(3500.) (3000.) (932)
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86
( 900 . )
500-1000 -- .
700 -- .
1130 - 1163 -- . . .
1210 -- : .
1400 -- .
1530 -- " " The Little Medicinal Book for all Kinds of Diseases
and Infirmities of the Teeth " . .
1575 -- Ambrose Pare " " .
. . . 1844 . .
1884 . .
. . . 1895 .
In 1848, Waldo Hanchett patented the dental chair . .
5000
,1873 . 5000 , , . , , , , . , () : , . () , . 1900 ( ) ( ) , .
, , , 1892 , , , . . , , .
DR. PIERRIE FAUCHARD [1723] "The Surgeon Dentist" A Treatise on
Teeth
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DR.JOHN HUNTER [1728 - 1793]
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DR.G.V.BLACK [1908] ,
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DR.GEORGE M HOLLENBACK [1930] , ,
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______________DR.MICHAEL BUONOCORE [1955]
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______________DR.WALDON I FERRIER ,
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_______________DR.CLIFFORD M STURDEVANT 1975, Art and Science of
Operative Dentistry
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______________DR.HARALD O HEYMANN [Esthetic dentistry]
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______________DR.JOHN McLEAN ,
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______________DR.GRAHAM J MOUNT
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______________DR.THEODORE M ROBERSONCo-editor of the book Art and
Science of Operative Dentistry
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______________DR.MILES R MARKLEYDirect filling gold
History
Oral disease has been a problem for humans from the beginning of
history. Skulls of Cro-Magnon peoples, who inhabited the earth
25,000 years ago, show evidence of tooth decay. The earliest
recorded reference to oral disease is from an ancient (5000 BC)
Sumerian text that describes "tooth worms" as a cause of dental
decay. There is historical evidence that the Chinese used
acupuncture around 2700 BC to treat pain associated with tooth
decay.
TOOTH EXTRACTION THROUGH THE AGESWay Back When
Skip the medieval practices of draining blood from patients to
cure a variety of illnessessome cultures cut right to the quick and
simply pulled teeth.
Back in 2001 a group of archeologist studying the remains of two
men found in what is now Pakistan discovered evidence of dentistry
cerca 3300 BC. In fact, the ancient Egyptians noted different
methods of dental treatments in their papyrus (the beginnings of
modern medical insurance paperwork, mind you, which has plagued us
since).
The Egyptians were well ahead of the game. After they invented
math the builders of the pyramids set their sites on perfecting
dental surgery and prosthetics. They, in turn, passed along the
knowledge to the Greeks and Romans. They, in turn, conquered
countries in between baths and orgies and sort of fell off the page
of history in due time.
The Middle Ages
Hasten forth to the somewhat less progressive world of the Dark
Ages. The Medieval Model of Thank You Sir May I Have Another (since
resurrected in Animal House (1978) and unprogressive work places
worldwide). Prior dentistry evolutions toward prosthetics and
selective surgery seem to have fallen by the wayside as the
profession on the whole was turned back over to trained barbers and
general physicians who practiced surgery.
Not that it was all that bad. And they made a very interesting
discovery as they turned to more rudimentary (and painful)
practicesdental extractions could be used to treat a variety of
illnesses.Simply put, extracting a bad tooth not only alleviated
the source of pain, but very often cured the variety of ailments
associated with chronic tooth problems. Occasionally this all went
a bit too far i.e. if thy pox afflict thee, pull a tooth, but more
often then not pulling an offending tooth resolved associated
incidental ailments. Remember, there were no antibiotics on the
market and the ability to cure the source of the infection by
removing it constituted a big step forward.
Towards Modern Dentistry
And thus the roots of modern dentistry emerged, evolving over
the next couple of centuries. In fact, the tools of modern date
back several centuries. The most significant emerged in the
14th-Century with the invention of the dental pelican (which, not
surprisingly, resembled the beak of a pelican). The instrument
became a staple of dentists everywhere well into the
18th-CenturyPaul Revere had one and became the scourge of local
children for pulling teeth.
In time, the Pelican was replaced by the dental keya whole new
evolution. The Key remained popular well into the 20th-Century
until replaced by the more modern forceps. Modeled after a door
key, the dental key was used by first inserting the instrument
horizontally into the mouth, then its claw would be tightened over
a tooth. The instrument was rotated to loosen the tooth.
Unfortunately, this often resulted in the tooth breaking, causing
jaw fractures and soft tissue damage.
By the end of the 19th-Century, the introduction of forceps
rendered the tooth key mostly obsolete. However, a modern version
of the dental key, the Dimppel Extractor, briefly revitalized its
use in the 20th-Century.
The Really Modern World
Having a tooth pulled is a bit of a rite of passage. For a
variety of reasons it is highly likely that you will have one or
more teeth pulled during your lifetime.
Todays extractor has a wealth of tools and anesthetics to choose
from in order to make your trip to the dentist as quick and
painless as possible. In fact, youll wait longer to see the dentist
than you will spend having your teeth pulled!
As dental extractions can vary tremendously in difficulty,
depending on the patient and the tooth, a wide variety of
instruments exist to address specific situations.
Routine extractions may be done by a dentist or oral surgeon,
and are performed on teeth that are visible in the mouth, usually
under local anaesthetic. First the Dentist will take x-rays and a
history and have you prepared for the procedure.
Before the work commences the nerves must be deadened so you
wont feel anything as the tooth is extracted. The dentist will
administer a shot or shots of novacaine (really lidocaine). The
discomfort you might feel as the local is given is from the liquid
being injected into the soft tissuenot the needle.
The roots of your teeth rest in your jawbone. A ligament
connects the tooth to the bone. In a routine extraction the tooth
is luxated using an elevator, and subsequently using foreceps rocks
the tooth back and forth until it is loosened from the alveolar
bone and easily extracted from the socket
www.videodentist.com/history.htmlTwo New Dental Office
Displays
Two new displays of historical dental offices have been arranged
and displayed by Dr. Samuel Wexler of Richmond, Illinois.
LAKE GENEVA, WISCONSIN.
The Historical Society of Lake Geneva, Wisconsin has just opened
a new city museum which includes a 1920 dental office. The
equipment belonged to a local dentist who graduated from Marquette
Dental School in 1918. The equipment consists of a 1915 Ritter
Model A dental unit with an intact spinning selfcleaning cuspidor.
The force of the water caused the inner bowl to spin and by
centrifugal force throw the contents out and under the outer bowl.
There is also a 1920 Ritters electric chair, one of the first
Ritter made. Both pieces are in the original mahogany wood grained
finish. Also displayed are a beautiful 1918 American cabinet; a
wall mounted Bosworth cluster light; a 1900 SS White foot engine
plus a 1920 Fischer X-ray unit. The equipment makes a beautiful
display and adds a taste of dental history to the museum.
Fig. I - 1920 Ritter Operatory at Lake Geneva, WI.
MESA, ARIZONA.
Mesa is a fast growing community just east of Phoenix. The A.T.
Still School of Osteopathic Medicine of Kirksville, MO has decided
to open the state's first dental school. Since Dr. Wexler's son is
a dentist in Tucson, Arizona, Dr. Wexler offered a turn of the
century dental office to the school to promote dental history. The
offer was accepted and the finished result was appreciated by
students and facult)7~ This is Dr. Wexler's eighth display. The
display consists of a 1887 Case Harvard high-low chair, all
mechanical in going up and down; a SS White Bracket table and arm
(1870); a 1912 Rhein light; a 1911 SS White electric engine, a 1902
#53 American dental cabinet; a 1920 Ritter X-ray; 1900 SS White
foot engine, and several other items that will give the viewer an
idea of what a turn of the century dental office looked like.
Fig. 2 Turn of the century (1900) dental office at Mesa, AZ
.
Fig. 3 1920 Ritter X-ray ;.-ch.'..- and 1902 #53 American Dental
Cabinet.
Fig. 4 - 18' 70 SS White brack et arm plus bracket box. SS White
die set and vulcanizeer on windows ledge
http://www.fauchard.org/publications/history/history.htm