8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
1/111
The Islamic University of GazaEngineering FacultyCivil Engineering Department
Hydraulics LabECIV 3122
This course involves conducting a number of lab
experiments to support and verify the principles
taught in fluid mechanics and hydraulics
courses.
2012-2013
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.michiganboardups.com/images/WATER%20BACKGROUND.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.michiganboardups.com/&usg=__En9VGFaIY8CZ9WQMdXsQZUNAY44=&h=155&w=155&sz=8&hl=en&start=6&zoom=1&tbnid=D4sm_ZwCGFGsJM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=97&ei=CEYkTrSuH4K2hAfk5Z2aAw&prev=/search?q=water+background&um=1&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=568&tbm=isch&um=1&itbs=18/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
2/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Table of contents
I
Contents
Experiment (1): Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface 1
Experiment (2): Buoyancy & FlotationMetacentric Height 8
Experiment (3): Impact Jets 24
Experiment (4): Flow Measurement 32
Experiment (5): Flow through orifice 43
Experiment (6): Flow Over Weirs 48
Experiment (7): Investigation of Bernoulli Theorem 56
Experiment (8): Minor Losses 61
Experiment (10): Centrifugal Pump 73
Exercise B 74
Exercise C 79
Exercise D 85
Exercise E 86
Experiment (11): Series and Parallel Pumps 88
Exercise F 90
Exercise G 93
Experiment (12): Open Channel Flow 95
REFERENCES 96
APPENDIX A: Report Cover Page 97
APPANDIX B: FINAL EXAM 2nd Semester 2010-2011 98
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
3/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (1): Hydrostatic Force
1
Exp. (1): Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface
Purpose: To verify the theoretical prediction of the resultant hydrostatic force and its
point of action on both (a) partially submerged and (b) fully submerged plane surface
in a liquid.
Apparatus: Armfield Hydrostatic Force Demonstration Unit (Fig1).
Theory:
Review the derivation of the resultant magnitude and point of action of hydrostatic
force on a submerged plane surface. List these expressions for a vertical surface that
is (a) partially submerged, and (b) fully submerged.
(a) When the surface is fully submerged (Fig2):
)2d-(ydbgF (Theoretical)
H12
d
2
da
LgMF
2(Practical)
)2
d-(y
H12
dH
2
P (Centre of pressure)
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
4/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (1): Hydrostatic Force
2
Figure 2 - Surface is fully submerged
(b) When the surface is partially submerged (Fig3):
ybg0.5F 2 (Theoretical)
3
yda
LgMF (Practical)
y3
2HP (Centre of pressure)
Figure 3 - surface is partially submerged
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
5/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (1): Hydrostatic Force
3
Procedure:
1. Measure the dimensions a, b and d of the quadrant, and the distance between thepivot and the weight hanger L.
2. Insert the quadrant into the tank locating the balance arm on the knife edges.
Adjust the counter-balance weight until the balance arm is horizontal, as indicatedon the datum level indicator.
3. Add all the weights supplied to the weight. Fill the tank with water until thebalance beam tips lifting the weights then drain out a small quantity of water to
bring the balance arm horizontal, don't level the balance arm by adjustment of the
counter balance weight or the datum setting of the balance arm will be lost.
Record the water level shown on the scale. Fine adjustment of the water level may
be achieved by over-filling and slowly draining, using the drain cock.
4. Remove one or more weights from the weight carrier and level the balance arm bydraining out more of the water. When the arm is level record the depth of
immersion shown on the scale on the quadrant.
5. Repeat reading for reducing masses on the weight carrier.
Data & Results:
L= mm , a= mm , d= mm , b= mm
1) Complete Immersion
Trials 1 2 3
Total weight on arm (M grams)
Depth of Water (y mm)
F=
H12
2d(2)d(aMgL (N)
Force on End Surface
(Theoretical) F = gbd(y - 2d ) (N)
Depth of Centre of Pressure Hp
(mm)
2) Partial Immersion
Trials 1 2 3
Total weight on arm (M grams)
Depth of Water (y mm)
F= 3ydaMgL (N)
Force on End Surface
(Theoretical) F = 0.5gby2 (N)
Depth of Centre of Pressure Hp
(mm)
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
6/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (1): Hydrostatic Force
4
Exp 1: Hydrostatic Force
SI US
mass kg Slug
Force N (kg.m/s2) lb (Slug.ft/s2)
1 lb = 4.4482 N
1 slug = 14.5938 kg
1 ft = 0.3048 m
g = 9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2
(21Times New Roman).
.
:
F+Center of pressure
:quadrant( ) (pivot.)
Hp
PivotCounterWeight
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
7/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (1): Hydrostatic Force
5
:
(Plane)
centroid
:
Quadrantplane surface.
Scaleyquadrant.
(pole( )pivot).
Counterweightpolequadrant.
05.
3.
D0
R
PC
G
S
A
A
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
8/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (1): Hydrostatic Force
6
Complete Immersion:Area, A = bd
, (Theoritical)
(Practical)
Partial Immersion:Area, A = by
, (Theoritical)
(Practical):
2)a, b, d and L(a=10 cm, b=7.5 cm, d=10 cm, L=27.5 cm)
1)3)counterweight.
):counterweight)4):05((quadrant.
+0)Complete Immersion.6)poley>100mm.
(pole)7)y(mm)m(kg)8)F.9)678complete Immersion.
25)Partial Immersion(0
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
9/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (1): Hydrostatic Force
7
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
10/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (2): Buoyancy
8
Exp. (2): BUOYANCY & FLOTATIONMETACENTRIC HEIGHT
Purpose: To determine the metacentric height of a flat bottomed vessel.
Introduction:
A floating body is stable if it tends to return to its original equilibrium position
after it had been tilted through a small angle.
For a floating body to be stable it is essential that the metacenter (M) is above the
center of gravity; metacentric height (MG) should be positive.
Fig. (1) Stable & unstable equilibrium
The greater the metacentric height, the greater is the stability, however, very large
metacentric heights causes undesirable oscillations in the ships and are avoided.
Theory:
If a body is tilted through an angle ,B1 will be the position of the center of buoyancy
after tilting. A vertical line through B1 will intersect the center line of the body at (M)
(Metacenter of the body), MG is the metacentric height. The force due to buoyancy
acts vertically up through B1 and is equal to W, the weight of the body acts
downwards through G. The resulting couple is of magnitudePx
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
11/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (2): Buoyancy
9
Px = W. GG1
= W. GM. sin
W
PxGM (1)
in radian
Fig.(2) Metacentric height
* The metacentric height can be calculated as followed:
MG = BM + OBOG..........(2)
Where:
-
V
IBM -BMis the metacentric radius ,
- 3
12
1LDI - I : Moment of inertia of pontoon
- V: Total volume of displaced liquid.
- OB = 0.5 (LxD
V)
Experimental Set-up:
The set up consists of a small water tank having transparent side walls in which a
small ship model is floated, the weight of the model can be changed by adding or
removing weights. Adjustable mass is used for tilting the ship, plump line is attached
to the mast to measure the tilting angle.
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
12/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (2): Buoyancy
10
Fig.(3) Experimental set-up Fig.(4) Cross section
Pontoon measurement:
- Pontoon dimension : Depth (H) = 170 mm
Length (L) = 380 mm, Width (D) = 250 mm.
- The height of the center of gravity of the pontoon is OGvm = 125 mm from outer
surface of vessel base.
- The balance weight is placed at x = 123 mm from pontoon center line.
- The weight of the pontoon and the mast Wvm = 3000 gm.
PART (1) : Determination of floatation characteristic for unloaded and for
loaded pontoon
Procedure:
1. Assemble the pontoon by positioning the bridge piece and mast.
2. Weigh the pontoon and determine the height of its center of gravity up the line of
the mast.
3. Fill the hydraulic bench measuring tank with water and float the pontoon in it, then
ensure that the plumb line on the zero mark.
4. Apply a weight of 50 g on the bridge piece loading pin then measure and record
the angle of tilting and the value of applied weight.
5. Repeat step 4 for different weights; 100, 150, & 200 g, and take the corresponding
angle of tilting.
6. Repeat the above procedure with increasing the bottom loading by 2000 gm and
4000 gm.
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
13/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (2): Buoyancy
11
7. Record the results in the table ( Table " 1" ),
8. Calculate GM practically wheresin
)123(
W
PGM , W has three cases.
9. Draw a relationship between (x-axis) and GM (y-axis), then obtain GM when
equals zero.
10. Calculate GM theoretically according to equation (2),
whereWbWvm
xWbOGWvm
WbWvm
OGWbOGWvmOG vmbvm
)1()()()(
OGvm = 125 mm, OGb= x1: from table "1".
PART (2) : Determination of floatation characteristic when changing the center
of gravity of the pontoon.
1.Replace the bilge weights by 4x 50 gm weights.
2. Apply a weight of 300gm on a height of 190 mm from the pontoon surface.
3. Apply weights of 40, 80 &120 gms on the bridge piece loading pin, then record the
corresponding tilting angle.
4. Move 50 gm bilge weight to the mast ahead, then repeat step 3.
5. Repeat step 3 moving 100, 150 & 200 gm bilge weight to the mast.
6. Calculate GM practically where sin3500
)123(PGM .
7. Determine the height of the center of gravity for each loading condition.
8. Calculate GM theoretically according to equation (2),
whereW
LWmWbWbWvm
OG
)2
790()190(1)35()125(
Where : In case of 50 gm, L = 10 mm.
In case of 100 gm, L = 20 mm.
In case of 150 gm, L = 30 mm.
In case of 200 gm, L = 40 mm.
Fig.(5) Weights & Dimensions
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
14/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (2): Buoyancy
12
Tables of results:
Table "1": Part(1)
Bilge Weight Off balance wt.Mean
Def.
Exp.
GM
GM at
=0BM OB
Theo.
GM
Wb (gm) P (gm)
(degree)(mm)
from
graph(mm) (mm) (mm)
0.00 50 2.13
100 4.45
150 6.90
200 9.23
2000.00 50 1.95
x1 = 30 100 3.98
150 6.10
200 8.25
4000.00 100 3.35
x1 = 37.5 150 5.10
200 6.90
250 8.75
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
15/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (2): Buoyancy
13
Table "2": Part(2)
Off balance wt.
Mean
Def. Exp. GM BM OG
Theo.
GM M above
P (gm)
(degree) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
water
level
Mast Weight = 0.0
40 2.40
80 4.88
120 7.50
Mast Weight = 50.0
40 3.45
80 7.23
120 10.50
Mast weight = 100.0
20 3.28
40 6.35
80 12.00
Mast Weight = 150.0
10 3.70
20 10.23
40 14.78
Mast weight = 200.0
Unstable
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
16/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (2): Buoyancy
14
Experiment 2: Buoyancy
When a body is submerged or floating in a static fluid, the resultant force exerted on it
.Buoyancy Forceby the fluid is called the
* = =* Upthrust force on the body = weight of the fluid displaced by the body
.vertically upward center of volume
Center of Buoyancy: centroid of the volume of fluid displaced.
Archimedes Principle: :.
The equilibrium of a body may be:
Stable: if when displaced returns to equilibrium position.
Unstable:
Neutral:
Stability ofsubmerged Bodies: ()
Center of gravity , Center of Buoyancy .
Center of gravity (G)Center of Buoyancy(B).
I) Stable:
(G( )B)Center of gravity below Center of Buoyancy
restoring moment
II)Unstable:
G is above , B is below
III)Neutral:
B,G
BG
BG
R
W W
R
BG G
R
W
R
W
B
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
17/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (2): Buoyancy
15
Stability ofF loating Bodies: ()
Center of gravity , Center of Buoyancy .
Center of gravity (G)Metacenter (M).
I) Stable:
Center of gravity below MetacenterGM
BM:Metacentric Height ( ): M G II)Unstable:
G is above , M is below
III)Neutral: M GIf M coincides with G, the body is in neutral equiblrium
:just stableneutral
F loating BodiesSubmerged Bodies
MGBG Center of gravity (G):
Center of Buoyancy (B):
The shape of submerged part is
altered when the body is tilted
Center of gravity (G):
Center of Buoyancy (B):
The shape of displaced fluid is not
altered when the body is tilted
BG
BG
M
W=mg
W=mgR=WR=W
x
B
G
B
G
W=mg
W=mgR=W
R=Wx
M
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
18/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (2): Buoyancy
16
If M lies above G arighting moment is produced, equilibrium is stableand GM is
regarded as +ve. ( is small)
(
)
Determination of the Metacentric Height ( : , P W: weight of the vessel including P Determination of the position of the Metacenter relative to the center of Buoyancy: BM: metacentric radius
V:
I: moment of inertia
longitudinal
Water line planeaa
:Bcenter of volume
G
W=mgR=W
B1B
O
M
Water line plane
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
19/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (2): Buoyancy
17
:(flat bottomed vessel)
:
2)
1)Center of gravity
Part 1: Determination of floatation characteristics for unloaded and for loaded
pontoon:
Wvm (i.e. vessel + mast) = 3000 gm
:Depth H = 170 mm
Length L = 380 mm
Width D = 250 mm
part134
:[ Wb (i.e. bilge weight) = 0.0 ]
(P)50gm,100gm150gm200gm) (.
OG = OGvm = 125mm
:Wb (bilge) = 2000g2555
205255205155) (.
OGOGvmOGb
:15552555(Wb = 4000
gm)
(213)
255205155105
OG
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
20/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (2): Buoyancy
18
(Wb)(P). ) (
x1OGb(center of gravitybilge weightO)
:
x = 123 mm
P: off balance weight ) (W: W total = Wb + Wvm (355505557555) :
:
Draw a relationship between (x-axis) & Exp. GM (y-axis)(
x( )Exp GMy).
Exp. GM=0(y-intercept. )
:
, L = 380 mm, D = 250 mm, V = ?
:OB or EB
OC:
:
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
21/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (2): Buoyancy
19
GM
GM practical=0GM theoretical=0.
Part 2: Determination of effect on floatation characteristics of altering the center of
gravity of the pontoon, with given total loading:
G
:2-1-4x05(bilge.)
Wb = 200 gmOGb = 35 mm3-(300gm:)150gm
Wb1 = 300 gmOGb1 = 190 mm
Wvm = 3000 gmOGvm = 125 mmWtotal = 3500 gm
4-P(off balance weight):43:Wb = 200 gmWm = 0
:P4585215.:PWtot.
:Wb = 150 gmWm = 50 gm05155(mast)
L is given in by the following table:Wb(gm)
200
Wm
(gm)
0
L(mm)
-
150 50 10
100 100 20
50 150 30
0 200 40
790 mm.
150 gm150 gm
35
OGm=
790+L/2
Wm
Wb
OGvm=
125mm
OGb1=190mm
Wb1
total=??
Wvm
P
X = 123 mm
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
22/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (2): Buoyancy
20
:center of gravity
:Wb = 100 gmWm = 100 gm
05
:P154585.:Wb = 50 gmWm = 150 gm
05
:P251545.:Wb = 0 gmWm = 200 gm
Unstable
:
:.
:
P: ,
x = 123 mm
W = 3500 gm
:
tan
sin
:
xGMy.
:
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
23/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (2): Buoyancy
21
:
:
:
Homework:
Write the momentum equation on a paper with explanation of the symbols.
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
24/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (2): Buoyancy
22
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
25/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (2): Buoyancy
23
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
26/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (3): Impact of Jet
24
Exp. (3): Impact Jets
Purpose: To investigate the reaction force produced by the impact of a jet of water
on various target vanes.
Apparatus: Impact Jet Apparatus (Fig. 1), Targets (Fig. 2).
Figure 1: Impact jet apparatus
Figure 2: Interchangeable Target Vanes
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
27/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (3): Impact of Jet
25
Theory:
Figure 3 : Impact of a Jet
-
Q V
R
i
cos1
A
QVn
g hVV ni 2-22
Where:
R : Impulse force.
iV : incident velocity.
Q : Volumetric flow rate.
nV : jet velocity.
h : height of target above nozzle.
Procedure:
1. Position the weight carrier on the weight platform and add weights until the top of
the target is clear of the stop and the weight platform is floating in mid position.
Move the pointer so that it is aligned with the weight platform.
2. Start the pump and establish the water flow by steadily opening the bench
regulating valve until it is fully open.3. The vane will now be deflected by the impact of the jet. Place additional weights
onto the weight carrier until the weight platform is again floating in mid position.
Measure the flow rate (volume collected in certain time) and record the result on
the test sheet, together with the corresponding value of additional weight on the
tray. Observe the form of the deflected jet and note its shape.
4. Reduce the weight on the weight carrier in steps and maintain balance of the
weight platform by regulating the flow rate in about eight or ten even steps (In the
lab we made 3 steps only), each time recording the value of the flow rate and
weights on the weight carrier.5. Close the control valve and switch off the pump. Allow the apparatus to drain.
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
28/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (3): Impact of Jet
26
6. Replace the 5mm nozzle with the 8mm diameter nozzle and repeat the tests.
7. Replace the normal vane with the 45 conical vane and repeat the test with both
the 5mm and 8mm nozzles.
8. Replace the 45 conical vane with the hemispherical vane and repeat the test with
both the 5mm and 8mm nozzles.
Data & Results:
1. Record the results on a copy of the result sheet provided.
2. Calculate for each result the flow rate and the nozzle exit velocity. Correct the
nozzle velocity for the height of the target above the nozzle to obtain the
impact velocity.
3. Calculate the impact momentum, and plot graphs of the impact force R against
impact momentum and determine the slope of the graphs for each target.
Compare with the theoretical values.
Target Vanes
(degrees)
Nozzle
Dia -- d --
(mm)
Additional
Weights -- m --
(gm)
Volume of water
Collected - V - (Liter)
Time to
collect -- t --
(sec)
590
=
Flat
8
320 20 48
250 20 58
160 20 71
545
=
Conical
8
110 20 48
80 20 52
60 20 82
5135
=
Semi-
spherica
8
450 20 55
300 20 66
150 20 88
Comment:
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
29/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (3): Impact of Jet
27
Experiment 3: Impact of jet
Rate of flow
Mass rate of flow () Volume rate of flow (Q)
Momentum Equation: m
: :
[vector equation]x-direction y-direction resultant force acting on the fluid 1- F1 = FR: by any solid body touching the control volume
2- F2 = FB: body force such as gravity
3- F3 = FP: fluid Pressure
R = - FR
FR+ FP + FB = . Vector equationApplication of the momentum equation:
Impact of a jet on a plane surface
Force due to flow round a curved vane
Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend
Reaction of a jet
:Pelton Wheel
momentum equation
, R: Impact Force, : Incident Momentum
V1 V1
A1
V2
V2
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
30/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (3): Impact of Jet
28
3 Target Vanes:
Flat Conical Hemispherical 1-cos
=1 = 0.293 = 1.707
Nozzle diameter:
5 mm or 8 mm
:
:Flat Vane (
)(nozzle 5 mm)
) (platform.
(pointer)platform.
flow5.
platformimpact of the jet.
) (.
volume.
jet.
platformflow.
..
flownozzle(0( )8)3.
:target 5mm8mm.: hemispherical.
PointerWeights
Weight Carrier
Weight Platform
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
31/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (3): Impact of Jet
29
:
(Target)(Nozzle Dia.)(Additional Weights)(VolumeCollected)(Time to collect. :)
:Volumetric Flow Rate (Q) t = 1 : 41.25 = 1*60+41.25
:Nozzle Velocity ()
:Height above Nozzle ()Height of the target above the nozzle (h) 2 mm
:Impact Velocity () ,
:Impact Force (
)
( ) : Incident Momentum
, :
:R(N)yx
(5 5)
y=ax=a.
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
32/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (3): Impact of Jet
30
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
33/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (3): Impact of Jet
31
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
34/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (4): Flow Measurement
32
Exp. (4) : FLOW MEASUREMENT
Purpose: To study some of the famous instruments used in flow measurements.
Theory:
There are many instruments used in flow measurements such as Venturi meter, orifice
plate and the Rotameter.
Fig.(1) Flow measurement instruments
Fig.(2) Flow measurement instruments
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
35/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (4): Flow Measurement
33
1. Sudden Enlargement
The head loss through the sudden enlargement he
g
Vkehe
2
2
1 . (1)
Where 222
2
1 11
A
Ake
2
1
D
D ,
2
12
A
A
Fig.(3) Sudden enlargement
2. Venturi Meter
The flow through venturi meter can calculated from the following equation
42 1
2
gHACQ dact (2)
Where Cd is the coefficient of discharge.
Fig.(4) Venturi Meter
3. Orifices plate
The flow through venturi meter can calculated from the following equation
42 1
2
gHACQ dact . (3)
Where Cd is the coefficient of discharge.
Fig.(5) Orifices plate
4. Elbows
The head loss through the elbow hb
g
Vkh bb
2
2
1 (4)
Where kb is the coefficient of the elbow
5. Rotameter
The Rotameter reads the flow directly.
21
2
12
2
1
)12(2
A
A
A
A
hhgV
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
36/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (4): Flow Measurement
34
Procedure:
1. Prepare the instruments such that the water passes Sudden Enlargement, then
Venturi meter, Orifice plate , Elbow , and finally Rotameter .
2. Switch the pump on , allow the water to enter the flow measurement instruments ,
which are connected to Manometers tubes.
3. Control the flow valve to obtain different readings of the heads in manometers and
the corresponding flow from the volume tank .
4. Record the results.
5. Calculate the head losses from the manometer readings and the flow and Cd
for Venturi and orifice plate .
Data & Results
Volume flow (Liters)
Time (min)
Head at tapping 1 (cm)
Head at tapping 2 (cm)
Head at tapping 3 (cm)
Head at tapping 4(cm)
Head at tapping 5 (cm)
Head at tapping 6 (cm)
Head at tapping 7 (cm)
Head at tapping 8 (cm)
Rotameter flow rate
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
37/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (4): Flow Measurement
35
Experiment 4: Flow Measurement
From Bernoulli:
(1)* * from Continuity equation
(2)
From (1) and (2) we get
FromMechanics of fluids byB.S. Massey, Sixth Edition
The net force acting towards right
the mean pressure of eddying fluid over the annular face GDAssume
Net force:
From steady-flow momentum equation this force equals the rate of increase of
momentum in the same direction:
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
38/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (4): Flow Measurement
36
From energy equation for a constant :-
represents the loss of total head between 1 & 2
FromJ.C. Borda and L.M. M Carnot
H.G.L is below E.G.L by
Step up occur in pressure
line at Enlargement.
{ } Since negative, exceeds
ExitLoss
(E.G.L)
Pressure Line
(H.G.L)
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
39/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (4): Flow Measurement
37
For sudden enlargement ( ) :
Continuity equation:
12
Using Bernoulli equation - Head Loss equations:
, or
Substitute continuity equation, we get:
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ]
12
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
40/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (4): Flow Measurement
38
Purpose: To study some of the famous instruments used in flow measurement.
Q
There are many instruments used in flow measurements such as Venturimeter,
orifice plate and rotameter (Variable area meter).
Description of apparatus:
Water Flow Measuring Apparatus is designed as a free-standing apparatus for
use on the Hydraulics Bench, although it could be used in conjunction with a low
pressure water supply controlled by a valve and a discharge to drain. Water enters the
apparatus through the lower left-hand end and flows horizontally through a sudden
enlargement into a transparent venturi meter, and into an orifice plate, a 90 elbow
changes the flow direction to vertical and connects to a variable area flow meter, a
second bend passes the flow into a discharge pipe which incorporates an atmospheric
break.
The static head at various points in the flow path may be measured on a
manometer panel. The water flow through the apparatus is controlled by the delivery
valve of the Hydraulics Bench and the flow rate may be confirmed by using the
volumetric measuring tank of the Hydraulics Bench. Calculations:
I. Sudden Enlargement:
Cdxy. Cd
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
41/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (4): Flow Measurement
39
II. Venturi:
-:
-:
xy. (0,0)(Excel)
. Calculate Cd & check in the range (0.9750.995)III. Orifice:
ventureh3, h4h6, h7
IV. Rotameter:
flowL/min. xyKK=Slope:-(Units).
-.
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
42/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (4): Flow Measurement
40
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
43/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (4): Flow Measurement
41
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
44/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (4): Flow Measurement
42
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
45/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (5): Flow through Orifice
43
Experiment 5: Flow through orifice
Purpose:
- Studying the flow through small orifice discharging to atmosphere.
- Calculating the coefficient of discharge (Cd).
- Calculating the coefficient of velocity (Cv).
- Calculating the coefficient of contraction (Cc).
-
-
Theory:Orifice: H ) (
3:308.
H is constant
: Cd in the range [0.6-0.65] , where is the coefficient of velocity , where is the coefficient of contraction
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
46/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (5): Flow through Orifice
44
xytrajectory: In x-direction:
In y-direction: , assuing positive is downward +
Calculations:
o Part 1 (Cd):
Head 50cm and 25 cm H.
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
47/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (5): Flow through Orifice
45
xy(0,0)
o Part 2 (Cv):
(H)05(d)8
xy.(0,0)
trajectory:
x
y
y (-ve)
or
y
Homework:
+flow in open channel (Notches and Weirs):
{Rectangular, Triangular (Vee) and Trapezoidal}
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
48/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (5): Flow through Orifice
46
:
-ypoint gauge:
-.
Extension Pipe
head225.
.) (
.
point
gauge
.
Pipe
.
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
49/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (5): Flow through Orifice
47
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
50/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (6): Flow over Weirs
48
Exp. (6): Flow Over Weirs
Purpose:
o To demonstrate the characteristics of flow over weirs.o To determine the 'Coefficient of Discharge' for each type of weir.
Introduction:
In open channel hydraulics, weirs are commonly used to either regulate or to
measure the volumetric flow rate. They are of particular use in large scale situations
such as irrigation schemes, canals and rivers. For small scale applications, weirs are
often referred to as notches and invariably are sharp edged and manufactured from
thin plate material.
Apparatus:
Hydraulics Bench incorporates a weir channel. The rectangular notch weir or
(V) vee notch weir to be tested is clamped to the weir carrier in the channel by thumb
nuts.
Figure 1:Flow over Weirs - Figure 2:Flow over Weirs -
vee notch weir rectangular notch weir
Hydraulics Bench Basket of glass spheres
Weir channel Volumetric measuring tank
(V) Vee notch weir Rectangular weir
Hook & point gauge Hook Gauge and Scale
There are different shapes of weirs that can be used to measure the volumetricflow rate. These shapes with their dimension are shown in fig 3 below.
4
3
5 8
7
1
2
5
6
7
1
3
2
6
84
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
51/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (6): Flow over Weirs
49
Figure 3: Details of weirs
Theory:
Rectangular Weir:
A rectangular notch is a thin square edged weir plate installed in a weir channel as
shown in figure 4.
Figure 4: Rectangular Notch
Consider the flow in an element of height at a depth h below the surface.Assuming that the flow is everywhere normal to the plane of the weir and that thefree surface remains horizontal up to the plane of the weir, then
velocity through element Theoretical discharge through element Integrating between h = 0 and h = H
Total theoretical discharge
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
52/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (6): Flow over Weirs
50
So, In practice the flow through the notch will not be parallel and therefore will not be
normal to the plane of the weir. The free surface is not horizontal and viscosity
and surface tension will have an effect. There will be a considerable change in theshape of the nappe as it passes through the notch with curvature of the stream
lines in both vertical and horizontal planes as indicated in Figure 5, in particular
the width of the nappe is reduced by the contractions at each end.
Figure 5: Shape of a Nappe
The discharge from a rectangular notch will be considerably less.
time
VolumeHgBCQCQ dthdact
2
3
23
2
In British Code:2
3
)001.0](2716.05461.0[ HHQact Important Note: This Equation is special forCussonsHydraulic Bench
(Rectangular Notch B = 10 cm ),For other notches (like Armfield Hydraulic
Bench) refer to original equation in British code.
Vee (Triangular) Notch:
A sharp edged triangular notch with an included angle of is shown in Figure 6
Figure 6: Triangular or V Notch
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
53/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (6): Flow over Weirs
51
Operation:
1. FLOW
MEASUREMENT
The discharge from the weir may be measured using either the
Rotameter (if fitted) or by using the volumetric measuring tank
and taking the time required to collect a quantity of water. The
time to collect the water is at least 120 seconds to obtain a
sufficiently accurate result.
2. Measuring the
Weir Datum
head-gauge datum or gauge zero, which is defined as the gaugereading corresponding to the level of the weir crest (rectangular weirs) or
the level of the vertex of the notch (triangular-notch weirs)..BS ISO
1438:2008
3. Measuring the
Head
The surface of the water as it approaches the weir will fall, this is
particularly noticeable at high rates of discharge caused by high
heads. To obtain an accurate measure of the undisturbed water
level above the crest of the weir it is necessary to place the hook
gauge at a distance at least three times the head.
Experimental Procedure:
1. Place the flow stilling basket of glass spheres into the left end of the weir channeland attach the hose from the bench regulating valve to the inlet connection into the
stilling basket.
2. Place the specific weir plate which is to be tested first and hold it using the fivethumb nuts. Ensure that the square edge of the weir faces upstream.
3. Start the pump and slowly open the bench regulating valve until the water levelreaches the crest of the weir and measure the water level to determine the datum
level Hzero.4. Adjust the bench regulating valve to give the first required head level of
approximately 10mm. Measure the flow rate using the volumetric tank or the
rotameter. Observe the shape of the nappe.
5. Increase the flow by opening the bench regulating valve to set up heads above thedatum level in steps of approximately 10mm until the regulating valve is fully
open. At each condition measure the flow rate and observe the shape of the nappe.
6. Close the regulating valve, stop the pump and then replace the weir with the nextweir to be tested. Repeat the test procedure.
Results and Analysis:
1. Record the results on a copy of the results sheet. Record any observations of theshape and type of nappe paying particular attention to whether the nappe was
clinging or sprung clear, and of the end contraction and general change in shape.
2. Plot a graph of loge (Q) against loge (H) for each weir. Measure the slopes and theintercepts.
From the intercept calculate the coefficients of discharge and from the slopes of
the graphs confirm that the index is approximately 1.5 for the rectangular weir
and 2.5 for the triangular weirs.
3. Compare the results with those predicted using the empirical formula for
rectangular weirin British Standard BS3680.
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
54/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (6): Flow over Weirs
52
Experiment 6: F low Over Weir s
Purpose:
To investigate the discharge-head characteristics of weirs Determination of the coefficient of discharge for different shapes of weirs
Introduction:
In open channel weirs are used to either regulate or to measure the volumetric
flow rate.
flowQ
weirnotch:weirnotch.Vee:rectangularHVee Notch
Types:o Rectangular:
o Triangular or Vee Notch:
Angle 60o or 90 o.
o Trapezoidal or Cippoletti:
o Linear:
Produce linear head flow characteristics
(general equation)
Rectangular
[ ]
Triangular (Vee)
b=
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
55/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (6): Flow over Weirs
53
For Rectangular Notch:
,
cussonsweir=25 For Vee Notch:
Cd:
y-axis y-intercept x-axis
:
oRectangular weir.o(Basket of glass spheres)) (Armfield.o.o.oH.oMeasuring head: place the hook guage at a distance at least three times the head
o.olnHxlnQyyCd.
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
56/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (6): Flow over Weirs
54
oVee Notch.o.olnHxlnQyyCd.
:
Qact = V/t
ln Qact
ln H
Qth
Intercept and Cd
::the shape of the Nappe
H
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
57/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (6): Flow over Weirs
55
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
58/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (7): Bernoulli Theorem
56
Exp. (7): Investigation of Bernoulli Theorem
Purpose: To investigate Bernoulli Theorem Experimentally.
Apparatus: Bernoullis Apparatus (Fig. 1, Fig. 2)
Figure 2:
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
59/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (7): Bernoulli Theorem
57
Table (1): Area of each section:
Tapping
Number1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Flow
Area(mm
2)
102.56 90.11 77.66 65.22 52.77 40.32 52.77 65.22 77.66 90.11 102.56
Theory:
Bernoullis Theorem
tconszg
v
g
ptan
2
2
Where:
g
p
: pressure head
g
v
2
2
: kinetic head
z : potential head
Losses
fHzg
v
g
pz
g
v
g
p 2
2
221
2
11
22
Where:
fHHH 111
pressure Recovery
Recovery pressure =611hh
Loss pressure =61hh
61
611
hh
hhR degree of pressure recovery
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
60/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (7): Bernoulli Theorem
58
Procedure:
1. Open the pump and let the water go through the apparatus until all the air
bubbles leave.
2. Set the difference between the tanks to 10 cm by using the arm beside theshorter tank.
3. When the height of water in the piezometers not change put a white paper (
A3 ) behind the piezometers and mark on it the height of water.
4. Close the valve of the basin and begin the stop watch to calculate Q.
5. Repeat the previous steps with different differences between the two tanks (
15 then 20 cm )
6. Take the paper and connect every set of points with lines.
Data & Results:
1. Record the results on a copy of the result sheet provided.
2. Calculate the flow rate for each set of results.
3. For each set of results calculate at the cross-section adjacent to each
manometer tube, the flow velocity.
4. Plot a graph of head (H) against distance (S) and also (H+V2/2g) against
distance (S).
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
61/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (7): Bernoulli Theorem
59
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
62/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (7): Bernoulli Theorem
60
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
63/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (8): Minor Losses
61
Experiment 8: Minor Losses
Purpose:
To determine the loss factors for flow through a range of pipe fittings
including bends, a contraction, an enlargement and a gate-valve.
Introduction:
Energy losses in pipe flows are the result of friction between the fluid and the
pipe walls and internal friction between fluid particles. Minor (secondary) head
losses occur at any location in a pipe system where streamlines are not straight, such
as at pipe junctions, bends, valves, contractions, expansions, and reservoir inlets and
outlets. In this experiment, minor head losses through a pipe section that has several
bends, transitions, and fittings will be measured.
Apparatus:
Energy Losses in Bends and Fittings Apparatus.
It consists of:
- Sudden Enlargement
- Sudden Contraction
- Long Bend
- Short Bend
- Elbow Bend
- Mitre Bend figure 1:minor losses apparatus
Figure 2: Schematic drawing of the energy-loss apparatus
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
64/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (8): Minor Losses
62
Figure 3: Minor Losses Apparatus with hydraulic bench
- Flow rate through the circuit is controlled by a flow control valve.
- Pressure tappings in the circuit are connected to a twelve bank manometer, which
incorporates an air inlet/outlet valve in the top manifold. An air bleed screw
facilitates connection to a hand pump. This enables the levels in the manometer
bank to be adjusted to a convenient level to suit the system static pressure.
- A clamp which closes off the tappings to the mitre bend is introduced when
experiments on the valve fitting are required. A differential pressure gauge gives a
direct reading of losses through the gate valve.
Theory:
The energy balance between two points in a pipe can be described by the
Bernoulli equation, given by
where pi is static pressure (in Pa) at point i, g is specific weight of the fluid (in
N/m3), zi is the elevation (in meters) of point i, Vi is the fluid velocity (in m/s) at
point i, g is the gravitational constant (in m/s2), and hL is head loss (in meters).
The term pi/ is referred to as the static head; z i is the elevation head; and Vi2/2g is the
dynamic (or velocity) head. The summation of the static head and the elevation head, pi/ +zi, is referred to as the piezometric head. The piezometric head is what is measured with the
piezometer (manometer) board on the apparatus for this experiment.
Head loss, hL, includes the sum of pipe friction losses, hf, and all minor losses,
where hi is the minor head loss (in meters) for the ith component and n is the number
of components (fittings, bends, etc.).
Lhg
Vz
p
g
Vz
p
22
2
22
2
2
11
1
ni
ifL hhh1
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
65/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (8): Minor Losses
63
Pipe friction losses are expressed as the Darcy-Weisbach equation given by
where f is a friction factor, L is the pipe length, and D is the pipe diameter. Pipe
friction losses are assumed to be negligible in this experiment
The energy loss which occurs in a pipe fitting (so-called secondary loss) is
commonly expressed in terms of a head loss (h, meters) in the form:
Where K = the loss coefficient and
v = mean velocity of flow into the fitting, For the expansion and contraction,
the V used is the velocity of the fluid in the smaller-diameter pipe.
Because of the complexity of flow in many fittings, K is usually determined
by experiment. For the pipe fitting experiment, the head loss is calculated from two
manometer readings, taken before and after each fitting, and K is then determined as
Due to the change in pipe cross-sectional area through the enlargement and
contraction, the system experiences an additional change in static pressure. This
change can be calculated as
To eliminate the effect of this area change on the measured head losses, this
value should be added to the head loss readings for the enlargement and the
contraction. Note that (h1 - h2) will be negative for the enlargement and
will be negative for the contraction.
For the gate valve experiment, pressure difference before and after gate is measured
directly using a pressure gauge. This can then be converted to an equivalent head loss
using the equation
1 bar = 10.2 m water
Procedure:
It is not possible to make measurements on all fittings simultaneously and,
therefore, it is necessary to run two separate tests.
o Part A :
1) Set up the losses apparatus on the hydraulic bench so that its base is horizontal
by adjusting the feet on the base plate if necessary. (this is necessary for accurateheight measurements from the manometers). Connect the test rig inlet to the bench
g
V
D
Lfhf
2
2
g
VKh
2
2
g
VhK
2/
2
gvgv 2/2/2
2
2
1
gvgv 2/2/2
2
2
1
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
66/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (8): Minor Losses
64
flow supply and run the outlet extension tube to the volumetric tank and secure it
in place.
2) Fully open the gate valve and the outlet flow control valve at the right hand end of the
apparatus.
3) Close the bench flow control valve then start the service pump.
4) Gradually open the bench flow control valve and allow the pipework to fill with
water until all air has been expelled from the pipework.
5) In order to bleed air from pressure tapping points and the manometers close
both the bench valve and the test rig flow control valve and open the air bleed
screw and remove the cap from the adjacent air valve. Connect a length of small
bore tubing from the air valve to the volumetric tank. Now, open the bench valve
and allow flow through the manometers to purge all air from them; then, tightenthe air bleed screw and partly open both the bench valve and the test rig flow
control valve.
Next, open the air bleed screw slightly to allow air to enter the top of the
manometers, re-tighten the screw when the manometer levels reach a convenient
height.
6) Check that all manometer levels are on scale at the maximum volume flow rate
required (approximately 17 liters/ minute). These levels can be adjusted further by
using the air bleed screw and the hand pump supplies. The air bleed screw
controls the air flow through the air valve, so when using the hand pump, the
bleed screw must be open. To retain the hand pump pressure in the system, the
screw must be closed after pumping.
7) If the levels in the manometer are too high then the hand pump can be used to
pressurise the top manifold. All levels will decrease simultaneously but retain the
appropriate differentials.
If the levels are too low then the hand pump should be disconnected and the
air bleed screw opened briefly to reduce the pressure in the top manifold.
Alternatively the outlet flow control valve can be closed to raise the static pressure
in the system which will raise all levels simultaneously.
If the level in any manometer tube is allowed to drop too low then air will
enter the bottom manifold. If the level in any manometer tube is too high then
water will enter the top manifold and flow into adjacent tubes.
8) Adjust the flow from the bench control valve and, at a given flow rate, take
height readings from all of the manometers after the levels have steadied. In order
to determine the volume flow rate, you should carry out a timed volume collection
using the volumetric tank. This is achieved by closing the ball valve and
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
67/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (8): Minor Losses
65
measuring (with a stopwatch) time taken to accumulate a known volume of fluid
in the tank, which is read from the sight glass. You should collect fluid for at least
one minute to minimize timing errors. ( note: valve should be kept fully open.)
9) Repeat this procedure to give a total of at least five sets of measurements over a
flow range from approximately 8 - 17 liters per minute.
o Part B :
10) Clamp off the connecting tubes to the mitre bend pressure tappings (to prevent
air being drawn into the system).
11) Start with the gate valve closed and open fully both the bench valve and the
lest rig flow control valve.
12) open the gate valve by approximately 50% of one turn (after taking up any
backlash).
13) For each of at least 5 flow rates, measure pressure drop across the valve from
the pressure gauge; adjust the flow rate by use of the test rig flow control valve.
Once measurements have started, do not adjust the gale valve. Determine the
volume flow rate by timed collection.
14) Repeat this procedure for the gate valve opened by approximately 70% of one
turn and then approximately 80% of one turn.
Data & Resul ts:
The following dimensions from the equipment are used in the appropriate
calculations.
Internal diameter of pipework d = 0.0183 m
Internal diameter of pipework at enlargement outlet and contraction inlet
d = 0.0240 m
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
68/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (8): Minor Losses
66
Table 1. Raw Data for All Fittings Except Gate Valve
Case No. I II III IV V
Volume (L)
Time (sec)
PiezometerReadings(mm)
Enlargement 12
Contraction3
4
Long Bend5
6
Short Bend7
8
Elbow9
10
Mitre Bend 1112
Table 2. Raw Data for Gate Valve
Case No. I II III IV V
50%
Opened
Volume (L)
Time (sec)
Gauge
Reading
(bar)
Red(upstream)
Black(downstream)
70%
Opened Volume (L)
Time (sec)
Gauge
Reading
(bar)
Red(upstream)
Black(downstream)
80%
Opened
Volume (L)
Time (sec)
Gauge
Reading
(bar)
Red(upstream)
Black
(downstream)
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
69/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (8): Minor Losses
67
Table 3. Minor Head Losses of All Fittings Except Gate Valve
Case No. I II III IV V
Q (m3/sec)
V (m/s)
V
2
/2g (m)
MinorHeadLosses
(m)
Enlargementh
h +V12/2g- V2
2/2g
Contractionhh +V1
2/2g- V2
2/2g
Long Bend
Short Bend
Elbow
Mitre Bend
Table 4. Loss Coefficients for All Fittings Except Gate Valve
Case No. I II III IV V
Q (m3/sec)
V (m/s)
V2/2g (m)
Loss
efficie
tsEnlargement
Contraction
Long Bend
Short Bend
Elbow
Mitre Bend
Table 5. Equivalent Minor Head Loss and Loss Coefficient for Gate Valve
Case No. I II III IV V
50%
Opened
Q (m3/sec)
V (m/sec)
V2/2g (m)
Minor Head
Loss (m)
Loss Coefficient
70%
Opene
dQ (m3/sec)
V (m/sec)V
2/2g (m)
Minor Head
Loss (m)
Loss Coefficient
80%
Opened
Q (m3/sec)
V (m/sec)
V2/2g (m)
Minor Head
Loss (m)
Loss Coefficient
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
70/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (8): Minor Losses
68
Calculations and Results
Fill in Tables 3 5 with calculated results. Assume that the pipe friction
losses between the upstream and downstream manometer ports are negligible, so the
total head loss is due to minor head losses. Remember the piezometric head is what is
measured with the piezometer (manometer) board on the experimental apparatus.
Questions
1. For Exercise A, prepare plots that show the effect of dynamic head on minor head
loss (i.e. plot graphs of head loss (h) against dynamic head (
), and the effect of flow
rate on loss coefficients (i.e. K against volume flow rateQ).
2. For Exercise B, prepare plots that show the effect of dynamic head on equivalent
head loss (i.e. (h) against (
), and the effect of flow rate on loss coefficients (i.e. K
against volume flow rateQ).
3. Comment on and explain the relationships evident in the plots of Questions 1 and
2. Include a comparison of the loss coefficients and geometry for the four types of
bends.
a. Is it justifiable to treat the loss coefficient as constant for a given
fitting? Explain.
b. How does the loss coefficient for the gate valve vary with the extent of
the opening of the valve? Explain.4. Compare the experimental loss-coefficient values for different fittings to those
found in a fluid mechanics text book (or another source). Be sure to site the
source of the published values.
5. Does the static pressure increase or decrease for the enlargement and contraction?
Explain the increase or decrease in static pressure.
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
71/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (8): Minor Losses
69
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
72/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (8): Minor Losses
70
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
73/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (8): Minor Losses
71
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
74/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (8): Minor Losses
72
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
75/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (9): Centrifugal Pump
73
Experiment 10: Centrifugal Pump
Introduction:
Pumps fall into two main categories: positive displacement pumps and
rotodynamic pumps.
In a positive displacement pump, a fixed volume of fluid is forced from one
chamber into another. One of the oldest and most familiar designs is the reciprocating
engine, utilising a piston moving inside a cylinder. Steam pumps, the 'nodding
donkey', stirrup pumps and hydraulic rams are all of this type. Animal hearts are also
positive displacement pumps, which use volume reduction of one chamber to force
flow into another chamber.
The FM50 pump is, by contrast, a rotodynamic machine. Rotodynamic (or simply
dynamic) pumps impart momentum to a fluid, which then causes the fluid to move
into the delivery chamber or outlet. Turbines and centrifugal pumps all fall into thiscategory.
Pumps
Turbo-hydraulic (Kinetic) pumps Positive Displacement Pumps
Centrifugal Propeller Jet Screw Reciprocating
Pump (Radial) (Axial) (Mixed)
Description:
The apparatus consists of a tank and pipework which delivers water to and from a
small centrifugal pump. The unit is fitted with electronic sensors which measure the
process variables. Signals from these sensors are sent to a computer via an interface
device, and the unit is supplied with data
logging software as standard.
Pump speed and outlet pressure may
be varied to allow the collection ofperformance data over a range of
parameters. The inlet (suction) head
pressure may be adjusted to investigate
the onset of cavitation. An alternative
impeller is also supplied so that the effect
of impeller design may be studied.
For more Details refer to Instruction
Manual FM50.
Figure 1: Centrifugal Pump Demonstration Unit
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
76/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (9): Centrifugal Pump
74
Exercise B
Objective
To create head, power and efficiency characteristic curves for a centrifugal
pump.
Theory
One way of illustrating pump characteristics is to construct contour lines of
constant power or efficiency on a graph of pump head plotted against pump
discharge. These allow engineers to see the maximum efficiency of a pump
over a range of operating parameters, which can assist in the selection of an
appropriate pump to suit particular conditions. An example is given in Figure
2.
Figure 2
Equipment Set Up
If the equipment is not yet ready for use, proceed as follows:
Ensure the drain valve is fully closed.
If necessary, fill the reservoir to within 20cm of the top rim.
Ensure the inlet valve and gate valve are both fully open.
Ensure the equipment is connected to the IFD7 and the IFD7 is connected to a
suitable PC. The red and green indicator lights on the IFD7 should both be
illuminated.
Ensure the IFD7 is connected to an appropriate mains supply, and switch on
the supply.
Run the FM50-304 software. Check that 'IFD: OK' is displayed in the bottom
right corner of the screen and that there are values displayed in all the sensor
display boxes on the mimic diagram.
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
77/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (9): Centrifugal Pump
75
Procedure
Switch on the IFD7.
Switch on theFM50pump within the software using the Pump On button.
In the software, rename the current (blank) results table to '50%' (this will be
the only table if results from Exercise A are not available).
On the mimic diagram of the software, set the pump speed to 50%.
The interface will increase the pump speed until it reaches the required setting.
Allow water to circulate until all air has been f1ushed from the system.
Partially closing and opening the inlet and gate valves a few times will help in
priming the system and eliminating any bubbles caught within the valve
mechanism. Leave the inlet valve fully open.
Close the gate valve to give a flow rate Q of 0. (Note that the pump may not
run well with the gate valve closed or nearly closed, as the back pressure
produced is outside normal operating parameters. The pump should begin to
run more smoothly as the experiment progresses).
Select the icon to record the sensor readings and pump settings on the
results table of the software.
Open the gate valve to allow a low flow rate. Allow sufficient time for the
sensor readings to stabilise then select the icon to record the next set of
data.
Open the gate valve in small increments, allowing the sensor readings to
stabilise then recording the sensor and pump data each time.
Create a new results sheet by selecting the icon (you may also wish to
save the results at this time to avoid losing the data in the event of problems).
Close the gate valve.
Set the pump to 60%.
Select the icon to record the sensor readings and pump settings on the new
results table.
Repeat as before, opening the gate valve in small increments and allowing the
sensor readings to stabilise then recording the sensor and pump data each time.
Close the gate valve.
Repeat the procedure at 70%, 80%, 90% and 100%. Create a new results sheet
for each setting (and save the results if desired- the same file may be
overwritten each time as more data is added). For convenience, rename each
sheet of results in the software with the pump setting.
Ensure the results are saved after taking the final set of results.
Switch the pump off. If not proceeding directly to another exercise then switchoff the IFD7 and close the FM50 software.
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
78/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (9): Centrifugal Pump
76
Results
On the same graph plot Total Head H t against Flow Rate Q for each setting.Graphs may be produced using the software graph facility, in which case theresulting graph with multiple plots must be printed. Alternatively the resultsmay be imported into a more sophisticated spreadsheet program that allows
the following procedure to be performed.
Select a value for efficiency, for example 40%. On each line plotted, mark thepoints at which an efficiency of 40% is achieved (the data is unlikely toinclude recorded points at which the efficiency is exactly 40%, so estimate the
points based on the values obtained). Where the pump performance at aparticular setting does not ever correspond to the efficiency chosen, notewhether the efficiency would lie above the line or to the right of the pump
performance curve. Join the marked points to form a smooth curve.
Repeat for other efficiency values. for example 35%.45% and 5090. to give a
family of efficiency curves.
Create and/or print a second head-flow rate graph for all pump frequencies.
Using the same procedure as for drawing contour lines of constant efficiency,
produce curves for constant mechanical power.
Conclusion
Examine and describe the shapes of the efficiency and power curves obtained.Are the shapes consistent? How do they relate to the head-flow rate
characteristic? How do the efficiency and power curves relate to each other?
Compare the results to the example pump curves presented in the theory
section. How does the pump in the example compare to the pump on the FM50in terms of capacity, power, and efficiency?
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
79/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (9): Centrifugal Pump
77
Calculations
Table 1: Example of data taken from the Software (Setting 50%)
SampleNumber
NotesPump
Setting
S[%]
PumpSpeed
n[rpm]
WaterTemperature
T[C]
InletPressure
Pin[kPa]
OutletPressure
Pout[kPa]
MotorTorque
t[Nm]
FlowRate
Q[l/s]
Densityof
water
[kg/m]
1 50 750 26.7 2.6 18.5 0.62 0.04 997
2 50 750 27.2 2.7 18.3 0.64 0.12 996
3 50 750 26.7 2.3 17.7 0.64 0.21 997
4 50 750 26.9 2.2 17.0 0.66 0.29 997
5 50 750 27.1 1.6 15.4 0.65 0.40 997
6 50 750 27.4 1.3 14.0 0.67 0.49 996
7 50 750 26.7 0.9 13.1 0.66 0.54 997
8 50 750 27.0 0.3 11.0 0.67 0.60 997
9 50 750 26.6 0.2 10.1 0.69 0.64 997
10 50 750 26.7 -0.4 9.5 0.68 0.66 99711 50 750 26.8 -0.6 8.6 0.68 0.69 997
12 50 750 27.1 -0.9 8.1 0.68 0.72 996
13 50 750 26.7 -1.1 7.1 0.67 0.74 997
14 50 750 27.1 -1.0 7.2 0.70 0.76 996
15 50 750 26.7 -1.1 6.5 0.68 0.76 997
16 50 750 27.5 -1.0 6.2 0.69 0.76 996
17 50 750 27.1 -1.2 6.2 0.72 0.77 996
18 50 750 26.7 -1.2 6.2 0.70 0.77 997
19 50 750 27.4 -1.2 6.4 0.68 0.76 996
Table 1 (Cont.): Example 50% setting (n = 750 rpm)
InletVelocity
Vin[m/s]
OutletVelocity
Vout[m/s]
StaticHead
Hs[m]
VelocityHead
Hv[m]
ElevationHead
He[m]
TotalHead
Ht[m]
HydraulicPower
Ph[W]
MechanicalPower
Pm[W]
PumpEfficiency
E[%]
PredictedFlowRate[l/s]
0.090 0.162 1.627 0.001 0.075 1.70 0.7 48.4 1.3 0.03
0.275 0.495 1.596 0.009 0.075 1.68 2.0 50.5 3.9 0.08
0.491 0.885 1.570 0.028 0.075 1.67 3.5 50.3 6.9 0.14
0.675 1.218 1.516 0.052 0.075 1.64 4.7 52.1 9.0 0.20
0.919 1.657 1.413 0.097 0.075 1.58 6.2 50.8 12.2 0.27
1.135 2.046 1.302 0.148 0.075 1.52 7.3 52.7 13.9 0.33
1.256 2.266 1.250 0.181 0.075 1.51 8.0 51.8 15.5 0.36
1.378 2.485 1.097 0.218 0.075 1.39 8.1 52.6 15.5 0.40
1.468 2.647 1.020 0.247 0.075 1.34 8.4 54.4 15.4 0.42
1.531 2.761 1.012 0.269 0.075 1.36 8.8 53.2 16.6 0.44
1.594 2.875 0.935 0.292 0.075 1.30 8.8 53.3 16.5 0.46
1.653 2.980 0.919 0.313 0.075 1.31 9.2 53.4 17.2 0.48
1.716 3.094 0.837 0.338 0.075 1.25 9.1 52.8 17.2 0.50
1.747 3.151 0.839 0.350 0.075 1.26 9.4 54.9 17.1 0.51
1.747 3.151 0.777 0.350 0.075 1.20 8.9 53.1 16.8 0.51
1.747 3.151 0.733 0.350 0.075 1.16 8.6 54.2 15.9 0.51
1.774 3.199 0.757 0.361 0.075 1.19 9.0 56.2 16.0 0.51
1.774 3.199 0.754 0.361 0.075 1.19 9.0 55.1 16.2 0.511.747 3.151 0.775 0.350 0.075 1.20 8.9 53.8 16.5 0.51
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
80/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (9): Centrifugal Pump
78
Table 1 (Cont.): 50% setting (n = 750 rpm)
PredictedTotalHead[m]
VapourPressure
Pv[kPa]
Net +veSuction Head
Available[m]
PipeLength
L[m]
PipeDiameter
d[m]
Coefficientk
[-]
CoefficientC
[-]
SystemHeadLoss[m]
WalkthroughQuestions
Score[%]
0.757 36.64 6.73 0.916 0.032 4.9 140 0.06
0.746 37.33 6.68 0.916 4.9 0.21
0.743 36.64 6.72 0.916 4.9 0.40
0.730 36.89 6.71 0.916 4.9 0.58
0.704 37.14 6.67 0.916 4.9 0.86
0.678 37.58 6.64 0.916 4.9 1.13
0.669 36.70 6.72 0.916 4.9 1.29
0.618 37.08 6.66 0.916 4.9 1.46
0.597 36.57 6.73 0.916 4.9 1.60
0.603 36.64 6.69 0.916 4.9 1.69
0.578 36.82 6.68 0.916 4.9 1.79
0.581 37.20 6.63 0.916 4.9 1.88
0.555 36.64 6.69 0.916 4.9 1.98
0.562 37.20 6.65 0.916 4.9 2.04
0.534 36.70 6.69 0.916 4.9 2.04
0.515 37.65 6.60 0.916 4.9 2.04
0.530 37.20 6.64 0.916 4.9 2.08
0.529 36.64 6.70 0.916 4.9 2.08
0.533 37.58 6.59 0.916 4.9 2.04
Figure 3: Pump Curves for different velocities
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60
TotalHeadHt[m]
Flow Rate Q [l/s]
Pump Curves for different velocities (rpm)
725
955
1525
155
1325
1255
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
81/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (9): Centrifugal Pump
79
Exercise C
Objective
To investigate the use of the affinity laws in predicting the head-flow
characteristic for a pump.
Theory
When selecting a pump for a system, it is seldom practical to test the
performance of every size of pump in a manufacturer's range at all speeds at
which it may be designed to run. It is therefore useful to have a mathematical
solution that allows assumptions can be made about operating characteristics
of a pump running at one speed, impeller size, etc. from experimental results
taken at another.
The multiple curves obtained from plotting measured pump characteristics on
dimensional axes can be reduced to a single curve if appropriate dimensionless
groups are used. Provided the effects of t1uid viscosity on pump performance
are small, and that cavitation is not occurring, the characteristic of a given type
and shape of pump may be represented by: where n is the pump speed (rpm or Hz), and D is the impeller diameter (m)
For a single curve of the type suggested by this equation to represent more
than one operating condition of the particular type of pump, the criterion ofdynamic similarity must be fulfilled. That is, all fluid velocities at
corresponding points within the machine are in the same direction and
proportional to impeller speed. When this is the case, as for a particular pump
operated at different speeds, a simple graph of data is formed, as depicted in
Figure 4:
Figure 4: Dimensionless head-discharge characteristic of a particular centrifugal pump
operated at different speeds
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
82/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (9): Centrifugal Pump
80
The dimensionless equation given previously is the basis from which the
affinity laws are derived. The affinity laws allow the performance of
geometrically similarpumps of different sizes or speeds to be predicted
accurately enough for practical purposes.
The methods used for deriving the affinity laws will not be presented here, but
the laws are as follows:
Power Coefficient Flow Coefficient Head Coefficient
These Laws are most often used to calculate changes in now rate, head and
power of a pump when the size, rotational speed or fluid density is changed.
The following formulae are derived from the above considerations, and allow
calculation of total head H, and power Pm at one speed n. to be deduced from
those measured at another speed n2: More generally, the relationship between two geometrically similar machines
with characteristic diameters D1 and D2 operating at rotational speeds n1 and
n2 is shown in Figure 5. For any two points at which values of (gH / n2D2) and
(Q / nD3) are the same, it follows that:
and These are termed corresponding points.
The power coefficient and the resulting efficiency E can be compared in
a similar manner.
Figure 5:Relationship of performance characteristics for geometrically similar machinesoperating at different speeds
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
83/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (9): Centrifugal Pump
81
Equipment Set Up
If the results from Exercise B are available then no further data is required.
Ensure you understand the Theory section then proceed directly to the results.
This experiment may be undertaken directly following another experiment, inwhich case the equipment will already be prepared and need only be switched
back out of standby mode again.
If the equipment is not yet ready for use, proceed as follows:
Ensure the drain valve is fully closed.
If necessary, fill the reservoir to within 20cm of the top rim. Ensure the inlet
valve and the gate valve are both fully open.
Ensure the equipment is connected to the IFD7 and the IFD7 is connected to a
suitable PC. The red and green indicator lights on the IFD7 should both be
illuminated.
Ensure the IFD7 is connected to an appropriate mains supply, and switch on
the supply.
Run the FM50-304 software. Check that 'IFD: OK' is displayed in the bottom
right corner of the screen and that there are values displayed in all the sensor
display boxes on the mimic diagram
Procedure
The results from Exercise B may be used to perform the calculations and to
create the graphs for this exercise. Where these results are available, no further
data is required. Proceed directly to the Results section. If results are not
available, proceed as follows:
Switch on the IFD7.
Switch on the FM50 pump within the software.
In the software, set the pump to 50%.
Allow water to circulate until all air has been flushed from the system. Close
the gate valve to give a flow rate Q of 0.
Select the icon to record the sensor readings and pump settings on the
results table of the software.
Open the gate valve to give a very low flow rate. Allow sufficient time for the
sensor readings to stabilise then select the icon to record the next set of
data.
Open the gate valve in small increments, allowing the sensor readings to
stabilise then recording the sensor and pump data each time.
Create a new results sheet by selecting the icon (you may also wish to
save the results at this time to avoid losing the data in the event of problems).
Set the pump to 70%.
Close the gate valve.
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
84/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (9): Centrifugal Pump
82
Select the icon to record the sensor readings and pump settings on the new
results table.
Open the gate valve to give a very low flow rate. Allow sufficient time for the
sensor readings to stubilise, then select the icon to record the next set of
data.Repeat, opening the gate valve in small increments and allowing the sensor
readings to stabilise, then recording the sensor and pump data each time.
Ensure the results are saved using 'Save' or 'Save As .. .' from the software File
menu after taking the final set of results.
Switch off the FM50 within the software using the Power On/Standby button.
Switch off the IFD7.
Results
The results taken at 70% will be used with the affinity laws to give predicted
results at 50%. This will then be compared to the actual results at 50%.The software uses the affinity laws and to calculate the predicted values of Ht2 at predicted flow rates Q2 and 50%
setting from the measured values of Htl and Q1 and the values n1 = 70 and n2 =
50.
Plot a graph of Predicted Head against Predicted Flow Rate.
Plot the measured Total Head at 50% against measured Flow Rate at 50% (if
the data is exported into a dedicated spread sheet package or similar then itmay be possible to plot both graphs on the same axes).
Conclusion
Compare the predicted results at 50% with the measured results. How accurate
were the values obtained using the affinity laws? Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of this technique for pump system design
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
85/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (9): Centrifugal Pump
83
Calculations
Table 2: Data for 50% Setting and 70% setting from software
Practical
70% = 1050 rpm 50% = 750 rpm
SampleNumber
FlowRate
Q[l/s]
TotalHead
Ht[m]
FlowRate
Q[l/s]
TotalHead
Ht[m]
1 0.08 3.41 0.04 1.70
2 0.15 3.38 0.12 1.68
3 0.27 3.26 0.21 1.67
4 0.43 3.26 0.29 1.64
5 0.56 3.11 0.40 1.58
6 0.66 2.99 0.49 1.527 0.76 2.88 0.54 1.51
8 0.82 2.79 0.60 1.39
9 0.89 2.68 0.64 1.34
10 0.93 2.63 0.66 1.36
11 1.00 2.58 0.69 1.30
12 1.01 2.52 0.72 1.31
13 1.04 2.42 0.74 1.25
14 1.04 2.33 0.76 1.26
15 1.06 2.44 0.76 1.20
16 1.05 2.34 0.76 1.16
17 1.06 2.34 0.77 1.19
18 1.08 2.38 0.77 1.1919 1.08 2.35 0.76 1.20
20 1.06 2.34
Figure 6
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50
TotalHeadHt[m]
Flow Rate Q [l/s]
Practical
70% = 1050 rpm
50% = 750 rpm
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
86/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (9): Centrifugal Pump
84
Using Similarity Laws to calculate Q and Ht for 50% and Table 3: Data for 70% setting from software and 50% Setting from Similarity Laws
Similarity Laws70% = 1050 rpm Calculated 50% = 750 rpm
SampleNumber
FlowRate
Q[l/s]
TotalHead
Ht[m]
FlowRate
Q[l/s]
TotalHead
Ht[m]
1 0.08 3.41 0.06 1.74
2 0.15 3.38 0.10 1.72
3 0.27 3.26 0.19 1.66
4 0.43 3.26 0.30 1.66
5 0.56 3.11 0.40 1.596 0.66 2.99 0.47 1.53
7 0.76 2.88 0.54 1.47
8 0.82 2.79 0.59 1.42
9 0.89 2.68 0.64 1.37
10 0.93 2.63 0.66 1.34
11 1.00 2.58 0.71 1.32
12 1.01 2.52 0.72 1.29
13 1.04 2.42 0.74 1.23
14 1.04 2.33 0.74 1.19
15 1.06 2.44 0.76 1.24
16 1.05 2.34 0.75 1.19
17 1.06 2.34 0.76 1.19
18 1.08 2.38 0.77 1.22
19 1.08 2.35 0.77 1.20
20 1.06 2.34 0.76 1.19
Figure 7
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50
TotalHeadHt
[m]
Flow Rate Q [l/s]
Affinity Laws
70% = 1050
rpm
Calculated
50% = 750
rpm
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
87/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (9): Centrifugal Pump
85
Exercise D
Objective
To investigate the effect of changing inlet head on pump performance.
Method
By varying the pressure at the inlet to the pump using a manual valve to
control the available flow.
Theory
In both the design and operation of a rotodynamic machine, careful attention
has to be paid to the fluid conditions on the suction side. In particular, it is
important to check the minimum pressure that can arise at any point to ensurethat cavitation does not take place.
Cavitation
If the pressure at any point is less than the vapour pressure of the liquid at the
temperature at that point, vaporisation will occur. This is most likely to arise in
the suction side where the lowest pressures are experienced. The vaporised
liquid appears as bubbles within the liquid, and these subsequently collapse
with such force that mechanical damage may be sustained. This condition,known as cavitation, is accompanied by a marked increase in noise and
vibration in addition to the loss of head.
suction pipe.
:FM 51
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
88/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (9): Centrifugal Pump
86
Exercise E
Objective
To obtain a Head - Flow curve for the piping system through which the fluid is
to be pumped. To determine the operating point of the pump.
Theory
System analysis for a pumping installation is used to select the most suitable
pumping units and to define their operating points. System analysis involves
calculating a head - flow curve for the pumping system (valves, pipes, fittings
etc.) and using this curve in conjunction with the performance curves of the
available pumps to select the most appropriate pump(s) for use within the
system.
The system curve is a graphic representation of the flow rate in the system with
respect to system head. It represents the relationship between flow rate and
hydraulic losses in a system. Such losses are due to the system design (e.g.
bends and fittings, surface roughness) and operating conditions (e.g.
temperature).
Assuming that
Flow velocity is proportional to volume now rate
Losses in the system are proportional to the square of the now velocity
it follows that system head loss must be proportional to the square of thevolume flow rate, and the system head - now graph will therefore be parabolic
in shape.
Calculations
Table 4
System Curve
Sample
Number
Pump
SettingS[%]
Pump
Speedn[rpm]
Flow
RateQ[l/s]
Total
HeadHt[m]
1 100 1500 1.49 4.28
2 90 1350 1.36 3.78
3 80 1200 1.22 3.03
4 70 1050 1.08 2.33
5 60 900 0.92 1.71
6 50 750 0.77 1.16
7 40 600 0.61 0.74
8 30 450 0.46 0.38
9 20 300 0.30 0.15
10 10 150 0.13 -0.0111 0 0 0.00 -0.05
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
89/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (9): Centrifugal Pump
87
Table 5
Pump Curve
SampleNumber
PumpSetting
S[%]
PumpSpeed
n[rpm]
FlowRate
Q[l/s]
TotalHead
Ht[m]
1 70 1050 1.08 2.28
2 70 1050 1.02 2.38
3 70 1050 1.00 2.55
4 70 1050 0.97 2.60
5 70 1050 0.92 2.69
6 70 1050 0.85 2.74
7 70 1050 0.80 2.86
8 70 1050 0.69 2.89
9 70 1050 0.61 3.10
10 70 1050 0.49 3.16
11 70 1050 0.35 3.28
12 70 1050 0.24 3.3413 70 1050 0.13 3.39
14 70 1050 0.09 3.41
Figure 8
:pump curvesystem curve
flow(outlet valve fully opened.)
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00TotalHeadHt[m]
Flow Rate Q [l/s]
Operating Point
Pump Curve
System Curve
Operating Point
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
90/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (10): Series & Parallel Pumps
88
Experiment 11: Series and Parallel Pumps
Introduction to the Equipment
The apparatus consists of a tank and pipework which delivers water to and
from two identical centrifugal pumps. The unit is fitted with electronic sensorswhich measure the process variables. Signals from these sensors are sent to a
computer via an interface device, and the unit is supplied with data logging
software as standard.
The speed of one of the pumps may be varied to allow the collection of
performance data over a range of parameters. Outlet pressures may be varied
to control the flow rate. Flow through the system may be set to allow single
pump operation, series pump operation or parallel pump operation.
Figure 1: Series and Parallel Pumps Demonstration Unit
Pumps
The two pumps are motor-driven centrifugal pumps. On pump 1 the speed ofthe motor is adjustable to give a range of 0 to 100%, allowing operation as asingle pump for pump performance analysis. Pump 2 is an identical model butis run at its design speed, which is equivalent to a setting of 80% on thevariable-speed pump for a 50Hz electrical supply, or 100% for a 60 Hz supply.The pump bodies and cover plates are made from clear acrylic, allowing the
impellers to be observed.
Inlet valve
A manual ball valve controls the inlet (suction) head supplied to the pumps.This valve should be fully open except when investigating the effect of inlet
pressure on pump performance and cavitation formation.
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
91/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (10): Series & Parallel Pumps
89
Setting the flow path
The system may be configured to drive flow
using single, series or parallel pumps. The
system valves are as shown:
Valves should be set to configure the system as follows. The software should also be
set to the corresponding flow path to ensure that the correct calculations are
performed.
Single Pump:
Series Pumps:
Parallel Pumps:
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
92/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (10): Series & Parallel Pumps
90
Exercise F
Objective
To investigate the result on discharge and total head of operating pumps in
series.
Theory
A single pump may be insufficient to produce the performance required.
Combining two pumps increases the pumping capacity of the system. Two
pumps may be connected inseries, so that water passes first through one pump
and then through the second. When two pumps operate in series, the flow rate
is the same as for a single pump but the total head is increased. The combined
pump head-capacity curve is found by adding the heads of the single pump
curves at the same capacity.
Figure 2
Equipment Set Up
Ensure the drain valve is fully closed.
If necessary, fill the reservoir to within 10 cm of the top rim.
Check that both pumps are fitted with similar impellers (the impellers may be
viewed through the clear cover plate of each pump).
Ensure the inlet valve and gate valve are both fully open.
Set the 3-way valve for flow in series (the earlier experiments have all usedthis valve set for flow in parallel).
Ensure the equipment is connected to the IFD7 and the IFD7 is connected to a
suitable PC. The red and green indicator lights on the IFD7 should both be
illuminated.
Ensure the IFD7 is connected to an appropriate mains supply, and switch on
the supply. Switch on the IFD7.
Run the FM51-304 software. Check that 'IFD: OK' is displayed in the bottom
right corner of the screen and that there are values displayed in all the sensor
display boxes on the mimic diagram.
8/22/2019 Hydraulics-Lab-2-
93/111
Hydraulics Lab - ECIV 3122 Experiment (10): Series & Parallel Pumps
91
Procedure
Both pumps must be used at the same setting in this experiment, to ensure
identical performance. As the speed of Pump 2 is fixed at its design
operational point, Pump 1 should be set to match - select 80% for a 50Hz
electrical supply, or 100% for 60 Hz.Allow water to circulate until all air has been flushed from the system.
If results are already available for a single pump across its full flow range,
load those results into the software now and jump to the section of this
exercise using two pumps. If results are not available then proceed as follows:
Single pump performance:
Close Pump 2 outlet valve and open Pump 1 outlet valve.
In the software, on the mimic diagram, set the 'Mode' to 'Single' by selecting
the appropriate radio button.
Rename the results sheet to 'Single'.
Select the icon to record the sensor readings and pump settings on the
results table of the software.
Close the gate valve to reduce the flow by a small amount. Select the icon
again.
Continue to close the gate valve to give increment