课标人教实验版 高二 Module 5 Unit 1. Reading Warming Up There are some great scientific achievements that have changed the world. Can you name some of them? What.

课标人教实验版高二 Module 5

Unit 1

Reading

Warming Up

There are some great scientific

achievements that have changed the

world. Can you name some of them? What

kind of role do they play in the field of

science ? Do these achievements have

anything in common? Match the

inventions with their inventors below

before you answer all these questions.

Alexander Bell electricity

Thomas Edison the First telephone

Laite Brothers the electric Lamp

Madame Curie black holes in Universe

Franklin Theory of Gravity

Steven Hawking the First Plane

Elbert Einstein Radium

Isaac Newton the Theory of Relativity

Quiz Questions (P1) 1. Archimedes, Ancient Greek (287- 212 BC), a mathematician. He found that if you put an object into water the water pushes the object up. It rises and partly floats. The force of the water pushing it up is the same as the weight of the

object.阿基米德 (Archimedes)

2. Charles Darwin, Britain (1808 -- 1882) The Origin of Species was published in 1859. It explained how plants and animals had changed over time to fit in with a changing environment. At the time it was published it was very controversial. Many people believed the Bible when it said that God made the first two people (Adam and Eve) and that all other people came from these two. Charles Darwin

Darwin's book showed that people had

developed from apes instead. So this

caused a lot of argument between

religious and scientific people. However

Darwin's idea became very influential

and is still accepted today.

3. Thomas Newcomen, British (1663--1729)

He improved the first steam pump built

by Thomas Savery in 1698 and turned it

into a steam engine for taking water out

of mines in 1712. James Watt improved it

still further in the 1770s turning it into

the first modern steam engine used on the

railways.

4. Gregor Mendel, Czech (1822- 1884) He

grew pea plants and developed ideas on

heredity( 遗传学 ) and inherited ( 继承 , 承传 ) characteristics. He concentrated ( 集中精力 ) on cross-fertilizing ( 施肥 ) pea plants

and analyzing the results. Between1856--

1863 he grew 28,000 pea plants.

Gregor Mendel

He examined seven kinds of seed and

plant characteristics and developed some

laws of inheritance ( 承传的规则 ). The

first is that inheritance factors do not

combine but are passed to the next

generation intact ( 完整的 ). Second, he

found that each partner gives half the

inherited factors to the young.

Third, some of these factors show up

in the offspring ( 子孙 ) (and so are

dominant 显性的 ). The other factors

are masked by the dominant ones

(and so are recessive 隐性的 ).

5. Marie Curie, Polish and French

(1867--1934) She was born in Poland and

came to study in France in 1891 and she

lived there for the rest of her life. In

1898 she discovered radium. She

received two Nobel prizes, one ( with

Pierre Curie ) for physics (1903) and one

for chemistry (1911). Marie Curie

She is the only person to have been so

honored. On the death of her husband

she took over his job at the Sorbonne in

Paris. Her work on radioactivity and

the discovery of radium meant that she

began a new scientific area of research.

She was the first woman to receive a

Nobel Prize and the first woman to

teach at the Sorbonne ( 索邦神学院 :

巴黎大学前身 ).

6. Thomas Edison, American (1847- 1931)

He was already an inventor of other

electrical devices ( phonograph 电唱机 ,

electric light bulb) when in 1882 he

designed a system for providing New

York with electricity from a central

power station. This was a tremendous

achievement, which had previously been

thought impossible.Thomas Edison

7. Leonardo da Vinci, Italian (1452- 1519) He was a famous artist whose skill for showing human skin tones made his paintings seem to come alive. He used to study dead people in order to make his paintings as accurate as possible.

Leonardo da Vinci

Some of his famous paintings include "The Adoration of the Magi" and the "The Last Supper". Later in his life he lived in France where he designed a submarine and a flying machine.

8. Sir Humphry Davy, British (1778-

1829) He did research into different

gases and discovered the medicinal

value of nitrous( 麻醉 ) oxide( 氧化物 )

(or laughing gas) as an anaesthetic( 麻醉剂 ). In 1815 he developed a safety

lamp for miners.

Humphry Davy

Previously there had been many

accidents when candles on the miners'

helmets had exploded when it came

into contact with underground gas

from the coal the miners were digging.

The safety helmet made working

underground very much safer.

9. Zhang Heng, Chinese (78- 139) He

invented the first seismograph( 测震 仪、地震仪 ) to indicate in the

direction of an earthquake. It was in

the shape of a cylinder( 圆筒形 ) with

eight dragonheads round the top,

each with a ball in its mouth.

张衡地动仪

Around the bottom were eight frogs

directly under a dragon's head.

When an earthquake occurred, a

ball fell out of the dragon's mouth,

making a noise.

10. Stephen Hawking, British (1942--) He

has worked in astronomy and studied

black holes in space. He has shown

that black holes do not only absorb

everything around them but, from

time to time, throw out matter as well.

Stephen Hawking

This may mark the beginning of

new galaxies. This is an advance on

the old theory which said that black

holes "eat” everything they come

across.

Leading in

Supply the following words with detail.

John Snow

Cholera

John Snow (1813-1858)

John Snow was

born in York on

March 15th, 1813,

the oldest of nine

children.

York

London

His father worked as a laborer. While

poor, his parents were determined to give

their children whatever educational

opportunities they could afford. He was

educated at a private school in his native

city until the age of fourteen, when he was

apprenticed( 当学徒 ) to William

Hardcastle, a surgeon( 外科医生 ) living

at Newcastle-on-Tyne.

After serving for a short time as a

surgeon and unqualified assistant during

the cholera epidemic of 1831-1982, he

became in October 1836 a student at the

Hunterian School of medicine in Great

Windmill Street, London. He began to

attend the medical practice

at the Westminster Hospital

in the following

October.

1836 37 38 39 40 184541 42 43 44

He graduated M.D. of the University of

London on 20 Dec. 1844, and in 1850 he

was admitted a licentiate of the Royal

College of Physicians.

He designed a chloroform inhaler( 氯仿吸入器 ), described in his book, On Chloroform and other Anesthetics, published in 1858.

Dr. Snow was also a prominent anesthesiologist( 麻醉师 )

What else was he famous for?

What is Cholera?

Cholera is the illness caused by a

bacterium called Vibria cholerae. It

infects people’s intestines( 肠 ),

causing diarrhea( 腹泻 ), vomiting

and leg cramps.

The most common cause of cholera is by

someone eating food or drinking water

that has been contaminated with the

bacteria.

After a disaster, this is a very real

danger, since regular, clean water and

food supplies are often unavailable. The

disease can be spread even further by

infected people using already dirty

water sources to clean themselves

or dispose of waste.

Cholera can be mild or even without

symptoms, a severe case can lead to

death without immediate treatment. The

diarrhea and vomiting brought on by the

infection quickly leaves the body without

enough fluid. The following

dehydration( 脱水 ) and shock can kill a

person within hours.

Look at the picture, the title and the map, guess what is the content of the text? Then skim it quickly to see if you were right.

When we want to solve some problem.

First we should find the problem, do

some research on it, prove your finding,

and then make a conclusion. This is a

scientific and objective way of

researching.

1. What order would you put the seven in?

Pre-readingPre-reading

• Infectious diseases can be spread to

other people. They have an unknown

cause and need public health care to

solve them.

2. What do you know about infectious

diseases?

•Repel ( 回避 ) may be exposed to an

infectious diseases, so may animals,

such as bird flu. AIDS, SARS are

infectious diseases.

•Infectious diseases are difficult to

cure.

Cholera is the illness caused by a

bacterium called Varian cholera. If

infects people’s intestines( 肠胃 ),

causing diarrhea, vomiting and leg

cramps( 腹痛 ).

3. What do you know about cholera?

•The most common cause of cholera is by

someone eating food or drinking water

that has been contaminated( 污染 ) with

the bacteria.

• Cholera can be mild( 不严重的 ) or

even without symptoms( 症状 ),

but a severe case can lead to death

without immediately treatment.

First we should find the problem.

Then, think of a method. We should

collect as much information as possible.

4. Do you know how to prove a

new idea in scientific research?

•Analyzing results is the most

important stage.

• Before we make a conclusion, it is

necessary for us to repeat some

stages or processes.

Germany

Great Britain

Death of first cholera case in London during the 1848-49 epidemic

London

Previous cholera epidemic in Great Britain in 1831-32

The spread of cholera

“…I found

that nearly all

the deaths

had taken

place within a

short distance

of the pump.”

death

Snow on cholera

Snow suspected

contamination

of pump water.

Small, white, flocculent

particles

Paragraph Stages General ideas

1 Find a

problem

The ________

of cholera

causes

Comprehending

2

Theory two: When people

_______ cholera into their bodies

with meals, their bodies were

attacked and soon they died.

Theory one: Cholera

________ in the air and

dangerous gas floated around

until it found its victims.Make

up a

question

multiplied

absorbed

3 Think

of a

method

To _____ the

second theory was

correct.

prove

4

5

Collect

results

Some information was

_________ on how many

people died and where they

got water.

Analyse

results

________the water to see

if that is the cause of the

illness.

gathered

Analyse

6

7

Repeat if

necessary

With extra _______ , it

was announced

definitely that _______

water carried cholera.

Make a

conclusion

Polluted water spread

cholera. “King Cholera”

was _________ .

evidence

polluted

defeated

Make a conclusion

Think of a method

Collect results

Make up a question

Find a problem

Analyse the results

Repeat if necessary

①

③

②

④

⑤⑥

⑦

Read the text carefully and choose the best answers.1. What’s the purpose of the text?A. To show us how difficult it was to find a cure for cholera.B. To tell us how John Snow found the cause of cholera and the cure for it.C. To show us how difficult it was to carry out experiments at that time.D. To tell us the way cholera spread and how serious it was.

B

2. Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?A. John Snow became famous after cholera hit England in the 19th century.B. John Snow began to collect information long before cholera hit England in the 19th century.C. The mother and her daughter mentioned in the text both lived in Broad Street.D. John Snow felt unsure about the cause of cholera after he finished the map.D

3. Why was cholera called “King Cholera” in the text?A. Because cholera caused many deaths.B. Because it got its name from Queen Victoria.C. Because cholera was the most deadly disease of its day.D. Because it was defeated with the help of the king.

C

What should you do if you're travelling

to a country that has a cholera

outbreak? Drink only water that you have boiled

or treated with chlorine or iodine. Other

safe drinks include tea or coffee made

with boiled water and carbonated, bottled

beverages with no ice.

•Eat only food that's been thoroughly

cooked and is still hot, or fruit that

you've peeled yourself.

•Avoid undercooked or raw fish and

shellfish.

•Avoid raw salads and vegetables. •Avoid food and drinks from street

vendors.

"Boil it, cook it, peel it, or forget it."

TIPS

Group Discussion

1. John Snow believed Idea 2 was right.

How did he finally prove it?

John Snow finally proved his idea

because he found an outbreak that was

clearly related to cholera, collected

information and was able to tie cases

outside the area to the polluted water.

2. Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map? No. The map helped John Snow organize his ideas. He was able to identify those households that had had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits. He identified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits. The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted water being the cause.

3. Cholera is a 19th century disease. What

disease do you think is similar to cholera

today?

Two diseases, which are similar today,

are SARS and AIDS because they are

both serious, have an unknown cause and

need public health care to solve them.