UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA OIL AND GAS ENGINEERING LABORATORY II (CGE 557) No Title Allocated Marks % Marks 1 Abstract/summary 5 2 Introduction 5 3 Aims/objectives 5 4 Theory 5 5 Apparatus 5 6 Procedure 10 7 Result 10 8 Calculations 10 9 Discussion 20 10 Conclusion 10 11 Recommendations 5 12 References 5 13 Appendices 5 Total 100 NAME & : Afuza Husna STUDENT ID (2010) Rozalin Danis (2010467864) Amirul Hakim Bin Mat Azahar (2010409492) Muhammad Ilham Bin Juanda (2010485804) Mohammad Zhafry Bin Samsuddin (2010873498) EXPERIMENT : 1 DATE PERFORMED : 23 March 2012 SEMESTER : 4
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA
OIL AND GAS ENGINEERING LABORATORY II
(CGE 557)
No Title Allocated Marks % Marks
1 Abstract/summary 5
2 Introduction 53 Aims/objectives 5
4 Theory 5
5 Apparatus 5
6 Procedure 107 Result 10
8 Calculations 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusion 1011 Recommendations 5
12 References 5
13 Appendices 5
Total 100
Remarks:
Checked by:
NAME & : Afuza HusnaSTUDENT ID (2010)
Rozalin Danis (2010467864) Amirul Hakim Bin Mat Azahar
(2010409492) Muhammad Ilham Bin Juanda (2010485804) Mohammad Zhafry Bin Samsuddin (2010873498)
EXPERIMENT : 1DATE PERFORMED : 23 March 2012SEMESTER : 4PROGRAMME/CODE : EH 223GROUP : EH 223 4A
Abstract/summary
An artificial neural networks (ANN) model has been developed to provide accurate predictions of mud density as a function of mud type, pressure and temperature. Available experimental measurements of water-base and oil-base drilling fluids at pressures ranging from 0 to 1400 psi and temperatures up to 400 °F were used to develop and test the ANN model. With the knowledge of the drilling mud type (water-base, or oil-base) and its density at standard conditions (0 psi and 70 °F) the developed model provides predictions of the density at any temperature and pressure (within the ranges studied) with an average absolute percent error of 0.367, a root mean squared error of 0.0056 and a correlation coefficient of 0.9998.
Introduction
The density of a drilling fluid is normally determined at standard conditions of 0 psi and 70
°F. As the drilling operation progresses, the drilling fluid will be subjected to increasing
pressure and temperature. While the higher pressure increases the drilling fluid density, the
increased temperature results in density reduction. Proper planning and execution of drilling
operations, particularly for HPHT wells, requires complete and accurate knowledge of the
behavior of the drilling fluid density as the pressure and temperature change during the
drilling operation. Such information can accurately be obtained only through actual
measurements of the drilling fluid density at desired pressures and temperatures. This,
however, requires special equipment along with difficult and time-consuming procedures.
Prediction of the drilling mud density at various pressures and temperatures is, therefore, very
useful for mud and drilling engineers in planning drilling operations.
McMordie et al1 studied the effect of temperature and pressure on the density of water-base
and oil-base drilling fluids. They presented experimental measurements of densities in the
temperature range of 70 °F to 400 °F and pressure range of 0 - 14000 psi and concluded that
the change in mud density with pressure and temperature is independent of the initial mud
density (at 70 °F and 0 psi). They also concluded that for equal densities at surface
conditions, oil-base drilling fluids become denser than water-base drilling fluids at high
temperatures and pressures. Okoye et al2 used the data of McMordie et al and developed
various correlations of water-base mud density as a function of temperature for various
values of surface mud density. These correlations, however, ignored the effect of pressure on
mud density and are limited to water-base drilling fluids of specific surface density and to the
range of temperatures and pressures covered by the experimental measurements.
Away from empirical correlations and their inherent limitations, artificial neural networks
(ANN) models have been proven in recent years to be very effective means of solving
difficult problems in the oil industry. This paper presents an ANN model that provides, with
great accuracy, predictions of water-base and oil-base drilling fluids density. Identifying the
type of drilling fluid (water-base, or oil-base) and the density at surface conditions, the
developed model predicts the density at any temperature and pressure.
Objectives
To determine the density of different sample of drilling mud
Theory
Apparatus
Mud samples (oil and water base mud), Fan Mud Balance, hydrometer and measuring cylinder.
PROCEDURE
Procedures
Fan mud balance;
Calibration
1. Filled the cup with water.
2. Placed the lid on the cup and seat it firmly. Be sure some mud runs out of the hole in
the cap.
3. With the hole in the cap covered with a finger, all the water from the outside of the
cup and arm are washed or wiped.
4. Set the knife edge into the fulcrum and move the rider along the graduated arm until
the cup and arm are balanced.
5. Read the density of the mud at the left-hand edge of the sliding weight.
6. Report the results to the nearest scale division in lb./gal.; lb./cu. ft.; S.G. (specific
gravity); or psi/1000 ft. of depth.
7. Wash the mud from the cup immediately after each use. It is absolutely essential that
all parts of the mud balance be kept clean if accurate results are to be obtained.
Test procedure
1. The lid from the mud cup is removed and filled with the mud sample.
2. Placed the lid on the cup and seat it firmly. Be sure some mud runs out of the hole in
the cap.
3. The mud from the outside of the mud cup is washed or wiped.
4. Placed the balance arm on the base, with the knife-edge resting on the fulcrum.
5. Moved the rider until the graduated arm is level, as indicated by the level vial on the
beam.
6. At the left-hand edge of the rider, read the density on either side of the lever in all
desired units without disturbing the rider.
7. Noted down the mud temperature corresponding to density.
Hydrometer;
1. Used the same mud sample as used in the mud balance experiment.
2. Filled the hydrometer cylinder (graduated cylinder) with the drilling mud to within 1
to 2 inches of the top by pouring the sample slowly down the side of the cylinder.
3. Chose the correct hydrometer for measuring specific gravity, SG of the drilling fluid.
4. Inspected the hydrometer to ensure that it is clean and dry.
5. Placed the hydrometer carefully in the cylinder, allowing it to gently settle to the
proper measurement level.
6. Spin the hydrometer and record the reading at which the hydrometer rests.
7. Record the reading and compared with the reading obtained from mud balance