Geography, Pre-History Cultures, Colonization Government 1820 – 1865 Westward Expansion, Antebellum South, The Civil War 1865- 1920 Reconstruction,

Geography, Pre-History Cultures, Colonization

Government

1820 – 1865 Westward Expansion, Antebellum South, The Civil War

1865- 1920 Reconstruction, the Progressive Era, WWI

1925 – 1950 Roaring Twenties, Great Depression and World Conflict

1950 – 1970 Civil Rights Movement, Vietnam, Modern Georgia


Which technological advance did not impact the children of the 1980s?A. Development of personal computersB. Development of cellular telephonesC. Development of the InternetD. Development of the automobile

Which event symbolized the end of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union?

A. Establishing the first McDonald’s in RussiaB. Tearing down the Berlin WallC. Opening a Disney World in FranceD. Opening a Starbucks in Moscow

Ecological disasters associated with Operation Desert Storm did not includeA. oil releases into Persian Gulf.B. burning oil fields in Kuwait.C. the devastation of marine wildlife and birds.D. the return of Kuwait to an oil-producing independent state.

1-3


The Georgia representative who was a former freedom rider and co-founder of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was

A. Cynthia McKinney.B. Newt Gingrich.C. John Lewis.D. Sam Nunn.

Georgia’s lottery money can not be usedA. for the state pre-kindergarten program.B. for the HOPE college scholarship program.C. for technology grants to schools and colleges.D. to reduce house and senate appropriations for education.

Which statement best describes the benefit Georgia received from hosting the1996 Olympics?A. Georgia received international media attention and recognition for the state and

the host city, Atlanta, which lead to tourism and international business expansion.B. Georgia received world-class athletic facilities throughout the state for use by its

own citizens and visitors to the state.C. Georgia did not have to pay for the production of the televised Olympic Games.D. The Olympics showcased Georgia’s convention and meeting facilities,

transportation infrastructure, southern hospitality, and inexpensive tourist attractions.(4-6)


Which event was not a foreign act of terrorism against the United States?A. The bombing of the U.S.S. Cole in 2000B. The bombing of military facilities in Beirut in 1983C. The bombing of the New York Twin Towers in 2001D. The bombing of Atlanta’s Olympic festivities

In which decade was most of Georgia’s population rural?A.1950B.1960C.1970D.1980

Who was the mayor responsible for bringing professional sports to Atlanta?A. Ivan AllenB. Lester MaddoxC. Maynard JacksonD. William Hartsfield

(7-9)


To what position did President Jimmy Carter appoint Andrew Young?A. Secretary of the InteriorB. President of South AfricaC. Ambassador to the United NationsD. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

Which of the following Georgians did not march with Dr. Martin Lutcher King in the Civil Rights Movement of the 19650’s and 1960’s?

A. John LewisB. Andrew YoungC. Julian BondD. Eugene Talmadge

When was the last school in Georgia integrated?A. 1962B. 1968C. 1970D. 1971

(10-12)


Which Georgia governor introduced the State Lottery to fund the Hope Scholarship?

A. Jimmy CarterB. Zell MillerC. Sonny PerdueD. Roy Barnes

Atlanta businessmen Ted Turner, Asa Candler, and Bernie Marcus are well known as successful

A. EntrepreneursB. Professional sports team ownersC. Advertising agentsD. Politicians

Who was the first African-American mayor of Atlanta and is know for expanding the airport?

A. Shirley FranklinB. Kasim ReedC. Andrew Young

(13-15) D. Maynard Jackson

Answer card 1-15

1.D 2.B 3.D

4. C 5. D 6. A

7. D 8. A 9. A

10. C 11. D 12. D

13. B 14. A 15. D

Government

Which power is not given to Georgia’s governor by the state constitution?a. Serving as commander-in-chief of the Georgia National Guardb.Signing bills from the legislature into lawc.Preparing an annual budget for consideration by the General Assemblyd.Representing Georgia in meetings with federal officials or other states’ governors

Jimmy Carter’s term as president did not includea. the Camp David Peace Accords.b.establishing diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China

. c.a stable, strong economy.d.the ratification of the Panama Canal treaties.

The supreme court of Georgia hasa. six justices elected by popular vote to six-year terms of office.b.five justices elected by popular vote to four-year terms of office.c.five justices elected by popular vote to seven-year terms of office.d.seven justices elected by popular vote to six-year terms of office.

(16-18)

Government

Which statement best describes how the grand jury protects individual citizens from abuses of power by elected officials?

A. Citizens elected to public office cannot be accused of crimes without a review of those charges by a grand jury.B.Citizens accused of crimes cannot be charged and tried without the approval of the grand jury.C.Citizens cannot receive the death penalty in Georgia without a review of their sentences by the grand jury.D.Citizens cannot be denied due process of law without approval of the grand jury.

Juveniles in Georgia are not guaranteed the right toA. a fair trial.B. be protected from self-incrimination.C. an attorney.D. bail when being detained.

If the governor takes no action on a bill, itA. dies.B. is sent to the people for a vote.C. becomes law without a signature.

(19-21) D. goes back to the legislature.

Government

Which description of a council-manager form of city government is false?A. The council is appointed or elected.B. City council establishes laws and policies.C. The city manager oversees the day-to-day operation of city government.D. The mayor may be appointed or elected.

Which tax is approved and collected only for a five-year period?A. Special purpose local option sales taxB. General local option sales taxC. Ad valorem taxD. State sales tax

Low voter turnout results inA. higher costs for government.B. more efficient government.C. government control by well-organized interest groups.D. less effective government.

(22-24)

Government

Shared services between city and county governments do not include the operation of

A. a local school system.B. business development authorities.C. area hospitals.D. area transportation services.

How many county school systems are in operation in Georgia?A.180B.159C.161D.361

Which requirement is not necessary in order to obtain a city charter from the state legislature?

A. The city must provide police, fire, ambulance, 911, water, and sewage services.B. The city must have at least 200 residents.C. At least 60 percent of the land area must be divided into tracts.D. The city must be three or more miles from the boundaries of the nearest

(25-27) city.

Government

According to the state constitution, Georgia’s governor does not haveA. legislative powers.B. executive powers.C. political powers.D. judicial powers.

Who becomes Georgia’s chief executive officer if both the governor and the lieutenant governor are unable to serve?

A. The secretary of stateB. The attorney generalC. The president pro tempore of state senateD. The speaker of the state house of representatives

Which statement about the Georgia General Assembly is true?A. The General Assembly was formed as a bicameral legislature in 1777, making it older than the United States Congress.B. The General Assembly has 159 members in the house of representatives

(one per county) and 56 members in the senate.C. Members of the legislature must be legal residents of the district from which they are elected for at least one year.D. The two houses of the General Assembly have equal powers and

(28-30) authority under the state constitution.

Government

The supreme court of Georgia hasA. six justices elected by popular vote to six-year terms of office.B. five justices elected by popular vote to four-year terms of office.C. five justices elected by popular vote to seven-year terms of office.D. seven justices elected by popular vote to six-year terms of office.

Which courts are found in each county in Georgia?A. Municipal courts, magistrate courts, probate courts, and juvenile courtsB. Criminal courts, civil courts, municipal courts, and magistrate courtsC. Circuit or regional court, magistrate court, juvenile court, and state tax courtD. Civil courts, criminal courts, probate courts, tax courts, and juvenile courts

Juveniles in Georgia are not guaranteed the right toA. a jury trial.B. be protected from self-incrimination.C. an attorney.D. have a parent present.

(31-33)

Government

Which protection does not apply to juveniles in Georgia’s courts?A. The right to present a defense, introduce evidence, and testify on one’s own behalfB. The protection against a trial without representation by an attorneyC. The protection against a trial without a jury of peersD. The right to confront and question witnesses against them

In determining the punishment or sentencing of a juvenile, a juvenile court judge cannot

A. deny students the right to an education if they have broken school laws.B. place students on probation or release them into the custody of their parents.C. fine students or sentence them to jail terms and mandatory school attendance.D. assign them to alternative programs such as boot camps.

Juveniles who commit specific serious and violent crimes may be placed under the jurisdiction of the state

A. supreme court.B.magistrate court.C.superior court.

(34-36) D.juvenile court.

Answer card 16-3616.D 17. B/C 18. D

19.B 20. D 21. C

22. A 23. A 24.C

25. B 26. B 27. B

28. C 29. D 30. D

31. D 32. A 33. A

34. C 35. A 36. C


The purpose of the Freedmen’s Bureau was to helpA. Former Confederate soldiersB. All free people of the SouthC. All poor people of the SouthD. Former slaves and poor whites

How were tenant farmers different from sharecroppers?A. Tenant farmer owned all their equipmentB. Tenant farmers usually made a small profitC. Tenant farmers bought their seed from the ownerD. Tenant farmers usually didn’t pay rent for their houses

Which plan for reconstruction was easier on the South?A. Lincoln’s PlanB. Johnson’s PlanC. The Congressional PlanD. The Anaconda Plan

(37-39)


What did the 13th Amendment to the Constitution do that brought about many changes in Georgia’s society and economic structure after the Civil War?

A. It freed the slavesB. It changed who owned landC. It gave blacks the right to voteD. It made blacks United States citizens

What did the 15th Amendment do?A. It gave black citizenshipB. It gave blacks their freedomC. It gave blacks the right to voteD. It gave blacks the right too own property

The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed in response to theA. Adoption of laws known as Black Codes by the southern statesB. Rising violence from terrorist organizations such as the Ku Klux KlanC. Refusal of white southerners to provide freedmen with land and farm animalsD. Refusal of some southern states to adopt constitutional provisions

(40 – 42) calling for an end to slavery


The Ku Klux Klan began in Tennessee in 1865 as a A. Social clubB. Terrorist groupC. College fraternityD. Church organization

The main goal of the KKK was toA. Return land to former ConfederatesB. Attract members from all social classesC. Force the carpetbaggers out of the SouthD. Keep freedmen from voting

Which Georgian and his description are matched correctly?A. Tom Watson – civil rights leaderB. Hoke Smith – inventor of the steam engineC. Henry Grady – editor of The Atlanta JournalD. Robert Toombs – mayor of Atlanta after the Civil War

(43-45)


Which of the following was not a result of the Atlanta riot of 1906?A. The mayor of Atlanta resignedB. Martial law was declaredC. Eighteen African Americans were killedD. Hundreds of people marched on Marietta

According to the Supreme Court ruling in Plessey v Ferguson, what was considered legal and Constitutional?

A. Separate but EqualB. The Ku Klux KlanC. White PrimariesD. The headright system

What was the purpose of Jim Crow laws in the South?A. To make alcohol illegalB. To continue white controlC. To promote industry in GeorgiaD. To provide equal opportunities for black Georgians

(46-48)


Rebecca Felton did NOT support theA. Women’s suffrage movementB. Temperance movementC. Prison ReformD. Convict Lease system

What happened to Leo Frank after his trial?A. He was sentenced and put to death in the electric chairB. He was abducted from the jail and lynchedC. He spent the rest of his life in prisonD. He was found innocent and moved back to New York

Who was the found of the Atlanta Life Insurance Company in the early 1900’s?A. Alonzo HerndonB. Horatio AlgerC. Asa CandlerD. Henry Grady

(49-51)

Answer card 37-48

37. D 38. B 39. A

40. A 41. C 42. B

43. A 44. D 45. C

46. A 47. A 48. B

49. D 50. B 51. A


What land scandal took place when Georgia’s governor and some legislators were bribed to sell public land to private developers at cheap prices?

A. Yazoo Land FraudB. Trail of Tears fraudC. Georgia’s Land LotteryD. Chattahoochee Land Fraud

The cotton gin was invented by A. Elijah WoodB. Eli WhitneyC. Edward JonesD. John Wesley

What was the purpose of the headright system in Georgia?A. It provided land for the head of the familyB. It determined the voting and election districtsC. It established a method of collecting taxesD. It provided a system of counting population

(52-54)


Which church provided circuit riders to frontier settlements for religious services?A. BaptistB. CatholicC. EpiscopalD. Methodist

What discovery led to the Cherokee losing their land in Georgia?A. Oil in ColumbusB. Silver in Creek landsC. Gold in DahlonegaD. Zinc in Madison

Who invented the Cherokee syllabary?A. William McIntoshB. James VannC. George TroupD. Sequoyah a.k.a. George Gist

(55-57)


The removal of the Cherokee from Georgia is remembered as theA. Trail of TearsB. Overland TrailC. Northwest PassageD. Long Journey of Despair

The Cherokee were taken to Indian Territory which is the present-day state ofA. UtahB. ArkansasC. KansasD. Oklahoma

What was the major source of labor on Southern plantations before the Civil War?A. SharecroppersB. SlavesC. Indentured servantsD. Child labor

(58-60)


Someone who believed in States’ Rights would probably support which statement?

A. National laws always take precedence over state laws.B. The national government has no right to tell states how to operateC. States should only pass legislation on issues supported in the U.S. ConstitutionD. The national government should settle disputes between states

Which was a result of the Missouri Compromise?A. Owning slaves was prohibited in Washington, D.C.B. California was allowed to enter the Union as a free stateC. Texas was allowed to annex New MexicoD. Prohibited slavery north of the 36.20” line

The bloodiest battle in Georgia and the 2nd deadliest battle of the Civil War wasA. ShilohB. Kennesaw MountainC. Chickamauga

(61-63) D. Atlanta

.


The blockade of Georgia ports was part of the Union’sA. Anaconda PlanB. Savannah PlanC. Charleston BlockadeD. March to the Sea

The Union general known for splitting the heart of the Confederacy by burning Atlanta was

A. Robert E. LeeB. Jefferson DavisC. William ShermanD. Ulysses Grant

Where was a notorious Confederate prison for Union POW’s in Georgia?A. AndersonvilleB. AtlantaC. AthensD. Augusta

(64-66)


The city of Savannah was spared becauseA. The mayor was a personal friend of the Union generalB. President Lincoln forbid its destructionC. The warehouses were full of cotton which could be sold to EuropeD. Tomachichi bargained with the Union soldiers

How many Confederate states were there after the war began?A. 10B. 12C. 6D. 13

Atlanta’s military importance was that is was theA. Capital of the ConfederacyB. Most populated city in the ConfederacyC. Home to the largest number of slaves in the southD. A rail and transportation center for supplying Rebel troops

(67-69)

Answer card 52-69

52. A 53. B 54. A

55. D 56. C 57. D

58. A 59. D 60. B

61. B 62. D 63. C

64. A 65. C 66. A

67. C 68. D 69. D

Pre-history culturesWhich prehistory people were the first to live in villages?

A. PaleoB. ArchaicC. WoodlandD. Mississippian

The oldest known Native American culture in North America was theA. PaleoB. ArchaicC. WoodlandD. Mississippian

Anthropologists and archeologists believe the first people came to North America byA. boat with the Viking explorer, Eric the RedB. foot crossing the Bering Land BridgeC. migrated north from Mexico and Central AmericaD. Migrated south from eastern Canada

(70-72)

ExplorationWho was the first explorer to enter present day Georgia?

A. Ponce de LeonB. Christopher ColumbusC. James OglethorpeD. Hernando de Soto

What was the purpose of the first exploration of Georgia?A. to find goldB. Convert the Natives to ChristianityC. colonize the area and claim it for SpainD. destroy any threat from the Native Americans

Which pre-history culture was most likely to have met the Spanish explorers?A. WoodlandB. PaleoC. MississippianD. Archaic

(73-75)

Colonization

Which of the following European nations never settled in Georgia?A. SpainB. EnglandD. ItalyC. Germany

Who is known as the Founder of Georgia?A. James MadisonB. James OglethorpeC. James Van BurenD. James Austin

Why did the king want to create the Georgia colony?A. To help pay royal debt from foreign warsB. To civilize native Indians and create trade partnersC. To release criminals from prisons in EnglandD. To establish a buffer between the Spanish and South Carolina

(76-78)

ColonizationOglethorpe’s interpreter, ____, helped him communicate with the Yamacraw.

A. TomochichiB. Noble JonesC. Mary MusgroveD. Nancy Hart

What was the importance of the Battle of Bloody Marsh?A. It demonstrated the strength of the British armyB. It ended the threat of invasion from the SpanishC. It resulted in Georgia gaining new land in FloridaD. It allowed the Spanish to invade Savannah

How many royal governors were there in Georgia?A. OneB. TwoC. ThreeD. Four

(79-81)

The city located on Georgia’s Fall Line is A Savannah B Atlanta C Rome D Augusta

Georgia enjoys a mild climate because Georgia is located A in the northern hemisphere. B nearer the equator than the North or South poles. C on the Atlantic Coast. D in the western hemisphere.

(82-84)

The barrier islands protect the Georgia mainland by A channeling ocean saltwater away from inland rivers, creeks, and streams. B blocking storms, such as hurricanes and nor’easters, from reaching the mainland. C blocking much of the wind, sands and water that could cause erosion on the mainland. D lowering tides so that Georgia does not experience damage from high tides.

Geography

GeographyThe rivers that form part of Georgia’s borders with neighboring states are the A Chattahoochee, Flint and Altamaha Rivers B. Savannah, Chattahoochee, and St. Mary’s River C Flint, Savannah, and Ogeechee Rivers D Oconee, St. Mary’s, and Flint Rivers

Most of Georgia’s rivers flow into the A Atlantic Ocean B Mississippi River C Pacific Ocean D Gulf of Mexico

The states that border Georgia are A Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, and South Carolina B Alabama, Arkansas, Tennessee, South Carolina and Florida C Alabama, South Carolina, Florida, Tennessee, and North Carolina D Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina, Florida and North Carolina

(85-87)

Geography

According to the graphic, Georgia’s relative location is A in the southern hemisphere. B west of the Prime Meridian. C south of the equator. D along the equator.

. Two of Georgia’s most important seaport cities are _____________. A Columbus and Macon B Brunswick and Athens C Augusta and Rome D Savannah and Brunswick

(88-89)

GeographyIn which region of Georgia is the Okefenokee Swamp located? A Piedmont B Coastal Plain C Blue Ridge D Ridge and Valley

Where is Atlanta located? A on the Savannah River B along the Fall Line C north of the Chattahoochee River D southwest of Lake Sidney Lanier

The physical region with the largest population is the A Piedmont region B Coastal Plain region C Appalachian Plateau region D Blue Ridge region(90-92)

GeographyRead the passage below to answer the next two questions.

The smallest of the physiographic regions, the region is a maze of limestone caves, deep canyons, and interesting rock formations. Many people refer to this region in the far northwestern corner of the state as the “TAG Corner” because is the point at which Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia meet.

The region of Georgia described in the passage is A Ridge and Valley B Appalachian Plateau C Piedmont D Blue RidgeThe state NOT found in the TAG Corner is A Georgia B Alabama C Tennessee D Arkansas (93-94)

Geography

The north Georgia mountains are part of which mountain chain? A Rocky B. Ozark C Catskills D Appalachian

The highest point in Georgia is A Brasstown Bald B Smokerise Mountain C Big Canoe D Stone Mountain

The River that shares Georgia’s eastern boundary with South Carolina is A The Chattahoochee B St. Mary’s C The Savannah D The Catoosa(95-97)

Answer card 69-97

70. C 71. A 72. B

73. D 74. A 75. C

76. D 77. B 78. D

79. C 80. B 81. C

82. D 83. C 84. B

85. B 86. A 87. C

88. B 89. D 90. B

91. D 92. A 93. A

94. D 95. D 96. A

97. C

1925 - 1959 Why did FDR spend so much time in Georgia?

A. Eleanor Roosevelt liked visiting relatives in Calhoun, GAB. FDR grew up on a farm and loved farm life found in South GAC. Roosevelt believed the humidity in the south was good for his breathingD. FDR used the warm mineral waters of Warm Springs to ease his polio

How did the NIRA affect Georgia?A. It outlawed unions in miningB. It resulted in a strike in the textile industryC. It enable factory workers to work longer hoursD. It created better working conditions in the lumber industry

The Great Migration after WWI resulted inA. large numbers of African-American families moving NorthB. rural Georgians moving West in search of jobsC. changes in voting regulations in the primary electionsD. Northerners moving south in search of business opportunities

(98-100)

1925 - 1959 What United States president’s policies are blamed for the Great Depression?

A. Harry TrumanB. Herbert HooverC. Dwight EisenhowerD. Franklin D. Roosevelt

Laissez-faire policies of the U. S. government helped bring about the depression byA. Overextending trade agreementsB. Giving businesses too many loansC. Encouraging people to invest in the stock marketD. Not doing anything to help solve the country’s economic

problems

Georgians did not feel the impact of the 1929 stock market crash becauseA. The state was already in a depressionB. Banks were protected by the FCICC. Citizens had little money invested in the stock marketD. There was very little industry in the South

(101-103)

1925 - 1959 Richard Russell was best known for

A. His policies on education reformB. Refusing to integrate the University of GeorgiaC. Serving for 38 years as a US congressmanD. Creating a lend-lease textbook program

The purpose of social security is toA. Create a system to save the banks in the event of another depressionB. Create a system of retirement and unemployment insuranceC. Protect the financial strength of the federal governmentD. Provide medical care for children under the age of 16

Which of the following provided electricity to Georgia’s rural areas?A. TVAB. REAC. SSAD. SEC

(104-106)

1925 - 1959 Which describes the involvement of the United States in WWII before the bombing of Pearl Harbor?

A. The US provided advisors and financial aid to GermanyB. The US secretly sank German submarines en route to EnglandC. The US maintained strict neutrality with no involvement at allD. The US provided lend-lease aid to Great Britain

What Marietta company was created to provide bomber aircraft during WWII?A. Lockheed-MartinB. Warner RobinsC. Smith and WessonD. Bell Aircraft

What role did Ft. McPherson play in WWII?A. It was an induction center for newly drafted soldiersB. It was a detainment center for Japanese AmericansC. It was a training center for the WACsD. It was a storage facility for military vehicles

(107-109)

1925 - 1959 What were Liberty ships?

A. BattleshipsB. Cargo shipsC. SubmarinesD. Aircraft carriers

Where in Georgia were Liberty ships built during WWII?A. Atlanta and AugustaB. Brunswick and Jekyll IslandC. Brunswick and SavannahD. St. Simons Island and Augusta

Which military base is located in Columbus, GA?A. Fort BenningB. Fort GordonC. Dobbins Airforce BaseD. Fort Gillem

(110-112)

1925 - 1959 •Running state government like a successful business•Establishing the Board of Regents Consolidating state offices•of the University System of Georgia

Which depression-era governor implemented the above changes in GA government?A. Eugene TallmadgeB. Walter GeorgeC. Richard RussellD. Eurith Rivers

What Georgian is known as the “father of the two-ocean navy”?A. Ben EppsB. Carl VinsonC. Jeff GordonD. Herman Talmadge

Where did President Franklin Roosevelt die while sitting for a portrait?A. Washington, D.C.B. Camp David, MarylandC. Warm Springs, GAD. Hyde Park, New York

(113-115)

1925 - 1959 What is Governor William Hartsfield’s greatest contribution to the Georgia?

A. AviationB. Business development in South GAC. Education growthD. Tax reforms

Who was the mayor of Atlanta responsible for bringing professional sports to the state?

A. Ivan AllenB. Sam MassellC. Lester MaddoxD. Bobby Cox

Which member of the Atlanta Braves broke Babe Ruth’s career home run record?

A. Chipper JonesB. John SmoltzC. Jeff Francoeur

(116-118) D. Hank Aaron

1925 - 1959 From what group did Eugene Talmadge receive his greatest support?

A rural votersB black votersC women votersD wealthy voters

Which issue did Eugene Talmadge support?A integrationB higher taxesC states’ rightsD white supremacy

In what industry did Eugene Talmadge put down (stop) a strike?A miningB textilesC transportationD auto manufacturing

1925 - 1959 The famous controversy surrounding the 1946 election for governor came about because

A. Ellis Arnall was impeached and removed from officeB. Herman Talmadge and his father, Eugene Talmadge, were on the same ballotC. Eugene Talmadge died before taking office and two men claimed the office of governorD. Carmichael got more popular votes and E. Talmadge got more county unit votes

What was the ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court in Brown v the Board of Education?

Answer card 98 - 117

98. D 99. B 100. A

101. B 102. D 103. A

104. C 105. B 106. A

107. D 108. D 109. A

110. B 111. C 112. A

113. C 114. B 115. C

116. A 117. A 118.D

Geography, Pre-History Cultures, Colonization Government 1820 – 1865 Westward Expansion, Antebellum South, The Civil War 1865- 1920 Reconstruction,

Documents

modern georgia slide

civil rights movement

georgia representative

benefit georgia

civil war

urban development

independent state

bombing of military