physical or functional value as a result of changes in technology rather than of deterio- ration. obsolete No longer suitable for its intended I use because of changes in technology or requirements. octal Pertaining to eight. Usually describes a number system of base or radix eight. For example, in octal notation, octal 214 is 2 times 64, plus 1 times 8, plus 4 times 1, and equals decimal 140. octal digit The symbols 0, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 when used as a digit in the system of nota- tion for which 8 is the base or radix. Clarified by definition for /lumber system. octal number A number that consists of one or more figures and that represents a sum in which the quantity represented fig- ure is based on a radix of eight. THe figures used as octal numbers are 0, I, 2,3,4,5,6, and 7. Clarified by octal. octave 1. Any or series of eight. [ISA- 26-1968].2. The interval between two fre- quencies that have a ratio of 2:1. octave-band analyzer A portable sound ana- lyzer that amplifies a microphone Signal, 345
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object 1. An entity that has
O state, behavior, and identity. [ISA-TR50.02, Part 9-2000] 2. In object-oriented programming (OOP), a single structure that comprises a data structure definition and its defined procedures.
object code 1. The machine code that can be directly executed by the computer. It is produced as a result of the translation of the source code. 2. A relocatable machine-language code.
object dictionary An object dictionary (00) contains all the function block (FB), resource block (RB), and transducer block (TB) parameters used in a device. Through these parameters, the blocks may be accessed over the field bus network.
objective variable A quantity or condition that is not measured directly for the purpose of controlling it but is rather controlled through its relation to another, controlled variable.
object language A language that is the output of an automatic coding routine. Usually, object language and machine language are the same. However, a series of steps in an automatic coding system may involve the object language of one step serving as a source language for the next step and so forth.
object linking and embedding (OLE) In computers, a database feature of the Microsoft Windows and Windows NT environments that treats data as a collection of objects to be shared by applications that support the OLE specification. OLE enables several application, to be linked to accomplish a given task. It also allows the user to keep information current across several software applications simply by changing the information in one of them.
object machine The computer on which the object program is to be executed. Same as target co I1lp II ter.
object module The primary output of an assembler or compiler. It can be linked with other object modules and loaded into memory as a program. The object module is composed of the relocatable machine-language code, the relocation information, and the corresponding symbol table that defines how symbols are used within the module.
object-oriented drawing An approach in drawing and layout programs that treats digital graphics as line-and-arc segments (boxes, ellipses, etc.) rather than as individual dots.
Also called "vector-oriented drawing." See vector-oriented drawing.
object-oriented programming (OOP) A programming technique whose central feature is the object. The concepts of "procedures" and "data" are replaced by "objects" and "messages." See object.
object-oriented system A system in which both data and procedures combine in software objects, message passing is used to communicate digitally. with and between objects, similar objects are grouped into class structures, and both data and procedures are inherited through the Class structure to specific instances (copies) of objects.
object program' A fuHy compiled or assembled program that is ready to be loaded into the computer. See also target program.
object time system The collection of modules that is called by the compiled code to perform various utility or .supervisory operations. For example, an object time system usually includes I/O and trap-handling routines.
object type A software element that specifies the common attributes that are shared by all instances of an object. [ISA-TR50.02, Part 92000] .
observer A linear system that estimates a plant's state from the plant inputs and measurements.
obsolescent Off something that is lower in physical or functional value as a result of changes in technology rather than of deterioration.
obsolete No longer suitable for its intended Iuse because of changes in technology or requirements.
octal Pertaining to eight. Usually describes a number system of base or radix eight. For example, in octal notation, octal 214 is 2 times 64, plus 1 times 8, plus 4 times 1, and equals decimal 140.
octal digit The symbols 0, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 when used as a digit in the system of notation for which 8 is the base or radix. Clarified by definition for /lumber system.
octal number A number that consists of one or more figures and that represents a sum in which the quantity represented by~ach figure is based on a radix of eight. THe figures used as octal numbers are 0, I, 2,3,4,5,6, and 7. Clarified by octal.
octave 1. Any gro~p or series of eight. [ISA26-1968].2. The interval between two frequencies that have a ratio of 2:1.
octave-band analyzer A portable sound analyzer that amplifies a microphone Signal,
345
octave-band filter / offset voltage drift
feeds it into one of several band-pass filters that are selected by a switch, and indicates the signal amplitude on a logarithmic scale. With the exception of the highest and lowest band, each band spans an octave in frequency.
octave-band filter A band-pass filter in which the upper and lower cutoff frequencies are in a fixed ratio of 2:1.
octet A group of eight bits that are treated as a unit. See byte.
OCX· OLE custom controls (extension). Object-oriented software building blocks that considerably reduce programming time in the creation of applications. Theoretically, they can readily be plugged into Visual Basic, Visual C++, databases, spreadsheets, and word processors.
odd-even check Same as parity check. odograph An instrument that is mounted in a
vehicle in order to automatically plot the vehicle's course and distance traveled on a map.
odometer An instrument for measuring and indicating distance traveled.
OEM Original equipment manufacturer. An organization that provides the final systems made from the assemblies and subassemblies of other manufacturers.
Oersted The CGS unit for magnetic field strength. The SI unit, ampere-tum per meter, is preferred.
off Referring to the nonoperating state of a device or circuit.
off-axis mirrors Mirrors whose mechanical center does not correspond to the axis of the mirror's optical figure.
Off delay A timer that begins when the power is removed completely from the unit.
off hook The condition in which a receiver or handset is removed from the hook.
off-line [Comp] 1. Not being in continuous, direct communication with the computer. 2. Something that is done independently of the computer (as in off-line storage). 3. Describing the state of a subsystem or piece of computer equipment that though operable is currently bypassed or disconnected from the main system. 4. Pertaining to a computer that is not actively monitoring or controlling a process or operation, or to a computer operation that is performed while the computer is not monitoring or controlling a process or operation. [Eng] 5. Describing any lateral or angular deviation from the intended axis of a drilled or bored hole. [Safe] 6. A process, to which a safety instrumented system is con
nected, that is shut down. [ANSI/ISA-84.011996]
off-line diagnostics 1. Describing the state of a control system, subsystem, or piece of computer equipment that is operable but is currently not actively monitoring or controlling the process. 2. A program for checking out systems and subsystems and providing error codes if an error is detected. This diagnostic program is run while the system is off line.
off-line.equipment The peripheral equipment or devicesth"at are not in direct communication with the central processing unit of a computer.
off-line memory Any media capable of being stored remotely from the computer that the computer can read when the media is placed into a suitable reading device. Also see external storage.
off-line system A kind of system that requires human operations between the original recording functions and the ultimate data processing function. These operations include conversion as well as the necessary loading and unloading that are required in order to use point-to-point or data-gathering systems.
off load or offloading To relieve the data processing load on a CPU by performing an intensive application's calculations in a dedicated or specialized processor.
offset [Cont] 1. A sustained deviation of the controlled variable from set point. This characteristic is inherent in proportional controllers that do not incorporate reset action. 2. The steady-state deviation when the set point is fixed. Note: The offset that results from a no-load to a full-load change (or other specified limits) is often called "droop" of load regulation. See also deviation, steadystate. [ANSI/ISA-51.1-1979 (R1993)]. 3. The count value output from an AID converter that results from a zero input analog voltage. Offset is used to convert subsequent nonzero measurements. 4. A short distance that is measured perpendicular to a principal line of measurement in order to locate a point with respect to that line. 5. A printing process in which ink is transferred from;~the printing plate or master to a rubber-cfvered roller, which in turn transfers the ±hK to the paper. [Comp] 6.The difference between a base location and the location of an element that is related to the base location. The number of locations relative to the base of an array, string, or block.
offset voltage drift Change in offset voltage with time or temperature.
346
OFHC I on delay
OFFSET
o I---------:!..~---SET POINT W ...J ...JUJ _-----r---- ACTUAL VALUE O...J 0::<:01-«6i!:U;;
TIME __
Proportional Offset
OFHC Oxygen-free high-conductivity copper. An industry designation for pure copper used in a type T thermocouple.
ohm The metric unit for electrical resistance. An ohm is the resistance (or impedance) of a conductor such that an electrical potential of one volt exists across the ends of the conductor when it carries a current of one ampere.
ohmmeter A device for measuring electrical resistance.
ohms per volt A standard rating of instrument sensitivity. It is determined by dividing the instrument's electrical resistance by its full-scale voltage.
oil Any of various viscous organic liquids that are soluble in certain organic solvents, such as naphtha or ether, but are not soluble in water. An oil may be of animal, vegetable, mineral, or synthetic origin.
oil bath 1. Oil in a container or chamber in which a part or mechanism is submerged or dips during operation or manufacture. 2. Oil that is poured on a cutting tool or in which it is submerged during a machining operation.
oil burner A burner for firing oil. oil cone The cone of finely atomized oil that
is discharged from an oil atomizer. oil gas A heating gas that is made by reacting
petroleum oil vapors and steam. oil heating and pumping set A group of
apparatuses that consist of a heater for raising the temperature of the oil in order to produce the desired viscosity and a pump for delivering the oil at the desired pressure.
oil-immersed equipment Equipment that is immersed in electrical insula ting oil for the purpose of preventing an ignitable gas or vapor from phYSically contacting the source of ignition. This type of protection is referred to by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) as "Ex 0." Note: This type of equipment may also serve the purpose of preventing a particular corrosive gas or vapor from contacting the electrical components, provided that consideration is given to
the solubility of the corrosive atmosphere in the oil. [ANSI/ISA-12.01.01-1999]
oil-immersion A type of protection in which the electrical apparatus, or parts of it, are immersed in a protective liquid in such a way that any explosive atmosphere above the liquid or outside the enclosure cannot be ignited. This type of protection is referred to as "0." [ISA-12.01.01-1999; ANSI/ISA12.26.01-1998 (IEC 6Q079-6 Mod)]
OLE Object linking an.d ~mbedding. In computers, an application integration feature of the Microsoft Windows and WindowsNT environments that treats data as a collection of objects to be shared by applications that support the OLE specification. OLE enables several different applications to be linked so as to accomplish a given task. It allows the user to keep information current across several different software applications simply by changing information in one of them. With the arrival of the Internet, Microsoft now prefers to use the term"ActiveX."
olemeter 1. A device for measuring the specific gravity of oil. 2. A device for measuring the proportion of oil in a mixture.
oleophillic Oil receptive. oleophobic Oil repellent. Olsen ductility test A method for determin
ing the relative formability of metal sheet. A sheet metal sample is deformed at the center by a steel ball until it fractures. The heighth of the cup at the moment of fracture indicates the relative ease with which deep-drawn or stamped parts can be formed.
ombroscope An instrument for indicating Iwhen precipitation occurs. A heated water-sensitive surface is exposed to the weather. When it rains or snows, an electrical or mechanical output trips an alarm or records the occurrence on a time chart.
omnidirectional (antenna) An antenna that has equal gains in all directions.
omnigraph An automatic acetylene flame-cutting device that cuts several blanks simultaneously, duplicating the pattern traced by a mechanical pointer.
on Referring to the operating state of a device or circuit. ,
on-condition maintenance Mainten*",ce done when equipment needs it. Critical components are inspected, safety is regarded as raramount, defects are repaired, but if the equipment works, don't fix it.
on delay A timer that starts when power is applied and output contacts transfer at the end of the timing period. This type of timer resets during power failure.
347
one-piece element clamp / open loop
I •II! I, i
one-piece element clamp Also known as a "pinch valve." A valve that consists of a one-piece flexible element or liner that is installed in a body such that the element or liner extends over the flange faces and act as gaskets between the valve and connecting piping. [ANSI!ISA-75.08-1999] The dimensions of "long style" one-piece element clamps are the same as those for flanged-end control valves in ANSI 816.10 and ANSI! ISA-S75.03-1985, except for the 6-inch size. "Short-style" dimensions are the same as those for flanged-end gate valves in ANSI 816.10 and MSS SP-72, except for the 6-inch and the 8-inch sizes. [ANSI!ISA-75.08-1999]
ones complement The radix-minus-one complement in binary notation. The ones complement of an octal 3516 is 4261. See also complement.
online [Comp] 1. The state of a subsystem or piece of computer equipment that is operable and currently connected to the main system. The opposite of off-line. 2. Pertaining to a computer that is actively monitoring or controlling a process or operation or a computer operation that is performed while the computer is monitoring or controlling a process or operation. 3. Directly controlled by, or in continuous communication with, the computer (e.g., on-line storage). 4. Done in real time. [Eng] 5. Describing the coincidence of the axis of a drilled or bored hole with its intended axis, without measurable lateral or angular deviation. [Safe] 6. A process, to which a safety instrumented system is connected, that is operating. [ANSI!ISA-84.011996]
online computer system A computer system that is characterized by real-time response to a user's inquiries and commands.
online data reduction Of a computing system, the processing of information as rapidly as information is received or as rapidly as it is genera ted by the source.
online debugging The act of debugging a program while-time sharing its execution with an online process program.
online diagnostics 1. Referring to a state of a control system, subsystem, or piece of computer equipment that is operable and actively monitoring or controlling the process. 2. A program to checking systems and subsystems and then providing error codes and alarms if errors are detected. This diagnostic program runs in the backgr~und while the control system is in the operating mode.
online equipment Of a computer system, the peripheral equipment or devices whose
operation is controlled by the central processing unit and in which information that reflects current activity is introduced into the data processing system as soon as it occurs. Thus, online equipment is directly in line with the main flow of transaction processing. Clarified by online.
online memory Any media that the computer system can directly access. Also see internal storage.
online processi~~.. Same as online. online system ...1: Synonymous with online. 2.
A system in which the input data enters the computer directly from the point of origin and/or in which output data is transmitted directly to the location where iris used. Compare offlinc.
C :1.-off control A simple form of control whereby the control variable is switched fully ON or fully OFF in response when the process variable rises above or falls below the set point, respectively. Cycling always occurs with this form of control.
on-off controller See controller, on-off. OOP Object-oriented programming.
Programming that is based on objects that talk by passing messages. An "object" is a package of information and descriptions of procedures that make it possible to manipulate that information.
opacity The reciprocal of optical transmissivity.
MOUNTING FLANGE & BOLTS
THERMAL INSULATION
LIGHT SOURCE If LIGHT DETECTOR
LOW VOLTAGE GAS SENSOR WIRING
FLOW
AIR PURGE LINE (TYPICAL)
Opacity Monitor
opcode The pattern of bits in an instruction that indicates the addressing mode.
open circuit 1. An interrupti9n in an electricalor hydraulic circuit, ustrilly because of a failure or disconnection, t~t'renders the circuit inoperable. 2. A nonrecirculating (once-through) system or process.
open loop Pertaining to a control system in which there is no self-correcting action for misses of the desired operational condition, as there is in a closed-loop system. See feedforward control action.
348
l I
open position I operating influence
open position A position that is 100 percent and safety of the public are designed to open. [ANSI/ISA-5.2-1976(R1992)]
open seal An impulse line that is filled with a seal fluid that is open to the process.
open system 1. A system that complies with the requirements of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model in its communication with other open systems. 2. A h<lrdware / software design in which a degree of interchangeability and connectivity pro
I• vides the user with choices, that is, the ability f
I . to select multiple products from multiple • vendors and to integrate them seamlessly on
powerful networks. Open systems make every resource on a network available to any authorized user who needs it. See Open System Interconnection (OSl).
Open System Interconnection (051) A connection between one communication system and another using a standard protocol.
open-end protecting tube A tube that extends from a physical boundary into the body of a medium in order to surround and protect a thermocouple yet that allows direct contact between the thermocouple's measuring junction and the medium.
open-flow nozzle See Kennison nozzle. opening pressure The static inlet pressure
that initiates a discharge. open-loop control 1. A control system that
does not take any account of the error between the desired and actual values of the controlled variables. 2. An operation in which computer-evaluated control action is applied by an operator. See open loop and closed loop. 3. A system in which no comparison is made between the actual value and the desired value of a process variable.
open-loop numerical control A type of numerical control system in which the drive motor provides both actuation and measurement with no feedback to the control console.
openness of scale With respect to measuring instruments, the amount of change in a measured quantity that causes the pointer to move 1 mm (or in some instances, 1 in.) on the instrument scale.
operand The address of an instruction that is to be executed by the processor.
operating basis earthquake (aBE) That earthquake which, according to ISA standard ISA-67.03-1982 "could reasonably be expected to affect the plant site during the operating life of the plant; it is that earthquake which produces the vibratory ground motion for which those features of the nuclear power plant necessary for continued operation without undue risk to the health
349
remain functional." [ISA-67.03-1982] operating conditions The conditions to
which a device is subjected, not including the variable it measures. Examples of operating conditions include ambient pressure, ambient temperature, electromagnetic fields, gravitational force, inclination, power-supply variation (voltage, frequency, harmonics), radiation, shqck, and vibration. Both static and dynamic variations in these conditions should be co~sidered. [ANSI/ISA-51.11979 (R1993)] See also environmental conditions. .
operating conditions, normal The range of operating conditions within which a device is designed to operate and for which operating influences are stated. [ANSI/ISA-51.11979 (R1993); ANSI/ISA-71.03-1985]
operating conditions, reference 1. The range of operating conditions of a device within which operating influences are negligible. Note 1: The range is usually narrow. Note 2: Reference operating conditions are the conditions under which reference performance is stated and the base from which the values of operating influences is determined. [ANSI/ISA-51.1-1979 (R1993)] 2. The conditions to which a device is subjected, not including the variable it measures. See also environmental conditions.
operating control A control to start and stop a burner. It must be in addition to the high limi t control.
operating influence The change in a performance characteristic that is caused by a change in a specified operating condition from reference operating condition. It is assumed that all other conditions are held within the limits of reference operating conditions. Note 1: The specified operating conditions are usually the limits of the normal opera ting condi tions. Opera ting influence may be stated in either of two ways: (a) as the total change in performance characteristics from the reference operating condition to another specified operating cond ition and (b) as a coefficient that expresses the change in a performance characteristics that correspond to a unit change of the operating ~ndition,
from the reference operating con4,ition to another specified operating condition. Note 2: If the rebtion between operating influence and change in operating condition is linear, one coefficient will suffice. If it is nonlinear, it may be desirable to state more than one coefficient, such as 0.05% per volt from 120 to 125
operating level/operator
V to and 0.15% from 125 to 130 v. [ANSI/ ISA-51.1-1979 (RI993)]
operating level The nominal position or output at which a system or process operates. Typical examples are the water level in a boiler, the production rate of a manufacturing process, or the acoustical output (volume) of a loudspeaker system.
operating pressure 1. The nominal pressure or pressure limits at which a system or process operates. 2. In a pneumatic or hydraulic system, the high and low values (range) of pressure that will produce the full-range operation of an output device such as a motor operator, positioning relay, or data transmission device. See pressure, operating.
operating rod (spindle) A component of circular cross-section that is used for transmitting control movements that may be rotary or linear or a combination of both. [ANSI! ISA-12.22.01-1998 (IEC 79-1 Mod)]
operating specifications The operatingrange environmental conditions over which equipment or a system will operate and maintain its specified performance without any degradation. See extreme (operating) conditions, storage, and specifications.
operating system 1. An integrated collection of service routines for supervising the sequencing of programs by a computer. Synonymous with monitor system and executive systenl. An operating system may perform the functions of input/ output control, resource scheduling, and data management. It provides application programs with the fundamental commands for controlling the computer. 2. A group of programming systems that operate under the control of a data processing monitor program.
operating temperature range The range in extremes of ambient temperature within which the transducer must perform to the requirements of the temperature error or temperature error band. [ISA-37.12-1982 (RI995); ISA-37.6-1982 (RI995)]
operating time That part of available time during which the hardware is operating and assumed to be yielding correct results. It includes development time, production time, and makeup time. Contrast with idle time.
operation 1. A procedural element that defines an independent processing activity that consists of the algorithm necessary for the initiation, organization, and control of phases. [ANSI! ISA-88.01-1995]2. A welldefined action that, when applied to any permissible combination of known entities, produces a new entity. [ISA-TR50.02, Part 9
2000] 3. A set of tasks or processes, usually performed at one location.
operational Referring to a state of readiness for immediate use, as of equipment or vehicles.
operational maintenance Any maintenance activity, other than corrective maintenance, that the operator is intended to perform and that is required if the equipment is to serve its intended purpose. Such activities typi
. ~alty iflclude .the correcting of "zero" on a panel instrument, changing charts, making records, adding ink, or the like. [ANSI/ISA12.12.01-2000]. Operational maintenance activities are expected to be performed by staff unfamiliar with the risks of electrical shock, likelihood of fire, or personal injury.
operational qualification In process validation, documented verification that an equipment-related system or subsystem performs as intended throughout its represented or anticipated operating ranges.
operational test See test. operation analysis An evaluation process in
industrial engineering that assesses deSign, materials, equipme!!t, tools, working conditions, methods, and inspection standards. The purpose of operation analysis is usually to improve production output or decreasing cost.
operation code The part of a computer instruction word that specifies, in coded form, the operation to be performed.
operations analysis See operations research. operations research The use of analytic
methods adopted from mathematics to solve operational problems. The objective of such research is to provide management with a more logical basis for making sound predictions and decisions. Among the common scientific techniques used in operations research are linear programming, probability theory, information theory, game theory, the Monte Carlo method, and queuing theory.
operative limits The range of operating conditions to which a device may be subjected without permanently impairing its operating characteristics. Notes: 1. In general, performance characteristics are not stated for the region between the limits of ~rmal operating conditions and the opera~e limits. 2. When a device returns within the limits of normal operating conditions, adjustments may need to be made restore normal performance. [ANSI/ISA-51.1-1979 (RI993)]
operator [Mfg] 1. The person who operates equipment for its intended purpose. Note: The operator should have received training
350 ._.__ .~.·r' J j
operator command / optical flat
appropriate for this purpose. [ANSI/lSA82.02.01-1999 (IEC 1010-1 Mod); lSA12.02.01-1999] 2. The person who initiates and monitors the operation of a process. [Comp] 3. The person who initiates and monitors the operation of a computer. 4. The portion of an instruction that tells the machine what to do. [Sci] 5. A mathematical symbol that represents a mathematical proc~ss to be performed on an associated operand.
operator command A statement to the control program, issued via a console device, that causes the control program to provide requested information, alter normal operations, initiate new operations, or terminate existing operations.
operator control An operator-accessible control, usually a knob, push button, lever, or the like, that is provided so the operator can cause the equipment to perform its intended function and serve its intended purpose.
operator interface The shared boundary between a computer system and its human operator. It typically consists of a graphical representation (on CRT or LCD) and an input device (keyboard, touch screen, mouse, trackball, or light pen).
operator's console A device that enables the operator to communicate with the computer. It can be used to enter information into the computer, to request and display stored data, to actuate various preprogrammed command routines, and so on. See also process engineer's console and programmer's console.
operator station The operator interface from which a process or plant is run.
opisometer An instrument that incorporates a tracing wheel for measuring the length of curved lines, such as those on a map.
optical ammeter An electrothermic instrument that typically employs a photoelectric cell and indica ting device for the purpose of determining the magnitude of electric current. It does this by measuring the light that is emitted by a lamp filament carrying the current. The instrument is calibrated by determining the amount of light that is emitted when known currents are carried by the same filament.
optical amplifier A type of amplifier in which an electric input signal is converted into light, amplified as light, and then converted back into an electric output signal.
optical attenuation meter A device that measures the loss or attenuation of an optical fiber, fiber-optic cable, or fiber-optic system. Measurements are usually made in decibels.
optical bench A rigid horizontal bar or track for holding and supporting optical devices in fixed positions while allowing these positions to be changed or adjusted quickly and easily.
optical character reader A scanning device that can recognize some typewritten characters.
optical comparator 1. Any comparator in which the moveplent of a measuring plunger tilts a small rhirror, w!)ich in turn reflects light in an optical syst~m. 2. A type of comparator in which the sil!:ouette of a part is projected onto a graduated screen, and the dimensions or contour are evaluated from that projected image.
optical density A measurement of transmission that is equal to the base 10 logarithm of the reciprocal of transmittance. An object that has optical density of zero is transparent; an optical density of one corresponds to 10 percent transmission.
optical disk A large electronic storage device that uses laser beam patterns to read and write digital information (it comes in readonly and write-once types). Unlike magnetic media, an optical disk is not inadvertently changed or erased by EMI/RFl fields.
optical emission spectrometry The measurement of the wavelength(s) and intensities of the visible light that is emitted by a substance after it is stimulated.
optical encoder tachometer A type of instrument that combines a sensor (optical encoder) with a microprocessor for the purpose of converting sensor impulses into a measurement of rotational velocity.
optical fiber Any filament or fiber that is made of dielectric materials and consists of both a core for carrying a light signal and surrounding cladding that reflects the signal back into the core. A thin glass thread is most commonly used, but plastic fiber can also be chosen.
optical filter A semitransparent device that selectively passes rays of light that have predetermined wavelengths.
optical flat A transparent disk, usually made of fused quartz, that has precisely P¥allel faces. One face is polished for cleari~tsion and the other face is ground optica1fy flat. When the optical flat is placed on a surface and illuminated under proper conditions, interference bands can be observed. These bands can be used to either assess surface contour (relative flatness) or determine differences between a reference gauge or gauge
351
optical fluid flow measurement / optimization
block and a highly accurate part or inspection gauge.
optical fluid flow measurement Any method for measuring the density of a fluid in motion that involves measuring the refraction and phase shift among different rays of light as they pass through a flow field of varying density.
optical gauge A gauge that measures the image of an object without touching the object itself.
optical glass Glass that is fre~ of such imperfections as bubbles, chemical inhomogeneity, or unmelted particles, which degrade its ability to transmit light.
optical grating 1. A diffraction grating that is usually employed with other appropriate optics to fabricate a monochromator. These gratings consist of a series of parallel grooves that are carefully and uniformly shaped in an optical surface that is either flat or concave, depending upon the application. The number of grooves formed and their shape (the grating's profile) determine in what region of the spectrum the optical grating is applicable. 2. Commonly referred to as a "Ronchi grating." 3. A highly accurate device that is used in precision dimensional measurement. It consists of a polished surface, commonly an aluminum coating on a glass substrate, onto which close, equidistant, and parallel
II grooves have been ruled. The distribution of
grooves range from several hundred to many thousands of grooves per inch. Gratings are used in conjunction with monochromatic light to produce interference patterns that are sometimes referreJ to as moire patterns. Optical gratings are used in optical testing as well as in generating the dot matrix for reproducing pictures from a photographic negative.
optical indicator An instrument that plots pressure variations as a function of time by using magnification in an optical system coupled with photographic recording.
optical isolation Two networks that are connected only through an LED transmitter and photoelectric receiver, with no electrical continuity between them.
optical mark reader A device that uses light sensing to read marks made on special forms.
optical material Any material that is transparent to visible light or to X-ray, ultraviolet, or infrared radiation.
optical plastic Any plastics material that is transparent to light and can be used in optical devices and instruments to take advan
tage of the lower cost of the plastics material or of such physical or mechanical properties as the plastics material's superiority to glass.
optical pressure transducer Any of several devices that use optical methods to accurately measure the position of the sensitive element of the pressure transducer.
optical pyrometer An instrument that determines the temperature of an object by comparing its incandescent brightness with that of ~nelectrically.}1e,ftedwire. The current through the'v.vire is adjusted until the visual image of the wire blends into the image of the hot surface. The temperature is read directly from a calibrated dial attached to the current a0j~rstment.
'----===-~If; EYE
lAM' CURRENT
optical rangefinder An optical instrument for measuring distance, usually from the instrument's location to a target some distance away, by measuring the angle between rays of light from the target to separate windows on the rangefinder body.
optical recording Making a record of an instrument reading by focusing a tiny beam of light on photosensitive paper. The position of the light along one axis of the resulting orthogonal plot is directly related to the value of the quantity being measured.
optical rotation Rotating the plane of polarization about the axis of a beam of polarized light.
optical storage disk A computer storage medium that uses lasers to form surface patterns that represent data. CD-ROM (compact disk read-only memory) is an optical storage disk that stores data in digital form.
optical time domain reflectometer A device that sends a very short pulse of light down a fiber-optic communication system and measures the time history of the pulse reflection. The reflection indicates any fwer dispersion and discontinuities in the fib'r path, such as breaks and connectors. The frille it takes for the light pulse to travel to and from the discontinuity indicates how far it is from the test set.
optimization 1. The process of making a design, process, or system as nearly perfect in function or effectiveness as possible. 2. Using a structured decision-making tech
352
optimize I orphan
nique to select the best way of achieving a defined goal from a set of alternatives.
optimize 1. To establish control parameters so as to make control as effective as possible. 2. To rearrange the instructions or data in storage so that the program can be run in minimum time.
optimizing control See control, optimize, steady-state optimization, and dynamic optimization.
option module Any additional device that expands a computer's capability.
optoelectronic amplifier An amplifier whose input and output signals and method of amplification may be either optical or electronic.
optoelectronics A technology that combines optics with solid-state electronics.
OR 1. A logic condition such that logic output 0 exists if, and only if, one or more of logic inputs A, B, and C exist. [ANSI/ISA5.2-1976 (R1992)] 2. A logic operator that has the property that if P is an expression, Q is an expression, R is an expression ..., then the OR of P, Q, R ... is true if at least one expression is true, false if all expressions are false. P OR Q is often represented by P + Q, PVQ. OR is synonymous with "inclusive OR." Contrast with exclusive OR.
orders A unit of frequency fhaf is unique fo rotating machinery in which the first order is equal to rotational speed.
organic matter Compounds that contain carbon, often derived from living organisms.
orient To place an instrument, particularly on€ for maki.ng optical measurements, so that i.ts physical. axis is aligned with a specific direction or reference line.
orientation The state of being aligned with a specific direction or reference line.
orifice 1. The opening from the whirling chamber of a mechanical atomizer or the mixing chamber of a steam atomizer through which the liquid fuel is discharged. 2. A calibrated opening in a plate that is inserted in a gas stream to measure the velocity of flow.
orifice fitting A specially designed device for holding orifice plates.
orifice flange taps The 1/2 in. or 3/4 in. pipe taps in the edge of an orifice flange union.
orifice flange union Two unique flanges that are used to hold the primary element of an orifice plate, with specific design dimensions that are established by the American Gas Association.
orifice meter A general term for any recording differential-pressure measuring instrument.
Installed Orifice Meter
orifice mixer A piece of equipment for mixing two or more liquids by simultaneously directing them, under pressure, throuo-h a constriction in which the resulting turbulence blends them tog~ther.
orifice plate A disk or plate like member with a sharp-edged hole in it that is used in a pipe to measure flow or reduce static pressure.
or~fice run The differential pressure-producmg arrangement that consists of a selected pipe, orifice flange union, and orifice plate. An orifice run has rigid specifications that are defined by the' American Gas Association.
orifice-type variable-area flowmeter A now-measurement devjce that consjsts of a tube section containing an orifice and a guided conically tapered float that rides within the orifice. The flow of a fluid through the meter positions the float in relation to the I_ flow rate. The float's position is determined magnetically or by other indirect means.
o ring A toroidal sealing ring made of synthetic rubber or similar material. The cross section through the torus is usually round or oval, but it may be rectangular or some other shape.
orometer A barometer for measuring elevation above sea level.
ORP "Oxidation-reduction potentiaL" Often called redox in the process industries, ORP is directly related to the oxidative streno-th of a biocidal agent such as chlorine. ORP is the ra tio of activities of the oxidized (1os~-ofelectron) and reduced (gain-of-electron) forms of various substances in solu.!jon. Such activities gene~ate millivolt poten~~'l similar to pH, dependmg on the substance:
orphan In the typographical composition of screen displays and printing, a word or short line that ends a paragraph and is carried over ~o the top of the next column. Frowned upon in good typography. See widow.
353
orsat lout of round
I
t!III
IIII
III
II
I II
III
orsat A gas-analysis apparatus in which certain gaseous constituents are measured by absorbing the gas in separate chemical solutions.
orthicon A camera tube that utilizes a low-velocity electron beam to scan an image that is stored electrically on a photoactive mosaic panel.
orthometric correction A systematic correction that must be applied to a measured difference in elevation to compensate for the fact that.level surfaces at different elevations are not exactly parallel.
oscillating piston flowmeter A flow measurement device that is similar to a nutating disk flowmeter. In contrast to the latter, the motion of the piston takes place in one plane only. The rotational speed of the piston is directly related to the volume of fluid passing through the meter.
oscillation Fluctuation around the set point. oscillator A nonrotating device for produc
ing alternating current. The output frequency is determined by the characteristics of the device. In some cases, the frequency is fixed, but in others it can be varied.
oscillator crystal A piezoelectric crystal device that is used chiefly to determine the frequency of an oscillator.
oscillatory circuit A circuit that produces a periodically reversing current when energized by a direct current voltage. The circuit contains R, Land C elements, which may be varied to change the characteristics of the resultant AC output.
oscillogram The permanent record created by an oscillograph. Alternatively, a permanent record of the trace on an oscilloscope, such as might be recorded photographically.
oscillograph A device for determining waveform by plotting instantaneous values of a quantity such as voltage as a function of time.
oscilloscope A CRT device that can display instantaneous values of AC voltages or currents with respect to time or with respect to other AC voltages or currents. An oscilloscope can also be used to display the instantaneous values of other quantities that vary rapidly with time (not necessarily oscillatory values) and that can be converted into suitable electrical signals by means of a transducer. The display is a graphical representation of the electrical signals that are produced by varying the position of the focused spot where an electron beam strikes the fluorescent coating on the inside surface of the CRT face.
OSF Open Software Foundation. A not-forprofit coalition of DEC, IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Apollo Computers, Groupe Bull, Nixdorf Computer AG, and Siemens AG located in Cambridge Massachusetts. The OSF was founded in 1988 to develop and license core software technologies for the purpose of developing an alternative to UNIX after AT&T decided not to open UNIX for development.
OSHA Qccupati<;lpal Safety and He~lth . Administration', In 1970 the u.s. Congress passed the Occupational Safety and Health Act, which specified the requirements that employers must follow to guard against employee illness and injury. OSHA administers and enforces these requirements.
OSI reference model "Open System Interconnection." A seven-layered model of communications networks defined by ISO (lnterna.tional Organization for Standardization). The seven layers are: Layer 7 (Ap~lication)--provides the interface for the application to access the OSI environment; Layer 6 (PresentatioI1)--provides for data conversion to pres~rvethe meaning of the data; Layer 5 (Session)-provides user-to-user connections; Layer 4 (Transport)-- provides end-to-end reliability; Layer 3 ( etwork)--provides routing of data through the network; Layer 2 (Data Link)-provides link access control and reliability; Layer 1 (Physical)-- provides an interface to the physical medium.
ounce A U.s. unit of weight. One ounce (avoirdupois) equals 1/16 pound, and is the metric used for most commercial products. One ounce (troy) equals 1/12 pound, and is the metric used for precious metals.
outage The decrease of fluid level in a tank or vessel.
outdoor area See area, outdoor. outdoor location A location where neither air
temperature nor humidity are controlled, and the equipment is exposed to outdoor atmospheric conditions such as direct sunshine, wind, rain, hail, sleet, snow, and icing. [ISA-82.03-1988]
outgassing The release of adsqrbed or occluded gases and water va~or, usually du::-ing the evacuation or su1iSe"quent heating of an evacuated chamber.
out of round A dimensional condition in which diameters taken in different directions across a nominally circular object are unequal. The difference between them is the amount of "out of roundness."
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output I overtlow
output 1. An output from the logic sequence. [ANSI/ISA-5.2-1976 (R1992)] 2. The electrical quantity produced by a transducer that is a function of the applied measurand. [ISA37.1-1975 (R1982)] 3. The information that is transferred from the internal storage of a computer to secondary or external storage or to any device outside of the computer.
output, analog Nominally pertains to the output of data that takes the form of continuously variable physical quqntities as contrasted with digital output. Most analog output subsystems utilize digital-to-analog converters (DAC), which provide a finite number of output levels and only approximate a continuous variable. [ISA-RP55.11975 (R1983)]
output, contact A digital output that is generated by operating a contact. [ISA-RP55.11975 (R1983)]
output, digital Pertaining to the output of data that takes the form of digits. Contrast with analog output. [ISA-RP55.1-1975 (R1983)]
output area An area of storage that is reserved for output.
output block 1. A block of computer words that are considered as a unit and are intended or destined to be transferred from an internal storage medium to an external destination. 2. A section of internal storage that is reserved for storing data that are to be transferred out of the computer. Synonymous with output area. 3. A block that is used as an output buffer. See buffer.
output device The part of a machine that translates the electrical impulses representing data processed by the machine into permanent results such as printed forms, punched cards, and magnetic writing on tape or into control signals for a process.
output impedance Impedance that is measured across the output terminals of a device as a result of circuitry within that device. In power supplies, the output of the equivalent dynamic series impedance of power supply. Output impedance is normally derived from the ratio of output voltage change to output current change as measured at output termi
t nals. Load line effect and termination must
I.,
be considered to ascertain total impedance.
I output ind icator A device that is connected
to a radio receiver in order to indicate variations in output signal without indicating a specific signal value. Output indicators are usually used for aligning or tuning.
output module An electrical!electronic/programmable electronic system (E/E/PES) or subsystem that acts as an interface to exter
nal devices and converts output signals into signals that can actuate external devices. [ANSI! ISA-84.01-1996]
output noise The rms, peak, or peak-to-peak (as specified) AC component of a transducer's DC output in the absence of measurand variations. Note: Unless otherwise specified, output impedance is measured at room conditions and with the excitation terminals open/circuited. However, nominal
.e;'\citation aud a m~asurand between 80 and 100 percent of span are applied when the transducer contains integral active output-conditioning circuitry. [ISA-37.1-1975 (R1982)]
output parameter A block parameter that has a data structure of value and status elements that are updated by the block algorithm. [ISA-TR50.02, Part 9-2000]
output rating The voltage and current-carrying capability of equipment's electrical output.
output regulation The change in output as a result of a change in excitation. Note: Unless otherwise specified, output regulation is measured at room conditions and with the measurand applied at its upper-range limit. [ISA-37.1-1975 (R1982)]
output signal A signal that is delivered by a device, element, or system. See also signal, output.
output variable A variable that is delivered by a control algorithm, for example, the signal going to a stearn valve in a temperature control loop. See controlled variable.
outside caliper A caliper that is used to measure distances across two external opposing surfaces.
outside diameter The outer dimension of a circular member such as a rod, pipe, or tube.
oval-shaped gear flowmeter A type of positive displacement flowmeter. It operates by trapping a precise volume of fluid between an oval, toothed rotor and the meter housing as the rotor revolves in mesh with a second rotor. The volume flow of an incompressible fluid is indicated directly by determining rotor speed.
oven A heated enclosure for baking, heating, or drying, generally at temperatluts considerably lower than that a furnace. (",
oven dry In paper making, paper "from which all moisture has been removed by artificial evaporation using heat. See bone dry.
overdamped See damping. overflow The condition that arises when the
result of an arithmetic operation exceeds the capacity of the storage space allotted for it in
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overtlow pIpe I overvoltage protection
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POSITION A POSITION B LIQUID POSITION C Oval-shaped Gear Flowmeter
a digital computer. Also, the digit arising from this condition if a mechanical or programmed indicator is included. If it is not, the digit may be lost.
overflow pipe A pipe that has its open end protruding above the liquid level in a tank. It limits the height of liquid in the tank by carrying away any liquid that enters the open end, usually to a drain or sewage system.
overfractionation The operation by which a distillation column produces a purer product than is required.
overhead In communications, all information, such as control, routing, and errorchecking characters, that are used in addition to transmitted data. Overhead includes routing information, operational instructions, and retransmissions of data that are received in error.
overheat To raise the temperature above a desired or safe limit. In metal heat treating, to reach a temperature that results in degraded mechanical or physical properties.
overlay The technique of repeatedly using the same blocks of internal storage during different stages of a problem. When one routine is no longer needed in storage, another routine can replace all or part of it.
overload The maximum magnitude of a measurand that can be applied to a transducer without causing a change in performance beyond the specified tolerance. [ISA-37.11975 (R1982)]
overload capacity The force weight, power, pressure, or other capacity factor beyond which permanent damage occurs to a device or structure. Overload capacity is usually higher than the rated capacity.
overload protection The provision of protection for equipment against excessive current, including short-circuit current. In power supplies, the protection circuitry is electronic with automatic recovery. The current characteristic is normally a foldback type.
overload recovery An effect caused by an analog signal input that is greater than the
~,
input for which the feedback capacity of an amplifier can compensate. The result is a loss of feedback control by the amplifier. This necessitates some recovery time after the overload is removed. [ISA-RP55.1-1975 (R1983)]
overrange In process instrumentation, any excess value of the input signal of a system or element above its upper-range value or below its lower-range value. [ANSI/ISA51.1-1979 (R1993)] See also overload.
overrahgefimit· -The maximum input that can beappltedto a 'devi~e without causing damage or a permanent change in performance. [ANSI/ISA-51.1-1979 (R1993)] See also overload.
override control 1. Generally, two control loops that are connected to a common final control element. One control loop is normally in cpptrol, with the second loop being switched in by some logic element when an abnormal copdition occurs so that constant control is maintained. 2. A technique in. which more than one controller manipulates a final control element. The technique is used when constraint control is important.
AIR- TO-OPEN VALVE - - - - - - - -@"'-~SETPOINT
LOW SELECTOR
FUEL
OVERRIDE CONTROL
overshoot 1. The amount of output that is measured beyond the final steady output value in response to a step change in the measurand. Note: Overshoot is expressed in terms of percentage of the equivalent step change in output. [ISA-37.1-1975 (R1982)] 2. A transient response to a step change in an input signal that exceeds the normal or expected steady-state respons:l.· 3. The maximum difference between the tdnsient response and the steady-state -re'sponse. See also transient overshoot.
overt faults Faults that are classified as announced, detected, revealed, and so on. [ANSI/ISA-84.01-1996]
overvoltage protection A protective device that interrupts power or reduces the voltage
356
overwriting / oxygen-sensing element
supplied to an operating device when the incoming voltage exceeds a preset value.
overwriting In data processing, the elimination of data by writing new data over it.
Owen bridge A type of AC bridge circuit in which one leg contains a fixed capacitor, the opposite leg contains an unknO'vvn inductance and resistance, the third leg contains a fixed resistor, and the fourth leg contains a variable resistor and a variable capacitor. This type of bridge is especially useful for measuring wide ranges of inductances using reasonable ranges of standard capacitances. It can also be used to measure permeability or core loss.
oxidation 1. The loss of electrons by a constituent of a chemical reaction. [ISA-71.04-1985] 2. Chemical combination with oxygen.
oxide A chemical compound of an element, usually metal, with oxygen. [ISA-71.04-1985]
oxidizing atmosphere An atmosphere that tends to promote the oxidation of immersed materials.
oxygen attack Corrosion or pitting in a boiler that is caused by oxygen.
oxygen deficiency A significant reduction in the oxygen content of an atmosphere from that of the surrounding ambient air. [ANSI/ ISA-92.04.01-1996]
oxygen enrichment An increase in the oxygen content of an atmosphere from that of the surrounding ambient air. [ANSI/ISA92.04.01-1996]
oxygen-monitoring instrument An assembly of electrical, mechanical, and chemical components that senses and reports the content of oxygen in air. Note: For convenience, in the relevant ANSl/ISA standard, the term instrument is used as an abbreviation for "oxygen-monitoring instrument." [ANSl/ ISA-92.04.01-1996]
oxygen-sensing element The particular subassembly in the oxygen-monitoring instrument that, in the presence of oxygen, produces a corresponding electrical, chemical, or physical characteristic. [ANSl/ISA92.04.01-1996]