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Ethnography: Anthropologys Distinctive Strategy Ethnographic
Techniques Observation and Participant Observation Conversation,
Interviewing, and Interview Schedules The Genealogical Method Key
Cultural Consultants Life Histories Local Beliefs and Perceptions,
and the Ethnographers Problem-Oriented Ethnography Longitudinal
Research Team research Culture, Space, and Scale Survey Research
Anthropology Today
Developed as anthropologists studied small, homogenous
communities Adopted a free-ranging strategy for gathering
information Moves place-to-place, person-to-person to discover
interconnections of social life Provides a foundation for
generalizations about human behavior and social life
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Use several, not all, of the following techniques Participant
observation Interviews Genealogical method Work with key
consultants of the community Life histories Discovery of local
beliefs Problem-oriented research Longitudinal research Team
research
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Must pay attention to hundreds of details of daily life,
seasons events, and unusual happenings. Many anthropologists
experience culture shock Most anthropologists stay in the field for
at least a year to make up for anything missed then
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Read the article and write a one page reflection What do you
think of the idea of anthropologists getting culture shock? What do
you think it would be like to study another culture?
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Many ethnographers keep a personal diary and field notes
Ethnographers must establisher rapport with their hosts and
contacts
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Constantly talking to locals and asking questions Have to learn
the local language and as learn language and local culture,
understand more Phases of language acquisition Naming Understanding
simple conversations Rapid-fire public discussions and group
conversations
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Interview schedule Complete household interview Set questions
on printed form Included basic information on each family member,
diet, etc Tried to interview entire population Talks face-to-face,
asks questions, ethnographer fills in answers
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Pros of interview schedule Meet almost everyone Creates rapport
Created information leads to follow later Creates both quantitative
and qualitative information
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Genealogical method use diagrams and symbols to record kin
connections Many non-industrial societies use kinship for social
status Using symbols help ethnographers to reconstruct history and
understand social circles
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Key cultural consultant: expert on a particular aspect of local
life Also called key informants Important for gathering information
about specific parts of the tribe May be only survivor of epidemic
Only midwife in town
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When find someone unusually interesting, collect their life
history. Life history: of a key consultant; personal portrait of
someones life in a culture Different perspectives and
interpretations of important events
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http://storycorps.org/ http://storycorps.org/
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Ethnographers perspective usually different from native Use two
approaches emic and etic Emic research strategy emphasizing on
local explanations and meanings Etic research strategy emphasizing
the ethnographers explanations and categories
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Most ethnographers go in with a specific problem to research
Use data from local people and other factors such as population
density and environment
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Longitudinal research long-term study of a community, region,
society, or culture, or other unit, usually based on repeated
visits Allows for long-term research and impacts on areas. Many
times it becomes team research with many anthropologists studying
the same areas and peoples
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More and more the world is interconnected and places cannot be
studied in isolation anymore
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Read the article Write a one page reflection Should
anthropology be used by the government to help with security
concerns? Is submitted anthropological data to government officials
unethical?
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Survey research study of society through sampling, statistical
analysis, and impersonal data collection
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Ethnography (traditional)Survey Research Studies whole,
functioning communitiesStudies a small sample of a larger
population Usually is based on firsthand fieldwork, during which
information is collected after rapport, based on personal contact,
is established between researcher and hosts Often is conducted with
little or no personal contact between study subjects and
researchers, as interviews are frequently conducted by assistants
over the phone or in printed form Traditionally is interested in
all aspects of social life (holistic) Usually focuses on a small
number of variables (e.g., factors that influence voting) rather
than on the totality of peoples lives Traditionally has been
conducted in nonindustrial, small-scale societies, where people
often do no read and write Normally is carried out in modern
nations, where most people are literate, permitting respondents to
fill in their own questionnaires Makes little use of statistics,
because the communities being studied tend to be small, with little
diversity besides that based on age, gender, and individual
personality variation Depends heavily on statistical analyses to
make inferences regarding a large and diverse population, based on
data collected from a small subset of the population
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Many campuses lack representation of all subfields With the
world becoming smaller, traditional ethnography is fading away AAA
now has multiple subgroups to different identities and focuses
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Short test tomorrow on What is anthropology Ethnographic
research