El basurero- garbage container El derrumbe- landslide El efecto invernado- greenhouse effect La inundacion- flood El medio ambiente- environment.

Unidad 3 Leccion 1

Tricky Vocab

El basurero- garbage container El derrumbe- landslide El efecto invernado- greenhouse effect La inundacion- flood El medio ambiente- environment El riesgo- risk La sequia- drought El suelo- ground

El temblor- earthquake Danar- to harm desarrollo- development Mejorar- to improve Amenazar- to threaten El porvenir- future Volar- to fly

Grammer

The Future Tense

The future tense is used to show an event occurring in the future.

In order to conjugate a Spanish verb in the future tense, add respective future endings to the infinitive form.

Future Endings (universal for all verbs): -emos

The Future Tense, continued

Irregular Future Stems

Stem changes must be applied to irregular verbs in the future tense.

Irregular Future Stems:

Infinitive

Stem Infinitive

Stem Infinitive

Stem

Haber Habr- Poner Pondr- Decir Dir-

Poder Podr- Salir Saldr- Hacer Har-

Querer Querr- Tener Tendr-

Saber Sabr- Venir Vendr-

Irregular Future Stems, continued

Examples of irregular future verbs are as follows: Yo pondr el taco en la cocina. (I will put the taco in

the kitchen.) Ella sabr muchas cosas sobre la fiesta. (She will know

many things about the party.) Nosotros haremos muchas cosas para prepara por el

examen. (We will do many things to prepare for the exam).

Uses of Por

Por is a preposition that means “for”. It has distinct uses from its similar preposition para which also means “for”.

Uses of Por are as follows:Passing throughGeneral LocationDurationCauseExchangeSubstitution, doing something in place ofA means

Examples of Por Usage

Ella pasa por el bosque en su viaje. (She passes through the forest in her trip)

¿Puedes manejar el carro por mi? (Can you drive the car for me?)

Regresamos por el tren. ( We return by the train.) Cantamos en el coro por una semana. (We are

singing in the choir for one week.)

Uses of Para

Para is a preposition meaning “for”. It has uses distinct from its twin, por.

Uses of Para are as follows:Recipient, for whomDestinationPurposeOpinionComparison and contrastDeadline

Examples of Para Usage

Questions

1. Translate the following sentence: Maria y Juan apreciarn la biodiversidad.

2. Nosotromos pasamos _____la alta mar en nuestro viaje.

3. Desarrollar el invento _____ ayudar otras personas. 4. Translate the following sentence: You will be able to

stop the greenhouse effect. 5. El smog _______ en el noche. (to leave, future tense)

Answers

1. Maria and Juan will appreciate biodiversity.2. Por3. Para4. Usted podr parar el efecto invernadero. 5. saldr

Culture

Central America

Climate: Cold in the mountain tops but hot and humid at the mountain bottoms

Languages: garífuna, xinca, mam, kaquchiquel, akateco, quiché

Food: pupusas, tomales, gallo pinto, tortillas, ceviche

Indigenous Artisans: › used a combination of many colors in the clothes they made› in the market you can find Mayan and indigenous clothes

Archeology:› Architecture of Central America is preferred by people all around the world› Discovered many ruins, sites, and artifacts in Mayan Civilizations › New Mayan palace discovered in 2000

Cities full of life:› Modern structures form part of Central America› Capital city of Panama has large buildings› Panama is now the center of industrial activity and culture. Also contains

important ports.

Country CapitalGuatemala GuatemalaEl Salvador San SalvadorHonduras TegucigalpaNicaradua ManaguaCosta Rica San JoséPanamá Panamá

Lake Nicaragua:› Largest lake in Central America› Transformed from salt water to fresh water› contains sharks (tiburones)

Endagered Species:› A lot of flora and fauna› deforestation and contamination causes problems› Turtles (tortugas) are endangered because the algae

population increased and contaminated the lake› Jaguars (also endagered) eat turtles and a lot of deer

About the Author Carlos Balaguer:› Born in San Salvador in El Salvador› Describes his fascination of nature which is shown in most of his

works› wrote for the newspaper El Diario de Hoy

Three Stages of life:› Niño: eat candies, play, and hunt butterflies› Juventud: show interest in nature and become hopeful and enchanted. › Anciano: Contemplate their emotional struggles and nature. Best time

of their life is the peace of nature and sense of eternity and greatness. › Stages of life similar to a tree: every stage has some type of splendor

Unidad 3 Leccion 2

Tricky Vocab

Encargarse de- to take charge of Invertir- to invest Novedoso- novel La patente- patent Advertir-to warn Cometer- to make a mistake Luchar- to struggle Seguir adelante- to continue on

Superar- to overcome El fracaso- failure La mejora- improvement El sufrimiento- suffering Por un lado…- on one hand… Por el otro lado…- on the other hand

Grammer

Present Subjunctive (Regular Vbs.)

Not sure if event will happenFormed same way as majority of commands

Trick: 1. Present tense “yo” form2. Delete the “o” (hablo=habl)3. -AR verbs -e / -ER & -IR -a

Some Special VerbsThey need spell changes so you can still

pronounce them correctly!Criticar= critque

Investigar =investiguePenalizar = penalice

Proteger= protejaEntinguir= extinga

Present Subjunctive (Irregular Vbs.)Know these verb conjugations:

Dar, Estar, Ir, Saber, Ser (pg. 199)*haber haya

Rules:-AR,-ER,-IR (e ie)-IR verbs nosotros form (e i OR o u)*e i (same stem change in all forms)

Practice Questions

What is the correct form of the verb in the sentence?

1. Es importante que todos nosotros (respetar) los adultos.2. Es una buena idea que yo (conseguir) una pelota.3. Es importante que los estudiantes (escribir) la

informacion.4. No es bueno que yo (encargarse) todo.5. Es imprescindible que (cerrar) la tienda.

Answers

1. Respetemos2. Consiga3. Escriban

4. Me encargue5. Cierres

Culture

Panama Canal:› Connects Atlantic and Pacific Ocean› Excavated enough dirt from the canal to build a replica of the Great Wall of

China to be built from San Francisco to New York› Panama was once a small country and little known but it's now the center

of merchandise traffic › Chinese and locals participated in the construction, Chinese were the

minority Indigenous Art:

› Jose Antonio Velásquez was born in Honduras› Painted primitive paintings and paintings with kids in it› Paintings described as native or primitive (ingenuo o primitivista)› Paintings were detailed oriented (minucioso)

About Mayan Civilization: Mayan civilization existed from 2600 a.C. to 1511 d.C. in

Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Belice, and in parts of Mexico

These civilizations were very advanced Contributions include the calendar and hieroglyphics About the legends: The Mayans had a lot of respect for the environment and

everything in it: birds (los pájaros), reptiles (los reptiles), insects (los insectos) and plants (ls plantas)

La tristez del Maya is a legend about the love for nature

Questions

What are José Velásquez's paintings described as? What is a nightingale called in Spanish? Where, specifically, did Mayan civilizations exist? What are the three stages of life What oceans did the Panama canal connect?

Answer: Se llama arte ingenuo o primitivista (Called native or primitive art)

Answer: el ruiseñor Answer: Existed in Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador,

Belice, and in parts of Mexico. Answer: niño, juventud, y anciano