Page 1
� ������ ����� ���� ���� �44 ����� �1 ��� �1392
)100-87(
!��@�^ ��� 2 ��=�M�� +��;��� i& ;�2%��� F`� '>��3& '�B?;��6� a �M s����� 2 �3��� L�;!��9���� '2�* V�3� V�7�2
[��� -%�.�:7�1* +��2��8�� ��8��2 1 .���6��%+ ��6��%� ���:� -��6��% '.�2�69
2 .�8�� ��78��9 '�#6��%+ ��6��%� ���:� -��6��% '.�2�69
)���� ����� :12/10/1390 - ����� ����� :17/11/1391(
-���< #��B� 0 F�3�W� *?[0a= ��� �� b![��� T ��<������� 5�/�D��9 )�X[ F<X��I� X X�= LX�3� LX�6�0 X �3��X� :�<X#��9����
(PVA-ST-NCC) F<��I� 0- �= L�3� L�6�0- o�����(PVA-ST-MMT) FX� T��X�0 _��X= _0�X =��X�0���� 0 +�� )0���(AFM) ��6}+[ 0* #��B�T ���� 0' ��� �J� �� .�| e( <�0'5�� 5��4� em2 0 ;W� .)��3� _��X= )�[
X F9 !�'�' $�I� ��� ��<�������PVA-ST-MMT F�S V�� /� F�S1 5X���' * 3�X, ���X� ��<��X� FX9PVA-ST-NCC b���(5�� . )/�� ��0���AFM 0' �[ �' F9 '�' $�I�����* .�|����* ' C����� L��' �' K��6� ��<K#� ?8='�� )�XJ� 0
0' 0 .'�� /� /�� +� .![�I� )/�� ��0��� �' $!@ '�@ . $'0���MMT 0NCC �0�/ ?����� �"��T ���X� o�X+� �X[ !X@ 06�� 0�1� .�|���� 0' ��� ��� )��' �' 5@�!� '�20 o�+� T�0�/ ?�����. $'0��� ��MMT 0NCC 5��4� em2 $����
���� �[ 0 5��� ?[�9MMT gK� F� 5K#� )�<I�� ?[�9NCC 5��4� em2 $���� �'!@ .
$�=>�2���9 *�3��� :�<#��9���� *o����� F<��I�.
� ?��@� A'�3( F� F2�� �� )�[ R�<X�v= b�X�� /� @�� )�X[
�XX�7 5XX#�/ gXX��8� /� .'�1<XX�� FXX� $���XXI[0a= *��mXX=5#�/ �K�9�� g��8� ��m=F<#� 5�6 �' )!X6� FX2��
.'�9 !X�� . 5X#�/ �X+��= FX� F<X��I� *$�/�� 5X+�� LX�3'5XX#�/ gXX��8� ��mXX=!�!&� 0 )��mXX= ������XX2 *$'�XX�
FXX� �XXXK�9�� �XX�� )��XXX� KXX��6� XXX� ��+XXX@ '0�. /�D��9�5 *)�+��= )�[ ���<# ��[ /� L�XI<� L��!X,
* :�x#� .!6#���Email: [email protected]
�1�� :09123039836 1. Exfoliated
0' C����� /��)�+��= ( .!X669�= 0 !6<X#[ !X�3���' FX9'��� F<#� )!6� !X���' )'�X�/ '����9 . FX� ��Xy6� '�XKQ�
0�Aa ��[ !6��� *n��;<�� |�X1� mX=��) 0 XAa�0 )�X[ ����,* .!669�= �[ F� �=� �X[�+ F��X-� X� !��X@. $( �X[
�S�+�� /� '��� 3( 0 7�� 3( F� ' 5� X� �( !X6 0 L��X@ ���[�K) *�3��X� �X6��9 X#�9�*� 3�\�X9�*� ��3(�6 X�n� [�* ��! ������ FX�S )�X[ )�* *RX3�� �� �XK @� FXI* 0
$( !XXX6��� !6<XXX#[ )Filson et al., 2009a .( �'5�/�D��9���� �[5�' �9 ��X� .!X669�= /�X� '���� /� ��
Page 2
88���� � ������ ����� ���� ���� �44 ����� �1 ��� �1392
100-1 �<����� 5�� .��2 F� /� 5�/�D��9 �[: *C�����5��B� .!669).!669�= (�,�� 0T ��� ;W�1 .!@ L��I�
XX�� .!XX@5 .XX�,��T ��XX� ��XX� ��XXK��� :�xXX#� ;WXX�.!669�= 0 C����� 5�� ./� C= FX� 0�X��� !X�� /� ��K"
X� )���+Ih ?����� 6���6�� T�,�� ^W� *���� 0 !X��� *C����X� 0 .!X669�= ��� :���� )������ $���� �X� _0�
�'��'/ $��� '�!�� �[�� )�[ $( ��X� ?6X9 ?���X�� *�X[� !���. �Q� ���� ���� .!669�= C����X� �' FX9 ��[ )�X[
5#�/ )�+��=)��� )�+��= (�F F<�� ��9 ��XK" !X�� � /� !X�: ���� .!669�= !6��� �!�� )�[���� 5X��� o� 5X��������
(MMT)���� * )' ���� 0 n����<�� !�#9� .!669�= 0 3( )�[���� !6��� ��K4 ���� *�3��� :�<#��9 0 $�/�<�9 :�<#��9
���XXX� �9 F<XXX��I� :�<XXX#�)Whan Rhim., 2007 .(���� �= .!669 C����X� FX� 5KX#� )��S�� :0!� )���' *�[
!6<XX#[ �' 0 �� R�<XX�v=���� �XXK�9�� <1XX� FXX&�<� '�KQ�� !6I8� .�<#�� �' )�[)���' )�+��= C����� n�XX��XX� !XX669�=� �XX�� ����XX�� 5XX��B� �XXJ� *51XX�
.!669�=���� f8I� *�[ ��5�� )Kumar., 2009 .( 5��� 5��������(MMT) ������ V���� /� �� FX�S )�[ )�
FX� FX9 5�� ���' LX�3' S�X� ^WX� $'�X�)m2/g 750( *�y6� 5K#�2 S��)1000 -50 ( S�X� R�<X�S� :0!X� 0
)GPa 178( 5�� F2�� '��� ���#�)Kumar., 2009;
Filson et al., 2009b .( ������ F�S )�[ 6�� �� )� FX� XX� G��8<XX�� 5XX��K4 /� !XX�!&� *!��XX@ �XX� ��mXX=
5#�/ g��8� ��m= F� +� ��+@ !6�( .F� *������6� ��Xy6� 5X#�/ �v��X9 X+��� T�Q� gX��8� FX� $�XBB;� *��mX=
/� .'�1<�� .!669�=���� 5X#�/ )�X[ gX��8� FX2�� ��mX= !X�'�9 )Petersson et al., 2006; Lu et al., 2009.( /�
���XXX� V��XXX�� .!XXX669�= .'�1<XXX�� XXX3( )�XXX[ .!XXX@ �'5�/�D��9���� � �[ :�<X#��9���� FX� $��X� X��K4 )�X[
.��@�'�9. $( �[ !X�!&� l��X6� /� *�3��X� !X6��� )��mX= X� ��X<�9 0 F<��I�F 5X�' X� !X6�( . )�X���� /� $( �X[
� 5X#�/ FX� $��� gX��8� *<X#�/ )��A/�X� *)��mX=�XX�7 +XX� �XX= 5XX+�� *$'�XX��XX��<�' *�� *$�XX�(
!�!&� )��m=* X�0���� 0 ���+�X@ HvX� 53�QX� 0 .��@�'�9 )Chen et al., 2009; Siqueira et al., 2008.(
1. Interfacial Region 2. Aspect Ratio
$�0��� �3��� <#�/ �+��= ���� 5�� X6��/ �' ./0��� 0T F<#� '��' )'�X�/ )�['����9 *)!6� . )�X['����9 /� X��
/� .'�1<�� *!�!2 FX� �3��� :�<#��9���� 69�= $��X6" .!X6 5X�/�D��9���� !X�3�� �' �X[ 5X��)Goetz et al., 2009.(
����'� :��X� 3��X� )�3��X� )�X[�K�� /� e�Xh )�X[.!@ F<��� LX��K��0�9�� L��X@ F9 !�� )�3��X� )�X[
F<���= F6��/ �' X+[ /� )� !6<X#[ ��X6��3 0 �3��X�)`�0� ���K�L ���) ���% F�� )�[U/�� 0 #���� !X6��
�3��� �F ��9 � '0� .(L��K��0�9�� V�+<2� /� �3��� )�[ L��K��0���� .!@ L��I� )�3��� )�[ ��X+[ FX� 0 !X��
LX��K��0�9�� FX� *L�3' LX��K��0���� �3��X� *�X[ .!X@3 )MFC ( �X��* FX<1A X� '�X@ )Gacitua et al., 2005.(
�' 5XXB�B,* /� *�XX[ �0�XX&� )�3��XX� )�XX[��&�/.�� F<��� V�+<2� �`0�!�[ )�[!���= !�� L��K��0���� 0 )�[
.'�' L��XXI� �� FXX��= !XX�� .LXX��K��0���� *)�3��XX� )�XX[�' <��8- '0!,10-2 :�4 0 �<����� )�[ $�A�X��A /�
100 *�<�0���� !6h �� �<����� F<X#� �3��X� lXK6� FX�* !���' .������6�* '���� 5K#�) �XW� F� :�4 5K#�( $( �X[
5�S�� ���#� .L��K��0���� )�X[ FX��= *'�X16� 0' L��X@ )���� ?8�)3�<#��9 (� 0 L�@) b��X�( ( 0 !6<X#[
� )���� L�@ 0' 5�� ��+� 0�1< �3��X� L��X@ *αІ 0
βІ F<@�'!6@�� . FX� �S�+�� ��K4 �3��� $��X��80-50 !XX�' FXX� FXX9 5XX�� )��XX�� ��XX�0T �XX@� _��XX=T X
./�!�� 5�� .!@ )��A . �3��X� :�<X#��9���� !X�3�� )���(NCC) *'��� �30�T )�3���) 0 FXK6= �X<6�3 *e�h !6���
��� !6��� �[ ( ���X� ���X, �X� .��+[ )!��� ��+�� 5;� � '��A .���F<@� G��8<�� !6� �[�� )�X� ��30�!X�[ �X� ��� F9 5�� o��� LX, !��� �' :�<#��9 q4�6� .!XI�
XX� ��XX� !XX6��� .FXX� ��XXK" �XX��'* �y6��XX� $�+<��XX�:��3�� � �' �3��� )�[ LX+" FX� o�X#, b��X�( q4�6
!��� 5X�� ��X 5+X#� �X�� �' ��30�!X�[ LX+" 0� '��m= )Gacitua et al., 2005; Goetz et al., 2009 .(
F� �3��� :�<#��9���� *$�/�� 5X+�� *5��K4 �' ��0��� L�3'!�!&� ���' *����= T<�#��' *)��m= *S�� ���8� ^W� $'��
S�XX� �XXy6� 5KXX#�)60 -20( :0!XX� * wXX���)GPa 150( * R�<�S�)GPa 143( S�X� XII9 n��;<�� 0 *)GPa 10 (
0 5X�� FX<��A ���X� )'�X�/ FX2�� '������� X�5 .'�1<X�� 3. Microfibrillated Cellulose
Page 3
���M�S 1�� � ���\�Y�. ��� +�� E] � ����4�� �;�� N ��o3 9d���] 9�J q �4Y n��3�3 � 1��4� 6� ��V�3�3 9��Z H0�� H���� ���� 89
F� $��6" �B��5 .!X669 �' �=� �X[�+) K4� X� 0 �<6X�) �' '�B��� �9 �� 5����' F� 0 X� .�B3�X� ��X4 ������X2 !X�������� '�@ o�)Gacitua et al., 2005.(
�� ����� F� F2 F9F<��I� ���� Aa�0 ����X�� )�[� $�I� �� 1��- A!���'/�� 0 !['* ?[0aX= �X�� �'
�= L�3� L�6�0)PVA ( ���X� 0 !X@ F��X-� F<X��I� F�PVA-ST F� T3�6� !X@ F<��A �y� �' ![�@ ���� . b!X[
#��B� 0 ���� *?[0a= ��� /���� T ��<���0 e( <�0'���� 5#�/ )�[ F<��I� 5�/�D��9���� X X�= LX�3� LX�6�0
)0�, �|���� V�� 0'� 0�1<� 6��MMT 0NCC .'��5�� ._���A F9 �&�( /� ���X� )0� )'0!X;� )�X[ )�X[
5#�/ F<��I� 5�/�D��9����-NCC 0 5�� F<��A ���3�W� ��[T Aa�0 '��� �' )�K<�� ��`�X3����� )�X[
���� F<��I� )�[ X PVA ���X� )0�, ��|MMT 0NCC *'��!� '�20 �|���X� 0' �J� ��� ��30� )��� q�B;� ��� �'�
MMT 0NCC XXXAa�0 �XXX� ���XXX� )`�XXX3����� )�XXX[ 5#�/ 5�/�D��9����PVA-ST ��|���X� )0�,MMT 0
NCC ����.!@ 5��.
� A2� 2 %��� �B '���<��I�T g�� 6��/) 5��4�12 !�' F<�/��#�0 *410 3��3�� $/0 0 /(�= <���106 $�<3�' ( 59�X@ /�
!@ F�Q� $�!+[ !��3� ��!K� l��6 .�= �X� LX�3� L�6�0XX2�'T $��XX�����+��=145000 0 ��XX#�9 �13�XX� *
!��� *����<= �13�� !X6��+� /� :0�#��A 0 R���13��� !�'�A )��!��� U�� 59�@. 5X�������� 5X��� ��!�
HvX� 5�������� 5��� �� 59�X@ /� *.!XI�Nanocore !@ )��!��� $�+3( . XK6=T '�1<X��. .!X@ XK6= *T XI���(
.��@0�� /� 0 '�� L��<�� !@ F�Q� �;� )�[.
�3��� L�;!��9���� ^�O�(NCC) �3��� :�<#��9����F� :�+�� ��4 F� 0' _0� F�,�� )�
� F�Q� L��X@ FX9 '�@ :1. FX� FX�30� ��30�!X�[ ��Xy6� b��XX�( q4�XX6� bmXX,5XX#�/ �3��XX� �XX+��=FXX� T��XX�0
R���13��!��� �� R���90�!�[!��� 60 !�'0 X�/0 � 2. '�� FX� :�<X#��9 $'�X9 :�<X#��9���� !X�3�� ��Xy6�
�3��� 5��)Filson et al., 2009b; De Jesus silva &
Luiza., 2009 .( /� �3��X� :�<X#��9���� ?[0aX= ��� �'!@ G��8<�� FK6= �<6�3 . FK6= �<6�3�� �X�W� FX� }��
:��;� �' CD� 0 ��#B� �h�92 !�' '�X� X�/0F� !�12 FX� ��X�� )�X�' �' 5"�� n0�!X� ��X4 )��X�
�3���� bm, �[)��6��3 ( �X[ !X@ .'/)Filson et al., 2008b .( L+" 0 !@ F<#@ �WB� e( �� F�,�� ��� /� !��
!��� /� .'�1<�� �� )!��� ��30�!�[ R���13��65 !�'�/0 5K#� �� 0 11 !�' ��X FXK6= )�X[�K�� �/0
5��A . )�X�' �' ��30�!�[C°45 FX� 0 !X�1 5"�X��[ 5;� n0�!� �/n�&�� !@ .� $��#��D���F 5�' .!X�(
�X� `�1��<��� L+" 0 ���8� �WB� e( ��10000 �' �0'F� FB��' !�15 !X@ n�&�� FB��' . �X� `�1��<��X� LX+" $!���pH )S�X� FX� $��X#��D���4 ) ��'0!X,8 ��X� (
5���m= �� .�,�� �'T LX+" )��3�X�' )�[�XI7 !�� ��3��'�� )��� $�� bm, 0 $��X#��D��� /� �13�� )�[
$!��X��pH FX� $(pH XXz6� !X�'�' n�X&�� . )�[�XXI7 /0� �' ��X� !X6h 0 5��A ���� �WB� e( L��' �' ��3��'
!@ O���� �WB� e( .!��� /� !�� $pH $��X#��D��� F�pH !�!@ ������ ���+" *z6��� �����`�+[IKA
:!XX�ULTRA-TURRAX T25 Basic Dispenser *F� !X�1 ��X�/ LX��� �X� 5"�X�15 FXB��'* )��X�
S�� /� )��A��2 !X@ n�X&�� $��X#��D��� )�X�' �<X�� .�' 5��Q�* F� $��#��D��� !X�30 LX+" 5X;� FXB��'
!�����<30��� �<�' .�AS ONE :!�USD 4R 5��X� ��XX�/ LXX��� �XX� �XX=�`10 FXXB��')��XX� /� )��A�XX�2
S�� 5X��A ���X� *$��X#��D��� )�X�' �<�� . FX� ��Xy6� FX� n�X�0��9 .�XW� !X6h �0���� A'�3( /� )��A��2
�X� 0 !@ F��-� $��#��D��� $�X�/ :�X}8� �' .'�1<X��!@ .'�' ���� )Roohani et al., 2008.(
?;��6� I�.�Q��9���� ��� ^�O� A2� a �M V�7�2 '2�* V�3�MMT (PVA-ST-MMT) 2NCC
PVA-ST-NCC) ( ��!B� �!<��3/0n�A PVA)10 !X�' F<X��I� $/0 (�'
ml 75 e( �WB� L, �� �' 0 !@ )��X�C°90 ���X,!@ .'�' .L, /� !�� $!@PVA )�X�' �� :��;� *e( �'
C°40 R6� 0 3 n�A F<��I� F� $( F��-� !@ 0 F� !X� 10 FB��' �' )��'C°90 5;� �[ $'/ ��v� ���� 5��A
0 F6��S` !@ . $��X#��D���MMT 0NCC FX� ��X ��!B� �� F��A�!27 !�' 0 FX�Q� F<��I� $/0 o��� ��
Page 4
90���� � ������ ����� ���� ���� �44 ����� �1 ��� �1392
/� !�� 10 FB��'!�����<30�$!@ ��X�8� FX�PVA-ST !@ F��-� .F� !66�@ L�3' XA F<X��I� ���X� �' s���X@
'�K� n�� �!669 F� :0�#��A /� *g��6� n�X� $��X6" .!X669!@ .'�1<�� .�� )0� L�, ���8� CD� )���C°90 *
FXX� 0 !XX@ .'�' ���XX, !XX�45 ��XX+�� 5XX;� FXXB��'5XX��A ���XX� !��XX���<30� .�XX� )0� CDXX� )��XX�C°90 *
.'�' ���, !X@ 0ml5/1 :0�X#��A)50 !X�' X�/0F<��I� ( $( F� F��-�F� 0 !� 10 �X[ FXB��' !X@ .'/ .*F��'��'ml 60 ��X�1� gX#}� 6�X� )0� *:�X�;� /�
)��' �' 0 ?8=C°55 F� !� 15 RXI� 5"�� !X@)Cyras et al., 2008; Almasi et al., 2010; Chang et
al., 2010; Cao et al., 2008b( .$���@ FX9 5X�� �X9| KX��;� )��X�T X6�Q� 5Xy�7T 5Xy�7 ��X��� 0 .�|���X�
��|���XXX� U�<XXXI�NCC 0MMT 5XXXy�7 /� )�XXX[��A���A ��<��X� X���� 5+X#� �' FX9 !X@ .'�1<��
�X��= _��= s���) CX���3 5Xy�73 **5 07 !X�'5�� .!@ .'�0(.
'��: �2�;�3� t���2���� $��.&)TEM ( ![�I� )������ � ��<��� .��<X�' /� �3��X� :�<#��9����
�0���� �0�<�3� ���)TEM (LEO 906 $�+3( 5���!XX@ .'�1<XX�� . `�XX<30 �XX� .��<XX�' �XX��100-80KV 0
5XX@�' ��XX+�60000-600 XX� ��XX9 !XX69 . )��XX������ )��'��* ��+�T �3��X� :�<X#��9���� $��X#��D���
#� !��A )0�* n�� �� F9 '�� .!@ .'�' ?@�= ��0* ����5@�' �� 0 5��A ��+�27000 ����� �A<�!@ F.
)�� '2��� t���2���� $��.&1 )AFM( n�&�� )��� $'�' $�X�/(AFM ���X�0���� .��<X�' /�
I��= e0�=2 (SPM) :!�Dualscope/ Rasterscope C26, DME )U��+��' 5���( !@ .'�1<�� .�' $�X�/(
AFM* 0' V�XX� ���XX�� FXX� 5XX�' XX� !XX�( :)�[���XX�� ���A�=�� F9 �S�+�� �� gX#, !X,�0 :�X4)µm 0nm (
F\��� � '�X@ 0 /� )0� $( ���A�X=�� ;WX� 0 )�X�/ ;W� �� f8I� � !669 0 ����� )�[ /�X� )��X� FX9
f�8XXI� ,��XX� )�XX[/�� $�A�XX��A* <���XX6�� �XX� n!" <���6�� 0 ����� !6h ./�� $'�X� �<X#�� .'�1<X��
1. Atomic Force Microscopy 2. Scanning Probe Microscopy
� '�@ . ��0�X�� $�X�/( ��� �' �' j6X= /�!X��� 6�X�� � 0�X1< FX�Q� !�!X@ :10×10* 5×5* 2×2 0 1×1 µm 0
500×500nm .)��� 5KJ ��0��� /� e0�= STM �� TX��= ��W<#� (Mikromasch CSC12) 0 �� U�� 40�8�
�� ?@�= ���v= �� 5��J )0��� N/m 5/1- 15/0.'�1<�� !@. jX��� ���X� )�X[�<����= X�+9 )��X� ��X��� )�X�/
��K" �!� /�: s��<� )��/3 (Ra) 0 b��;�� ����� L��0�= ���/�� .!@(Rq) .)��� TK��;� ��� �[�<����= /� n�� ���X�� ����� F� ��� .��<�' .'�1<X�� !X@. Ra b��X;�� ��X��� V�1��� ��B� /� �����X�� V�X1��� ��XB� �' ̂ WX� LX��0�= 5�� 0 /� TW��� 2 ����� � '�@:
TW���1 ( ∑=
=N
j
i
NZ
Z1
TW���2 ( N
ZZR
N
i ia∑ =
−= 1
Zi V�XX1��� RXX� RXX� ��XXB� �' n��A�<XX#�[ LXX��0�=
(nm) 0������� )'!" V�1��� ��XB� 0 N '�!X�� ��XB� .'�' )��'�� .!@ �' ^W� LX��0�= 5X��. b��X;�� ��X���
L��0�= ���/�� .!@ �X� �0mX&� �����X�� �X���� )�X�/ (Rq)* TI�� n0' l��� bv<�� V�1��� ��XB� �X� �����X��
V�1��� L��0�= 5�� 0 ��6h FK��;� � '�@:
TW���3( ∑=
−=
N
i
iq N
)ZZ(R
1
2
A��M $��.&P��� ���M )XRD( n�&�� )��� $'�' _��X= $��/( *CX��� �X��= _��X= j6X�
Bruker :!XX�Advance D 5000 59�XX@ 5��XX�Siemens !X@ .'�1<X�� $�+3( . �X@� _��X= $�X�/(T X *
F� T�3�W� ��y6� ��� ��<������� 0 5X�/�D��9������� )�[)��� FX�S ?X8= ��;� ����� ��<��X� �' o����X� )�X[
!@ .'�1<�� �+��=��� . )���)��2� _��= $��/( �X@�T X .��<XXXX�' /�Bruker D8 Advance X-ray
diffractometer )Siemenc$�+3( * ( !X@ .'�1<�� . )��X�)��2� T�@� !�3�� ������` *$��/(X �'kV40 0mA30
3. Average Roughness
Page 5
���M�S 1�� � ���\�Y�. ��� +�� E] � ����4�� �;�� N ��o3 9d���] 9�J q �4Y n��3�3 � 1��4� 6� ��V�3�3 9��Z H0�� H���� ���� 91
F��+� 0 !@ ��y6� �X@� ���� �' �[T X G�X� :�X4 �X�nm1539/0 !6<��A ���� . *FX��+� /� XI���/�� ��I�I�
TXXX�0�/ �'0!XXX;� �' 0 s�XXX;� )�XXX�' �'°20-1=θ2 l+2 $( ?���/�� !@ F� ����� ��'�+� 0 )�0( �X�� �[
!�'�A . 5"��)��2� $��/(1 FB��' �� F2�')min/°1 (n�A �/�!�� 0 �[ 05/0 '��. F�S ��� T��� ����� )��� /� �[���� $����1 �!@ .'�1<�:
TW���4( θ=λ sind2
d :F�S ��� T��� 3�<X#��9 )�[)nm(* θ : )0� /�θ2 � FK��;� '�@ .θ2 FWB� RX�= FX9 5X�� 6;6� )0� )�
� .![�I� FWB� $( �' _��= *'�@λ : 5X�� 2�X� :�4� ��9 G�� :�4 $( �' .��<�' F9 !69)nm154/0.(
-.���� �2�. '��=^ s�)�2 /� �&�( F9 ���X� )�X[ ���!X�[���9 5X�[�� e( <X�0'
*!���' ./�!�� )��A �0�/T o�+� *e( f��@ ��X� )��X� ����� $��X�� e( 5X�0' $'�X� $( �X[ X� '�!X+�� '�X@
)Ghanbarzadeh et al., 2007.( )��XX� ��XX��� XX�0�/T *o�+� /� _0� ��W� L�#�� FX9 _0� jX��� �' ��X��� Aa�0 e�4�� A!��@ H�WX� !X��2 *5X�� .'�1<X��
!@ .�� .'�1<�� /� *w��� .�XW� )� e( �XWB� �X� ̂ WX� F��+� �X[ ���X� .'�' !X@ . ��X��0' CanonMV50 �X� n0/ ?@ *����� /� �0�/T o�+� .�W� �� ^W� *���X� �' $�X�/ F�30� 0 C= /� 5@mA 60 F���J C�" 5��A .CD� )���
TKXXX��;� TXXX�0�/ o�XXX+� e( �XXX� ^WXXX� ���XXX� �XXX[ /� n�� �����Adobe Acrobat Professional 9 .'�1<�� !@ .
TK��;� T�0�/ ��� s� o�X+� �X� .�XW� �' TXWB� o�X+� 0 s� ��� .!@ �' )�<��� ^W� *���� TX�0�/ o�X+� �� $�XI� � ![' .��� $��/( )��� n�!9�[ /� ���� �[ F� ��� ����� !@.
.����- I��H� iC0 $���� '��= ./�!�� )��� ���X� 5X��4� em2 $���� )��A _0� /� �X[
Angles& Dufresne)2001 (!@ .'�1<�� .F��+� /� ��[���� '�X��� �� �[mm20×mm20 ������X�' �' 0 !X@ FX�Q�
��#�9 �13�� )0�,)0 !�'=RH (F� !X�24 5"�X�
1. Bragg ׳s Law 2. Contact Angle
5��A ���� .F��+� *F�30� ��/�� /� C= )���' ������X�' F� �[ �' ����<= �13��98 !�'=RH )�X�' �' 0 !X@ LB<6�
C°25 -20 5��A ���� . FX��+� $/0 CD� $�X�/ �' �X[ )�X[./�!�� 5��J $/0 F� $!��� �� $�A���A emX2 $���� 0 )��A
TW��� /� 5��4�2 !@ FK��;�:
��� TW5( 100×−=�
�
WWWt )!�' (5��4� em2
Wt : $�X�/ /� C= F��+� $/0t �' !X�'98 =RH *W0 :�30� $/0T F��+� /� n�!9 �[ �' $��/( ��� *F��+� �X[
!@ ����� ��� F�.
� '���& V��F� T+[ $��/( �[ �' F� ����� �' g3�� H�X4 �v��X9 �'�X�� ��2� !�!@ . LX��;� 0 ��X�/�� (ANOVA) �X� .'�1<X�� /� :!� W� (G.L.M) n�� ����� )���( SPSS 16 �' ̂ WX�
:�+<,�5 !�')05/0p< (0 $��/( !6h F6��' )� �X���'������� ��� bv<�� '�20 !��~� )��� 5��A n�&�� �[.
� EF� 2 G��;�
��� ��B�6� ��;���NCC ��3�� ?� -�8 ^���2 t���2����AFM 2TEM
F� :�X�, 0 �3��X� :�<#��9���� ��<��� ����6@ ��y6� /�!XX�� /� $�XX6�+4�� XX� ��|F 5XX�' _0� 0' /� .!XX�(
)��XK" X�0�<�3� ����0����)TEM ( ���X�0���� 0 +�� )0���)AFM ( !X@ .'�1<X��)Das et al., 2010 .(
:�<X#��9���� '���� 0 L�@ �3��X� )�X[ FX� RX+9 TEM L�@ �' 0 .![�I�1 @ .'�' $�I� 5X�� .! . $�X+[ ��X4
� .![�I� ����� �' F9 �K@ *'�@T F<X���= )�XK�� )� F<@����� /� L�I<� � .!�' �3��� )�[ ��X" FX9 '�X@
F<@����� /� �<+9 �[100 �<����X� 5X�� . ���X� )�[��X#�0F� )�3��� F<�' �� F<X@� /� ��[ �����X�� �X� ��X[
�W�nm13 ����� �'TEM X� .!X�' !��X@ . FX� LX�3' _0� F<@����� ��� )��A���� f8I��� 0 �[ )�XQ<�� $'��
$( :�X4 ������� ����� *����� �' F<@� �[ �X�� �X� �X[$�XX��� _0� '�XXK� ��mXX= . F<XX@� :�XX4 ��XX+8� )�XX[
����� �' �3��� :�<#��9����TEM �Xy� FX� �X6�Cao 0
Page 6
92���� � ������ ����� ���� ���� �44 ����� �1 ��� �1392
$����+[)2008b( F� .'�� L�3' 5X�� ���X@' ��| $!@ .F� � �y� F9 !��F<@����� ��" /� �<+9 �[100 �<�����
5�� .5+#� $�I� *L�@ �' '�2�� �Q= )�[ !6['� ���F� ��30�!�[ L+" F9 5�� n�&�� L��9 ��4F<���� 5�� .
H0�1 . 9��@a �3� 0�� ��0��0�� ��*.)TEM (1��4� 6� ��V�3�3 ����3�e���
/� LXXX�, ���A�XXXX=�� ���XXX��)AFM ( )��XXXX� /� LX�, )�3��X� )�[��X#�0���� qX��� $��#��D���
lX+&� )�[��#�0���� L��@ F9 FK6= �<6�3 ��X&� 0 FX<���)'�16� ( L�@ �' *5��2 5�� .!@ .'�' $�I� . FX2�� ��
*����� F� FX��� L�X@ )�3��X� ��6" ��� )� !X���'. �X�
T6��' �' ��| �W� *����� ��� /� .'�1<��nm 16-10 0$( :�4 T6��' �' �[nm 380-100 F� !X�( 5�' . ��!X�
:�X4 ������� ��'�B� g����)L ( �XW� 0)D( FX� gX���� '0!XX,nm 13 0nm 240 FXX6��/ 5KXX#� �����XX�� 0 *
)L/D ( '0!, ��|���� ��� )���46/18 F� !�( 5�' .
H0�2 .C��3� �� 1��4� 6� ��V�3�3 ���\�Y�. ��*./ ��0��10×10 ��0��
I!�. ��;��� ���� I�.�Q��9���� ?� �B '��3� [)9 P��� A��M)XRD(
F� X�3�W� ��Xy6�T _0� 0 C����X� /�X� 0' �v<X���' .�|���XX� �XX[ * $�XX�/( /�XRD !XX@ .'�1<XX�� . ���XX�� XX����� 0�XX1< )�[!XX�' �' 5XX�/�D��9���� V�XX� 0'
$�A���A ?�= $��/(!@ 5Xy�7 /� $��/( ��� �' 0 )�X[3 **5 07 !�'�|���� 0'� MMT 0NCC !@ .'�1<�� .
L�@3 ���= _��= )��3�X ���� )��� )�[ST-PVA 05XXX�/�D��9���� )�XXX[ST-PVA-MMT )���' H�WXXX�
$�A���A MMT )3 *5* 07 !�' ( X� $�XI� �� !X[' .MMT X�8I� R�= f3�� X�0�/ �'T °7 =ɵ2 $�XI�
XX� �XX� FXX9 !XX[' �XX�� )���' ���XX� $���XX� o�XX�� T��� F�S )�[nm 61/12d= 5�� . 5X�/�D��9���� ���X� �'ST-PVA-MMT */� R�= ��� ��� <��5�� F ��<��X� 0
� .![�I� b���( '�@ .5�/�D��9���� !�3�� n��6[ �' �X[ FX�S )�X�� ��X� �+��= )�[��&�/ *o����� /� o� )�X[
|�1�� 9!66 �� 0 0 C����X� /�X� 0' ��X� g��6� o����XX= FXX�S 0 !XX<�3�9�<6�� )�[��<��XX� *.!XX669 !XX�3�� FXX�S� !��@ . $����9 *��K4 5�������� 5��� �' F9 �&�( /�
0
0
[ µm ] 10.0
[ µm
]10
.0
[ 79.3 nm ] 86.3 nm
50.0
100
150
200
[ nm ]
Page 7
���M�S 1�� � ���\�Y�. ��� +�� E] � ����4�� �;�� N ��o3 9d���] 9�J q �4Y n��3�3 � 1��4� 6� ��V�3�3 9��Z H0�� H���� ���� 93
FX�S ��� �' '�2�� �S�X+�� �����X� )�X[ +Na �X�K+ F���!�[*5�� $����9 ��� '�20 F�S ��� �' �[ o� )�X[
gK� 5X3�, '�&�� e( <X�0' X� ;WX� FX� 0 '�X@Hv� o����� 5�" ��+[ e( )�X[�+��= �� .!I� 5X�0'
0 F<XX��I� !XX6���PVA XX�F �[�XX� XX<,�� $�XXI� ?6XX9� ['6 !)Tang., 2008.( ![�I� ��� 6;6�XRD )���
���� ��� �[��6h � 5@�'�� )�[��&�/ �S�+<,� F9 '�@
5#�/ 0' �[ 0 F<��I� �+��=PVA � )��� '��0 !6����F�S ��� )�[MMT F�S ��<��� 0 !��@ L��XI� �� F�S
!6[' . L��I��� �X[ ?6X9 )�X[ .0�XA ��X� )�X� )�X[ *F<XX��I� L�XX#90�!�[PVA* MMT* FXX� :0�XX#��A 0
5X#�/ 0' ��� )�[��&�/ ?69��= 0 |�1� ��X� �' �X+��=F�S )�[MMT X� RX+9 !X69)Cyras et al., 2008.(
H0�3. �.Y g�Y 9�2��X 9��MMT�4�� � ST-PVA �4�� � ��C�e��V�3�3��� 9�J MMT-PVA-ST 9��Z ���M�3�\�3�\� C�MMT
L�@4 $��#��D��� )��� C��� ���= _��= )��3�NCC ���XX� 0 5XX�/�D��9������� )�XX[ST –PVA-NCC )���' H�W�$�A���A NCC )3 *5* 07 !�' ( $�I� ��
� ![' . $��#��D���NCC RX� �X�� RX�=* TX�0�/ �'
°7/22= ɵ2 0' 0 )0� RXX�= )�XX��0/ �' �XX[°5/16 0°7/14 $�XXXI� 5XXX�� .!XXX@ .'�' .���XXX� �' )�XXX[
5#�/ 5X�/�D��9����ST-PVA-NCC �XQ= RX�= �X�� XX� 0 .!XX@ ��XXK��B� 5XX1A $��XX� 5XX�� .!XX@ !XX�!=��
H0�4 . �.Y g�Y 9�2��X 9��NCC �4�� � 9�JNCC-PVA-ST 9��Z ���M���\�3�\ NCC
Page 8
94 ���� � ������ ����� ���� ���� �44 ����� �1 ��� �1392
XX� C����XX� $�A�XX��A )��XX2� FXX9 '�' :�XX+<,� $��XX�) *F<��I�PVA :0�X#��A 0 * ( ��|���X� 0)NCC ( FX� LX�3'
���' e( 5�[�� $'�� )�[!X���= )���X��� ��X���� 0 <X�0'�' A'�� F� �`0�!�[ � ?8= �[ gX���� �X�� F� 0 '�@
F� ����� R�=NCC F� ( �� �' �XQ= 0 b��X� X� !X�( .$�6h � .![�I� F9 5y�7 T+[ �' *'�@ )�[NCC RX�= *
F� �����NCC 5�� .!@ !�!=�� .F� gX��6� ?X8= LX�3' *F<X��I� )��X2�PVA 0 *NCC �' FXX� ��X��� RX�= *�XX[
NCC 5#�/ �' 5�/�D��9���� FX� L�, )�[ ?[�X9 !X@v��9 ��� *F<���� 5X�� FX<��� ��X� /� . � H�WX� ��X� %X�<8
NCC ^WX� FX� �X[ �' 0 '��!X� '�X20 �0�1�3 *5 0 *7 _��= R�= !�'X F� 5X�� .!X�( �' b��X�( ��X . �X�
6;6� T#��B�XRD 5X#�/ ���X� 0' )��X� 5X�/�D��9����ST -PVA )���'MMT 0NCC X� ��K6<�� ��6h '�X@ F9MMT �� F#��B� �' �+��= /�� �' �� )�<Q� ?8=NCC
0 5�� .'�' $�I� ��<��X� FX� $( /� LX�, ���X� ��<���F�S R�'�� F�S X� �� $( L�3' F9 5�� �� 0�X1� FX� $��X�
��|���XX� 0' )��<��XX�MMT 0NCC )��<��XX� 0�XX1� 05XX#�/ 5XX�/�D��9���� '�' 5KXX#� LXX�, )�XX[ . �'MMT
F� �X� FX#��B� �' ��S�X� �Xy6� 5K#� $'�� ���' L�3'NCC ���XX� �' ��| ��XX� T�XX�� sXX��<� )���' 5XX�/�D��9����
MMT �[�X� '�!�� 0 ?[�9 * ?6X9 0 C����X� ��X� )�X[� ?����� *$( �' .!669�= !���)Dufresne et al., 2010 (
��=�M�� 2 '.� ��2��� G��;� ���� ����h 5KJ $�I� 0 )��A 0 <X#= V�X1��� 0 q+" $'�'
)!6�� X� ���A�X=�� �� .'�X� /� ��� ;W� �' �[ !X6��� .
XX+�� )0�XX�� ���XX�0���� /� .'�1<XX��)AFM ( XX��6�� X�+9 �"v4� 0 5�� !��2 '��� H�W� T�3�W� �' !6+��!�
���� H�W� ���A�=�� T6��/ �' 1�9 0 F� �[ � 5�' !X[' .���� H�W� )`�3����� $( )�X�/ $���� 0 �[ �XQ� ���X#� �X[
5�� . ���X� /� ��� )��/ ?����� �� A!X���'/�� XAa�0 *�X[ $( � 5��B� �[ |�1� 0 '�@ �X[/�A 0 e( ��8� F� 5K#� )��m=
� ?[�9 ���� <�6 !�3�� �' ��� *!��� *)�X�/ ?���X�� *�X[F� g�" � ��+@ U��WX� ?���X�� �"�� '��/ )��/ ���/ *!�(.��<�' $( UvQ<�� 0 �[ � �[ '�@ . !X�3�� �' *���' b�4 /�
���� !6h )�[ ��6�� 0 b� ^W� *F�S ���X� 5X� ��<9�X� �X[F� 0 5�� +Q� TX�,�� �' mX��6� '�K� 0 g��6� :���� ��y6�
���� ;W� )��/ *F�S 0' :���� ?[�X9 !��� $���� !, �� �[!��� . )`�3����� q��' T�3�W�)1�9 �<����= ( )�X�/ $��X�� 0
)+9 �<����= (���� F<��I� )�[ _0� /� .'�1<X�� �� )�AFM $���� 5�� ��m=.
������ )/�� ��0� 5#�/ )�[ 5�/�D��9����ST-PVA )���' MMT 0NCC L�@ �'5 5X�� .!@ .'�' $�I� .
#��B� ��T ����� 0' �����6h � ��K6<�� '�X@ �' FX9.�|���� *���� 0' �[ *F� F9 .�Q� w�� .��� )�*5�� L��'
F� C����� 5�� .!@ .!69��= ��� .F9 5�� �9| $���@ 5#�/ ���� �' F9 5�/�D��9����ST-PVA-NCC �9��� *
NCC �9��X� /� �<XI�� ���X#� *�+��= C����� �'MMT 5#�/ ���� �' F<��I� 5�/�D��9����-PVA-MMT 5��
L�3' F9 $(<�#��'T �=� ��NCC �X� FX#��B� �'MMT 5�� .' � C����X� �' �� )�<XI�� �X&, *��2 ��� F&�<�
� :�r@� !69 )Ayuk et al., 2009(.
H0�5 .���C �4�� 9C�� ���*. ��C�e��V�3�3PVA-ST 9��Z NCC )���� ��� ( �MMT )�m ���(
0
0
[ µm ] 1.00
[ µm
]1.
00
[ -9.09V -> 6.28V ] -9.10V -> 6.78V
-8.00
-4.00
0
4.00
[ V ]
0
0
[ µm ] 10.0
[ µm
]10
.0
[ -8.88V -> 2.22V ] -9.30V -> 2.73V
-8.00
-6.00
-4.00
-2.00
0
2.00
[ V ]
Page 9
���M�S 1�� � ���\�Y�. ��� +�� E] � ����4�� �;�� N ��o3 9d���] 9�J q �4Y n��3�3 � 1��4� 6� ��V�3�3 9��Z H0�� H���� ���� 95
)��/ )�[�<����=Ra 0Rq FX��+� )0�X, 0 ![�X@ )�X[���� �' ��|5 :0!2 6��� �/�!��1 .!X@ .'�0( !X�� . j��X<�
� $�I� ���� V�� 0' �[ $'0��� F9 ![' .�|NNC 0MMT ���X� )�X�/ ?[�9 �"�� !X�'�A )`�X�3( )�X[ . ���X� )�X[
5#�/ 5�/�D��9����ST -PVA )0�X,NCC n�X+� �'*�X��./�!�� b�X ��<K#� ��<��� *6��� )�[ FX#��B� �' )�X� �X����� )0�, )�[MMT X� '�&�� !X669 . �X�� 5X�" !��X@
�y� F�x#� L��XI� T�K@ �<I�� �<��� 0' /� LX�, .!X@ �X�7 ?[�9 0 ��|���� ���, �' �+��= ;WX� <���X6��
!XX@�� ���XX� .5XX#�/ ���XX� 5XX�/�D��9����ST -PVA )���'NCC ) L�@6 ( X� $�XI� �� �� ��<K#� ^W� FX9 !X['
5X�� �3��X� ��|���� ��<��� ��� ��� L�3' . )�X+��= �3��X���� )�[!���= 0 5�� W� 5#�/ ��� )�[��&�/ �' *�X+��=
XX� L��XXI� �<XX��� RXX� !��XX@ .3�XX, �' T<XX��I� FXX95#�/ ���XI�� )�X+��= F<X@� 0 5X�� �' !X��'�� $( )�X[
<� �Q2 !X6[' !X���= L��XI� ���!X�� �� 0�1 . *������X6� $'0���NCC � F<��I� F� ��X� )�[!���= ���(�� �� !����
XW� ?X���( *F<X��I� )�[��&�/ ��X� ��X�8� �' )�X�5+#� ?[�9 �� 0 '�&�� �[�+��=��� L��XI� *���XI�� )�X[
�X"�� gX���� ��� F� 0 !69 5��![ �<��� R� �' �� �[!���=0 <XX#= ?[�XX9 )!XX6�� '�XX@ ���XX� ^WXX� )�XX[ . ��0�XX��
)�X[�<����= 0 ��XB� V�1��� ��0��� l�/�� 6;6� *���A�=��� $�I� *)��/ FX9 !6['NCC �X� FX#��B� �'MMT �XJ�
���X� ^WX� )�X�/ �X� )�<+9 5X#�/ )�X[ 5X�/�D��9����F<��I� X PVA F� 0 '��' X� �Xy� XW� ��<��X� FX� !X��
5�� sK��� �3���. .
6��71 .�4�� 9�C 9�J ����Y 9�J��\�3�\ N ��o3 �C��3� �� 9� � ��0�� 9�J(��X
��0�� /C��3�)µm( 10×10 5×5 3×3 1×1 5/0 ×5/0
ST-PVA :234 Ra
Rq :286
:198 Ra Rq :239
:2/57 Ra Rq :2/68
:6/32 Ra Rq :8/42
:8/11 Ra Rq :7/18
ST-PVA-MMT 7
!�'
:101 Ra Rq :133
:1/45 Ra Rq :7/61
:9/44 Ra Rq :8/55
:63/6 Ra Rq :71/8
:05/2 Ra Rq :58/2
ST-PVA-NCC 7
!�'
:9/41Ra Rq :3/60
:13Ra Rq :2 /16
:28/9 Ra Rq :4 /11
:78/3 Ra Rq :58 /4
:38/1 Ra Rq :16 /1
![�I� �� �F� 0 0' ���A�=�� ��0��� ���� )!�� )�[5#�/ 5�/�D��9����PVA-ST )���' MMT 0NCC F9
L�@ �' 6 F� *5�� .!@ .'�' $�I� � �y� ���� F9 !��5#�/ 5�/�D��9����PVA-ST )0�, MMT FX#��B� �'
�� NCC � $�I� �� )����/ ��<��� F9 ![' �����<��� !@�� 5�" ��� F� 5�� ��+� :��3�� F9 /� ��[MMT
F9 ^WX� �' *!X6<��A ���X� X� !X6���� gKX� ?���X�� !��X@ ���X� ^W� )���+[�� . $�X+[ L�X@ �' FX9 ��X4
� .![�I� '�@* 0 <X#= $���� .�|���� 0' �[ $'0��� ��)!6�� �' 0 ;W� )�[ � ?[�9 ���� )��/ F&�<� !X���
)�[�<����= F9Ra 0Rq �� ��� ��� ����~!�� � !669. ���XX� 0' �' ��XXB� V�XX1��� XX��0��� lXX�/�� )�XX[��'�+�
5#�/ 5X�/�D��9����ST -PVA )���'MMT 0NCC �'
L�@7 !X��~� �� ���A�X=�� j��<� 0 5�� .!@ .'�' $�I�� !69 . 5X#�/ ���X� FX� ��X��� %X3� 5+#�PVA-ST
)���'NCC �' "�X1��� ��XB� ���<XI�� *$( �' F9 5�� '0!XXXX,nm 55 !XXXX���' .3�XXXX, �' ���XXXX� �' FXXXX9
5XX#�/ 5XX�/�D��9����ST -PVA )0�XX,MMT )7 -e ( '0!X, �' "�X1��� *��B� ���<I��nm 420 !X���' . �X��
� $�I� j��<� ?[�9 �"�� .�|���� 0' �[ $'0��� F9 ![' ���� )��/PVA-ST X� �X�� *'�X@NCC �X� FX#��B��'
MMT b� ^W� 5#�/ ���� )��� �� )�� 5�/�D��9���� PVA-ST X� '�&�� !X69 . )���' ���X� *�X��' ��XK" FX�
MMT �� F#��B� �'NCC 0 /��X� )�<XI�� '�!X�� )���' *g�XXI� � ;WXX� )�XX[ �' 0 5XX� 0 �XX���/ ^WXX� *FXX&�<�b��� � '�&�� ���� )��� �� )�� !69.
Page 10
96 ���� � ������ ����� ���� ���� �44 ����� �1 ��� �1392
H0�6 .N� � �� ���\�Y�. ���*. �4�� 9�-� ���C 9�J ��C�e��V�3�3PVA-ST )a( �9��Z NCC )b ( �MMT )c(
H0�7 .��;�� ���C �4�� l�M3 c�X.�� �3���� B�C�. 9�J �3�3 ��C�e��VST --PVA MMT )D��(���C �4�� � ��C�e��V�3�3ST - PVA -NCC )E(
�2�. $��.& G��;�^ s�)� $�XX�/( /� XX�� �' jXX��� )�XX[TXX6��/ $��XX�� ��XX���
e( <�0'e�4�� 5����� 0 ���X� ;WX� A!��X@ *�X[�0�/ $��/(T o�+�5�� � F9F ���� '��� �' ���� )�[
/� FXX9 *)�+��=�XX�� e( <XX�0' *!XX���'����� )��S�XX�� @0� !���� 5���#, $���� ����� )��� e�� $( �X[
F� 5��4� '�X@ '�!+�� . L�X@8 �XJ� $'0�X��MMT 0NCC �0�/ �� ��T ���� o�+� 5X#�/ )�X[ 5X�/�D��9����
PVA-ST � $�I� ![' .*L�@ F� F2�� �� X�0�/T o�X+� ![�@ ����)ST-PVA ( �|���X� 0' $'0�X�� �X�� MMT 0
NCC F� 6�� ��4 � ?����� )��' !��� .o����� ��'�+�* $��X�� ?����� ��NCC 0MMT X�0�/T ?���X�� o�X+�
Page 11
���M�S 1�� � ���\�Y�. ��� +�� E] � ����4�� �;�� N ��o3 9d���] 9�J q �4Y n��3�3 � 1��4� 6� ��V�3�3 9��Z H0�� H���� ���� 97
� ?���X�� �X�� F<K3� F9 !��� sXB� ^WX� �'7 !X�'6�� 5�� ��' .�0�/ ?����� �#�����T $'0�X�� �X� o�+�
��|���XX�MMT 0NCC ���XX� FXX�ST-PVA �S�XX+<,� *e( �<+9 5�[�� F� ����� <�0' ���� ��|�� F#��B� �'
�� L��I� 0 �+��= �[ ?6X9 �`0�!X�[ )�X� )�X[ ��X�
��2�) .!669�= 0 C�����5�� '�!X�� ?[�9 g2�� F9.0�A )�X[OH FX&�<� �' 0 *^WX� �' '�X2��* ?[�X9
:�X�3�� �X� !���= )������ F� ���� ^W� L��+� e( )�X[� '�@)Ray et al., 2006; Huang et al., 2004.(
H0�8 .���M�S �4�� n��. N���C ���C 9�J ��C�e��V�3�3PVA-ST 9��Z MMT �NCC
I��H� iC0 '����9 f�8I� )��� +Q� ��<9�� 5��4� em2 $����
F� �+��= � ��+@ '0� .���� 5��4� em2 $���� )�[ST-PVA )���' 3 *5* 07 !XXX�'MMT 0NNC /� !XXX��
5@mA72 ./�!X�� ���� )��' �' 5"�� �' 0 !X@ )�X�A L�@8 5�� .!@ .'�0( .$�+[ .![�I� L�@ �' F9 ��4
XX� '�XX@* ��|���XX� $'0�XX�� �XX�MMT 0NCC ��!XXB� *���� 5��4� em2 5X#�/ )�[ 5X�/�D��9����ST-PVA
)���' MMT 0NCC �� F#��B� �' ?[�X9 f3�X� ����� !��� .$�I� Aa�0 ��� 5�� ��� �!6[' �X[ FXh�A� F9
���� V�� 0' F� !���' �S�� 5�KW� .�| /� )��'��X��� 5�"*)���� ��<��� e( $( <�0' �X� FX#��B� �' �[ C����X�
5�� �<+9 )�+��= . ���X�0' �X[ 5X�� ��+� gX2�� .�|�= �[�X�� $!@) U�X;� ?[�X9 *�X[��&�/ ��X� 3�X�
�-��* �' 0 F&�<�* $0�' �' e( ��XI<�� g��X- ?[�9!��@ C�����. ���X� )�X[ )0�X, MMT emX2 $��X��
)�<+9 5��4� �X� FX#��B� �' ���X� )�X[ )0�X,NCC � $�I� ['6! X� �� V�X-�� �X�� F9 0�X1� FX� $��X�
��<��XXXXXX� 0 �XXXXXX+��= �' .�|���XXXXXX� 0' ?XXXXXX8=5#�/ 5�/�D��9���� L��I� )�[ FX��0 ��<��� 0 .!@ 0 )�
'�' 5KX#� o����X� )S�X� �Xy6� 5K#� . ?[�X9 LX�3' ���� �' 5��4� em2 �<I�� )0�,MMT �� F#��B� �'
NCC � �� )0�X, ���X� �X���/ ��<��X� F� $���MMT F� 5K#�NCC )0�X, ���� F&�<� �' F9 '�' 5K#� ���
MMT F� ���' L�3' 5��4� em2 $���� ����/ ^W� $'�� �� )�<+9�� F#��B� �' )0�, ����NCC � $�I� !X['
(Svagan et al., 2009). Cao $����+[ 0)2008a ( L�3' F<��I� ���� 5��4� em2 $���� ?[�9)���' NCC ��
5�[�� F� �����NCC )�[!X���= ���, F� ��6}+[ 0 C����� 0 .!669�= ��� �`0�!�[ )��5K#� !X�'�'. �X�
��|���� $'0���MMT 0NCC C����X� F�ST-PVA * *F<X��I� ��� )�� �`0�!�[ )�[!���=PVA* 0MMT
������� '�@ �' 0 �&�<T .0�A '�!�� $( )�X[OH 0 '�/( :�X�3�� �X� ?6X9�0 )��X� ���� L��+� ?[�X9 e( )�X[
� !���
.
b
a,b a,b
aa aa
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
ST.PVA ST.PVA.3% NF ST.PVA.5% NF STS.PVA.7% NF
MMT
NCC
Page 12
PVA 9��Z ^�����\�3�\ MMT �NCC
��� ,03�� ���C] ��(
�� F#��B� �'NCC gX2�� FX9 '�' 5K#��[�XX� '�!XX�� ?6XX9 .!XX669�= 0 C����XX� ��XX�
![�@ ���� o�+�)ST-PVA( $'0�X�� �� * 0NCC FX� X6�� ��X4 ?���X�� )��'
X6�� 0�X1� .�|���X� 0' ��� ��� .![�XI� )��' ���XXX� 5XXX��4� emXXX2 ��!XXXB� )�XXX[
5�/�D��9����ST-PVA )���' MMT 0NCC �' X� ?[�9 f3�� ���� !X��� . ���X� �X��)���'
)�X<+9 5��4� em2 $����)4/48 !X�' ( �')���' NCC )58 !�' (� $�I� !X[' .
�XXy6� 5KXX#� $'�XX�MMT �XX� FXX#��B� �' NCC 0F�S ��<��� L��I� 5X#�/ ���X� �' FX�S 5X�/�D��9����
S�XX+<,� *ٴ �XXJ� LXX�3' ?XX8� �XX� �' $( $'�XX�5#�/ ���� 5��4� em2 ?[�9 5�/�D��9���� F#��B��'
���� ���� �44 ����� �1 ��� �1392
C� LY ���<� EO7 ��1��72 �4�� �� �a�� ���C 9�J ��C�e��V�3�3PVA-ST�[ {�Z ��o3 N��o� y�� �� {� +� ��7� /��J�5 �)����� ,03�� ���C] ��
0 ��<��XX� 0 G��8<XX�� FXXK6= /�AFM X���� 5X�� .!X@ . ���X�
LXX�3� LX�6�0)(PVA-ST 0 FXX�Q� .'�1<X�� ![�X@ ���X� $��X6" !X@ 0 CDX� ��|���X�
5�������� 5��� o�����)MMT ( �3��X� :�<#��9���� 0���XXX� 0 .'0�XXX�� 5XXX#�/ )�XXX[ 5XXX�/�D��9����
PVA-ST-NCC) 0(PVA-ST- FX9 '�' $�XI� C��� ���= _��= j��<�
�' �� )�X<Q� ?X8= 5X�������� 5��� X6��/T �X+��= �'� ���X� ��<��� 0 ![')���' $(
RX�'�� 5�3�1X#9� ��<��� F� FX9 ���X �' 5X�� �X�PVA- 5X�3�9�<6�� ��<��X� FX�� �� V�-�� ��� ��S�� F� $��� 5K#� $'��
�y6�MMT �� F#��B� �'?���XX�� �[�XX� '�!XX��
� '�@ .�0�/T ![�@ ���� o�+��|���� 0'� MMT
� !���* X6�� 0�X1� .�|���X� 0' ��� ���XXX+� '�XXX@ . ���XXX� 5XXX��4� emXXX2 ��!XXXB�5#�/ 5�/�D��9����
�� F#��B� X� ?[�9 f3�� ����MMT )�X<+9 5��4� em2 $����
F#��B��� ����)���'S�XX� �XXy6� 5KXX#� $'�XX�
F�S ��<��� L��I�
)���' MMTS�XX+<,� *5#�/ ���� 5��4� em2 ?[�9
�� NCC 5��.
98���� � ������ ����� ����
H0�9 .���M�S C� LY ���<� EO7 ��1��
)�[ {�Z
� ?#�;� '��= *?[0aXX= �XX�� �'NCC
/�!��� $( �X� TEM 0AFM F<XX��I� )`�X�3( X XX�= LXX�3� LX�6�0
F� .'�1<X�� ![�X@ ���X� $��X6" 5�������� 5��� o�����
)NCC (���XXX� 0 .'0�XXX��F<��I� X �= L�3� L�6�0NCC)MMT !@ !�3�� . FX9 '�' $�XI� C��� ���= _��= j��<�
�' �� )�X<Q� ?X8= 5X�������� 5����� F#��B�NCC $�I� �
RX�'�� 5�3�1X#9� ��<��� F� ���X� ��<���-ST-NCC
R�'��5�� .� �� V�-�� ���
Page 13
���M�S 1�� � ���\�Y�. ��� +�� E] � ����4�� �;�� N ��o3 9d���] 9�J q �4Y n��3�3 � 1��4� 6� ��V�3�3 9��Z H0�� H���� ���� 99
REFERENCES
1. Ayuk, J., Mathew, A. P., Oksman, K. (2009). The effect of plasticizer and cellulose nanowhisker content on the dispersion and properties of cellulose acetate butyrate nanocomposites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 114, 2723-2730.
2. Almasi, H., Ghanbarzadeh, B., Entezami, A. A. (2010). Physicochemical properties of starch CMC nanoclay biodegradable films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 46, 1-5
3. Angles, M. N., Dufresne, A. (2001). Plasticized starch/tunicin whiskers nanocomposites. Macromolelules, 34, 2921-2931.
4. Bondeson, D., Mathew, A., Oksman, K. (2006). Optimization of the isolation of nanocrystals from microcrystalline cellulose by acid hydrolysis. Cellulose, 13, 171-180.
5. Cao, X., Chen, Y., Chang, P. R., Muir. A. D., Falk, G. (2008) Starch-based nanocomposites reinforced with flax cellulose nanocrystals. eXPRESS Polymer latters, 2, 502-510.
6. Cao, X., Chen, Y., Chang, P. R., Stumborg, M., Huneault, M. A. (2008). Green composites reinforced with hemp nanocrystals in plasticized starch. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 109, 3804-3810.
7. Chang, P. R., Ruijuan, J., Zheng, P., Yu, J., Ma, X. (2010). Preparation and properties of glycerol plasticized starch (GPS) cellulose nanoparticle (CN) composites .Carbohydrate Polymers, 79, 301-305.
8. Chen, G., Dufresne, A., Huang J., Chang, P. R. (2009). A novel thermoformable bionanocomposite based on cellulose nanocrystal-graft-poly (ecaprolactone). Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 294, 59-67.
9. Cyras, V. P., Manfredi, L. B., Ton-That, M., Vazquez, A. (2008). Physiacal and mechanical properties of thermoplastic starch/ montmorillonite nanocomposite films. Journal of Carbohydrate Polymers, 73, 55-63.
10. Das, K., Ray, D., Banerjee, C., Bandyopadhyay, N. R., Sahoo, S., Mohanty, A. K., Misra, M. (2010). Physicomechanical and thermal properties of jute nanofiber reinforced biopolyester composites. Industrial. Engineering. Chemistry Resources., 49, 2775-2782.
11. De Jesus silva, D., Luiza otero dalmedia. M.
(2009). Cellulose whiskers, peer reviewed aricle. O PAPEL, 80, 34-52.
12. Dufresne, A., Belgacem, M. N. (2010). Cellulose reinforced composites: from micro to nanoscale, Overview. Polimeros: Ciencia e Tecnologia, 1-10.
13. Filson, P. B., Dawson Andoh, B. E and Schwegler Berry, D. (2009). Enzymatic mediated production of cellulose nanocrystals from recycled pulp. Green Chemistry, 11, 1808-1814.
14. Filson, P. B., Dawson Andoh, B. E. (2009). Sono chemical preparation of cellulose nanocrystals from lignocellulose derived materials. Bioresource Technology, 100, 2259-2264.
15. Ganbarzadeh, B. Almasi (2009). Biodegradable Edible Biopolymers in Food and Drug Packaging, Amirkabir University Press.
16. Ghanbarzadeh, B., Musavi, M., Oromiehie, A. R., Rezavi, K, Razmi Rad, E., Milani, J. (2007). Effect of plasticizing sugars on water vapor permeability, surface energy and microstructure properties of zein films. LWT- Food Science and Technology, 40, 1191-1197.
17. Goetz, L., Mathew, A., Oksman, K., Gatenholm, P., Ragauskas, A. J. (2009). .A novel nanocomposite film prepared from crosslinked cellulosic whiskers. Carbohydrate Polymers, 75, 85-89.
18. Huang, M. F., Yu, J. G., Ma, X. F., 2004. Studies on the properties of montmorillonite reinforced thermoplastic starch composites. Polymer, 45, 7017-7023.
19. Kumar, P. (2009). Development of bio nanocomposite films with enhanced mechanical and barrier properties using extrusion processing. Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Raleigh, North Carolina.
20. Lu, D. R., Xiao, C. M., Xu, S. J. (2009). Starch based completely biodegradable polymer materials. eXPRESS Polymer Letters, 3, 6, 366-375.
21. Mathew, A. P., Thielemans, W., Dufresne, A. (2008). Mechanical properties of nanocomposites from sorbitol plasticized starch and tunicin whiskers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 109, 4065-4074.
22. Petersson, L., Oksman, K. (2006). Biopolymer based nanocomposites: Comparing layered
Page 14
100���� � ������ ����� ���� ���� �44 ����� �1 ��� �1392
silicates and microcrystalline cellulose as nanoreinforcement. Composite Science and Technology, 66, 2187-2196.
23. Ray, S., Quek, S. Y.,Easteal, A., Chen, X. D., 2006. The potential use of polymer clay nanocomposites in food packaging. International Journal of Food Engineering, 2, 4.
24. Roohani, M., Habibi, Y., Belgacem, Naceur. M., Ebrahim, G., Karimi, A. N., Dufresne, A. (2008). Cellulose whiskers reinforced polyvinyl alcohol copolymers nanocomposites. European Polymer Journal, 44, 2489-2498.
25. Siqueira, G., Bras, J., Dufresne, A. (2008). Cellulose whiskers versus microfibrils: Influence of the nature of the nanoparticle and its surface functionalization on the thermal and mechanical
properties of nanocomposites. Biomacromolecules, 10, 425-432.
26. Svagan, A. J., Hedenqvist, M. S., Berglund, L., 2009. Reduced water vapour sorption in cellulose nanocomposites with starch matrix. Composites Science and Technology, 69, 500-506.
27. Tang, X. (2008). Use of extrusion for synthesis of starch clay nanocomposites for biodegradable packaging films. Thesis for degree of philosophy doctor, Food Science Institute, College of Agriculture, Kansas state university, Manhattan, Kansas.
28. Whan Rhim, J. Natural biopolymer based nanocomposite films for packaging applications. (2007). Food Science and Nutrition, 47, 411-433.