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Abatcha, Ibrahim, 199
Abbaker, Adam Salih, 304
Abbakr, Abbakr Badawi, 174
Abbakr Isma�il, 75, 82, 83, 96, 120
Abboud, Ibrahim, 182. See also
Sudanese military regime
abbo umo (umangawi), 103–04
Abd al-Aziz Adam al-Hilu, 260
Abd al-Hamid Abu Bakr Ibrahim, 156
Abd al-Hamid Ibrahim, 129
Abd al-Hamid Ibrahim, Yusuf, 174
Abd al-Hamid Musa Kasha, 276
Abd al-Hamid Musa Madibbu, 174
Abd al-Jabbar Dusa, 302
Abdalla Ali Masar, 276
Abdallah, Hilal Muhammad, 265
Abdallah, Idris, 105
Abdallah, Jibril, 275–76
Abdallah, Muhammad Ahmad
(al-Mahdi)
conquest of Kordofan, 63
crisis following death of, 68–70
death of, 68
declaration as Mahdi, 62–63
Gordon’s offer of sultanate to, 68
support of, 63–64
Abdallah Abbakir, 277, 279
Abdallah Dud Banja, 57, 65, 66, 68, 70
Abdallah Khalil, 174, 178, 182
Abdallah Safi al-Nur, 275, 276, 281
Abdallahi (Khalifa), 69–70, 71–73
1887 campaign in Darfur, 72–73
Abu Jummayza’s rebellion against,
74–77
administration of Darfur, 78–83
becomes Muhammad Ahmad’s
disciple, 62
forced migration of tribes by, 77–78
during invasion of Anglo-Egyptian
forces, 88
and Kurqasawi brothers, 71–72
Mahdist victories of, 69
and Muhammad Khalid Zuqal, 70
Abdallahi, Idris, 118
Abd al-Nabi, Isma�il, 71, 74, 76
Abd al-Qadir Pasha, 67
Abd al-Qadir wad al-Zayn, 40
Abd al-Rahman (d. 1803, sultan of
Darfur), 21, 33
Abd al-Rahman, Hasabu, 276
Abd al-Rahman Adam Rijal, 127
Abd al-Rahman Bahr al-Din, 156, 158
Abd al-Rahman Firti, 98
Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi, 121
and elections of 1958, 182
in opposition to Socialist Republican
Party, 172–73
threat of rebellion from, 175–76
and Umma party, 183
and Unionists, 155–57
varying appeal of, 121–25
Abd al-Rahman Muhammad Ibrahim,
174
Abd al-Rahman Muhammad Siwar
al-Dahab, 234
Abd al-Rahman Musa, 302, 304
Abd al-Rahman Shattut, 48
Abd al-Razzaq Haqqi Pasha, 51–52
355
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Abd al-Salam al-Khalifa, 175
Abd al-Shafi�, Ahmad, 267
Abd al-Shakur Abd al-Rahman Shattut,
68
Abd al-Wahid Muhammad al-Nur, 267,
277, 278, 279, 300, 302, 303–04
Abdo, Ahmad Makki, 183
Abduh Abdallah Isma�il, 277
Abel Alier Kwai, 204
Abo Bey, 66
abo dali, 103–04
abo dima (dimangawi), 103–04
Abtar, Idris, 55
Abu Adhan (Shamli, Ahmad Pasha), 42,
43
Abu Anja, Hamdan, 70, 71, 72
Abu Bakr, 69
Abu Hamad, 88
Abuja peace process, 297–98
Abuja Protocol, 296
Abu Jummayza, 74–77
Abu Kauda, 90
Abu Kauda, Husayn, 89, 102
Abu�l-Bashar Abbakar, 302
abu�l-jabbayyin (head tax collector), 29
Abu�l-Khayrat, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80
Abu�l Qasim Ahmad Bukr, 20
Abu�l-Qasim Ali Dinar, 156
Abu�l-Qasim of Kutum, Ahmad, 174
Abu Madyan, Muhammad, 34
Abu Qurayn, 52
Abu Risha, 74, 82
Abu Shak, Ahmad, 89
Abu Sinn, Ali Abdallah, 175, 183
Abu Sinn, Muhammad Ali, 174
Addis Ababa Agreement, 204, 205, 219,
226
Administration Conference, 155–56
Advisory Council for the Northern
Sudan, 150–52
discussion of education in Darfur,
153
elections to, 171–72
Africa Confidential, 286
African Belt, 245–46, 266
Africans, versus Arabs, 264–66
African Union (AU), 289, 298
and Abuja peace process, 300–02
monitoring team appointed by,
295–96
in peace process 2006–09, 303–11
taking leading peacekeeping role,
294
violence against, 304
African Union/United Nations operation
in Darfur (UNAMID) force,
307–08, 313
Agha, Ali Khurshid, 40–41
Agricultural Bank, 213
Agricultural Research Corporation, 186
Agricultural Research Council, 186
agriculture. See also desertification;
drought; famine; water supplies
benefits from Five-Year Plans, 162,
163, 165
during Egyptian regime (Turkiyya), 42
government efforts to diversify, 141
during May Regime, 220–21
overreliance on, 185
overview, 5–7
during Sudanese parliamentary
regime, 188–91
during World War II, 147–50
airports in Darfur, 147, 190
Ali, Adam, 107
Ali, Ahmad, 79
Ali, Ramadan, 105
Ali b. Abi Talib, 60
Ali Dinar Zakariyya Muhammad al-Fadl
army of, 107
and death of Abu�l-Khayrat, 80
and French territorial claims, 96–100
and Mahdists, 80–81, 92–94, 102–03
officials under, 78, 79
overthrow of, 112–14
palace of, 114
photograph of, 113
relations with Dar Masalit, 96–97
and religious groups, 103
returned from captivity, 2
rivals of, 101–03
struggle ruling tribes, 100–01
taxation by, 28, 106
territorial administration, 103–07
titles of, 91
Wingate’s plans against, 109–12
356
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Amnesty International, 287
Anglo-Egyptian Agreement, 175
Anglo-Egyptian regime
colonial rule in Darfur, 117–19
Condominium Agreement, 89, 156,
172
conquest of Darfur, 108–14
conquest of Sudan, 88–89
deterioration of Anglo-Egyptian
relations, 155–57
economy during, 2, 137–39
Hicks expedition, 65, 66–67
independence from, 177
Indirect Rule by. See also Native
Administration
and Mahdism, 119–25
and maqdumates, 128–29
and nazirs, 130–33
and shaykhs, 125–26, 130–33
judicial administration by, 118
slave trade policy of, 92, 115, 124
taxation by, 115, 121, 128, 132,
138
as unequal partnership, 88
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, 156
Anglo-French agreements, 95
animal products, export of, 7, 143, 148
Anqara, al-Nur Bey Muhammad, 57, 59
Anti-Thirst Campaign, 197
Anyanya rebels, 193, 236–37
Aouzou Strip, 205–06
Approved Enterprises Act, 186
Arab Alliance (tajamu al-arabi), 245–46,
263–68
Arab Belt, 245–46
Arabicization, 13–14, 193, 259
Arabic language, 12, 178
Arabi Dafallah (amir), 92
Arabism, 244–45
Arab Monetary Fund, 255
Arabs
versus Africans, 264–66
population of, 10
Reconciliation Agreement with Fur
people, 245–46
tribal origins of, 11
war with Fur people, 264–66
Arbab Ahmad Shatta Ishaq, 174
Argun, Sa�d, 51
Atim, Sese Muhammad, 129
Atrocities Documentation Team, 285–86
AU. See African Union
Ayman, Rashid Bey, 59
Ayub, Isma�il, 38, 47, 48–49
al-Azhari, Isma�il, 118, 173, 175, 176,
178, 195, 196, 198–99
Bahr al-Din (Endoka), sultan, 127–28
on Advisory Council of the Northern
Sudan, 151
decentralization of judicial system of,
158
and Dud Murra, 98
informal majlis of, 152
and Mahdists, 121
photograph of, 120
reduced power of, 119
Bahr al-Ghazal, 37, 46
Baker, Samuel, 45–46
Bakheit, Jaafar Muhammad Ali, 207–10
Bakhit Abu Risha, 75
Bakhit of Dar Sila, 96
Bani Halba tribe
during Abu Jummayza revolt, 76
defeat of SPLA invaders, 260
home of, 10
and Indirect Rule, 132
relations with Ali Dinar, 94, 101
versus Slatin, 65–66
support of Mahdist revolution, 66
tribal court established, 152
war with Fur people, 245
Bani Husayn tribe, 10, 52
Baqqara tribes, 35
and Abdallahi, 69
during Abu Jummayza revolt, 76
and Ali Dinar, 100
forced migration of, 84
home of, 10
and Indirect Rule, 131
migration of, 17
opposition to Mahdiyya, 72
population of, 12
raiding of, 85
settling of during drought of 1973,
215
357
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Baqqara tribes (cont.)
support of Mahdism by, 123
support of slave trade by, 61–62
tribal court established, 152
use by Gordon to suppress slave trade,
50
war with Fur people, 27, 35
Bari tribe, 44
al-Bashir, Omar Hasan, 247–48. See
also National Islamic Front (NIF)
regime
breach with al-Turabi, 257, 269–70
election as president, 250
indictment of, 309, 313
offer of peace to rebels, 289
photograph of, 250
reactions to Fur complaints about
Arab attacks, 278
reactions to SLA/JEM attacks, 281
al-Bashir, al-Sammani, 127
Bashiri Bey wad Bakr, 65–66
Bedri, Ibrahim, 172–73, 175
Beja Congress, 195, 198
Bell, Gawain, 173
Bence-Pembroke, R. A., 139
Benn, Hilary, 303
Berti tribe, 10, 26, 66, 121, 130
Bidayriyya tribe, 10–11, 12, 216
bin Ladin, Osama, 256
Birgid tribe, 10, 66
conquest of, 21
and Indirect Rule, 132
opposition to Mahdists, 64, 72
sultan’s relations with, 26
Bishara, Adam Tamin, 121
Bishara, Muhammad, 75
Bishara Taj al-Din, 77
Black Book (al-kitab al-aswad), 274–77
Black Flag division, of Mahdist, 69
borders of Darfur, 95–100, 118–19
borehole drilling, 197–98, 212
Bosh Muhammad al-Fadl, 48
Boustead, Hugh, 129
Britain. See also Anglo-Egyptian regime
Disaster Relief Committee, 291
Egypt’s independence from, 116
evacuation of Egyptians from Sudan,
67–68
Long Range Desert Group, 146
occupation of Egypt
and party politics, 172–73
view toward UN stance on Sudan, 297
during World War II, 145–46
Browne, William, 21–22
Bukr, Ahmad, 19
Burckhardt, J. L., 29
Burkan (“Volcano”) Brigade, 218
Bush administration, 292, 310
Bushra Isma�il, 281
camps
during famine of 1984–85, 232
for refugees, 285, 301, 309
Carriage of Goods by Motor (Control)
Ordinance, 163
cattle
in Darfur, 189
disease in, 138–39, 189, 211
export of, 143, 168–69
and Five-Year Plan, 168–69
taxes on, 163
cease-fire agreements, 289, 295, 304
census of 1955–56, 178–80
cerebrospinal meningitis, 140, 170
Chad
attempts to mediate Darfur crisis,
288–90
food aid for camps in, 291
French involvement in, 199
refugees from in Darfur, 232
relations with Libya, 205–06, 216–19,
241–43, 258–59
relations with Sudan, 199–200,
242–44, 258–59, 301
Sudanese refugees in, 283, 287
and Tripoli Agreement, 299
during World War II, 146
Chad Liberation Front, 199–200
Chad National Liberation Front
(FROLINAT [Front de Liberation
Nationale du Tchad]), 199–200,
205–06, 216–17
children. See also education
deaths of during drought/famine of
1984–85, 230–31
treatment by janjawid, 282–83
358
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China, view toward UN stance on
Sudan, 297
cholera virus, 85–86
Christians
during Egyptian regime (Turkiyya),
56–57
during May Regime, 251
climate of Darfur, 6–9
Closed Districts Order, 126
cloth tax (takkiyya), 29, 106
coins, 106
commerce. See economy; trade
Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, UN,
295
Committee for Restoration of State
Authority and Security in Darfur,
278
Committee of Forty, 248
communists, 195, 206, 210, 220
Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA),
273, 297–98, 306–07
Condominium Agreement, 89, 156, 172
cotton, export of, 181, 187. See also
Gezira Scheme
council of kings (majlis al-maluk), 105
coup
of 1958, 182–84
of 1969, 201–05
of 1971 (failed), 195, 210
of 1989, 247–48
CPA (Comprehensive Peace Agreement),
273, 297–98, 306–07
“crimes against humanity,” whether
applicable to Darfur, 293–94
Cromer, Lord, 90–91
crops. See agriculture
Daali (jadd al-Fur), 17
Dabaha, Muhammad Ibrahim, 127, 132
al-Dabi, Muhammad Ahmad, 262
al-Dadingawi, Mahmud Ali, 93, 103,
105, 107
al-Dadingawi, Salih, 129
al-Daghur, Fadlallah, 83
Daju tribe, 10, 15–16, 26, 75
damur (homespun), 143
Darfur. See also Anglo-Egyptian regime;
Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA);
Egyptian regime; Mahdist state;
May Regime; National Islamic
Front (NIF) regime; Sudanese
military regime; Sudanese
parliamentary regime;
Transitional Military Council
(TMC)
agriculture of, 5–7
borders of, 95–100, 118–19
climate of, 6–9
conquest by Egypt, 47
division into three states, 261–63
effect of World War I on, 108–12
epidemics in, 170
ethnic composition, 10–12
exports of, 7, 9, 143, 189–90
and Five-Year Plans, 164–67
geography of, 5
health services in, 170, 191–92
importance to Umma party, 197–99
labor relations in, 171
meaning of name, 4
National Council for the Salvation of
Darfur, 245–46
nationalist politics in, 170–75
population of, 9, 178, 188
Regional Government of, 222–25
relations with Chad, 242–44
rivalry with Wadai, 83, 95–96
SPLA invasion of, 260
territories of, 5
water supplies in, 190–91
Darfur Construction Unit, 191
Darfur-Darfur Dialogue and
Consultation, 303
Darfur Development Front, 194, 266
Darfur Liberation Front (DLF), 277–79
Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA), 4
conditions in Darfur during signing of,
304–05
negotiations over, 302–04
overview of, 302
security arrangements of, 303
Darfur Province Council, 150–52, 154,
208
Darfur Regional Assembly, 223
Darfur Regional Government, 231
Darfur Students Association, 224
359
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Darfur Tribes Initiative, 299
Dar Hamid tribe, 10–11, 12
Dar Masalit, 48–49, 74, 119
Anglo-Egyptian claims to, 98–99
education in, 135
effect of division of Western Darfur
on, 261–62
and French, 97, 98
native administration of, 127–28
origin of name, 10
relations with Ali Dinar, 96–97
Uthman Adam’s invasion of, 80
Dar Masalit Rural Council, 207
Dar Qimr, 10, 26, 52, 74, 97–99,
119
Dar Sila, 48–49, 74, 96, 98
Dar Tama, 26, 48–49, 74, 97–99
Dar Zaghawa, 74
Dau al-Bayt, Ibrahim, 156
Daud Yahya Bulad, 260
Davies, Reginald, 124, 127–28
Dawra, Muhammad, 19, 21
debt. See foreign debt
Deby, Idris, 245, 258–59, 289–90. See
also Chad
DECARP (Desert Encroachment and
Rehabilitation Program), 233
decentralization, 222–23, 225
de Gaulle, Charles, 146, 147
dei Danziger, Francesco Emiliani, 56
Democratic Revolutionary Council, 218
Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 198
Depression. See Great Depression
Desert Encroachment and Rehabilitation
Program (DECARP), 233
desertification, 141, 148–50, 212, 214,
227–28. See also drought
development plans
Five-Year Plans, 162–69, 210–11
New Schemes program of 1957–61,
185
Six-Year Plan, 210–14
Ten-Year Plan, 185–88, 189, 190
devshirme system of slavery, 24
diarrhea, 231
dimangawi (abo dima), 103–04
dimlij (district chief), 25
Dinka tribe, 41, 42, 130, 238
Diraige, Ahmad Ibrahim, 224–25, 228,
277
attempt to mediate Darfur crisis, 289
call for true federal system, 241
election as governor, 264, 266–67
and famine of 1984–85, 231
as leader of Dar Fur Development
Front, 194
“disaster relief industry,” 272
“disaster tourism,” 227
disease. See epidemics
district chief (dimlij), 25
district representatives (shartays), 25,
32–33, 151
diwan tax, 29
DLF (Darfur Liberation Front), 277–79
Doctors without Borders survey, 312
Dongola, 18, 88
DPA. See Darfur Peace Agreement
drought, 139–43
of 1926, 139–40
of 1969–70, 189
of 1984–85, 226–33
of 1989–90, 260–61
during Mahdist rule, 85–86
Dud Banja, Abdallah, 57, 65, 66, 68, 70
Dud Murra (Muhammad Salih), 83, 98
DUP (Democratic Unionist Party), 198
Dupuis, C. G., 130
dysentery, 142
Eastern Darfur District Council, 207
Eastern Darfur Rural Council, 207
Economic Integration Agreement, 202
economy. See also exports; taxation;
trade
during Anglo-Egyptian regime, 2,
137–39
of Darfur, 188–92
development plans
Five-Year Plans, 162–69, 210–11
New Schemes program of 1957–61,
185
Six-Year Plan, 210–14
Ten-Year Plan, 185–88, 189, 190
and foreign financing, 186–87
during Great Depression, 142–43
during Mahdist state, 84–86
360
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during May Regime, 210–14, 220–21
during National Islamic Front (NIF)
regime, 255–56
during Sudanese military regime of
1958–64, 184–88
during Sudanese parliamentary regime
of 1956–58, 184–88
during Sudanese parliamentary regime
of 1965–69, 197
education, 153–54
1955–56 census findings, 179,
180
during Anglo-Egyptian regime, 126,
133–37
benefits from Five-Year Plans, 162,
166–67
and failure of Six-Year Plan, 211
during May Regime, 211
during Sudanese military regime of
1958–64, 193
Egypt. See also Anglo-Egyptian regime;
Egyptian regime
British occupation of, 87
elimination of annual grants from,
137
expansion of empire, 39–40
Fur trade with, 18, 27
independence from Britain, 116
Mamluk kingdom of, 24
relations with Sudan, 202, 217, 256,
257
Egyptian regime (Turkiyya), 39–59,
63–64. See also Gordon,
Charles
administration of, 41–42
agricultural production, 42
army of, 45, 46
capital of, 40
conquest of Darfur, 47
debt of, 54
efforts to suppress slave trade, 44–45,
50, 55–56, 61
explorations by, 42–43
officials of, 41, 43, 46–47
provinces of, 41
rebellion against, 40, 51–52, 57–59.
See also Mahdist state
rule over Darfur, 47, 48–49
taxation by, 40, 41–42, 51, 54
trade during, 49–50
waning interest in Sudan, 43, 60
elections
of 1953, 173–74, 175–76
of 1958, 181–82
of 1963, 192–93
of 1965, 195–96, 220
of 1968, 198
of 1974, 204–05
of 1986, 237
of 1996, 250
scheduled for 2010, 307, 308
elementary vernacular schools (kuttabs),
134–35
El Fasher
conquest by Egypt, 47
fula (lake) of, 141
origin of, 20–21
rebellion against Egyptian rule in,
51–52
relief of garrison by Gordon, 53
SLA and JEM attacks on, 281
and Slatin, 59
during World War II, 147
El Fasher Rural Council, 207
Eliasson, Jan, 306
El Obeid, 63, 65
Emin Pasha (Eduard Schnitzer),
56
Ennedi Groupe Nomade, 146
environment. See desertification;
drought; soil degradation;
water supplies
epidemics. See also medical provisions
of 1926, 139–40, 143
of 1927, 1930, and 1936, 138–39
of 1928–29, 140
in Darfur, 139–43, 170, 191–92
during Mahdist rule, 85–86
estate (hakura) system of land tenure,
25–26, 106, 214–15
ethnic cleansing
as aspect of tribal fighting in 1980s,
216
by National Islamic Front and
janjawid, 3–4, 265–66, 282–84
use of term, 293–94
361
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Europe
efforts to suppress slave trade, 37,
44–45
opposition to British occupation of
Egypt, 87
political inaction toward Darfur, 293
Europeans
appointment to positions over
Muslims, 56–57
in Egyptian army, 45–46
as officials in Egyptian regime, 46–47
slave trading by, 44
European Union Airbridge, 232
Executive Council and Legislative
Assembly Ordinance, 155–56
Executive Council of Darfur, 223
exiles (muhajarin), 123
exports, 7, 9, 143
animal products, 7, 143, 148
cattle, 143, 168–69
cotton, 181, 187. See also Gezira
Scheme
gum, 143, 165, 189–90, 221
al-Fadl, Muhammad, 21, 34, 102
Fallata people, 11, 152
famine, 139–43
of 1873–74, 85
of 1888–92, 78, 85–86
of 1913–14, 110–11, 117
of 1926, 139–40
of 1931–32, 140
of 1941–42, 148
of 1973, 214–16, 228
of 1984–85, 3, 226–33
of 1989–90, 260–61
FAN (Northern Army Force), 217
faqihs (Islamic Law experts), 25, 33, 103
Federal Army of Darfur, 243
Fiki al-Muhajir, 124
fitr (head tax), 29, 106
Five-Year Plans, 162–69, 210–11
food aid, 231–32
for camps in Chad, 291
during National Islamic Front regime,
255, 260–61, 285
Food Aid National Administration, 233
Food for Peace, 187
foreign debt
during Egyptian regime, 54
during May Regime, 221
during National Islamic Front (NIF)
regime, 255–56
during Transitional Military Council
(TMC) regime, 238
Forty-Days Road, 18, 27, 28, 84
France
and Ali Dinar, 96–100
and borders of Darfur, 95–96, 108
and Chad, 199
opposition to Wingate’s plans to take
Darfur, 112
view toward UN stance on Sudan,
297
during World War II, 145–46
Free Officers Movement, 201–02
FROLINAT (Front de Liberation
Nationale du Tchad) [Chad
National Liberation Front],
199–200, 205–06, 216–17
Funj sultanate, 34
fuqara (holy men), 31–33, 122
Fur-Arab war of 1987–89, 264–66
Fur language, 10, 12, 14
Fur Leadership Conference, 278–79
Fur people, 4. See also Fur state; Fur
sultans; Keira clan
alliance with Zaghawa against NIF,
277–79
effect of epidemics of 1926 on,
139–40
and Indirect Rule, 131
main groups, 10
during May Regime, 225
militias against Chadians, 243–44
organization/training of against Arab
Alliance, 266–68
population, 12
possible coexistence with Tunjur,
16–17
Reconciliation Agreement with Arabs,
245–46
relations with Ali Dinar, 96–97
support of slave trade by, 62
war with Arabs, 264–66
fursan (horsemen), 26–27
362
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Fur state. See also Fur people; Fur
sultans; Keira clan
commerce of, 18, 27–30
expansion of, 19–22
fall of first sultanate, 37–38
military of, 26–27
and religion, 30–33
royal government of, 22–26
slave trade, 27–30
territories of, 25
Fur sultans. See also Ali Dinar; Fur state;
Keira clan
fall of second sultanate, 112–14
Gordon’s attempts to restore, 55
as judges, 32–33
legitimacy of sultans, 101–03
palaces of, 33
revenue of, 29–30
succession of, 21–22
tombs of sultans, 31
wives and concubines of, 22, 23
Gaddafi, Muammar, 3, 205–06, 217,
219, 235–36, 299. See also Libya
Garang, John, 237, 252, 273, 297
genocide, whether term applicable to
Darfur, 293–95
geography of Darfur, 5
Germany, and Ottoman Empire, 108–12
Gessi, Romolo, 55, 56
Gezira Scheme, 137–38, 162, 163
al-Ghali, Salah Ali, 278
al-Ghali Taj al-Din, 127, 132
Ghazi Salah al-Din, 311
al-Ghazzali Ahmad Khawwaf, 77
Giegler, Carl, 56, 59
GONU (Government of National
Unity), 274, 300, 306–07
Gordon (Memorial) College, 134, 153,
162
Gordon, Charles
appointments made by, 50, 56–57
attempts to restore Fur sultans, 55
in Darfur, 52–59
death of, 68
efforts to suppress slave trade, 55–56
evacuation of Egyptians by, 67–68
as governor-general of Sudan, 46–47
plans to avenge, 90
resignation as governor-general, 59
Goukouni Oueddi, 217–18
Government of National Unity
(GONU), 274, 300, 306–07
graduates’ constituency, 182
Graduates’ General Congress, 150–52,
153–54, 155
grain prices, 148, 161, 229
Gration, Scott, 310–11
Grazing Agreement, 130
Great Depression
effect on Sudan, 142–43
and Indirect Rule, 137–38, 139
groundnut (peanut) industry, 221
Guardian, on atrocities in Darfur, 288
gum, export of, 143, 165, 189–90, 221
Habbaniyya tribe
Abdallahi’s treatment of, 77
and Indirect Rule, 132
support of Mahdist revolution, 63, 66
tribal court established, 152
war with Fur people, 27
Habre, Hissene, 216–17, 218–19, 245,
258–59
Hadanduwa tribe, 42
al-Hadi (imam), 202
Hajjam Hasab Allah, 52
Hajjar Tokef, 98
hajj routes, 1
hakura (estate) system of land tenure,
25–26, 106, 214–15
Hamar tribe, 10–11
Hamid, Adam, 123
Harir (Sharif), 277
Hasab Allah, 48
Hasan (son of Taj al-Din), 174–75
Hasan, Mustafa Muhammad, 174
Hasan, Yusuf, 129
al-Hasan, Zubayr Ahmad, 279
Hasan Jibril Sulayman, 174
Hasan Sulayman, 262
Hashim Mustafa, 152
Hassaballah, Adud, 265
Hawa, Salih, 77
Hawkesworth, Desmond, 172
head tax (fitr), 29, 106
363
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head tax collector (abu�l-jabbayyin), 29
health services
benefits from Five-Year Plans, 162,
164, 167
in Darfur, 170, 191–92
Henderson, K. D. D., 173, 175
Henri Dunant Foundation, 289
herd tax (zaka), 106
Hicks, William, 66–67
Hicks expedition, 65, 66
High Technical Permanent Committee
for Combating Drought,
Desertification, and Disasters
(HTPCCDDD), 233
Hilal, Musa, 265–66, 276, 278, 279
al-Hilali, Muhammad, 46
al-Hindi, Husayn, 205
holy men (fuqara), 31–33, 122
homespun (damur), 143
honorifics of Fur officials, 23–24
horsemen (fursan), 26–27
hospitals, 141–42, 164, 170
Howe, Robert, 156
HTPCCDDD (High Technical
Permanent Committee for
Combating Drought,
Desertification, and Disasters),
233
Huddleston, Hubert, 145
Humanitarian Cease-fire, 289
humanitarian issue, treatment of Darfur
as, 290–91
al-Husayn, Muhammad, 33, 37–38
Husayn, Sanin, 83, 93, 95
Ibn Umar Sa�id, 218
Ibok, Sam, 289
Ibrahim (defterdar), 40
Ibrahim (nazir), 130
Ibrahim Ali, 89–90
Ibrahim Muhammad Sulayman, 278,
280–81
Ibrahim Qarad, 38
Ibrahim of the Tama, 74
ICF (Islamic Charter Front), 195, 220
Idris (sultan), 74, 76, 81–82, 96, 119
Idris, Ali, 173
Idris, Hashim, 152
IGAD (Intergovernmental Authority on
Drought and Desertification), 252
al-ikhwan al-muslimun. See Muslim
Brotherhood
IMF (International Monetary Fund),
210–11, 238–39, 255
Indirect Rule. See also Native
Administration
and Mahdism, 119–25
and maqdumates, 128–29
and nazirs, 130–33
and shaykhs, 125–26, 130–33
Industrial Act, 186
Ingleson, Philip, 151
Integration Charter, 258
Intergovernmental Authority on
Drought and Desertification
(IGAD), 252
international attention on Darfur, 289.
See also Europe; United Nations;
United States
international movement to “save
Darfur,” 309–10
media, 286–87, 288, 290–91, 292
organizations
Amnesty International, 287
Britain’s Disaster Relief Committee,
287
International Crisis Group, 287
World Food Program, 291
treatment as humanitarian issue,
290–91
International Commission of Inquiry,
296
International Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of
Crimes of Genocide, 294–95
International Criminal Court, 295, 308
International Crisis Group, 287
International Monetary Fund (IMF),
210–11, 238–39, 255
intifada, 224, 225
Islam. See Islamization; Mahdi;
Mahdists
Islamic Charter Front (ICF), 195, 220
Islamic Constitution, 257
Islamic law. See law, Islamic (shari�a)
Islamic Law experts (faqihs), 25, 33, 103
364
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Islamic Legion, 217, 264
The Islamic Way: How? (Nimayri),
222
The Islamic Way: Why? (Nimayri), 222
Islamism, 244–45
Islamization
early, 13–14, 18, 30–33
during May Regime, 226
during National Islamic Front regime,
247–48, 251
during Sudanese military regime of
1958–64, 193
Isma�il (khedive), 37, 38, 45–47
Italian forces in Africa, 144–46
ivory, trade of, 44, 148
Ja�aliyyin, 40
Jabal Marra
agriculture of, 7
as closed district, 279
and early Fur state, 17
as military training grounds, 267
photographs of, 6, 8
as refuge during Egyptian regime, 48,
54
roads created by government, 169
Tura in, 17
Jabal Marra Investigation Scheme of
agricultural expansion,
190
jadd al-Fur (Daali), 17
jallaba (merchants or peddlers), 49–50,
193–94. See also trade
Jamma, Mahmud Bashir, 224–25
janjawid, 262, 268. See also National
Islamic Front (NIF) regime
activities after signing of DPA, 304
agreements to disarm, 296
alliance with National Islamic Front,
265–66, 278, 280, 281–85,
286–87, 291, 300
Bush receives list of, 292
efforts to suppress knowledge of,
286–87
first official reference to, 245
Fur defense against, 243
and Muhammad Ahmad al-Dabi,
262
orders/promises to disarm, 294, 296,
303
organized resistance against, 268,
277–78, 279
raids/ethnic cleansing by, 3–4,
265–66, 282–84, 312
and refugee camps, 291
against SLA/JEM, 281–84
Jawama�a tribe, 10–11, 12
Al-Jazira radio station, 287
JEM. See Justice and Equality Movement
Jibril, Husayn Abdallah, 276
jihadia, 70, 71, 78
jizzu vegetation, 6, 160–61
John Paul II (Pope), 257
journalism, on atrocities in Darfur,
286–87
judges (qadis), 32–33, 105–06, 115, 118
judicial deputies (nuwwab), 79
judicial procedures. See also law, Islamic
(shari�a)
during Anglo-Egyptian rule, 118
during Mahdist rule, 78–80
during Sudanese military regime, 183
Juma�a Muhammad Hagar, 277
Juma, Sa�id, 59
jurenga, 26, 27
Justice and Equality Movement (JEM)
attacks on El Fasher and Nyala, 281
formation of, 276–77
National Movement for Reform and
Development split from, 298–99
negotiations in 2008–09, 306
NIF alliance with janjawid against,
281–84
rift with SLM, 298–99
al-Juwaysar, Hasan Hilmi (pasha), 51
Kababish Arabs, 10, 100, 110, 130
Kabkabiyya, 19, 49, 51, 93
Kapila, Mukesh, 291
Karakirit division of Fur, 10
Karam al-Din Muhammad, 132
Karo Fata (White Bone) famine, 85
kasha, 227
Keira clan, 16–19, 47, 48. See also Fur
state; Fur sultans
Kelly, P. J. V., 118
365
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al-Khalifa, Majdhub, 302
Khalil, Jibril, 302
Khalil Ibrahim, 276, 280–81, 298,
303–04
khalwas (Qur�anic schools), 133, 135,
179, 193
Khartoum
closing of slave market at, 44–45
education in, 180
and European traders, 43–44
hospitals in, 170
during World War II, 144–46
Khartoum University, 153
Khatir Tur al-Khalla, 277
Khatmiyya order of sufis, 249
Khusraw, Muhammad, 34
Kiir, Salva, 273
al-kitab al-aswad (Black Book), 274–77
Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, 88–90,
99–100, 108, 112
Kordofan, 20, 25
and Ali Dinar, 94
combined with Darfur as “province of
the west,” 78
conquest of, 21, 34, 63
Egyptian invasion of, 39–40
Kristof, Nicholas, 288
Krump, Theodor, 18
Kubbar, Ahmad, 279
Kufra Oasis, 146
Kul Kul, 49, 51
Kunjara, Adam, 71
Kunjara division of Fur, 10
Kurqasawi, Karamallah, 71–72
Kurqasawi, Muhammad, 71–72
kuttabs (elementary vernacular schools),
134–35
Kuuruu, 17
Lagu, Joseph, 204
Al-Lahib al-Ahmar (Red Flame), 193
Lam Akol Ajawin, 300
Lampen, G. D., 131–32, 144, 151, 164
Land Registration Act, 264
land tenure, estate (hakura) system of,
25–26, 106, 214–15
Land Use and Rural Water Development
Department, 191, 197–98
languages spoken in Darfur, 12, 14
law, Islamic (shari�a)
during Ali Dinar’s rule, 105
during Anglo-Egyptian rule, 118
during Fur state, 32–33
during May Regime, 222, 226
during National Islamic Front regime,
247
during Transitional Military Council
regime, 234, 237–38
“Law of Fratricide,” 21
legislation. See law
Legislative Assembly, 155–57, 171–72
Legitimate Command, 249
Libya
Italian threat from, 145–46
relations with Chad, 205–06, 216–19,
241–43, 258–59
relations with Sudan, 202, 216–19,
235, 241–42, 258–59
Libyan Islamic Legion, 218
Lissan, Ahmad Tugud, 302
literacy, 133–37, 211
loans to Sudan. See also Gezira Scheme
during Anglo-Egyptian rule, 137
during May Regime, 210–11,
213
during National Islamic Front regime,
255
during Transitional Military Council
regime, 238–39
Local Government Appropriation of
Taxes Ordinance, 159
locust plagues, 140, 147–48
Lual Deng, 303
Lupton, Frank, 56, 64
Ma�alia people, 63, 66, 94, 132
MacMichael, H. A., 30, 110, 111, 114,
117–18
Madibbu, Ibrahim, 302, 304
Madibbu, Ibrahim Musa, 127, 131,
156
Madibbu, Musa, 100
Madibbu, Sa�id Mahmud Ibrahim Musa,
299
Madibbu Ali, 63, 64, 66, 71
Maffey, John, 126–27
366
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Mahdi (divinely guided one). See also
Abdallah, Muhammad Ahmad;
Mahdists; Mahdist state
Abdallahi al-Sihayni as, 119
general concept of, 60–62
khalifas of, 69–70. See also Abdallah;
Abu Jummayza
al-Mahdi, al-Hadi, 195–96, 198
al-Mahdi, al-Sadiq, 195–96, 198
during 1965–69 parliamentary
regime, 198
Arab Alliance letter to, 264–65
during May Regime, 202, 205,
219–22, 226
during National Islamic Front regime,
249, 258
photograph of, 236
as prime minister, 239
during Transitional Military Council
regime, 235–36, 237–38
al-Mahdi, al-Siddiq, 172, 173
Mahdi Hassaballah, 130
Mahdists, 61–62. See also Abdallah,
Muhammad Ahmad; Mahdi;
Mahdist state; Umma party
and Ali Dinar, 102–03
battle of Shaykan, 66–67
conquest of Darfur, 64–67, 73
conquest of Kordofan, 63
crisis following death of Mahdi,
68–70
and elections of 1953, 173–74
and elections of 1958, 182
and elections of 1965, 195–96
May Regime’s attack on, 202
rising of 1921, 119–25
Slatin’s efforts to suppress, 64–66
support of, 63–64
during Transitional Military Council
(TMC) regime, 235, 237–38
victories of, 64–67
Mahdist state
drought during, 85–86
economy during, 84–86
epidemics during, 85–86
famine during, 85–86
forced migration of tribes by, 77–78
rebellion of Abu Jummayza, 74–77
resistance to Ali Dinar, 92–94
rule of Darfur, 73–74, 78–79, 80–83
taxation by, 73
trade during, 84–86
Wadai resistance to, 83
Western opposition to, 73–74
Mahid Elgabid, 289
Mahjub, Muhammad Ahmad, 195, 196,
198, 199
Mahmud, al-Malik Rahmatallah, 156,
173, 174
Mahmud Ahmad, 78, 79, 80–83, 88–89
Mahu Bey, 40, 41
majlis al-maluk (council of kings), 105
malaria, 170, 191, 231
Malloum, Felix, 206, 216–17
Mamluk kingdom of Egypt, 24
Manasir people, 66
Manikli, Ahmad Pasha (al-Jazzar), 42
manufacturing, 185, 189, 211
Maqbula bint Nurayn, 104
maqdumates, 128–29
maqdums, 25, 103, 158–59
al-Mardi, al-Tayyib, 224
Masalit people, 12, 75, 277–79
Mason, Alexander, 56
May Regime
agriculture during, 220–21
attack on Mahdists, 202
and Bakheit, 207–10
economy during, 210–14, 220–21
education during, 211
and Gaddafi, 205–06
Islamization during, 226
and National Reconciliation, 219–22
neglect by during drought/famine of
1984–85, 226–33
overthrow of, 234–36
overthrow of Sudanese parliamentary
regime by, 201–05
redivision of south Sudan, 225–26
regionalization of northern Sudan,
222–25
relations with Chad, 216–19
relations with Libya, 202, 216–19
taxation by, 223
McMahon, Henry, 108, 112
measles, 231
367
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Mecca, pilgrimage to, 29, 84
media attention on Darfur, 286–87, 288,
290–91, 292
medical provisions, 141–42
Meidob people, 26, 152, 159, 161, 263
Messedaglia, Giacomo, 56
migration of tribes
during drought of 1973, 214–16
during drought of 1984–85, 229–30
forced, 77–78, 84
for grazing, 160–61
overview, 9–10
Military Economic Board, 220
military regimes. See May Regime;
National Islamic Front (NIF)
regime; Sudanese military regime
Milner Mission, 125
Mima tribe, 66, 72
Minawi, Minni Arkoy, 300, 302, 304
Ministry of Agriculture, 186
Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Natural
Resources, and Irrigation, 212
Ministry of Cooperation and Rural
Development, 212
Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources, 212
Ministry of Finance, 186, 240
Ministry of Industry and Mining, 186
Ministry of Local Government, 240
al-Mirghani, Ahmad Uthman, 235
al-Mirghani, Ali, 124, 155, 176
al-Mirghani, Muhammad Uthman, 249
Misiriyya people, 64
missionaries, 44
Mubarak, Hosni, 256
mufti, 118
muhajarin (exiles), 123
Muhammad (emir), 129
Muhammad (Prophet), 60
Muhammad Adam, 302
Muhammad Adam Sharif, 103
Muhammad Ali Pasha, 34
and Ahmad Abu Adhan, 43
origin and language of, 39
Sudanese rebellion against, 40
taxes levied on Sudanese by, 40
Muhammad al-Zaki Ahmad, 174
Muhammad Sharif, 70
Muhammad Taha, 226, 248, 269, 279,
280, 289, 302
Muhammady, Mam�un, 212
murahalin (tribal militias), 238, 299
Musa, Adam Hamid, 276
Musa, Ahmad, 199–200
Musa, Ibrahim, 130, 151, 152, 173
Musabba�at people, 21
Muslim Brotherhood (al-ikhwan
al-muslimun), 193, 194, 220. See
also National Islamic Front
(NIF)
during May Regime, 205, 221–22,
224, 226
during National Islamic Front regime,
259
during Sudanese parliamentary regime
of 1965–69, 195
during Transitional Military Council
regime, 235
Muslim clerics (ulama), 32, 79, 105,
118, 122
Muslims. See Islamization; Mahdi;
Mahdists
Nachtigal, Gustav, 22, 23, 24, 30
Nafie Ali Nafie, 311
Al-Nahjj al-islami limatha? (The Islamic
Way: Why?) (Nimayri), 222
na�ib umum Dar Fur (chief judge), 79
National Alliance for National
Salvation, 234–35
National Council for the Salvation of
Darfur, 245–46
National Democratic Alliance (NDA),
249, 257
National Dialogue conference, 249
National High Council for Drought and
Desertification, 233
National Islamic Front (NIF) regime
and Abuja peace process, 297–98
alliance with janjawid against
SLA/JEM, 281–84
and Arab Alliance, 263–66
coup of 1989, 247–48
Darfur Liberation Front (DLF)
against, 277–79
dealings with south, 251–54
368
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dissidents of, Black Book published
by, 274–77
division of Darfur into three states by,
261–63
economy during, 255–56
ethnic cleansing by, 282–84
foreign relations, 256–57
Islamization under, 251
military of, 248–49
neglect of/discrimination against Fur,
267–68
provincial administration, 250–51
relations with Sudan People’s
Liberation Movement, 270–74,
297–98
rule in Darfur, 259–61
SLA/JEM attacks on, 280–82
split of, 269–70
strains within, 257
support of Chadian rebels against
Habre, 258–59
and terrorist organizations, 256
totalitarian nature of, 248
National Liberation Party, 182
National Movement for Reform and
Development (NMRD), 298–99
National Reconciliation, 219–22, 257
National Research Council, 186
National Unionist Party (NUP), 172–75,
177–78
in elections of 1958, 182
in elections of 1965, 195–96
and May Regime, 202
reuniting with People’s Democratic
Party, 198
split of, 178
Native Administration. See also Indirect
Rule
during Anglo-Egyptian regime,
119–25, 127–28, 130–31,
132–37
combination with local Darfur
government, 158–59
of Dar Masalit, 127–28
effect on education, 133–37
efforts to amalgamate tribes under,
132–33
and intertribal relations, 130–31
and Mahdism, 119–25
during May Regime, 202, 209
during National Islamic Front regime,
251
Nawai, Idris, 279
NDA. See National Democratic Alliance
negotiation agreements, 295
Neguib, Muhammad, 176
Newbold, Douglas, 150, 155
New Schemes program, 185
New York Times, on atrocities in
Darfur, 288
NIF regime. See National Islamic Front
(NIF) regime
Nimayri, Jaafar Muhammad, 202–05,
208, 218. See also May Regime
books published under name of,
222
efforts to make peace with Chad,
216–17
and National Reconciliation, 219–22
overthrow of, 234–36
photograph of, 203
return from exile, 257
Niyazi, Sulayman Pasha, 67
NMRD (National Movement for
Reform and Development),
298–99
Non-Project Assistance, 187
Northern Army Force (FAN), 217
Northern Darfur Rural Council, 207
Northwest Darfur District Council, 207
Nuba Mountains Federation, 195, 198
NUP. See National Unionist Party
al-Nur, Adam, 132
al-Nur, Sa�d, 38
al-Nur, Tibn Sa�d, 105
Nur al-Din Dafa�allah, 276–77
nuwwab (judicial deputies), 79
OAU (Organization of African Unity),
217–18
Obama administration, 292, 310–11
October Revolution, 192–95
oil production, effect on international
relations, 256–57, 286
Organization and Promotion of
Industrial Investment Act, 186
369
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Organization of African Unity (OAU),
217–18
Ottoman Empire, 108–12. See also
Egyptian regime (Turkiyya)
PDP. See People’s Democratic Party
Peace and Reconciliation Council, 303
Peace and Security Council, AU, 301
peanut (groundnut) industry, 221
People’s Assembly, 204, 209
People’s Democratic Party (PDP), 178
and elections of 1958, 181–82
and elections of 1965, 195, 220
reuniting with National Unionist
Party, 198
People’s Local Government Act, 207
Perham, Margery, 128
pilgrimage to Mecca, 29, 84
plague, locusts, 140, 147–48
police in Darfur, 138
Popular Assembly, 249
Popular Islamic and Arab Conference,
256
Popular Patriotic Congress (PPC), 270
Powell, Colin, 294
The Powers of Nomad Sheikhs
Ordinance, 125–26
PPC (Popular Patriotic Congress), 270
prison labor camps, 167
Professionals’ Front, 194
Pronk, Jan, 296
Prout, Henry, 56
provinces of Darfur, 48–49, 118
Provincial Administration Act of 1960,
183
qadi al-Islam, 79
Qarad, Husayn Ibrahim, 102
qisms, 49
Quarantine Law, 191
Qur�an, as basis of laws, 79
“Quraysh 1,” 265
“Quraysh 2,” 266
quz region, 6–7
Rabih Zubayr, 95
al-Raddi, Umbadda, 83
railways, 163, 164–65, 190, 213–14
Railway Workers’ Union, 171
rainfall. See drought
Ramcharan, Bertrand, 293
al-Rashid, Muhammad Harun, 48, 51,
52, 53, 55
battle against Slatin, 57
Egyptian regime’s inability to deal
with, 54
killing of, 57
Ra�uf, Muhammad Pasha, 47, 59
RCC (Revolutionary Command
Council), 201–03, 247, 249
Red Flame (Al-Lahib al-Ahmar), 193
redivision of south Sudan, 225–26
refugees, 285, 290–91
Regional Conference of SSU, 223
Regional Government Act, 222
Regional Government of Darfur, 222–25
regionalization of northern Sudan,
222–25
Regional Self-Government Act, 204
Relief Information and Coordination
Support Unit, 233
reporters, and atrocities in Darfur,
286–87
Republican Brothers, 226
Revolutionary Command Council
(RCC), 201–03, 247, 249
Rigolet, Charles, 56
Rijal, Adam, 93, 97–98, 105, 107
rinderpest, 138–39, 189, 211
Rizayqat tribe, 10
and Abu Jummayza revolt, 76
conflicts over tribal boundaries and
rights of way, 262–63
and Indirect Rule, 130, 132
massacre of Dinka refugees by, 238
Muhammad Tayrab’s campaigns
against, 21
opposition to Mahdiyya, 71, 72
relations with Ali Dinar, 94
and Slatin, 66
support of Mahdist revolution, 63–64
tribal court established, 152
war with Fur people, 27
roads in Darfur, 169, 213
Robertson, James, 156, 157, 173, 174
Rosset, Karl Friedrich, 56
370
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Rural Water Development Corporation
(RWDC), 212
Rural Water Supplies and Soil
Conservation Board, 190–91
Russia, view toward UN stance on
Sudan, 297
RWDC (Rural Water Development
Corporation), 212
Sadat, Anwar, 217
Sa�id, Muhammad, 44–45
Salamat people, 245
Salih, Mahmud al-Tayyib, 174
Salih, Muhammad (Dud Murra), 83,
98
Salim Ahmad Salim, 302, 306
Salim Qabudan, 42
Sanusi, Ali, 127
Sanusiyya order of sufis, 103, 111
Savile, R. V., 109–10, 118
Sayf al-Din, 48, 129
al-Sayyid, Hamid Effendi, 151
al-Sayyid Bey Jum�a, 67
schistosomiasis, 142, 191–92
Schnitzer, Eduard (Emin Pasha), 56
schools, 133–37, 153–54
1955–56 census findings, 179
benefits from Five-Year Plans, 166–67
and failure of Six-Year Plan, 211
during May Regime, 211
during Sudanese military regime, 193
SCP (Sudanese Communist Party), 192,
193, 198
Scramble for Africa, 37, 96
SDF (Sudan Defense Force), 144, 145,
146
Security Council, UN, 293, 296, 304
countries interested/uninterested in
aggressive UN stance, 297
Resolution 1556, 296
Resolution 1574, 296–97
Resolution 1593, 295
Resolution 1769, 307
September Laws, 226, 234, 237–38
Sese, Tijani, 245, 265
al-Shafi� Ahmad al-Shaykh, 195, 210
al-Shahana, 298–99
Shakka, 55, 64
Shamli, Ahmad Pasha (Abu Adhan), 42,
43
shari�a. See law, Islamic
shartays (district representatives), 25,
32–33, 151
Shatta, Ahmad, 38
Shaykan, battle of, 66–67
shaykhs
and Abd al-Rahman, 123
alliance with Muhammad Khalid,
69–70
collection of taxes by, 54
education of children of, 133–37
during Egyptian regime, 49, 65
and Indirect Rule, 125–26, 130–37
during Mahdist rule, 79–80
during May Regime, 209
relations with Ali Dinar, 100–01
settling of legal disputes by, 105–06
Sudanese dependence on for
leadership, 122
Shayqiyya tribe, 40
Shilluk people, 41, 42
Shuqayr, Na�um, 48
al-Sihayni, Abdallahi, 119
Sinnar, 18, 20, 34, 39–40
Sirte Process, 306
Six-Year Plan, 210–14
SLA. See Sudan Liberation Army
Slatin, Rudolf, 57–59, 64–67
and Ali Dinar, 91, 92, 97
and borders of Darfur, 95, 97, 98–99
efforts to suppress Mahdists, 64–66
as governor of Dara, 57
and revolting tribes, 100, 101
slaves
eunuchs, 24
in important positions, 24–25
in Sudanese military, 61
of sultan, chief of (ab shaykh dali), 24
slave trade
Anglo-Egyptian policy on, 92, 115,
124
Egyptian efforts to suppress, 37,
44–45, 50, 55–56, 61
European efforts to suppress, 44–45
by Europeans, 44
of Fur state, 27–30
371
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slave trade (cont.)
overview, 7
Sudanese, 44–45
support by Baqqara tribes, 61–62
support by Fur people, 62
SLM. See Sudan Liberation Movement
smallpox, 86, 140, 142, 170
Socialist Republican Party (SRP),
172–75
social services, 166–67, 187–88
soil conservation, 165, 168
Soil Conservation Committee, 149–50,
167, 168
Soil Conservation, Land Use, and Rural
Water Programming
Administration, 212
soil degradation, 149–50, 228
South Darfur Transport Company,
214
Southern Darfur Rural Council, 207
Southern Darfur Rural Development
Program, 211
Southern Liberal Party, 182
Southern Regional Government,
236–38
Southern Sudan Liberation Movement
(SSLM), 204
SPLA. See Sudan People’s Liberation
Army
SPLM. See Sudan People’s Liberation
Movement
SRP (Socialist Republican Party),
172–75
SSLM (Southern Sudan Liberation
Movement), 204
SSU (Sudanese Socialist Union), 204,
208–10, 222, 223, 225, 234
Stack, Lee, 125, 126
Sudan. See also Anglo-Egyptian regime;
Egyptian regime; May Regime;
National Islamic Front (NIF)
regime; Sudanese military regime;
Sudanese parliamentary regime;
Transitional Military Council
(TMC)
effect of Great Depression on, 142–43
effect of World War I on, 108–12
relations with Chad, 199–200,
242–44, 258–59, 301
relations with Egypt, 202, 217, 256,
257
relations with Libya, 202, 205–06,
216–19, 235, 241–42
Sudan Defense Force (SDF), 144, 145,
146
Sudanese Communist Party (SCP), 192,
193, 198
Sudanese military regime
of 1958–64, 182–95
of 1965–69. See May Regime
of 1989–. See National Islamic Front
(NIF) regime
Sudanese parliamentary regime
of 1956–58, 181–84
of 1965–69, 195–96, 197, 200,
201–05
of 1986–89, 238–41
Sudanese Socialist Union (SSU), 204,
208–10, 222, 223, 225, 234
Sudan Government. See Anglo-Egyptian
rule of Sudan
Sudanization Committee, 175
Sudan Liberation Army (SLA)
early success of, 280–82
first chairman of, 267
NIF alliance with janjawid against,
281–84
refusal to sign DPA by factions of,
303–04
splits within, 279–80
Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM),
279–80
refusal to sign DPA by fractions of,
303–04
rift with JEM, 298–99
splits within, 300
Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA)
goal of, 237–38
during National Islamic Front regime,
248, 252–54
Sudan People’s Liberation Movement
(SPLM)
alliance with National Democratic
Alliance, 249
372
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Comprehensive Peace Agreement with
Sudanese government, 297–98
division of, 252–53
formation of, 225–26
goal of, 237–38
improved relations with National
Islamic Front (NIF), 270–74
invasion of Darfur, 260
during National Islamic Front regime,
247, 252–54, 260
PPC’s “Memorandum of
Understanding” with, 270
and transitional government, 237–38
Sudan Railways, 162, 164–65
Sudan Textile Industries Company,
213
Suez Canal Zone, 155–57
sufis, 251
Khatmiyya order of, 249
Sanusiyya order of, 103, 111
Tijaniyya order of, 103
Sufism (Islamic mysticism), 61
sugar consumption, 140–41
Sulayman, 17–18, 19
sultans, Fur. See Fur sultans; Keira
sultanate
sunna (custom) of the Prophet, 79
Sunni Islam. See Mahdi
Supreme Council of the Armed Forces,
182
Suq al-Na�am project, 212, 213
Symes, Stewart, 124–25, 145,
150
syphilis, 142
Ta�aisha tribe, 66
Abdallahi’s treatment of, 77
and Indirect Rule, 132
in Mahdist armies, 78
tribal court established, 152
al-Tagawi, Tahir, 65–66
al-Tahir, al-Tijani, 258
Taj al-Din, 82, 96, 98
Taj al-Din Nyam, 302
tajamu al-arabi (Arab Alliance), 245–46,
263–68
takanawi (an office), 103–04
takkiyya (cloth tax), 29, 106
Tamurkwa division of Fur, 10
Tawfiq, Muhammad, 47, 67
taxation, 25–26
by Ali Dinar, 106
by Anglo-Egyptian regime, 115, 121,
128, 132, 138
by Egyptian regime, 41–42, 51, 54
by Mahdiyya, 73
by May Regime, 223
types of, 29–30
Tayrab, Muhammad, 20–21, 33
Tayrab Sulayman, 105
al-Tayyib Ibrahim, 251, 261
al-Tayyib Ibrahim Khayr, 248
al-Tayyib Muhammad Khayr, 281
Ten-Year Plan, 185–88, 189, 190
terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001,
271
terrorist organizations, 256
Tia, Muhammad Bey, 66
al-Tijani Sa�d, 183
Tijaniyya order of sufis, 103
Tinay, 281
Tirayu, Ali, 302
TMC (Transitional Military Council),
234–35, 236, 237–38, 241–43
Tombalbaye, Francois, 199, 206
trade. See also slave trade
of early Fur state, 18
between Egypt and Sudan, 42
during Egyptian regime, 49–50
of Fur state, 18, 27–30
during Great Depression, 142–43
during Mahdist rule, 84–85
during Sudanese parliamentary regime
of 1965–69, 197
Transitional Military Council (TMC),
234–35, 236, 237–38, 241–43
Transitional National Assembly,
249
transportation, 138
benefits from Five-Year Plans, 164
in Darfur, 169–70
during May Regime, 213–14
and trade/agricultural problems,
148
373
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tribes. See also Indirect Rule; names of
specific tribes
1955–56 census findings, 179
efforts to amalgamate, 132–33
fighting among over land, 216
forced migration of, 84
identification and loyalties, 13
migration of, 77–78, 160–61, 214–16,
229–30
militias against Chadians, 242–44
overview, 10–12
relations with Ali Dinar, 94,
100–01
Tripartite Economic Agreement,
202
Tripoli Agreement, 299
Tripoli Charter, 202
Tuhami Jalal Bey al-Din, 51
Tunjur people, 10, 16–17
Tura (Jabal Marra), 17
al-Turabi, Hasan, 220, 222, 247–48,
250, 256, 257, 269–70
Turco-Egyptian regime in Sudan. See
Egyptian regime (Turkiyya)
Turkish language, 39
Turkiyya. See Egyptian regime
al-Tuwaysha, 49, 53
ulama (Muslim clerics), 32, 79, 105,
118, 122
umangawi (abbo umo), 103–04
Umar, Adam, 70
Umar Darhu, 70
Umar Lel, 19–20
Umma party
in elections of 1958, 181–82
in elections of 1965, 195–96
during May Regime, 224–25
president of, 172–75
during Sudanese military regime of
1956–58, 181–82, 183
during Sudanese military regime of
1958–64, 192–93
during Sudanese parliamentary
regime of 1965–69, 195–96,
197–99
support by Darfur, 259
support of FROLINAT, 200
during Transitional Military Council
regime, 239
Umm Birayr, Ilyas, 50
Umm Diwaykarat, battle of, 89
Umm Kadok, Hasan, 71
Umm Shanqa, 64, 65, 67
UNAMID (African Union/United
Nations operation in Darfur)
force, 307–08, 313
Unionists. See National Unionist Party
(NUP); People’s Democratic Party
(PDP)
United Democratic Salvation Front,
253
United Nations
Commission of Inquiry on Darfur,
295
denounced by NIF regime, 300
denouncing NIF’s actions as war
crimes, 284
High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR), 291
Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA),
291
opposition of Sudanese government to
intervention by, 4
in peace process from 2006–09,
303–11
Security Council, 293, 296, 304
countries interested/uninterested in
aggressive UN stance, 297
Resolution 1556, 296
Resolution 1574, 296–97
Resolution 1593, 295
Resolution 1769, 307
United States
Atrocities Documentation Team,
285–86
declaration of Sudan as terrorism
sponsor, 256
financial aid to Sudan, 181, 187, 235
opposition to Libya, 217
political inaction toward Darfur,
292–93, 294
relations with Sudan after 9/11, 271
view toward UN stance on Sudan,
297
374
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Urabist movement, 64
Uthman, Muhammad (nazir), 132–33
Uthman Adam (Uthman Janu), 72–73,
74, 75, 76, 78, 80
attack on Dar Masalit, 85
forced migration of tribes by, 77–78
Uthman Ishaq Adam, 174
veterinary services, 162, 163, 165
Victory Brigade, 282
Wadai, 20
French conquest of, 95–96
resistance to Mahdists, 83
rivalry with Darfur, 83, 95–96
trade with Darfur, 84
WAR. See Western Air Reinforcement
route
War of the Tribes, 243–44
water supplies
benefits from Five-Year Plans, 167–69
in Darfur, 190–91, 212
drying up of, 141, 148–50, 212, 214.
See also drought
Land Use and Rural Water
Development Department, 191,
197–98
Rural Water Supplies and Soil
Conservation Board, 190–91
during Sudanese parliamentary regime
of 1965–69, 197–98
weapons, 35
wells, 141, 168–69
Western Air Reinforcement (WAR)
route, 147
Western Arab Corps, 160
Western Darfur Rural Council, 207
Western Savannah Development Corp,
211
Western states, opposition to Mahdist
state, 73–74
Western Sudan Union, 198
White Bone (Karo Fata) famine, 85
Wingate, Reginald, 90
and borders of Darfur, 99, 108
and Darfur’s administration, 117
desire to avenge Gordon, 90, 91
plans to invade Darfur, 109–12
and Slatin, 99
during World War I, 109–12
World Bank, 255
World Food Program, 291
World War I, 108–12
World War II
Darfur Province Council
inauguration, 150–52
Five-Year Plans, 162–67
North African campaigns, 146
supplying of Allies in N. Africa and
Middle East by Sudan, 147
Yahya, Hamid (“Turjok”), 76
Ya�qub, Adam, 127
Yugoslavia, and May Regime, 202
Yusuf Ibrahim, 71, 72–73
Yusuf Muhammad Sharif, 74, 82
Zaghawa tribe
alliance with Fur against NIF, 277–79
and Chadian forces, 258–59
conflict with Rizayqat, 262–63
and drought of 1933, 143
and drought of 1969–70, 189
and drought of 1973, 214
and drought of 1984–85, 228
with Fur against Arab Alliance, 268
grazing troubles and agreements, 160
herding and gathering by, 6–7
lands of, 10, 19
language of, 12
and Libya, 217
and Mahdist rising of 1921, 119–21
during May Regime, 225
militias against Chadian forces,
242–43
opposition to Mahdists, 64, 72
sultan’s relations with, 26
tribal disputes of, 152
Zaghlul, Sa�d, 126
al-Zahra, al-Husayn Ibrahim, 79
zaka (herd tax), 106
Zakariyya Bey, 51
Zalingei, 135–36, 151
Zayadiyya tribe, 10, 26, 101
al-Zayn, al-Qurashi wad, 62
al-Zayn, Ismat, 302
375
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Zoellick, Robert, 303
al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur
appointment as governor, 46
and borders of Darfur, 99
conquest of Darfur, 37–38, 47, 48
photograph of, 36
slaves in army of, 61
slave trading by, 44
al-Zubayr, Sulayman, 50, 53–54, 55,
56
Zuqal, Muhammad Khalid, 59, 63, 65,
67, 69–70, 74, 79
376