Just as influential as Martin Luther Institutes of the Christian Religion - 1536 Sinful by nature “The elect” are God’s chosen.

The Reformation Spreads

Just as influential as Martin Luther Institutes of the Christian Religion - 1536 Sinful by nature “The elect” are God’s chosen

John Calvin

God chooses very few to be saved Predestination – God has known since

beginning who He was going to save Calvinism = based on Calvin’s teachings

Predestination

Ideal government = theocracy Calvin ran city

◦ Strict rules◦ Had to attend religion class◦ No bright clothing◦ No card games◦ Could be banned if you didn’t follow rules

Geneva, Switzerland

Calvin was his inspiration Presbyterians Scottish Became Scotland’s official religion

John Knox

Calvin’s followers in France Catholics and Huguenots = violence St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

◦ 8/24/1572◦ Catholics hunted Huguenots◦ 12,000 Huguenots killed

Huguenots

April 1598 – King Henry IV of France Gave civil rights to French Calvinists

◦ Gave protection to French Protestants escaping Inquisition

◦ Granted them safe havens where they could practice religion freely

◦ Could worship in certain areas◦ Tithe – had to pay a land tax

Edict of Nantes

Maintain Catholic orthodoxy in Spanish kingdoms

Jews and Muslims had to convert or leave Spain

Trials did take place against Protestants Acts of torture

◦ Garrucha◦ Toca

Spanish Inquisition

Only those old enough to decide to be Christian should be baptized

Persecuted by Catholics and Protestants for being too radical

Influenced Quakers and Baptists

Anabaptists

Marguerite of Navarre◦ Protected John Calvin

Katherina von Bora◦ Martin Luther’s wife◦ Argued for women’s equal rights in marriage

Women

Catholics realized that they needed to reform itself in response to Protestant Reformation

Catholic Reformation

CATHOLIC REFORMATION

Had to meditate, pray, study “Exercise the soul”

Ignatius of Loyola

Followers of Ignatius; founded in 1540◦ Founded superb schools in Europe◦ Convert non-Christians to Catholicism – several

missionaries◦ Stop Protestantism from spreading

Jesuits

1534-1549 Directed council of cardinals to investigate

indulgence selling and other abuses Approved Jesuit order Used Inquisition to seek out and punish

heresy in papal territory Decided to call council in Trent

Paul III

1545-1563 4 decisions made:

◦ Church’s interpretation of Bible was final◦ Christian need faith and good works for salvation◦ Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful

authorities for guiding Christian life◦ Indulgences were valid expressions of faith – but

NOT false sellling

Council of Trent

Carried out decisions of Council of Trent Index of Forbidden Books

Paul IV

How would you characterize the overall legacy of the Reformation??

Protestant churches flourished Religion no longer united Europe Individual monarchs gained power Paved way for nation-states and modern

world

Legacy of Reformation