Energy is the ability to do work How Organisms Obtain Energy Thermodynamics is the study of the flow & transformation of energy in the universe
Dec 15, 2015
Energy is the ability to do work
How Organisms Obtain Energy
Thermodynamics is the study of the flow & transformation of energy in the universe
Laws of Thermodynamics
First law—energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed.
Second law—energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Autotrophs use energy from sunlight or
chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds
Heterotrophs are organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy
What was the best item you ate for lunch today?
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions in a cell
Anabolic reactions- simpler substances combine to make more complex molecules or store energy-usually requires energy
Catabolic reactions-break down more complex molecules into simpler substances-usually releases energy-drives chemical rxns
Photosynthesis—light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell (anabolic)
Cellular respiration—organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell (catabolic)
Biochemical Pathways
Photosynthesis uses CO2 , water and sunlight (energy) to make organic compounds and O2
Cellular respiration uses organic compounds and O2 to make CO2, water and energy
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In 1648, a Flemish alchemist, Jan van Helmont, had a theory. To test it, he grew a tree in a tub of soil, adding nothing but
measured quantities of water for five years. During that time he kept track of
the weight of the soil and the tree. At the end of the experiment the tree had gained
164 pounds and the soil had lost 2 ounces. What could von Helmont conclude from his experiment?
Overview of PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis occurs in 2 phases:Light reactions-light energy is absorbed and temporarily stored in ATP and NADPH
Calvin Cycle (carbon fixation)-organic compounds formed using CO2 and energy in ATP and NADPH
What is an organic molecule?
1. Build a carbon dioxide – what type of bonds does it have?
2. Build a water molecule- what type of bonds does it have?
3. Begin bonding the 6 carbons together for glucose-note 1 is not in the ring
Phase One: Light Reactions
The absorption of light is the first step in photosynthesis
How does a leaf absorb light? They contain light-absorbing pigments in the chloroplasts
Chlorophyll the primary pigment in photosynthesis, absorbs mostly blue and red light and reflects green and yellow light
• Plants contain two types of chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
The pigments that produce yellow and orange fall leaf colors, also the colors of many fruits, vegetables, flowers, are called carotenoids.
Carotenoids absorb wavelengths different from chlorophyll, both pigments allow plants to absorb more light energy
Absorption Spectra of Photosynthetic Pigments
Pigments are embedded in the membranes of thylakoids-photosystem I and II
When light strikes a thylakoid in a chloroplast, energy is transferred to electrons in chlorophyll.
This energy transfer causes the electrons to jump to a higher energy level.
The excited electrons that leave chlorophyll molecules must be replaced by other electrons
Plants get replacement electrons from water molecules. Photolysis is the splitting of water by light
form oxygen gas, O2
2H2O 4 H+ + 4e- + O2
Hydrogen ions (H+, protons) are released into the lumen of the thylakoid
Here H+ ions build up and when H+ passes through ATP synthase into the stroma of the chloroplast, ADP + Pi are converted into ATP - chemiosmosis
The excited electrons move from photosystem II to an electron-acceptor molecule in the thylakoid membrane
The electron-acceptor molecule transfers the electrons along a series of electron-carriers to photosystem I
electrons are released into the electron transport system
Photosystem I transfers the electrons to a protein called ferrodoxin
Ferrodoxin transfers the electrons and a proton to the electron carrier NADP+, forming the energy-storing molecule NADPH
Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle-Carbon Fixation
In the second phase of photosynthesis, called the Calvin cycle, energy is stored in organic molecules such as glucose
Six CO2 molecules combine with six 5-carbon compounds to form twelve 3-carbon molecules called 3-PGA
The chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH is transferred to the 3-PGA molecules to form high-energy molecules called G3P
Two G3P molecules leave the cycle to be used for the production of glucose and other organic compounds
An enzyme called rubisco converts the remaining ten G3P molecules into 5-carbon molecules called RuBP
These molecules combine with new carbon dioxide molecules to continue the cycle
How does the essential CO2 get into the plant? How does O2 leave?
Alternative Pathways
C4 plants-corn, sugarcane, crabgrass –plants that keep stomata partially closed during the hottest part of the day
CAM plants-cacti, orchids, pineapples-stomata only open at night, grow slowly but lose little water
Factors that affect PhotosynthesisLight IntensityCO2 levelTemperatureAll increase photosynthesis as
factor increases to a terminal point