ЙОРДАН ВЕЛЧЕВ XIV-XVII ВЕК ТОМ 3 О Б АЛКАНСКИЯ Т Истории в седем книги книги шеста и седма Издателство Жанет 45 Пловдив, 2014
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ЙОРДАН ВЕЛЧЕВ
XIV-XVII ВЕК
ТОМ3
ОБАЛКАНСКИЯТ
Истории в седем книги книги шеста и седма
Издателство Жанет 45 Пловдив, 2014
661
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
Книга шеста ВРАТАТА
Първа част: ПРИЗНАЦИ НА УПАДЪКА
„Íåùàñòíèÿò íàðîä“. Ëèïñèòå. Ïëîâäèâ â ñëîâîòî „èñòèíà“. Êëèñóðàòà íà Ñóêè .......................................................................................11
Ñóëòàí Ñåëèì II Ñàðõîø (Ïèÿíèöàòà). Äâåòå ñòðàñòè íà Ìóðàä III. Àñòðîíîìèÿ: Èçòîê — Çàïàä. Ðàçðóøàâàíåòî íà îáñåðâàòîðèÿòà â Êîíñòàíòèíîïîë .....................................................25
Втора част: ПТИЦАТА ФЕНИКС
Ïúòÿò íà Ñëúíöåòî. Ðàçäåëåíèåòî Èçòîê — Çàïàä. Õîðèçîíòàë è âåðòèêàë. Ìå÷òà ïî Âèòëååì. Êóëòúò êúì Ìàìîí. Îìðàçàòà: Ëèóòïðàíä è Àíà Êîìíèíà. Íèêèòà Õîíèàò. „Êðúâòà íà ïðàâåäíèöèòå ñå îòìúùàâà“ .......................................................................40
Ïðàâîñëàâíàòà îïîðà. Ñâ. Åôðåì Ñòúïñêè. Ñâ. Òåîäîñèé Òðàïåçóíäñêè. Êîíñòàíòèíîïîëñêèòå ìàíàñòèðè. Ãúðöèÿ â Ðèì: Ìàíóèë Õðèçîëîð. Çàïàäíà Åâðîïà — Ñåâåðúò è Þãúò. Ëóòåð. Àïîêàëèïñèñ .....................58
Ðàçåäèíåíèÿò Çàïàä: Îò õóìàíèçúì êúì çâåðñòâà. Ñòðàõîâå. Êðàÿò íà ñâåòà â ÕVII â. Äâåòå ÷îâå÷åñòâà .............................................79
Âðàòàòà ïðåç XVII â. Êóëò êúì ïàòèíàòà .............................................93
Трета част: ЗАПАДНА ЕВРОПА В ЛЕВАНТА И ПЛОВДИВ
Òåðìèíúò „ñðåäíè âåêîâå“: „Äúëãîòî Ñðåäíîâåêîâèå“. Êîïíåæúò ïî Þãà: ñúð Õåíðè Áëàóíò. „Èçòî÷íèÿò“ è „çàïàäíèÿò“ ÷îâåê ........117
Îñìàíñêàòà çàïëàõà. Ïðèçèâèòå íà ïàïà Ïèé II. Çåìÿòà íà Çàïàäà ïðåç XVI è XVII â. .......................................................130
Êàïèòóëàöèè. „Âèçàíòèéñêè èñòîðèè“. Äàðîâåòå íà Õåðáúðí. Êîðàáúò „Õåêòîð“. „Òàéíèÿò ïðîåêò“ íà Ëüîôåâð ..............................144
Ó÷èëèùåòî çà èçòî÷íè åçèöè. Äüî Íîàíòåë. „1001 íîù“. Ôðàíöóçè â Byzance ......................................................................................157
Ñòðàííèÿò ïîðòðåò íà åäèí ìàðêèç. Ìîäàòà „a la turque“, „a la sultane“. Ïëîâäèâ — òðè ìèñèè (1611, 1620 è 1621 ã.) .....................167
Ïîùàòà: îò Êèð Âåëèêè — äî îñìàíöèòå. Øèôðè è êîäîâå. Äèñêúò íà Ëåîí Áàòèñòà Àëáåðòè. Ìåíçèëè è åëêàáè .......................173
662
Çàïàäúò â Èçòîêà ïðåç ÕVII â. Êåðâàíè è ïàñïîðòè. Ðåíåãàòè è ðîáè. Â ñâèòèòå íà ïàøèòå. Ñòðàõúò ...............................................179
Åâðîïà — ïðåâîäè íà ñú÷èíåíèÿòà íà Èçòîêà ........................................188
Êàôåòî: „ìëÿêîòî íà øàõìàòèñòèòå è ìèñëèòåëèòå“. Âåíåöèàíöè .................................................................................................. 195
Ãðàäúò íà ðåêà Àìñòåë. „Ñíàáäèòåëèòå“.Êàðóöèòå íà áúëãàðèòå .............................................................................205
Четвърта част: ХАБСБУРГИ НА БАЛКАНИТЕ И В ПЛОВДИВ ПРЕЗ XVII В.
„Ãðàíè÷íèòå“ íàðîäè. Ìåæäèííàòà çåìÿ íà Ñðåäíà Åâðîïà ..............216
Ìèñèè â 1616 ã. è 1634 ã. Òúðæåñòâà è ïðÿïîðöè. Ñâÿò, ñàìîçàðàæäàù ñå îò Íèùîòî. ßñòèÿ è ôîéåðâåðêè. ..........................227
Ôàòàëèçúì. Êðàÿò íà Çàïàäà. Âèêî. Ïîðàæåíèå â „Ñåí Ãîòàð“. Ìèñèÿòà íà Âàëòåð ôîí Ëåñëèå (1665 ã.). Ãðàô Ëóèäæè Ìàðñèëè ...............................................................................234
Âîåííè ñáîðîâå êðàé Ïëîâäèâ. Ìèñèÿòà íà Êàïðàðà. Ìèð â Êàðëîâàö. Âåëèêîòî ïîñîëñòâî íà Âîëôãàíã ôîí Åòèíãåí (1699 — 1700 ã.) ................................................247
К н и г а с е д м а О БЩИ Я Т С ВЯ ТПърва част
I.
Àðõåîëîãèÿ íà ïðîñòðàíñòâîòî ................................................................259
Îò Êîíñòàíòèíîïîë äî Êîíñòàíòèíèéå ...............................................269
Óñòàâúò íà Àêàäåìèÿòà â Íèñèá ............................................................274
Ðóøåíåòî íà „èäîëèòå“ ............................................................................276
II.
„Îâàðâàðåíèÿò“ Ðèì. Èçòîêúò: „ëóäîñòòà ïî ãðàäîâåòå“. Çåìÿòà íà òðèòå ðåëèãèè: Àë-Àíäàëóñ .................................................281
Ðåíåñàíñ è ðåíåñàíñè ....................................................................................291
Il Miracolo Arabo (Àðàáñêîòî ÷óäî) ..........................................................295
III.
Êðúãîîáðàçíîòî äâèæåíèå: ñòèëúò „àðàáåñêà“, âåëèêèòå ïåðñè ......310
663
Втора част
I.
Íîâèÿò Îrbis Romanis. Ìåæäó Ñâåùåíîòî (Sacerdotium) è Öàðñòâîòî (Imperium): Ñèìôîíèÿòà .......................................................320
„Âñåîáùîòî ó÷èëèùå íà ñâåòà“ ................................................................329
II.
„Çëàòíèÿò ìîñò“ ìåæäó Èçòîêà è Çàïàäà ..........................................344
Ñëåä 1204 ã.: ïåðèîäúò íà „äðîáåíå“. „Òåçè áóêâè äà ñå óíèùîæàò èçöÿëî“ ..........................................................................354
Èìïåðàòîðúò „ñ áåáåøêîòî ëèöå“. „Ñöèëà è Õàðèáäà“. Çàëåç ñ Åë Ãðåêî .......................................................................................... 360
Трета част
I.
„Ãîäèíà íà Ñëîíà“: Ìîõàìåä èáí Àáäàëëàõ. Õàëèôàòúò: Îìàÿäè è Àáàñèäè .......................................................................................365
II.
Çà „òúìíîòî“ è „ìðà÷íî“ Ñðåäíîâåêîâèå: íÿêîëêî óòî÷íåíèÿ ...........375
Ðóìñêè ñóëòàíàò íà Âåëèêèòå Ñåëäæóêè: õðèñòèÿíñêî-ìþñþëìàíñêî äâóâåðèå. Ìåæäó Âèçàíòèÿ è Ïåðñèÿ .....379
Êåðâàíñàðàè â „ìóçåÿ íà äðåâíîñòòà“. ×àòàëõüîþê. Õåòè. Æåëåçíèÿò âåê. Òþðêè: îò Îðõîíñêèòå íàäïèñè äî ïðåñåëåíèåòî â Ìàëà Àçèÿ ....................................................................386
Ñåëäæóêñêèòå ñóëòàíè ..............................................................................397
III.
Çàïàäíà Åâðîïà — äîêòðèíà íà Ñâåùåíàòà âîéíà. Âîèíèòå íà Êðúñòà. Áîãîóãîäíîòî íàñèëèå ..........................................405
Çâåðñòâà â Èçòîêà. „×îâåêîÿäöèòå îò Ìààðà“. Çàâëàäÿâàíåòî íà Éåðóñàëèì ................................................................................................ 411
Ñúâìåñòåí æèâîò â Ñâåòèòå çåìè: ñèðèéñêî-ôðàíêñêàòà „íàöèÿ“. Ñàëàääèí â Éåðóñàëèì. „Åðåòèöè“ â Åâðîïà ........................417
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IV.
Êàòåäðàëè è òàìïëèåðè. „Äà ñå óáèå ãðúê áåøå áåç çíà÷åíèå“. Ðàçîðÿâàíåòî íà Ñîëóí ...............................................................................424
Ïðåâçåìàíåòî íà Êîíñòàíòèíîïîë îò ëàòèíèòå: „ðàçóìúò èçòðúïâà îò óæàñ è ÷îâå÷åñòâîòî ïî÷åðâåíÿâà îò ñðàì“ ................428
Четвърта част
Êúðâàâî ðàçäåëåíîòî õðèñòèÿíñòâî: „Íàøåòî íàñëåäñòâî ó ÷óæäè ïðåìèíà“ .......................................................................................436
„Íåèñòîâñòâà“ ïðåç ÕIII â. Åðåòèöè â Åâðîïà .......................................441
Åâðîïà: ïîÿâà íà „çàâîåâàòåëíàòà êóëòóðà“. Ñèðèÿ: òðèòå ðåëèãèè. Ðèöàðñòâîòî: îò Èçòîê êúì Çàïàä. Àñàñèíè è òàìïëèåðè .................................................................................445
Ñåëäæóêñêîòî íàñëåäñòâî. Áåéëèêúò íà Îñìàí Ãàçè (1258 — 1324). „Áóõàëúò îòïðàâÿ íîùíèÿ ñè âèê îò êóëèòå íà Àôðàñèàá“: çàâëàäÿâàíåòî íà Êîíñòàíòèíîïîë .......................................................453
Пета част
I.
Äâàòà ïîëóîñòðîâà. Òðîÿ â Ðèì. Åâðîïà: ìþñþëìàíñêèÿò ïðèíîñ ..............................................................................459
II.
Íîâà èìïåðèÿ âúðõó ñòàðè óñòîè: „ñòðàíàòà íà ÷åðâåíàòà ÿáúëêà“ ............................................................471
Çàãàäú÷íèÿò ÕV âåê. Çàïàä – Èçòîê — â òúðñåíå íà „âñåîáùàòà ðåëèãèÿ“. „Ðèìóâàùèÿò ñóëòàí“: Ìåõìåä II Ôàòèõ .........................481
Pax Othomana vel Christiana. Ïðèçèâèòå íà ïàïà Ïèé II. „Ñòðàíàòà Êóêàíÿ“. Îáåòúò íà ôàçàíà ................................................490
ÅÏÈËÎÃ èëè ÑÒÐÎØÅÍÎÒÎ ÎÃËÅÄÀËÎ
I.
Ãåîãðàôñêèòå îòêðèòèÿ: åïîõàòà íà „êðàéíèÿ ñâÿò“ ........................497
Êèòàé: îò „ñêúïîöåííàòà ôëîòèëèÿ“ — äî ãîëÿìîòî „çàòâàðÿíå“...........................................................................503
665
Îò „Âåëèêè ãåîãðàôñêè îòêðèòèÿ“ è „öèâèëèçàöèÿ“ — äî „Âèçàíòèÿ“ è „Áàëêàíñêè ïîëóîñòðîâ“. „Íîìåðèðàíåòî“ íà âåêîâåòå .................................................................................................. 508
Åëäîðàäî. „Áàðóòúò å òàìÿí çà íàøèÿ Ãîñïîä“. Ïîëèòèêà íà „èçãîðåíàòà çåìÿ“. Ãåíîöèä. Ïðîêëÿòèåòî íà Áàðòîëîìåî äå Ëàñ Êàñàñ .....................................................................512
II.
Êàòîðãè è ðîáè. Íîâîòî ñúçíàíèå: „Äà ïîçíàÿò Áîãà íàñèëà“. „Ïëàâàùè êîâ÷åçè“ â „òðèúãúëíàòà“ òúðãîâèÿ ....................................519
„Êàïèòàëèñòèòå“ è „îñòàíàëèòå“. Ìîäåðíèçèðàíàòà æåñòîêîñò. „Íèñøèòå ðàñè“. „Ñàìîçàäâèæâàùèÿò ñå“ ÷îâåê. .........524
Íàðóøåíîòî åäèíñòâî. „Òåçè ñòðàííè è äèâè Áàëêàíè“. „Ïðàçíîòî îãëåäàëî“: Homo Åkonomicus. „Ñúäèè“ è „ïîäñúäèìè“ ......531
Послеслов
Èìïåðèÿòà íà îñìàíöèòå: ïðåäè íà÷àëîòî íà êðàÿ. „Ëÿëå äåâðè“ – ïúòóâàíèÿòà íà åäíî öâåòå ..........................................535
„Ïðàçíèöèòå íà öâåòÿòà“. Ìèìîëåòíàòà „ôèëîñîôèÿ íà ùàñòèåòî“ ...................................................................543
Ïúðâàòà îñìàíñêà ïå÷àòíèöà. Êðàÿò íà èëþçèèòå ............................549
ÁÅËÅÆÊÈ ................................................................................................................559
ÈÌÅÍÅÍ ÏÎÊÀÇÀËÅÖ ......................................................................................594
ÎÁÙÀ ÁÈÁËÈÎÃÐÀÔÈß ....................................................................................621
666
CONTENTS
Book 6 – THE DOOR
Part one: SIGNS OF DECLINE
“The unhappy people”. The lacks. Plovdiv in the word “truth”. The gorge of Suki. ........................................................................................ 11
Sultan Selim II Sarhosh (The Drunkard). The two passions of Murad III. Astronomy: East-West. The destruction of the observatory in Constantinople. ......................................................................................... 25
Part two: THE PHOENIXThe road of the sun. The East-West division.
Horizontal and vertical. A Bethlehem dream. The cult of Mammon. The hatred: Luitprandt and Anna Komnina. Niketas Choniates. “The blood of the righteous men must be avenged”. ................................... 40
The disunited West: from humanism to atrocity. Fears. The end of the world in XVII c. The two mankinds. .......................................79
The Door through XVII c. A cult of the patina. ............................................ 93
Part three: WESTERN EUROPE IN THE LEVANT AND PLOVDIV
The term “Middle Ages”: “The long Medieval period”. The longing for the South: Sir Henry Blount. “Eastern” and “Western” type of man. ....................................................... 117
The Ottoman threat. The appeals of Pope Pius II. The land of the West in XVI and XVII c. ......................................................................131
Capitulations. “Byzantine stories”. The gifts of Hepburn. The ship Hector. The “secret project”of Lefebvre. .......................................144
The school of eastern languages. De Nointel. “Arabian nights”. The French in Byzance. ...............................................................................157
The bizarre portrait of a marquis. The fashion “a la turque”, “a la sultane”. Plovdiv - three missions (1611, 1620 and 1621). ...............167
The post: from Cyrus the Great to the Ottomans. Ciphers and codes. The disk of Leon Battista Alberti. Mensils and elkabs. ................................ 173
667
The West in the East in XVII c. Caravans and passports. Renegades and slaves. In the suites of the pashas. The Fear. .............................................. 179
Europe – translations of the writings of the East. ........................................188
Coffee – “the milk of the chess-players and thinkers”. Venetians. ............. 195
The town at the Amstel river. “The Victuallers”. The carts of the Bulgarians. .........................................................................205
Part four: HABSBURGS IN THE BALKANS AND PLOVDIV IN XVII C.
The “frontier” peoples. The interstitial land of Central Europe. ............... 216
Missions in 1616 and 1634. Feasts and banners. World appearing out of the Nothing. Dishes and fi reworks. ...........................................................227
Fatalism. The death of the West. Vicco. Defeat at “Saint Gotar”. The mission of Walter van Leslie (1665). Count Luigi Marsigli. .................234
Military assemblies around Plovdiv. The mission of Caprara. Peace in Karlovatz. The grand legation of Wolfgang van Ethinghen (1699 - 1700). .................................................. 247
Book 7 – THE COMMON WORLD
Part one
I.
Archaeology of space ...................................................................................259
From Konstantinople to Konstantiniye .........................................................269
The charter of the academy in Nisib .............................................................274
The destruction of the “idols” .....................................................................276
II.
The “barbarized” Rome. The East: “the madness in the towns”. The land of the three religions: Al-Andalus ..................................................281
Renaissance and renaissances .....................................................................291
Il Miracolo Arabo (the Arabian prodigy) .....................................................295
III.
The circular movement: the “arabesque” style, the great Persians ............310
668
Part two
I.
The new Orbis Romanis. Between the Sacred (Sacerdotium) and the Kingdom (Imperium): the Symphony ............................................. 320
“The universal school of the world” .......................................................... 329
II.
The “golden bridge” between the East and the West ..................................344
After 1204: the period of “fractioning”.
“These letters should be entitely obliterated” ..............................................354
The emperor with the “baby face”. “Scylla and Charybdis”. Sunset with El Greco ....................................................................................360
Part three
I.
“Year of the elephant”: Mohammed ibn Abdallah. The Caliphate: Ummayads and Abbasids .............................................................................365
II.
About the “dark”and “sombre” Middle ages: some elucidations ...............375
Roman sultanate of the Great Seljuqs: Christian-Muslim dual faith. Between Byzantium and Persia. ...................................................................379
Caravanserais in the “museum of Antiquity”. Çatalhöyük. Hittites. The Iron Age. Turks: from the Orkhon inscriptions to the migration in Asia Minor. ...............................................................................................386
The Seljuq sultans. ....................................................................................... 397
III.
Western Europe – the doctrine of the Sacred War. The Warriors of the Cross.The pious violence. ...................................................................405
Atrocities in the East. The “Maneaters of Maara”.The conquest of Jerusalem............................................................................ 411
Life together in the Holy Land: the Syrian-Frank “nation”.Saladin in Jerusalem. “Heretics”in Europe. ................................................417
669
IV.
Cathedrals and Templars. “The killing of a Greek was without signifi cance”. The ruining of Thessaloniki. ..................................................424
The Latin conquest of Konstantinople: “The reason shudders with horror and mankind blushes with shame”. ..........................................428
Part four
The bloody splitting of Christianity:“Our heritage became possession of strangers” .........................................436
“Frenzy” during XIII c. Heretics in Europe. ................................................441
Europe: emergence of the “culture of conquest”. Syria: the three religions. The knighthood: from East to West. Assassins and Templars. .... 445
The Seljuq legacy. The beylik of Osman Gazi (1258-1324). “The owl gives its nightly scream from the towers of Afrasiab”: the conquest of Konstantinople. ...................................................................453
Part fi ve
I.
The two peninsulas. Troy in Rome. Europe: the Muslim contribution. .......459
II.
New empire on old foundations: “The land of the red apple”. ................... 471
The mysterious XV c. West-East – the quest for the “universal religion”.
The “rhyming sultan”: Mehmed II Fatih. ....................................................481
Pax Othomana vel Christiana. The appeals of Pope Pius II. “The country of Kukanya”. The vow of the pheasant. ................................490
Epilogue or the broken mirror
I.
The geographical discoveries: the age of the defi nitive world. ...................497
China: from “the treasure fl eet” – to the great “receding”. .......................503
670
From “great discoveries” and “civilization” – to “Bysantium” and “Balkan peninsula”. The “numerating” of the centuries. ....................508
El Dorado. “Gunpowder is incense for our God”. Politics of the burnt land”. Genocide. The curse of Bartolomeo de Las Kasas. ...... 512
II.
Forced labour and slaves. The new consciousness: “They should know God by force”. “Sailing coffi ns” in the “triangular” trade. ........................519
The “capitalists” and the “rest”. The modernized barbarity.The “inferior races”. The “self-propelled”man. .........................................524
The spoiled unity. “These queer and savage Balkans”. The “empty mirror”: Homo Ekonomicus. “Judges and culprits”. ..............531
Afterword
The empire of the ottomans: before the beginning of the end. “Lyale devri” – the journeys of a fl ower. .....................................................535
The “fl ower festivals”. The transient “philosophy of happiness” .............. 543
The fi rst ottoman printing house. The end of illusions. .............................. 549
Notes ....................................................................................................................559
Index .................................................................................................................... 594
General bibliography ............................................................................................621
671
Summary
In his megatext (of seven books and an epilogue) the present book is a detailed chronicle of the Balkan world during the proper ages of the next empire settled on the Balkans - the Ottoman state. Based entirely on documents, the book explores in a fascinating way all event fateful for the present that happened during the XIV and XVII c. - a period of shared history between East and West, Ottoman Empire and Western Europe. This is a book of the man of the East and the West, a compendium of the stories of peoples, reli-gions and cultures differing in their future destiny but co-existing in an unique world till the split between the Eastern and Western type of civilization.
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Йордан ВелчевБ А Л К А Н С К И Я Т Ч О В Е К
ХIV – ХVII векИстории в седем книги
том III
БългарскаПърво издание
Художник Яна Левиева Фотография на корица Румен Жеков
Коректор Гергана СемерджиеваФормат 70/100/16Печатни коли 42
Предпечатна подготовка Гергана Икономова
Печат: Полиграфически комплекс Жанет 45 — Пловдивбул. „Ал. Стамболийски“ № 9, тел. 032/60 90 90
Издателство Жанет 45 ООД — Пловдивбул. „Ал. Стамболийски“ № 9, тел./факс: 032/60 90 60
www.janet45.com
ISBN 978-619-186-013-5 (ìåêè êîðèöè)ISBN 978-619-186-014-2 (òâúðäè êîðèöè)
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