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Catalogue of illusions
http://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/˜akitaoka/cataloge.html[18-11-2009
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A catalogue of illusionsAccess since September 22, 2004
Renewal April 2008
< Geometrical illusion (illusion of shape) >
Müller-Lyerillusion
The two horizontal bars are the same inlength but the lower one
appears to bemuch longer than the upper one.
Click this image,
and a high-resolution bitmap of the
Müller-Lyer illusion will be available.
Ebbinghausillusion
(Titchener
illusion)
(Ebbinghaus
illusion of
size)
(Ebbinghaus
size illusion)
(Ebbinghaus
areal illusion)
A circle is surrounded by smaller circlesappears to be larger
than the circle of thesame size surrounded by larger circles.
Delboeufillusion,underestimationof the outercircle
A circle appears to be smaller than it iswhen a slightly smaller
circle is drawn init.
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Catalogue of illusions
http://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/˜akitaoka/cataloge.html[18-11-2009
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Delboeufillusion,overestimationof the innercircle
A circle appears to be larger than it iswhen it is surrounded by
a slightly largercircle.
Delboeufillusion,underestimationof the innercircle
A circle appears to be smaller than it iswhen it is surrounded
by a much largercircle.
Ponzo illusion
The object nearer to the apex appears tobe larger than the other
of the same size.
Ehrensteinillusion
(Ehrenstein
1925)
The square appears to be distorted inwhich the right side
appears to be tapered.
Jastrow illusion
The two curved figures are of the samesize but the inner one
appears to be largerthan the outer one. Actually, this illusionwas
first presented by Müller-Lyer(1889), not by Jastow (1891).
(the upper image)
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Catalogue of illusions
http://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/˜akitaoka/cataloge.html[18-11-2009
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Poggendorffillusion
The right oblique line segment appears tobe upper than the
extension of the leftone, though they are just aligned.
Zöllner illusion
The horizontal lines appear to tilt to theright and the left
alternately. This illusionis characterized by acute-angle
expansion.
Basic image
Image with five induced lines
Hering illusion
The parallel line appear to curve outward.
Café Wallillusion
The gray line is horizontal but appears totilt counterclockwise
in the upper image.In the lower image, the horizontal graylines
appear to tilt clockwise,counterclockwise,
clockwise,counterclockwise from the top to thebottom, respectively.
When the line isblack, the illusions is called theMünsterberg
illusion.
Basic image
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Catalogue of illusions
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Image with four induced lines
checkeredillusion
The black line is horizontal but appears totilt down to the
right.
Basic image
Enhanced version
Enhanced version, two dimensional
(dice type)
Illusion ofshifted
gradations
The gray line is horizontal but appears totilt down to the
left.
Illusion of
striped cords
The black-and-white line is horizontal butappears to tilt down
to the left.
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Catalogue of illusions
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The limitedcase of theCafé Wall
illusion
Please read this paper:
Kitaoka, A., Pinna, B., and Brelstaff, G.(2004). Contrast
polarities determine thedirection of Cafe Wall tilts.
Perception,33, 11-20.
cf. Cafe Wall illusion shown below
( )
Reverse CaféWall illusion
The black-and-white line is horizontal butappears to tilt
clockwise.
Illusion of Y-junctions
In this image, the middle horizontal edgeappears to tilt
counterclockwise (Kitaoka,Pinna and Brelstaff, 2001, 2004).
Illusion offringed edges
In this image, the middle horizontal edgeappears to tilt
counterclockwise (Kitaoka,Pinna and Brelstaff, 2001, 2004).
Illusion ofshifted edges
In this image, the whole row appears totilt counterclockwise
though shiftedrectangles are horizontally aligned(Kitaoka, Pinna
and Brelstaff, 2001,2004).
When slightly tilted line segments arealigned horizontally like
the figure, the
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Catalogue of illusions
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Fraser illusion
whole array appears to tilt toward the tiltof the line elements.
This is a reversal ofthe Zöllner illusion or
acute-anglecontraction.
Popple illusion
The phase-shift illusion. When Gaborpatches are aligned
vertically and thephase of carriers is adequately shifted, therow
of the envelope windows appear totilt toward the shift.
Oppel-Kundtillusion
The physical center is the second onefrom the right, which
appears to shiftrightward.
Helmholtzsquare
The vertical side of a square appears to belonger than the
horizontal side when thesquare is filled with a horizontal
grating,and vice versa.
Helmholtz'sangle expansion
The vertical appears to tiltcounterclockwise while the
horizntalappears to tilt clockwise.
The vertical line and the horizontal lineare the same in length
but the formerappears to be longer that the latter.
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Catalogue of illusions
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Fick illusion
Bourdon
illusion
The upper side of the left-lower triangle isactually aligned
with the upper side of theright-upper triangle, the former appears
totilt counterclockwise while the latterclockwise.
Giovanelliillusion
Each dot surrounded by a larger circleappears to shift in
position away from thecenter of the circle.
Shepardillusion
(table-topillusion)
The left parallelogram appears to beslimmer than the right one,
though theyare identical in shape and size.
Shepard, R. N. (1990) Mind sights:original visual illusions,
ambiguities,and other anomalies, with acommentary on the play of
mind inperception and art. New York:Freeman.
According to the book above, the
original was first reported in 1981:
Shepard, R. N. (1981) Psychophysicalcomplementarity. in Kubovy,
M. andPomeranz, J. (Eds.), PerceptualOrganization, Hillsdale, NJ:
LawrenceErlbaum Associates, pp. 279-341. (seep.298)
Assimilation orcapture to the
Shepardillusion
An image drawn in the parallelogram ofthe Shepard illusion
appears to bedistorted, captured by the Shepardillusion.
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Fraser's spiralillusion
Concentric circles appear to be spirals.
Adobe Illustrator file (version 8)
< Illusion of brightness or lightness) >
brightnesscontrast
(lightnesscontrast)
A gray area surrounded by a darkerbackground appears to be
brighter(lighter) than it is, while a gray areasurrounded by a
brighter (lighter)background appears to be darker than it is.
brightnessassimilation(lightness
assimilation)
The gray background with black linesappears to be darker while
the graybackground with white lines appears to belighter.
Anderson'slightnessillusion
(Anderson andWinawer,
2005)
The inset surrounded by the darkerbackground appears to be
lighter than thesame pattern surrounded by the brighterbackground.
The continuity of texture iscritical in this illusion.
gratinginduction
(McCourt,1982)
The physically homogeneous grayoccluder shows an apparent
brightnessgrating that is counterphase with theluminance grating.
When the occluder isof the lowest or highest luminance of
thegrating, visual phantoms are observed.
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White's effect
(White, 1979)
A gray grating placed on the black phaseappears to be lighter
than as it is whileone placed on the white phase appears tobe
darker as it is. In this image, the grayin the left half appears to
be lighter thanthat in the right half, though they areidentical in
lightness. White's effect canbe thought of as the achromatic
Munkerillusion.
White's dottedlightnessillusion
(White, 1982)
The gray square in the left half appears tobe lighter than that
in the right half,though they are the same in lightness.This
illusion does not depend on T-junctions.
Ehrenstein'sfigure
(Ehrenstein,1941)
The illusory circles appear to be brighterthan the background
though they are ofthe same luminance.
Hermann gridillusion
(Hermann,
1870)
There appear to be dark dots on thecrosses of white streets.
Scintillatinggrid illusion
Illusory black dots appear to scintillate inwhite circles. cf.
Bergen's illusion
->
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Bergen illusion Black flashes appear to scintillate in
whitecrosses.
Mach band
Illusory dark (D) or light (L) lines areobserved at the borders
betweenhomogeneous luminance fields andluminance gradients.
Craik-O'Brien-Cornsweet
effect
It appears as if there were dark, light, darkand light fields
when seen from the left tothe right, they are actually of the
sameluminance.
When a dark image and a light image areconnected to each other,
the border of the
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Catalogue of illusions
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Chevreulillusion
former appears to be darker while that ofthe latter appears to
be lighter. Thisillusion is frequently called the "Machband", which
is wrong, however.
Vasarelyillusion
(Jameson andHurvich, 1975;Morgan, 1996;Ninio, 2001;
Martinez-Conde and
Macknik, 2001)
The diagonals appear to be light in theright image while they
appear to be darkin the right image, though there are noluminance
changes in diagonals. Jamesonand Hurvich (1975, Leonardo, 8,
125-131,p.129) pointed out this effect in works ofVictor Vasarely,
the most famous opartist.
Catalogue ofbrightness or
lightnessillusions
"ProfessorMark McCour's
talk inRitsumeikan
2008" version
< Illusion of color >
Color contrast
(Chromatic
contrast)
When a small patch is surrounded by acolor field, the patch
appears to be tintedin the opponent color of the surroundingfield.
In this image, a gray patch appearsto be tinted reddish when
surrounded by agreen field.
The gray background with blue linesappears to be bluish while
the gray
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Colorassimilation
(Chromatic
assimilation)
background with yellow lines appears tobe yellowish.
Colorassimilation
The orange and purple-red shown in theupper row are the same
red, and theyellowish-green and bluish greendisplayed in the lower
row are the samegreen.
De Valois, andDe Valois's(1988) colorassimilation
The orange and purple-red shown in theupper row are the same
red, and theyellowish-green and bluish greendisplayed in the lower
row are the samegreen.
Saturationcontrast
When a small patch is surrounded by afield that is of the same
color but ofstronger saturation, the patch appears tobe tinted less
vivid (less saturated). On theother hand, when a small patch
issurrounded by a field that is of the samecolor but of weaker
saturation, the patchappears to be tinted more vivid
(moresaturated). In this image, the right smallpatch appears to be
more vivid than theleft one, though they are the same in colorand
saturation.
Munker illusion
(Munker, 1970)
The orange and purple-red shown in theupper row are the same
red, and theyellowish-green and bluish greendisplayed in the lower
row are the samegreen. The Munker illusion is thechromatic White
effect.
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McCollougheffect
(McCollough,1965)
After alternately viewing a vertical stripeof black and magenta
and a horizontalone of black and green, observers seeillusory green
in a vertical stripe of blackand white and illusory magenta in
ahorizontal one of black and white.
Colorconstancy
new!
The right eye appears to be bluish whilethe left eye appears to
be gray, thoughboth are physically gray.
< Visual completion >
Neon colorspreading
(Varin, 1971;Van Tuijl,
1975)
When crossing points of a black gratingin front of a white
background arereplaced with color crosses, the colorappears to go
out into the background.
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Kanizsatriangle
Kanizsa (1976,1980)
An illusory triangle appears to be in frontof three black
circles and a line-drawingtriangle, though there are not
completecircles or a complete line-drawingtriangle.
Kanizsa, G. (1980) Grammatica del
vedere. Saggi su percezione e
gestalt. Bologna: Società editrice il
Mulino.
Watercolorillusion
In this image, the corridor part of thesquare appears to be
tinted green though itis white (Pinna, Brelstaff and
Spillmann,2001; Pinna, Werner and Spillmann,2003).
Samples of watercolor illusion
Wave-linecolor illusion
The white background appears to be tintedorange behind orange
waves.
Sohmiya, S. (2007) A wave-line colourillusion. Perception, 36,
1396-1398.
Visualphantoms(stationaryphantoms)
When a dark-to-light luminance grating isoccluded by a dark
occluder, the darkregions of the grating appear to cross infront of
the occluder.
Gyoba, J. (1983) Stationaryphantoms: A completion effectwithout
motion and flicker. VisionResearch, 23, 205-211.
Kitaoka, A., Gyoba, J., and Sakurai, K.(2006) Chapter 13 The
visual phantomillusion: a perceptual product of surfacecompletion
depending on brightness and
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contrast. Progress in Brain Research, 154(Visual Perception Part
1), 247-262.
PubMedPBR PDF Reprint request to me
Visualphantoms
('light'stationaryphantoms)
When a dark-to-light luminance grating isoccluded by a bright
(light) occluder, thebright (light) regions of the grating appearto
cross in front of the occluder.
Sakurai, K. and Gyoba, J. (1985)Optimal occluder luminance
forseeing stationary visual phantoms.Vision Research, 25,
1735-1740.
< Illusion of visual motion >
Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2008 (April 29)
Apparentmovement
Objects appear to shift between twostationary images when
presentedsuccessively.
After watching a moving pattern for awhile (adaptation) and
switching the gazeto a stationary image, the observer seesthe
visual field where he/she keptwatching the motion move in the
oppositedirection. References
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17010715&query_hl=5&itool=pubmed_docsumhttp://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookseriesdescription.cws_home/BS_PBR/descriptionhttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/phantom2006PBR.pdfmailto:[email protected]?Subject=PDF%20request%20for%20illusion%20paperhttp://platform.visiome.neuroinf.jp/modules/xoonips/detail.php?item_id=6179http://platform.visiome.neuroinf.jp/modules/xoonips/detail.php?item_id=6180http://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/amovement.htmlhttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/amovement.htmlhttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/amovement.htmlhttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/MAEref.txt
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Motionaftereffect
An adaptation stimulus to visual motion isavailable in
Visiome.
Rubber pencilillusion
A pencil appears to bend when wiggled.
Pomerantz, J. R. (1983) The rubber pencilillusion. Perception
& Psychophysics, 33,365-368.
Ouchi illusion
(Ouchi, 1977;Spillmann et al
1986)
The inset appears to move.
Fraser-Wilcoxillusion
(Fraser andWilcox, 1979)
Disks appear to rotate spontaneously.Many people see
counterclockwiserotation in the left disk and clockwiserotation in
the right disk; some people seethe reversal. This individual
difference ishereditary.
OptimizedFraser-Wilcoxillusion
(Kitaoka andAshida, 2003)
(This illusionmight possiblybe differentfrom the
blink-dependentillusion inFaubert andHerbert'speripheral
driftillusion)
Stationary objects appear to move"spontaneously". The direction
of motionis black » dark-gray » white » light-gray »black.
http://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/aspiralMAE01.htmlhttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/aspiralMAE01.htmlhttp://platform.visiome.neuroinf.jp/modules/xoonips/detail.php?item_id=6181http://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/rubberpencilillusion01.gifhttp://platform.visiome.neuroinf.jp/modules/xoonips/detail.php?item_id=5975http://platform.visiome.neuroinf.jp/modules/xoonips/detail.php?item_id=6166http://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/Fraser-Wilcoxillusion3.jpghttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/page_thumb7.html
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Catalogue of illusions
http://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/˜akitaoka/cataloge.html[18-11-2009
15:16:57]
OptimizedFraser-Wilcoxillusion, Type I
(Ashida andKitaoka, 2003;Backus andOruç, 2005;Kitaoka, 2006)
Stationary objects appear to move"spontaneously". The direction
of motionis black » dark-gray, and white » light-gray.
OptimizedFraser-Wilcoxillusion, TypeIIa
(Kitaoka, 2006)
Stationary objects appear to move"spontaneously". The direction
of motionis black » dark-gray » white » light-gray »black.
I think that "Rotating snakes" depends onthis illusion.
The flutteringheart
A red heart on the blue backgroundappears to move in visual
periphery inmesopic vision.
< Others >
Moon illusion
The horizon moon appears to be largerthan the elevated moon.
References
Chromaticnegative
afterimage
Fix your eyes on either of the fixationpoints (crosses) for
several seconds.Then, move your eyes to the other fixationpoint,
and chromatic negative afterimagesappear.
A schematic
explanation
of depth-
reversal
http://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/page_thumb85.htmlhttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/page_thumb86.htmlhttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/fhearte.htmlhttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/fhearte.htmlhttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/fhearte.htmlhttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/moonillusionKokusaikaikans.jpghttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/moonillusion.txthttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/colorafterimage.jpg
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Catalogue of illusions
http://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/˜akitaoka/cataloge.html[18-11-2009
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silhouette
figures,
including the
silhouette
illusion
(Kayahara,
2003)
Reversiblefigure ofapparent
movement
The ring appears to rotate clockwise orcounterclockwise. The
direction ischangeable.
An illusion
design to
advertise
Visiome
(This is not
the formal
design of
Visiome)
Visiome Platform is a digital research
resource archive for vision science.
The available resources include
mathematical models, experimental
stimuli, experimental data, and
analytical tools. Visiome
Copyright Akiyoshi Kitaoka 2008 (April 26; July 31)
An illusion
design to
advertise
Visiome
(This is not
the formal
design of
Visiome)
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Catalogue of illusions
http://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/˜akitaoka/cataloge.html[18-11-2009
15:16:57]
2008>will be available.
"Rotatingsnakes"
(illusion work)
Each disk appears to rotate spontaneously.
(9900 x 7425, 33MB)
Girl of blue eyes 3 2 1
Classification of anomalous motion illusions(August 30,
2004)
Comprehensive classification of illusions(February 15, 2005)
A catalogue of visual illusion, MS-Word version(February 20,
2005)
Classification of color illusion(May 30, 2005)
Thanks to Walter
Akiyoshi's illusion pages
http://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/rotsnakesstrong6b1.jpghttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/rotsnakesstrong6b1.jpghttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/rotsnakesstrong6b1.jpghttp://platform.visiome.neuroinf.jp/modules/xoonips/detail.php?item_id=6291http://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/blueeyegirl3e.htmlhttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/blueeyegirl2e.htmlhttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/blueeyegirle.htmlhttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/classify.htmlhttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/classificatione.htmlhttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/VisualIllusions.dochttp://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/shikisai2005.htmlhttp://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/index-e.htmlhttp://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/index-e.htmlhttp://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/index-e.html
www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jpCatalogue of illusions