Analogue Electronics to General introduction
Dec 16, 2015
Analogue Electronics
toGeneral introduction
Review DefinitionsReview Definitions Electric Potential: the difference in electrical charge between two
points in a circuit expressed in volts.
The following definitions are critical to understanding Resistors in series:
Voltage: (V or v - Volts) The electrical potential between two points in a circuit.
Current: (I or i - Amperes) The amount of charge flowing through a part of a circuit.
Power: (W - Watts) Simply P = IV. It is the current times the voltage.
Source: A voltage or current source is the supplier for the circuit.
Resistor: (R measured in Ω - Ohms) A circuit element that "constricts" current flow
Electric Potential: the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts.
The following definitions are critical to understanding Resistors in series:
Voltage: (V or v - Volts) The electrical potential between two points in a circuit.
Current: (I or i - Amperes) The amount of charge flowing through a part of a circuit.
Power: (W - Watts) Simply P = IV. It is the current times the voltage.
Source: A voltage or current source is the supplier for the circuit.
Resistor: (R measured in Ω - Ohms) A circuit element that "constricts" current flow
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Electronic systemElectronics equipment 1
Electronicsequipment 2
Electronicsequipment 2
Electronic device1 Electronicdevice 2
Electronicdevice 3
Sub-assam bly 1
Sub-assam bly 2
Sub-assam bly 3
Sub-assam bly k
Electroniccom ponents
Electroniccom ponents
Device
Represents the most complex structure. It fulfills specific electronic functions. It is connected with non-electronic systems (human, social, industrial).
Its components are located in the same area or spread on large geographical areas, even around the world.
Examples:
◦ TV broadcasting systems
◦ Phone systems: mobile and wired.
Electric CircuitAn electric circuit is a connection of components
(Voltage/Current sources, Resistors, Inductors and Capacitors) some power is supplied and then dissipated.
One of the most important ideas of an electric circuit is that there is a source of power and a dissipater of power.
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Electronic Equipment It is still a complex structure; the sub-blocks of
an electronic equipment are structured so they can perform some of the functions of the system; usually the elements are located in a limited geographic area.
Examples
The receiving equipment for a TV system consisting of the satellite dish, the satellite receiver and the TV set. Music equipment: tuner, CD player, and others.
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Electronic Apparatus Represents a unitary construction, the functional sub-blocks
being located in a mechanical box, rack.
The functions and performances of the apparatus are described using specific technical terminology, such as: amplification, frequency bandwidth, band rate, clock frequency, etc
Sometimes, the apparatus are grouped together in order to make an equipment.
Examples:
The TV set,
The receiver
The oscilloscope.
CIRCUITInpu
t Output
Electronic Circuits and Components
An “Electronic Circuit “ is a combination of electronic components and conductive wires interconnected in a way as to achieve an outcome: - Achieve a current /voltage of a certain value (signal) - Amplify a signal - Transfer data
The purpose of an electronic component is to allow the designer to control the flow of current as to achieve a specified result/output. (Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Diodes, Transistors )
Electric circuit Analysis
Active components
Passive components
They are all components that
absorb or dissipate the electric power. The picture shows circuit
symbols used to depict a Resistor.
They are all components that
supply electric power. The image shows
circuit symbols used to depict a Voltage Source (V) and a
Current Source (I).
Electronic Component Are some electronic pieces that can be assembled on a
PCB.
Generally, these components are produced by manufacturing companies (brand names - Siemens, Philips, Intel, etc.) and are characterized by standardized parameters and performances. (are the same for all manufacturers). These are described in detail in manufacturer’s data-books or vendor’s application.
Examples: resistors, capacitors, transistors, integrated circuits, and so on.
The mechanical correspondent for the electronic component is the mechanical bench-mark, for example: the screw, the nut, and others.
Electrical components and electronic devices
Electrical components are characterized by a single type of charge carriers.
Examples: resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.
Electronic devices (so-called electronic components) are characterized by two types of charge carriers (electrons and holes ).
Examples: diodes, transistors, etc.
R1
V
C1
R3
C3L1
C2
R4 L2R2
Circuit elements
Electronic components
Relation between electronic components and circuit element
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Resistors are passive elements that oppose/restrict the flow of current.
A voltage is developed across its terminal, proportional to the current through the resistor. V = IR Units: Ohms (Ω)
A. Resistors:
Electronic Components (contents)
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B. Capacitors • behave like a tiny rechargeable battery. (store energy and release it later. )• are made of two parallel conductors separated by a
dielectric.• are used for filtering, tuning, separating signals , etc.
• The ability of a capacitor to store charge is called “Capacitance”
• C = Q/V (amount of charge stored/applied voltage)
• The unit of capacitance is the Farad. Commonly used capacitances are much smaller than 1 Farad, micro-Farads (10-6 Farad, μF), nano-Farads (10-9 Farad, nF), pico-Farads (10-12 Farad, pF).
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Symbol for the NPN Transistor Symbol for the PNP Transistor
Transistors are commonly used for signal amplification, switching, voltage regulation, etc.
base
emitter
collector
Transistors
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Diodes are semiconductor devices that allow current flow in only one direction
Fuses are devices that protect the circuit from overload.
Are made of a wire that melts when the current through it exceeds a specified value
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LEDs- Light Emitting Diodes: • A special kind of diode: They allow current to flow in one direction.
• The LED will light up when the proper amount of current passes through.
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5
Infrared Detectors
• The appearance of these infrared photo detectors and the internal structure is similar to that of an LED.
• The infrared photo detector has a focal direction, and the detection angle is about 15°. (8x15=120˚)
• This small detection angle allows the controller to tell the direction where the infrared light comes from. 7 03
Tuning CKT
AmplifierSelector
Counter
Integrated Circuits IC • A small scale electronic CKT on a substrate of semiconductor material.•It is obtained when active and passive components are manufactured simultaneously on the semiconductor wafer, usually silicon. •The chip notion refers to silicon pad where the circuit is made. •Integrated circuit refers to encapsulated chip.
Orientation
Chapter 1
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed.Floyd
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Summary
Some Important Electrical Units
CurrentCharge
Voltage
Resistance
Power
Ampere A
Coulomb C
Volt V
Ohm WWatt W
Except for current, all electrical and magnetic units are derived from the fundamental units. Current is a fundamental unit.
Quantity Unit Symbol
Chapter 1
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed.Floyd
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Summary
Engineering Metric Prefixes
peta
tera
giga
mega
kilo
1015
1012
109
106
103
P
T
G
M
k
Can you name the prefixes and their meaning?
Chapter 1
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed.Floyd
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Summary
Engineering Metric Prefixes
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
m
m
n
p
f
Can you name the prefixes and their meaning?
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Q1. Which of the following components used in a circuit stores energy?
a. Resistorsb. Inductorsc. Capacitorsd. Diodese. Transistors
Quiz
23
Q2. Which of the following components used in a circuit allows the current to flow one way
a. Resistorsb. Inductorsc. Capacitorsd. Diodese. Fuses
Q3. A resistor is an example of
a. a passive component
b. an active component
c. an electrical circuit
d. all of the above
Q4. The electric current unit that is fundamental is the:
a. volt
b. ohm
c. coulomb
d. ampere
Q5. Transistors are commonly used for:
a. oppose/restrict the flow of current.
b. signal amplification, switching, voltage regulation.
c. filtering, tuning, separating signals.
d. allow current flow in only one direction.
Q6. In scientific notation, the number 0.00056 is written
a. 5.6 x 104
b. 5.6 x 10-4
c. 56 x 10-5
d. 560 x 10-6
Q7. The metric prefix nano means
a. 10-3
b. 10-6
c. 10-9
d. 10-12
Q8. The metric prefix pico means
a. 10-3
b. 10-6
c. 10-9
d. 10-12
Q9. The number 2700 MW can be written
a. 2.7 TW
b. 2.7 GW
c. 2.7 kW
d. 2.7 mW
Q10. The value 68 kW is equal to
a. 6.8 x 104 W
b. 68, 000 W
c. 0.068 MW
d. All of the above
Q11. The sum of 330 mW + 1.5 W is
a. 331.5 mW
b. 3.35 W
c. 1.533 W
d. 1.83 W
Q12. The quantity 200 mV is the same as
a. 0.000 200 V
b. 20 mV
c. 0.2 V
d. all of the above