.' '" na obra de Valdomiro Silveira. O personagem, sem a interven.;ao subjetiva do autor' deve aparecer bastante reduzido, determinado e limitado nas suas atitudes pe10meio e pela origem, sem exa1ta.;Oesheróicas, chegando até o anti-herói deformado de ? Monteiro Lobato. A imparcialidade do documento cientifico é rara na fic.;ao regio.' nalista do Brasil que quase nunca escapa a interven.;ao subjetiva do autor, que é intermediário entre a realidade e a obra artistica, seja no aspecto de ufanismo ou de critica mordaz. Valdomiro Silveira é um caso pouco freqiiente de equilibrio no realismo descritivo, pcrém, sem maior importancia na evolu.;ao da literatura do Brasil. SimO.esLopes Neto, quem criou o tipo do narrador do povo, identificado com o espírito da regiao, ultrapassou neste aspecto a sua gera.;ao. Já com Euclides da Cunha e Gra.;a Aranha, e1eva-seo ambiente esmagador, mais forte do que o homem, para marcar, na obra de Américo de Almeida, a mudan.;a de rumos. A Bagaceiramostra o peso tanto da natureza, como da sociedaderural por cima do homem que é vencido. O romanticismo, porém, nao entregou logo as suas posi.;Oes nas letras do Brasil, e desta maneira, nao faltou nem no realismo de critica social dos anos trinta. Os personagens aparecem limitados pelas condi.;Oesecológicas, sociais',psíquicas, mas sempreexisteum escape, ou na forma de nostalgia pelo passado (Lins do Rego), ou na simpatia para com o passado heroizado (Amado), ou pela visao ideal do futuro (Amado). O autor entra na estrutura da obra com a sua solu.;ao (nostálgica, revolucionária); tenta copiar, nos diálogos, a fala do povo, para dar maior autenticidade ao texto, e - para variar a monotonia da descri.;ao documen- tal - cria enredos de paixOesromanticas. Graci1ianoRamos, por seu lado, conseguiu expressar, em Vidas Secas, a regiao, sem separar paisagem e gente, numa lúcida simbiose. Enquanto que na fic.;ao urbana estao no centro de aten.;ao as rela';Oesentre as pessoas (rodeadas de coisas), na fic.;ao rura1 ou regionalista sao ressaltadas as rela';Oesdos homens para com o mundo circundante, isto é, para com a natureza. A fic.;aoregionalista, quer queira quer nao, procura a coloca.;ao do homem dentro da ordem do universo vivo. O antropocentrismo cede lugar, sucessivamente,a ava- lia.;ao das for.;as da natureza e da ordem do campo, acabando com a glorifica.;ao do conquistador e com a tragédia do esmagado, para poder apreciar o papel real da consciencia humana naquela ordem. Mais tarde, Joao Guimaraes Rosa chegou' a identifica.;ao da ordem de urna certa regiao (o sertílo) com o mundo exterior e interior do homem. Representando o compromisso entre o velho e o .novo, a obra de Joílo Guimaríles Rosa pode ser um exemplo atual da literatura de um país em desenvo1vimento,forte na consc:ienciadas raÍZese na adesao a problemática con- temporanea - conhecer o homem e os motivos da sua conduta. Na sua revitaliza.;ao da fic.;íloregionalista,'Guimaraes Rosa voltou as fontes da fic.;ílo(aos mitos, a epo- péia, aos romances de Cavalaria, a literatura oral sertaneja) e as raÍZesda cria.;ílo lingillstica, abrindo novas perspectivas para a fic.;ílo regionalista contemporanea, as quais outros escritores brasileiros vílo ampliando, sendo um exemplo entre todos Ariano Suassuna. 158 PROFESSOR BOHUMIL TRNKA OCTOGENARIAN Jirí Nosek (Prague) " ] ;j On June 3,1975, Professor B. Trnka reached the age ofeighty years in his customary strength and vigour. He was born on June 3, 1895 at. Kletecná near Humpolec. Until the age of 75 he was ful1-timeprofessor of English 1anguageand early English literature at .Charles University, Prague. As emeritus professor he still1ectures at the University. The period from his 75th to 80th birthday may be called a scho1arly completion, a time of scientific synthesis of various earlier, primarily linguistic problems and issues. Within his area of interest we may note, for instance, psycho- logica1and sociologic,a1viewson 1anguageas a reflection of nationa1 values, set out in a lecture delivered in the Czechoslovak Circ1e of Modeni Philo10gy, Prague in 1971 (a short summary was published in Jazykovedné aktuality, 8). In his artic1e 'On the Frequency and Distribution of Consonant C1usters in Czech' (Prague Studies in Mathematical Linguistics, 3, 1974), Prof. Trnka continues in his earlier investigation of the linguistic statistics of phonemes. This is comp1emented by Trnka's refining and re-editing of earlier artic1es: 'A Few Remarks on Homonymy and Neutralization' (in vol. I of the newly founded journa1 Poetica, Tokyo 1974, devoted to problems of linguo-stylistics),the re-issue of his mimeographed university lectures introducing English pro sody (1973), the grammar of contemporary English (morphology), and the history of English literature, medieva1and Renaissance. The internationa1 reputation of Professor Trnka's linguistic thought is a1so underlined by the inc1usion of some of his earlier genera1 linguistic studies into foreign and Czechoslovak linguistic readers, miscellanies and journa1s. They are: 'Conversion in English' published 1970 by Hiroshima University, its first appearance being in Brno Studies in English 8, 1969. An antho10gy El Círculo de Praga, edited by Joan A. Argente (Barcelona 1972) contains the Spanish translation of his arti- c1es'Prague Structura1 Linguistics' and 'Some Thoughts on Structura1 Morphology'. Professor Trnka embodies the idea1 university professor untiringly devoted to the building and deve10pment of his scholarly domain, a man who has subordinated all his energies to that aim. The fact that Prof. Trnka has a1waysbeen unse1fishly ready to share ms vastknow1edge and al10t enough time to the tuition and guidance of his students, explains why several younger and (now) middle-aged Czech scholars in English and adjacent fie1dshave emerged. AU these grateful1yavow bim as tbeir respected teacher. Prof. Trnka is still the 1eadingspirit in the discussions of tbe group for functional linguistics within the Czechoslovak Circ1e of Modern, Philo10gy in Prague, ove~which he presides. . His many years of wide, thought-provoking and stimulating activity show Prof. Trnka as a scho1arwho has much to say to the internationallinguistic community, in whicb he is respected as a linguist of a viab1eand influential theory.l 1 Previous artic1es evaluating the scholarly work of Prof. B. Trnka have been published on the occasion' of his earlier anniversaries: . ~ iii IJ~t j I~ " . 1 1 .10 , Ip> , '. .>1 " I t~ ~ ~, ~ "'] ~. F. ~i ~ ]i j j 'I .í . i ~ /: .. :j ' . ! I; J 159
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'" na obra de Valdomiro Silveira.O personagem, sem a interven.;aosubjetiva do autor'deve aparecer bastante reduzido, determinado e limitado nas suas atitudes pe10meioe pela origem, sem exa1ta.;Oesheróicas, chegando até o anti-herói deformado de ?Monteiro Lobato. A imparcialidade do documento cientificoé rara na fic.;aoregio.'nalista do Brasil que quase nunca escapa a interven.;ao subjetiva do autor, queé intermediário entre a realidade e a obra artistica, seja no aspecto de ufanismo oude critica mordaz. Valdomiro Silveira é um caso pouco freqiiente de equilibrio norealismo descritivo, pcrém, sem maior importancia na evolu.;ao da literatura doBrasil. SimO.esLopes Neto, quem criou o tipo do narrador do povo, identificadocom o espírito da regiao, ultrapassou neste aspecto a sua gera.;ao. Já com Euclidesda Cunha e Gra.;a Aranha, e1eva-seo ambiente esmagador, mais forte do queo homem, para marcar, na obra de Américo de Almeida, a mudan.;a de rumos.A Bagaceiramostra o peso tanto da natureza, como da sociedaderural por cima dohomem que é vencido. O romanticismo, porém, nao entregou logo as suas posi.;Oesnas letras do Brasil, e desta maneira, nao faltou nem no realismo de critica socialdos anos trinta. Os personagens aparecem limitados pelas condi.;Oesecológicas,sociais',psíquicas,mas sempreexisteum escape,ou na forma denostalgia pelopassado(Lins do Rego), ou na simpatia para com o passado heroizado (Amado), ou pelavisao ideal do futuro (Amado). O autor entra na estrutura da obra com a sua solu.;ao(nostálgica, revolucionária); tenta copiar, nos diálogos, a fala do povo, para darmaior autenticidade ao texto, e - para variar a monotonia da descri.;aodocumen-tal - cria enredos de paixOesromanticas. Graci1ianoRamos, por seu lado, conseguiuexpressar, em Vidas Secas, a regiao, sem separar paisagem e gente, numa lúcidasimbiose.
Enquanto que na fic.;aourbana estao no centro de aten.;ao as rela';Oesentre aspessoas (rodeadas de coisas), na fic.;ao rura1 ou regionalista sao ressaltadas asrela';Oesdos homens para com o mundo circundante, isto é, para com a natureza.A fic.;aoregionalista, quer queira quer nao, procura a coloca.;ao do homem dentroda ordem do universo vivo. O antropocentrismo cede lugar, sucessivamente,a ava-lia.;ao das for.;as da natureza e da ordem do campo, acabando com a glorifica.;aodo conquistador e com a tragédia do esmagado, para poder apreciar o papel realda consciencia humana naquela ordem. Mais tarde, Joao Guimaraes Rosa chegou'a identifica.;ao da ordem de urna certa regiao (o sertílo) com o mundo exteriore interior do homem. Representando o compromisso entre o velho e o .novo, a obrade Joílo Guimaríles Rosa pode ser um exemplo atual da literatura de um país emdesenvo1vimento,forte na consc:ienciadas raÍZese na adesao a problemática con-temporanea - conhecer o homem e os motivos da sua conduta. Na sua revitaliza.;aoda fic.;íloregionalista, 'Guimaraes Rosa voltou as fontes da fic.;ílo(aos mitos, a epo-péia, aos romances de Cavalaria, a literatura oral sertaneja) e as raÍZesda cria.;ílolingillstica, abrindo novas perspectivas para a fic.;ílo regionalista contemporanea,as quais outros escritores brasileiros vílo ampliando, sendo um exemplo entre todosAriano Suassuna.
158
PROFESSOR BOHUMIL TRNKA OCTOGENARIAN
Jirí Nosek (Prague)
"
]
;jOn June 3,1975, Professor B. Trnka reached the age ofeighty years in his customary
strength and vigour. He was born on June 3, 1895 at. Kletecná near Humpolec.Until the age of 75 he was ful1-timeprofessor of English 1anguageand early Englishliterature at .Charles University, Prague. As emeritus professor he still1ectures atthe University. The period from his 75th to 80th birthday may be called a scho1arlycompletion, a time of scientific synthesis of various earlier, primarily linguisticproblems and issues. Within his area of interest we may note, for instance, psycho-logica1and sociologic,a1views on 1anguageas a reflection of nationa1 values, set outin a lecture delivered in the Czechoslovak Circ1e of Modeni Philo10gy, Praguein 1971(a short summary was published in Jazykovedné aktuality, 8). In his artic1e'On the Frequency and Distribution of Consonant C1usters in Czech' (PragueStudies in Mathematical Linguistics, 3, 1974), Prof. Trnka continues in his earlierinvestigation of the linguistic statistics of phonemes. This is comp1emented byTrnka's refining and re-editing of earlier artic1es: 'A Few Remarks on Homonymyand Neutralization' (in vol. I of the newly founded journa1 Poetica, Tokyo 1974,devoted to problems of linguo-stylistics),the re-issue of his mimeographed universitylectures introducing English prosody (1973), the grammar of contemporary English(morphology), and the history of English literature, medieva1and Renaissance.
The internationa1 reputation of Professor Trnka's linguistic thought is a1sounderlined by the inc1usion of some of his earlier genera1 linguistic studies intoforeign and Czechoslovak linguistic readers, miscellanies and journa1s. They are:'Conversion in English' published 1970 by Hiroshima University, its first appearancebeing in Brno Studies in English 8, 1969. An antho10gy El Círculo de Praga, editedby Joan A. Argente (Barcelona 1972)contains the Spanish translation of his arti-c1es'Prague Structura1 Linguistics' and 'Some Thoughts on Structura1 Morphology'.
Professor Trnka embodies the idea1university professor untiringly devoted to thebuilding and deve10pment of his scholarly domain, a man who has subordinatedall his energies to that aim. The fact that Prof. Trnka has a1waysbeen unse1fishlyready to share ms vastknow1edge and al10tenough time to the tuition and guidanceof his students, explains why several younger and (now) middle-aged Czech scholarsin English and adjacent fie1dshave emerged. AU these grateful1yavow bim as tbeirrespected teacher. Prof. Trnka is still the 1eadingspirit in the discussions of tbe groupfor functional linguistics within the Czechoslovak Circ1eof Modern, Philo10gy inPrague, ove~which he presides. .
His many years of wide, thought-provoking and stimulating activity show Prof.Trnka as a scho1arwho has much to say to the internationallinguistic community,in whicb he is respected as a linguist of a viab1eand influential theory.l
1 Previous artic1es evaluating the scholarly work of Prof. B. Trnka have been published onthe occasion' of his earlier anniversaries: .
~iii
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.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PROFESSOR BOHUMIL TRNKA'S WORKPUBLISHED IN THE YEARS 1970-1975
ABBREVIATIONS: CMFCasopis pro moderní filologii, pp Philologica Pragensia.Books and textbooks (mimeographed university lectures) are printed in capital letters. Reviewartic1es are printed in smal1 type.Note: Earlier bibliographies of Prof. B. Trnka's work have been published as follows: 1955 in
CMF37. 105-:-13, 1965 in pp 8.117-19 and in Prague Studies in EngUsh 11. 69-83, in 1971 inPrague Studies in EngUsh 14. 143-45.
1970
Conversion in English. Studies in Eng/ishand Eng/ishLiterature 17. 1- 8. HiroshimaUniversity. Reprint or the article published in Brno Studies in English, 8. 183-7(1969).
1971
Jazyk jako odraz národnich hodnot (Language as a Reflection or Nationa1 Va1ues).Abstract of a 1ecture.Jazykovedné aktuality 8. 26-28.StudiaAnglicaPosnanensia2. CMF53.92-4.
1972 .
MLUVNICE SOUCASNÉ ANGLICTINY, III. Morfologie slovnich druhu a cástireci. (Grammar or Presentday English. Part III. Morpho10gyor the Parts or Speech.)3rd edition. Pp. 120.Praha.On the Frequency and Distribution of Consonant C1ustersin Czech. Prague Studiesin Mathematica/ Linguistics,3. 9-14.Jazykozpyt a myšlenková struktura doby. (Linguisticsand the Ideo10gica1Structureor the Period.) Prameny ceské a slovenské lingvistiky 2. 57- 66. AcademiaPraha.La lingilisticaestructura1de1Circu10de Praga. Pp. 13-29 in: Joan A. Argente ed.:E/ Círculode Praga. Barcelona. A Spanish trans1ation of the article [1958]'PragueStructura1Linguistics' in PP 1. 33-40.Algunas reflexiones sobre 1a morro10gia estructural. Pp. 72-9 in: Joan A. Argenteed.: E/ Círcu/o de Praga. Barcelona. A Spanish trans1ation of .the article [1932]'Some Thoughts on Structura1 Morpho10gy', in: Charisteria Gui/e/mo Mathesioquinquagenario ob/ata, 57-61. Praha.
1973
DEJINY ANGLICKÉ LITERATURY. I. DOBA ANGLOSASKÁ. (History orEnglish Literature. Part I. Old English Period.) Pp. 118. 3rd edition. Praha.
ln 1965 in VIII. rocenka Kruhu modernlch fi/%gí1 for 1964, pp. 6-9, and in the journal Phi/o-
/ogica Pragensia 8, 113; in 1970 in Casopis pro modeml filologii 52, 209-11, and in 1971 in Phi/o-/ogica Pragensia 14, 39-41.
160
D~JINY ANGLICKÉ LITERATURY. II-III. Od bitvy u Hastings do rozkvetuanglické renesance. (Historyof English Literature. Part II - III. From the Battleor Hastings to the English Renaissance). Pp. 195. 3rd edition. Praha.ÚVOD DO ANGLICKÉ PROSODlE (lntroduction to English Prosody). pp. 135.2nd edition. Praha.
1974
VÝBOR Z LITERATURY STAROANGLICKÉ A STREDOANGLICKÉ. I.TEXTY A ÚVODY. (Antho10gy of Old and Midd1e English Literature). SPNPraha. pp. 96, 2nd edition. (Jointly with Jirí Nosek).A Few Remarks on Homonymy and Neutralization. Poetica 1. 84- 8. Sanseido.Tokyo.Lingvisticképroblémy ve výstavbe tesnopisných soustav. (LinguisticProblems in tbeStructure or Shorthand Systems). Abstract or a 1ecture. Jazykovedné aktuality 11.144-45.
On the Re1ationship of Phonemes to Sounds. Phonetica Pragensia 4. 7-9. ActaUniversitatis Carolinae. Philo!ogica 2. .
aji
liI '1
~J
1975
VÝBOR Z LITERATURY STAROANGLICKÉ A STREDOANGLICKÉ. II.SLOVNíK K TEXTUM. (Anthology of Old and Midd1e English Literature. PartII. G10ssary).SPN Praha. PP: 129.2nd edihon.
Compi/ed by Jirí Nosek (Prague)
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161 IIII
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