Web view– The word Anthropometry comes from hatin towards therefore Anthropometry means – The measurement of human body. Measurement up tight. The height is measured by stadio-meter,

CLASS- XI

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

STUDY MATERIAL

Q.1. What do you mean by test?

Ans. – Tests are used to collect information or data about a specific skill, strength, endurance, knowledge, behavior or attitude etc. Infact test refers to any specific instrument, procedure or technique used by administrator to elicit from the test taker?

Q.2. What do you mean by measurement?

Ans – Measurements are related to physical measurement such indeed, measurement refers to the process of administrating a test to obtain a quantitative data.

Q.3. Discuss the importance of test and measurement in the field of sports?

Ans – Measurement in physical education and sports is not possible without conducting any test measurement in physical education and sports is important due to following reasons.

1. Planning – Students and coaches can plan effective and efficient methods based on results of measurements.

2. Capacity and ability – With measurements for both individuals and their teachers and coaches one can know the capabilities and ability of participants in sports and physical education programmes.

3. Information – Measurement determine accurate information about the position of each participant.This information forms the basis of many decisions.

4. Conduct Research – Measurement and evaluation is a tool which enables the researchers to collect valuable research data, to study relationship between body type and performance in the field.

5. Understand the needs of participants – The results of measurements understand the needs of participating individuals schedules and planning programmes.

6. Motivation – Measurement creates interest in the training and motivates participants to work harder and achieve goals.

7. Improvements of Techniques – Techniques and methods can be modified r improved based on measurements if the desired results have not been achieved.

8. Measurement fitness statues – It is important to measure the current fitness status of an individual for his classification categorization in the team.

Q3. What is body mass index and what is the purpose of finding the BMI.

Ans – The body mass Index (BMI) compares the high open individual to his/her weight and gives an indication of whether the person is overweight, underweight or at a healthy weight in proportion to height. The body mass index is also called the outlet Index because it was inented by Adol phase outlet.

It issued to estimate a healthy body weight based on how tall a person is. Its value is denoted as kg/m2.

Calculation of BMI –

BMI – Weight∈pounds(Height∈inches )× (Height∈inches )

The BMI can also be calculated in a simple way by using the body mass index chart as given below.

Precautions – For calculation of BMI same precautions must be taken –

1. One must measure height bare- proted.2. The body should be held in erect position while measuring

height.3. The weighing machine on which the body weight is taken

should be acccurate.4. Minimum and light clothes should be worn at the time of

checking weight.

Q.4. How is waist – hip ratio calculated?

Ans – Waist-hip ratio is tested with the help of waist and circumference of the waist to that of the hips.

Apple and pearshaped bodies

Research shows that people with ‘apple-shaped’ bodies (with mroe weight around the waist) face more health risks than those with ‘pear-shaped’ bodies who carry more weight around the hips.

Calculations

Waist – Hip ratio is calculated by measuring the smaller circumference of the natural waist, usually. Just above the bully button, and dividing by the hip circumference at its widest part of the buttocks or hip.

The ratio is applied both to women and men. Generally the waist to hip ratio should not exceed about 0.9 for men and 0.8 for women. Height ratios indicate an increased risk of stroke, diabetes, and heart attack.

In fact, it is used as a risk factor assessment tool per heart diseases, hypertension and type Ii diabetes. Excess body patis consider risk factor for the denerative diseases, particularly abdominal fat and waist – hip ratio is used to determine the risk.

For determining the waist-hip ratio, compute the measurements in the following equation.

Waist-hip ratio – Waist circumference/hip circumference. The degree of Health risk can be estimated in a better way by using BMI along with the waist – Hip ratio.

The following table maybe helpful to know the degree of Health risk.

Chart Book le summer se

Q.5. What is meant by the term ‘somato type’? What are the three types of somatotypes?

Ans. It is known fact that two persons in this world are not a like. We see a great difference in the body structure of the people. Some have flabby built, others, are lean and thin whereas some are hyrobust and sturdy built.

The basis of body structure, individuals maybe classified in three main categories.

1. Endomorphytype 2. Measomorphytype 3. Ectomorphytype.

1. Endomorphy – Such individuals have rounded physique with short arms andlegs. The body of such a person is rear shaped. Their hips and shoulders are wide. They have a lot of fat on the body, arms and thighs. Their excessive fat hinders agility. Typical traits of and Endomorph are given below-

1. Round Physique 2. Soft and round body.3. Generally short. 4. Slow metabolism 5. Gain muscles fat very easily.

2. Mesomorph – Such individuals have strong and muscular body. Their bodies have minimum amount of fat and their abdomens and tucked in and they look smart. They have wide and broad shoulders. They generally have strength, agility mesomorph and given below-1. Athletic 2. Strong 3. Itard body 4. Rectangular

shaped body 5. Gain muscles easily 6. well defined muscles.

3. Ectomorph-Such individuals have weak constitution of body. They have flat chest and generally tall, slender and thin. They look taller than they really are. Their body is not suitable for pourer and strength sports. Their body is suitable for gymnastic, badminton, tennis and table tennis.The typical traits opn Ectomorph are given below-1. Ealst chest 2. Thing 3. Small shoulder 4. small delicate

frame and bone structure 5. fast metabolism 6. classic hard gainer 7. Find it hard to gain weight. 8. Lean muscle mars.

Q6. What is meant by Anthorpmetric measurements? How can height of a person be measured?

Ans. – The word Anthropometry comes from hatin towards therefore Anthropometry means – The measurement of human body.

Measurement up tight

The height is measured by stadio-meter, the height rule is put vertically to the hard flat wall scale in position, the following processurance followed.

1. Participants are asked to remove their shows and outer it any garments.

2. Participants are asked to stand straight on the platform of the scale with their back to the height rle. They are asked to look straight.

3. The head piece of the stadiometer or the sliding part of the measuring rod is lowered so that the hair is pressed flat.

In this way, the height should be recorded from the measuring scale of the 0.5 centimetre.

Q.7. Discuss the procedure of anthropometric measurement of weight?

Ans – Now-a-days for mesuring weights, adigital weighting machine is used. The mechanic should be placed on hard and level surface. The platform of the weighing machine should be horizontal.

For the measurement of weight, the following normal.

Procedure are followed –

1. Participants are asked to remove shows and outer garments.2. The participant must stand straight in centre of the platform

with weight equally distributed on both legs.3. The participants must stand still till the reading on the

machine becomes steady.4. Indicated weight is recorded.

Q.8. Describe the procedure to measure arm length and leg length.

Ans – Measurement of Arm length – For the measurement of the arm length, aflexible steel tape is used. The arm of the participant is kept straight. The tape should pass from the back of the elbow and the wrist.

The measurement indicated by the tape gives the length of the arm of the participant. As a rule, length of the right arm should be noted. Measurement are recorded to the nearest 0.5 mm.

Measurement of Leg Length

The leg length of the participant is measured with flexible steel tape from the bottom outside edge of the centre of foot to the upper edge of the greater trochanter.

Procedure for measurement of upper leg Length –

The participants asked to sit straight on the measuring box with the right knee best at a go’angle. After that plae the zero and up to steel measuring tape at the inquinal crease, just below the anterior superior iliac spine. Check that the zero and of the tape is properly of the tape and ask the participant of left the thigh. Slightly off the box. Now extend the tape towards the anterior midline up the thigh to the proximal border up partialla. Now record the measurement to the nearest 0.1 cm.

Q. 9. Describe the skinfold measurement in detail?

Ans – Skinful thick ness is also called “fatfold thickness” skinfold measurement is useful for calculating body put percentage. This measurement is taken with the help of skinfold calipers.

It is very important to take measurement at the correct point. The measurement is taken at three points.

These three points are mentioned as under:-

1. Tricep2. Calf3. Abdomen

1. Tricep skinfold measurement –

The tricep skinfold is measured on the tricep muscle at the pack of the right arm, midway between the elbow and the top of the scapula bone.Keep the skinfold caliper perpendicular to the length of the fold. Before it we have to stand behind the subject and pull a vertical skinfold about half an inch about the already marked site, with the thump and index finger pointing downward centering the mark.

2. Calf skinfold measurement – This is done on the inside of the right leg at the level of the maximum calf girth. In this measurement the right foot is placed at an elevated surface to keep the knee fixed at an angle of 90o.The skin used grasped vertically with a pinch and the measurement is taken with the help of a caliper below the grasp.

3. Abdomen skinfold measurement – This measurement is done at a point 3 cm to the side of the unbilicus and Km below it. After the ksinfold should be measure horizontally on the right side of the body. In this measurement skinfold is pulled ½ inch horizontally to the left of the marked point.After that point the caliper is put perpendicular to the length up the fold.

Then reverse the caliper and note the rading on the dial approximately after four second while fingers continue to told the skinfold.

Q.10 Define Anatomy?

Ans- The scientific study of the structure of human or animal bodies is called

Anatomy. In other words, Anatomy is the study of the shape and structure of the

body of living beings or organisms. The word anatomy has come from Greek

words – ana + tomy. ‘Ana’ means apart and ‘tomy’ means to cut. It is a branch of

biology that deals with the study of body structure.

Q.11. Define Physiology?

Ans – The scientific study of the normal functions of living things is defined as

Physiology. In other words, physiology is the study of body function. In this

branch of Science, we study how our organs of body function. In it, the functions

of various system such as – digestive system, respiratory system, nervous system,

skeleton system and muscular system of organism are studied.

Q.12. What is the importance of Anatomy and Physiology in Physical

Education

Ans- Before highlighting the concept of Anatomy and physiology, we all should

know that in physical education and sports the only elements that in use is nothing

but human body itself. It is from Human body that performs in various sports and

physical activities, exercises etc. It means that no physical activities, exercises,

performance etc. can be performed with the help of human body.

Anatomy and Physiology are interrelated with each other and without

understanding anatomy and physiology, we cannot even think of physical

education and sports. In order to study physical education and sports from

scientific point of view, one should have familiar wit anatomy and physiology. The

studies of human bodily movements and effects of exercises on human body are

performed only with the help and knowledge of anatomy and physiology.

A sport trainer should have an ample knowledge of anatomy and physiology

because it is only with the knowledge of anatomy and physiology, the sport trainer

can improve the performance of his player by knowing the effects of exercises on

the various bodily parts of his player.

The importance of anatomy and physiology in Physical Education and Sports can

be better judged from the following points:

1. I helps in evaluation of a player’s capacity.

2. It helps in study the effect of exercises on human body.

3. It helps in positioning of body during training session.

4. It helps in preventing sports injuries.

5. It helps in providing adequate information of sports nutrition.

6. It helps in speedy rehabilitation from sports injuries.

7. It helps in improving the sports performance of a player.

8. It helps a player to choose any sport even as per his bodily capacity.

9. It helps in recovery of fatigue occurred during training session.

Thus, it is quite evident from the above points that the knowledge of anatomy and

physiology are essential in Physical Education and Sports.

Q.13. What do you understand by Skeleton System?

Ans- Human body is a combination of many bones. Our skeleton system is mad

eup to 213 bones in children and 208 bones in adults. These bones differ in shape

and size. These bones are joined together by ligaments. Bones provide support and

protection to the delicate organs of our body. Some of the bones act as levers in our

body. Bones also provide surface for the attachments of the skeleton muscles.

Q.14. Give the classification of joints.

Ans. – There are three types of joints are fibrous joints as the bones are connected

with fibrous tissues. The fibrous tissues connect bones and do not allow any

movement of bones. Joints are joined of skull, facial joints except for he mandible

joint and pelvic girdle and immovable joints.

1. Slightly Movable Joints – These are cartilaginous joints in which the surface

of bones is separated by some intervening substance. The movement of such

joints of ribs and spine are slightly movable joints.

Types of slightly movable joints are:

(i) Symphysis

(ii) Synchondrosis

(i) Symphysis – This type of joint is a fibro-cartilaginous fusion where

two long bony surfaces are connected by broad, flat disc of fibro-

cartilage. Its examples are vertebral joints and symphysis pubis.

(ii) Synchondrosis – In this type of joint the connecting medium is

cartilage. This is a temporary joint where the cartilage in childhood

gets converted to a bone before adults life.

3. Diathroses of Freely Movable Joints – Such points have a wide range of

movement. Such joints are also called synovial joints. In these points, the

adjacent ends of the bones are covered with hyaline cartilage and are

surrounded by a fibrous articular capsule. Tendons of muscles pass over

such type of joints. These joints are lubricated by the synovial fluid. These

joints are of six types:

(i) Hinge Joint – Such Points permit angular movement in one direction

like a door on its hinges. For example – elbow, knee and ankle joints.

(ii) Gliding joints – Such joints permit only gliding movements. In such a

joint, that flat surface of bones glide over each other. The joints of

wrists and ankles are examples of such joints.

(iii) Condyloids Joints – The movements of this joint include flexion,

extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction. Oval-shaped

condyle fits into elliptical cavity of another allowing angular motion

but no rotation.

(iv) Saddle Joints – Such joints permit a great freedom of movements. For

example, joints of thumb.

(v) Ball-and-Socket Joints – These joints have an angular movement in all

direction and a pivot movement. The ball-shaped end of one bones fits

into a cup shaped socket on the other bone. It allows widest range of

motion including rotation. Examples include the shoulder and hip

joints.

(vi) Pivot Joints – Such joints permit rotatory movement. In this form,

pivot like process takes place. For example, the joint between atlas

and axis bones at the top of the neck.

Q. 15. Give the classification of bones?

Ans.- There are different types of bones in human body. They are discussed

below:-

1. Long Bones – Long bones consist of a tubular shaft and two irregular shaped

ends. These bones are called long bones because of their long shape. They

are mainly found in upper and lower limbs. Long bones, such as heurus and

femur, consist of a soft and two extremities each. These bones act as levers

in our body and make movement possible.

2. Short Bones – These bones are short in length, light in weight and strong in

nature. These bones help in exerting force. They are distributed over the

skeleton as in vertebal column, tarsal bones and carpal bones to exert force.

These bones are made of cancellous bone tissues and covered with compact

tissues.

3. Flat Bones – Ribs, scapula, sternum and skull bones are flat in shape with a

thin and broad surface area. These bones provide large surface for

attachment of muscles and protection to organs like heart, brain and

digestive system.

4. Irregular Bones – Bones of the vertebral column and some facial bones are

example of irregular bones. These bones have variable shapes.

5. Sesamoid Bones – A Sesamoid bone is a bone embedded within a tendon.

The word sesamoid is derived from Greek work sesamon, a ‘seed of the

sesamun’, and eidos ‘form’ or ‘resemblance’. They are found in places

where a tendon passes over a joint as in hand, knee and foot. These bones

increase the mechanical movement of the joint and protect the joint from

injury.

Q. 16 Mention the Function of Bones?

Ans – Skeleton system has the following functions:

1. Provides shape and support – The bones of our body provide shape and

support. These are principal organ of support.

2. Provides protection – The skeleton system or bones provide protection to

soft and delicate organs of body like-skull and pelvis.

3. Blood cell production – In red bone marrow, blood cell production takes

place. In the centre of long bones, bone narrow is found.

4. Provides storage – It provides as a reservoir for minerals like – phosphorus

and calcium.

5. Movement – Bones with the help of muscles constitute a system of lever

actions by which movement and locomotion of entire body takes place.

6. Endorine Regulation: Blood sugar and fat deposition is regulated by a

hormone which is released by the cells of bones.

Q. 17 Write the properties of Muscles?

Ans. – Muscle cells or muscle fibres are the basis units of human muscles. We

have three types of muscles – Skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and Cardiac

muscles. Skeleton muscles are called voluntary muscles because these muscles are

under conscious control; Smooth muscles are called involuntary muscles because

these are not under our control. These muscles are found in the walls of our blood

vessels. Cardiac muscles are found in the heart.

Muscles have same specific properties as stated below:-

1. Elasticity: When we say something is elastic, it simply means that can be

stretched or contracted by some amount above or below its resting or default length

without damaging it, and it will return to this resting length once the stimullus or

contraction is removed. Our muscles require the property of elastic recoil for them

to be able to their jobs.

2. Extensibility: Most of the human body cells lack the capacity to stretch,

attempting to do so only destroys or damage them. One’s long, cylindrical muscles

cells contract, and in order for them to retain this ability, muscle cells must

accordingly possess extensibility or the capacity to lengthen. Your muscle cells can

be stretched to about 3 times their contracted length without retuning.

3. Contractibility: In the case of skeleton muscles, muscle cells contract when

stimulated by neutral input, smooth and cardiac muscles do not require this input.

When a muscle cells is excited, the impulse travels along various membranes of

the cell to its interior, where it leads to the opening of calcium channels.

4. Excitability: For a muscle to contract and to work, all its cells should be

stimulated and most often by the nerves supplying them. If the excitability of the

muscle is greater, its force, velocity and endurance properties will be greater.

Infact, muscle is excited by the release of calcium into the cell, which acts as the

trigger for contraction.

Q.18. Define Muscular System?

Ans- Movement of human body is possible only due to contractibility of muscles.

Muscles work as machine and convert chemical energy into mechanical energy.

Muscles or muscular tissue constitute 45% of our total weight. Muscles receive

blood supply through a network of capabilities. The study of muscles is called

‘Myology’. Muscles with their connective sheaths merge with tendons that are

attached to the bones. Muscles are attached to bone, cartilage, ligaments and skin.

A muscle is constituted by a number of fibres. These fibres or threads like

structure, are connected with connective tissue.

Q.19. What are involuntary muscles?

Ans- Smooth muscles are also called involuntary or unstripped muscles. These

muscles are in the form of layers or sheets, placed one above or beneath the other.

Involuntary muscles function within the body automatically. These muscles are

associated with movements of alimentary canal. They control the diameter of

blood vessels and ducts glandular tissues. The movement of these muscles is

controlled by the autonomic nervous system. For example, when the food passes

through stomach or intestines it is an involuntary movement of muscles - a

movement not in control of the individual.

Q.20. How do effects of Exercises on muscular system?

Ans- Effects of exercises can be seen easily on muscular system. If exercises are

done occasionally, the changes will be temporary, but there will be permanent

changes if exercises are done regularly and continuously without any gap. These

changes may be listed below :

1. Exercises control extra fat - Regular exercises check extra deposition of fat

on body. Exercises do not allow fat to be accumulated on any parts of the

body because an individual uses up calories during exercises.

2. Exercises make efficient movement of muscles.- Efficient movement of

muscles are facilitated by exercises. When an individual does not take

exercises, his/her muscles become stiff. Therefore, exercises are necessary

for efficient movement of muscles.

3. Tissues become strong - By taking exercises, connective tissues of body

become strong. Therefore, exercises are necessary for strengthening of

tissues.

4. Formation of More Capillaries - Exercises lead to formation of new

capillaries. This improves efficiency of blood circulation.

5. Change in Shape and Size of Muscles - Regular exercise increases the size

of muscle cells. Hence the size of muscles increases and their shape changes.

6. Muscle Remains in Tone position - Regular exercises tone up the muscles.

The muscles become firm. Muscles remain under a slight contraction and

maintain a steady pull on attachments.

7. Exercise makes the shape Beautiful - The perfection in physique can be

attained only through regular exercising, proper training and adopting well

designed physical education programmes.

8. Exercises delay fatigue - Regular exercises can do wonder in delaying

fatigue. Exercises increase oxygen intake. By which lactic acid of body is

utilised as a source of energy. Fatigue in the body is caused due to

accumulation of unwanted substance in the body such as lactic acid, acidic

phosphates and carbon dioxide.

9. Increases Food Digestion and Storage - Appetite is increased and digestive

system works better due to improved muscle conditioning which results

from regular exercise. The food storage capacity increases along with

improved digestion.

10.Exercises make body posture correct - It has already been stated that

exercises can do wonder for physical fitness. There are some particular

exercises which can correct even deformity of body and keep and make

body posture correct.

11.Exercises improve reaction time - Exercises improve impulses of nervous

system. In this way, reaction time is improved of muscle fibres.

12.Non-functioning fibres become active - It is said for human body, "Use it

or lose it." The muscles and their fibres, if not used properly, become

inactive and slow. Therefore exercises are a must for proper functioning of

fibres.

13.Heart's functioning improves - As we know that exercises enhance blood-

circulation and intake of oxygen. When an individual takes exercises,

pumping process of heart increases and strengthens. In this way, exercises

improve the functioning of heart.

14.Clearer Thinking, Cheerful Mood - Exercises increase the number of

capillaries, blood circulation to brain, improves health and body strength

which promote clearer functioning of brain and make the person more

cheerful.

Q. 21. What are the functions of muscular system?

Ans- Muscular system converts chemical energy in the body into mechanical

energy. Our body has three types of muscles namely - skeletal muscles, smooth

muscles and cardiac muscles. We already know that smooth muscles and cardiac

muscles are not under control of our will, only skeletal muscles can work under our

will.

The skeletal muscles have two types of muscle fibres :

1. Red Fibres or Slow Twitch Fibres (Type 1) — These muscles are dense

with capillaries. These muscles can carry more oxygen and use fats or

carbohydrates as fuel. These muscles are rich in mitochondria and

myoglobin.

2. White Fibres or Fast Twitch Fibres (Type II) — Such type of muscles

increase contractile speed but such muscles and their speed but such muscles

and their fibres get fatigued more quickly. The ratio of slow twitch and fast

twitch fibre is 50% of each-type.

Functions of Muscles and Fibres

Muscles and their Fibres perform the following functions in human body :

1. Body organs and bones are protected by larger muscles.

2. Dimensions of various internal organs are maintained by muscles.

3. Internal functions of body such as digestion, circulation, secretion and

excretion are regulated and controlled by smooth muscles.

4. Automatic and rhythmic contractions and pumping action of heart are

regulated by cardiac muscles.

5. The shape of individual body is made up by muscles.

6. Muscle contractions maintain posture and cause movement.

7. Skeletal muscles help us in maintaining balance, posture. The two types of

skeletal muscle fibres i.e. slow twitch fibres and fast twitch fibres perform

different types of functions. Slow twitch fibres contract at a slow rate. These

fibres play vital role in endurance activities or aerobic activities, such as in

cross country race or long distance races. The fast twitch fibres contract at a

fast rate. These fibres produce explosive power. These fibres perform fast

repetitive contraction. They make body movements possible such as standing,

walking, lifting, holding, bending, pushing or any type of movement.

8. Muscles keep the nervous system and immune systems working at the best

efficiency level.

Respiratory system has two main functions.

1. Supply of Oxygen to the Body – Respiratory system oxygen continuously to

the body for internal and external respiration. Oxygen is very necessary for

human body. Without it, life is impossible. If the supply of oxygen is

suspended for more than four minutes, the individual will die.

2. Exhalation of Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapour and other Gaseous Waste from

the body – After the oxygen is used up in the body some gaseous waste

products are formed. Respiratory system performs an important function of

throwing out waste gases like carbon dioxide and water vapour by exhaling

the waste gases out of our body.

Q. 22. What are the organs of human circulatory system?

Ans - Human body not only needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients for

survival and good health but also need for removal of wastes from the body.

Circulatory system serves the function of transporting materials in the body. The

human circulatory system brings oxygen and nutrients to every living tissue in the

body. It also removes wastes disposed of by lungs and kidneys. Circulatory system

consists of group of organs like heart, arteries, veins and capillaries to transport

blood and materials to and from all parts of the body. It is a closed system through

which blood flows continuously. The organs of circulatory system are :

Heart – The human heart is like a pump which is a hollow cone-shaped muscular

organ. It is made of cardiac muscles. It maintains the pressure of circulation. The

heart is protected by pericardium—a triple-layered sac which surrounds, protects

and anchors the heart. The pumping action of the heart regulates the flow of blood

and materials in the circulatory system. All vital metabolic functions of the body

like supply of oxygen to body cells, removal of waste or harmful substances come

to an end resulting in death of the person if the pumping action of the heart stops.

Location of Heart

The heart of an individual is located in the thorax between the lungs and above the

central depression of the diaphragm. It is like a closed fist of a man. Its weight is

approximately 300 gm.

Structure of Heart

Human heart is divided into two sides – left and right by a septum. Each side is

again divided into two chambers. The upper chambers are called Atrium or

Auricles. The lower chambers are called ventricles. The ventricles pump blood out

to the lungs and the rest of the body. The auricles both contract at the same time as

do the two ventricles. Auricles receive blood entering the heart and pump it to the

ventricles. One-way valves in the heart keep blood flowing in the right direction

and prevent back-flow. The valves located between the atria and ventricles are

known as atrio-ventricular valves. Semi-lunar valves lie between the ventricles and

the major arteries into which they pump blood.

Q. 23. What are the functions of the Heart?

Ans.- Structure of the Heart

e The heart is responsible for circulating the blood to every cell in the body and

pumping blood to the lungs, where the blood gives up carbon dioxide and takes on

oxygen. The heart pumps blood to both regions efficiently with the help of two

separate circulatory circuits with the heart as the common link.

(i) Systemic Circulation - The course of blood from the left ventricle

through arteries, arterioles and capillaries, returning it to the right auricle

by veins is called System Circulation. The systemic circulation transfers

oxygenated blood from a central pump - the heart; to all of the body

tissues through arteries which divide and sub-divide into arterioles and

capillaries. They release nutrients, vital materials and oxygen to tissues

and waste products and carbon dioxide are collected back and passed into

venules which join bigger and bigger veins. Veins - superior Vena Cava

and inferior Vena Cava.

(ii) Pulmonary Circulation - The course of blood from the right ventricle

through the lungs to the left a auricle is called pulmonary circulation. In

the heart, the blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle.

The right ventricle contracts to force blood into the lungs through the

pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary arteries branch and enter the lungs

where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is eliminated, and the

oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins, thus,

completing the circuit. In pulmonary circulation, the arteries carry

oxygen-poor blood, and the veins bear oxygen-rich blood.

Q. 24. What are the functions up arteries, veins and capillaries.

Ans.- 2. Classification of Arteries :-

Arterie fall into three categories:

(i) Elastic Arteries - These arteries are large arteries which lead directly

from the heart as aorta and pulmonary artery. Their size is up to 3 cm in

diameter. They conduct blood from heart to muscular arteries. They are

very elastic and can bear the pressure of contraction of heart.

(ii) Muscular Arteries - These are medium sized arteries which distribute

blood to various organs.

(iii) Arterioles - These are much smaller in size than muscular arteries. They

maintain blood pressure in the body.

3. Veins - The main work of veins is to return the blood to the heart. Veins

carry deoxygenated blood to the heart. In structure, the veins and arteries are

similar. The total diameter of the veins returning blood from any organ is at

least twice the diameter of the arteries carrying blood to the organ. The veins

of lower limbs have more valves than upper limbs. These valves are not

found in many veins. .

4. Capillaries - Capillaries are the smallest unit of the circulatory system

which connect the arterioles with the venules. They are only one cell thick

and squamous epithelium membrane. Capillaries are concentrated into

capillary beds and are microscopic in size. There are three types of

capillaries :

(i) Continuous Capillaries - Such types of capillaries are found in all

types of muscles, in connective tissues, lungs and in the central

nervous system.

(ii) Fenestrated Capillaries - Such types of capillaries are found in

endocrine gland, intestines and renal organ. These capillaries have

fenestrae or pores. That is why, they are called fenestrated capillaries.

(iii) Sinusoidal Capillaries - Such capillaries are enlarged capillaries and

irregular in size. These capillaries are found in the liver, spleen and

bone marrow.

Functions of Capillaries

The function of the capillaries is to distribute oxygen carried on the hemoglobin of

the red cells to all the cells of the body. The blood also carries nutrients to all the

cells of the body. Blood comes to the capillaries through the arteries, then is sent

back to the heart via the veins. Capillaries are also the waste disposal system for

the cells of the body. Water, carbon dioxide, and other wastes are uploaded to the

blood to be disposed of in the kidneys, lungs and liver.

Some of the important functions of capillaries are :

(i) Exchange of materials takes place.

(ii) In alimentary canal, capillaries absorb nutrients from digested food.

(iii) Capillaries remove waste from surrounding cells.

(iv) According to an estimate, 7000 sq. metres of blood capillaries are found

in an adult. As a matter of fact, it is a large area for exchange of

substance between the blood and tissue fluid.

(v) Capillaries supply oxygen to lungs and take Out CO, (Carbon dioxide)

from lungs.

(vi) Capillaries discharge the waste products collected from other parts.

Q. 25. Write Short Notes:-

(i) Second Wind

(ii) Oxygen Debt

(i) Second Wind

An individual or an athlete, when does some strenous exercise, after

some time he/she feels breathlessness and wants to stop the

activity/exercise. But if an athlete keeping control on his/her mind,

continues for some more time, then his/her breathlessness or suffocation

is removed and he/she feels a source of relief. This is called second wind.

Following symptoms of discomfortness appear at the beginning :

(i) Pain in muscles; (ii) Breathlessness; (iii) Pain in chest; (iv) Headache;

(v) Feeling of dry throat; (vi) Feeling of inability in physical efficiency.

We can define it as:

"Second wind is a physiological adjustment of the cardio-respiratory system

to the increased demands for oxygen and the elimination of the oxygen

products" —Sweigard

Second wind is a sudden change from an ill-defined feeling of distress or

fatigue, during early portions of prolonged exercise to do a more

comfortable, less stressful feeling, later in exercise."

During the stage of second wind following types of changes occur : Muscles

become normal; changes in blood circulation system and breathlessness

disappears.

(ii) For performing any activity, one needs energy, and for energy production, one

requires oxygen for oxidation. Or in other words, the amount of extra oxygen

required by muscle tissue to oxidise lactic acid and replenish depleted ATP and

phosphocreative following vigorous exercise.

We can define oxygen debt as follows:

"Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen consumed during recovery from exercise,

above the amount that ordinarily would have been consumed at rest in the same

time period!'

Q.26 What do you mean by Biomechanics?

Ans – Biomechanics is a subdiscipline of physical education. The Term ‘Biomechanics’ is a combination of two words i.e. ‘Bio’ and ‘mechanics’. Here ‘Bio’ is a Greek word that refers of physics and the forces that act on bodies in motion.

Q.2. Describe the Importance of Biomechanics in the field of physical education and sports.

Ans – The study of Biomechanics is very important in the field of physical eduction because by applying the principle of biomechanics in Biomechanics in Physical education sports and activities, we can get, perfection in performance and best results. Really speaking the knowledge of Biomechanics gives a better undersanding of te human body and other external and Internal forces that affect human movement.

The knowledge of biomechanics improves the techniques of sports and games.

The importance of biomechanics is stated below in following points –

1. Biomechanics helps in understanding human body.2. It is helperful in improving the technique of sports persons.3. It helps in improving the performance in sports competitions. 4. It helps in preventing injuries and promotes the safety of the

sports persons.5. It helps in improving equipment.6. Biomechanics helps in the improvement of training.7. It helps in improving teaching and learning process.8. It helps to use of body with minimal efforts.

Q.27. What is the law of intertia?

Ans – How of inertia is t he first law of motion. According to this law, “A body at rest will remain at rest and body in motion will

remain in motion at the same speed and in the same direction unless acted on by external force.” The external force maybe gravitation at force, the surface of the playing field etc. This law is applicable in Kho-Kho, basketball etc.

Q.28 what is law of Acceleration ?

Ans – According to this law, “A Change in a acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force producing it and inversely proportional to its mass.”

It is the second law of motion. If two unequal forces are applied to objects of equal mass, the oject that has greater force applied will monofaster. In the same way if two equal forces are applied to objects of different masses, the lighter mass will move at the faster speed.

f=2m×a

F=force, m=mass, and a= acceleration

Q.29. State the law of reaction?

Ans – This is the third law of motion. According to this law, “Every action has its equal and opposite reaction”.

There are various applications of this law in sports.

Such as – In swimming, shooting, High Jump, Springing on diving board porgaining maximum height etc.

Q.30. Define the term “lever”.

Ans – A bar used for lifting or opening something with one end when pressure is applied to the other end. In other words, lever is a simple machine or a mechanical device to produce a turning or rotational movement about an axis. It also provides mechanical advantage to magnify the force. Necessary to overcome a resistance. Most of our body movements are produced with the help of lever formed by bones.

Q.31. Mention the types of levels?

Ans – Levers can be classified into three types – 1. First class lever – In first class lever, the fulcrum or pivot is located between weight and force. This type of lever is the most efficient type of lever.

2. Second Class lever : In this type of lever, the weight is between the fulcrum and the force.

3. Third class lever : In this class of lever, force is between the fulcrum and the weight. A lot of sports equipments use class three levers, including tennis rackets, baseball bats and boad paddles etc.

Q32. Define Equilibrium?

Ans- A situation in which opposing forces, influences etc. are balanced and under control. When all the forces acting on the body are counter balanced by equal and opposite forces, so that the sum of the forces equals zero. Such state is called the state of equilibrium.

Q. 33. Discuss the type of Equilibrium?

Ans – There are two types of equilibrium

1. Dynamic equilibrium2. Static equilibrium

1. Dynamic Equilibrium – It is a stet in which the centre of gravity is in motion. In other words, maintaining body balance during various body movements is called dynamic equilibrium. For example – when one is running or performing cartwheel in gymnastics. Dynamic equilibrium is the most important thing in achieving success and performing sports activities gracefully and successfully.

2. Static Equilibrium – Static equilibrium is that state of equilibrium when the centre of gravity is in a stable position. For Static equilibrium, the centre of gravity of a body must fall within its base. Static stability is very important in such skills as archery and shooting and in number of gymnastic students.

Q34. Define centre of gravity?

Ans – It is a point at which the effective weight of a body is centred. A centre of gravity is in imaginary point within or outside the body or object around which the body or object is balanced. This point plays a key role in all cases of equilibrium.

In other words, centre of gravity is the point at which all of the body’s mass seems to be located and the point about which an object would balance. The centre of gravity in persistently changing during movements. It can be either within or outside the body depending on the shape of the body. The knowledge of centre of gravity is very significant for sportsperson to better their skills.

Q.35. What is meant by Force? What are the factors related to movements?

Ans – Force is a pull or push. Force may start, stop, speed up, slow down motion or change direction of motion. Sometimes force does not result in motion as in case force, is applied on a wall, the wall does not move. In case two wrestlers apply equal force on each other’s arms, their arms will remain motionless.

Factors of Force related to Movement

The coach or teacher should be updated with the knowledge of three factors when they teach any activity related to motion. The three factors are:

1. Production of Force 2. Application of Force 3. Absorption of Force

1. Production of Force: Force is exerted by the contraction of muscles in our body. Stronger muscles have more contractile power; hence, they can produce more force. To be able to get maximum force, force from muscles should be applied in a proper sequence and in the same direction.

* Application in high jump events of athletics; the jumper should lower his body on the best step before taking the jump. In this case force is delivered from the thigh muscles of the jumping.

2. Application of Force

The application of force is correct way is very important to provide good results.

Application of force is most effective when the following factors are taken into consideration:

Constant application of force: A force should be constant. The performer should not pause between motins. For example, each motion of the back swing and ball toss in Tennis should be done by successively moving complete body parts otherwise it is a waste effort (energy) put into the activity.

3. Absorption of Force:- The correct technique for absorption of forces has to be learnt in sports. Many activities require the sportsperson to absorb forces like catching a foodball by goalkeeper, it is important to reduce the impact of force gradually

and it should be spread over a larger area as possible. This is the reason for spreading arms while catching a ball. In the landing phase of high jump, the athlete bends hips, knees and ankles to reduce momentum of the body; hence, the body absorbs force gradually.

Q.36. Define Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces.

Ans – Centripetal Force – When a body travels along a circular path, its velocity changes continuously. Naturally an external force always acts on the body towards the centre of the path. The external force required to maintain the circular motion of the body is called Centripetal force. If a body of mass m is moving on a circular path of radius R with uniform speed v, then the required centripetal force, F=mv2/R.

The centripetal force required to make an object perform circular motions increases in the following cases:

If the mass of the object increases. If the velocity of the object increases. If the radius of the circle increases.

Centrifugal Force –

We have to consider some forces which cannot be assigned to any object in the surrounding. These forces are called pseudo force or inertial force. Centrifugal force is such a pseudo force or inertial force. It is equal and opposite to centripetal force.

Centripetal and centrifugal have application in sports too. An athlete running in an iner lane has to exert more centripetal force via friction than in outer lanes while running with the same linear velocity. For this reason the best for athletes are never allotted in inner lanes. The centripetal and centrifugal forces working together ensure that an object wil remain on a circular path while rotating around a fixed point. The sports and games (cricket, softball, baseball, tennis, golf and squash) in which a bat, racket or club I used, can also be used as an example of centripetal and centrifugal forces. Swinging a bat more quickly increase centrifugal force, causing the bat to fly out of the player’s hand.

These forces ct, when a runner takes sharp bend leans inwards to obtain the necessary centripetal force. In the same way, a cyclist going round a curve, leans towards the centre of the curve in order to get necessary centripetal force. These forces are also applied for hammer throw while rotating the hammer before releasing the hammer.

Q.37. Mention a suitable definition of sports psychology?

Ans- According to Clark and Clark, "Sport Psychology is an applied Psychology. It

is more concerned with personalities, emotional and motivational aspects of sports

and physical activities. It employs many of the techniques used in psychology."

Singer defines it as, "Sport Psychology explores one's behaviour in athletics." )

Brown and Makoney, "Sports psychology is that study of the application of

psychological principles to sports and physical activity, at all levels of skill

improvement."

Q.38. Describe the importance of psychology in the field of sports and games

in detail?

Ans-It is well-known fact that a person's physiological and mechanical ability is

limited to a certain extent because of his physical growth, development and

training background but his psychological ability has almost no limits. lt is clear

that sports psychology plays a very important as well as a vast role in the field of

physical education.

1. Helps to understanding behaviour - Sports psychology helps in

understanding the mental level and behaviour of sportspersons. It also helps

in understanding their interests, attitudes, approach, instincts, drives and

personalities. The trainers and coaches can plan their training keeping this

behavioural aspect in mind. This will help them guide the competitor better

and also modify their behavioral pattern for better execution of the sport or

activity.

2. It helps in controlling the emotions - Sports psychology teaches the

sportspersons to control their emotions in different situations such as during

practices and in competitions. These emotions may bring spontaneous

changes in the behaviour of sportspersons. These emotions are anger,

disgust, fear, negative self-thinking and feeling of ownership, etc. If these

emotions are not controlled in time, the performance may be hampered.

Sports psychology plays in balancing the arousal of emotions which further

improves the performance of the sportspersons.

Q.39. What is meant by growth?

Ans- Growth is a process of growing. It is used in a limited way to increase in size

and weight. The term growth is generally used to indicate a growing that causes

increase and enlargement. The bones of an individual become longer, thicker and

heavier- In a nutshell, we can say that growth can be viewed as physical change

that takes place from conception to maturity. As a matter of fact, growth refers to

growing of physical organs in shape, size, height and weight.

Q.40. Define Development?

Ans- The action or process of developing or being developed is called

development. According to Hurlock "Development is not limited to growing

larger, instead it consists of a progressive series of changes towards the goal of

maturity." Development is related to all types of changes whether these may be in

shape or structure. These changes are more qualitative than quantitative.

Q.41 – State the difference between growth and development?

Ans- As we know that growth and development are very often used as synonymous

and interchangeably. Really, they are like the two sides of a coin. For the

comprehensive knowledge of these two terms - growth and development, we must

understand their differences. The difference between these two can be listed in the

following lines :

1. Growth is measurable but it is not easy to measure development. It can only

be observed, because development denotes quality and presents a multiple

changes in behaviour, capacities and efficiencies.

2. Growth is not life-long process. It is limited to a definite age. Frankly

speaking, growth does not take place after maturity but development is life-

long process.

3. Growth is mainly physical but development includes intellectual and social

qualities such as - knowledge, skills etc.

4. Growth is mainly related to one side or aspect of an individual's personality

and its. Scope is limited but development is related to all the aspects of an

individual's personality and its scope is very wide.

5. Growth is concerned with the changes in height, weight size and shape of an

individual but development is concerned with the changes in all aspects of

an individual.

In brief, we can say that development is much wider term than growth. Really

growth and development differ to each other but in practical sense, both the terms

are used to denote changes in individual's physical and functional behaviour.

Q.42. Define leaning in simple words?

Ans.- Knowledge obtained by study is termed as learning. It is an important field of

study in psychology. Learning can defined as a relatively enduring change in

potential behaviour that results from experience.

The process of learning begins from birth and ends with death. In other

words, it is said that it takes place from womb to tomb. Learning means to adjust

or adapt oneself according to the situation.

In brief, we can conclude and define learning as the modification in

behaviour as a result of experiences. It is a biological necessity and essential for

existence

Q. 43 Describe the law of Readiness, Law of exercise and law of effect?

Ans- 1. Law of Readiness — According to this law, "The learner learns when he

is ready to learn.", Readiness makes one learn more quickly and effectively than

otherwise. Learning c) 4-takes place when the individual is in a state to respond.

This law is also called as the law of preparedness. The law of readiness is

beneficial in field of sports and games. Therefore it is necessary to keep the

sportspersons mentally and physically ready before imparting training to them.

Really speaking, readiness also refers to the environment or the situation in which

learning takes place. There are other factors which have a bearing on learning.

These factors are — interest, motivation, aptitude, drive and needs.

2. Law of Effect — According to this law, "If the effort in doing any work is

pleasant or enjoyable, the individual tries to learn that activity quickly and easily."

As Thorndike has said, "Satisfaction enhances learning to a great extent than

experiences that are satisfying and pleasurable are continued by individuals and

have a positive effect on learning." Play activities of children are pleasurable and

therefore children are seen to engage in such activities. Therefore, law of effect is

directly related to success or failure. Here, we have to remember one thing, if we

are unsuccessful in our effort, it does-not mean that we can not learn that activity.

This law is also called as the law of satisfaction.

3. Law of Exercise — According to this law that practice or repetition of an

experience maks it more lasting and perfect. In other words, practice makes a man

more perfect. In fact, a learner through repetition, and a clear conception of what is

to be done, gets desired goal. We learn and retain by use and forget by disuse. So,

it is said that practice plays a very vital role in learning various activities. This law

is also applicable in all types of games and sports.

Q.44 Define emotion? How can breathing control emotion?

Ans- "Emotion is often the driving force behind motivation, positive or negative."

'Emotion is a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular

pattern of physiological activity." "An emotion is complex psychological state that

involves three distinct components— a subjective experience, a psychological

response and a behavioural or expressive response." —

Hockenbury

In psychology emotion is defined as a complex state of feeling that results in

physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behaviour.

Emotionally is associated with a range of psychological pheromena including

temperament, personality, mood and motivation.

Emotion can be differentiated from a number of similar constructs within the

field of affective neuroscience. Feelings are best understood as a subjective

representation of emotions, private to the individual experiencing them. Moods are

diffuse affective states that generally last for much longer durations than emotions

and are also usually less intense than emotions.

Affect is an encompassing term, used to describe the topics of emotion,

feeling and moods together, even though it is commonly used interchangeably with

emotion.

Q.45 Describe the methods of controlling emotions?

Ans- Emotions can be controlled by the following ways:

(i) Take a break and perform some other work to change emotion.

(ii) Avoid drugs—alcohol, tobacco etc.

(iii) Slow and deep `breathing helps to control emotions and stay calm.

(iv) Keep your head and shoulders up and see ahead; it will help you to

control emotions.

(v) Develop your patience and tolerance towards aggression.

(vi) Meditations also help to keep emotions controlled.

(vii) Try to change your thoughts and consider some other situation.

(viii) Enjoy nature, it brings pleasant feeling and helps to control negative

emotions.

(ix) Performing some simple physical activities also helps in controlling

emotions.

Q.46. Define Sports Training?

Ans- Martin — "Sports training is a planned and controlled process in which, for

achieving a goal, changes in complex sports motor performance, ability to act and

behaviours are made through measures of contest, methods and organization." -

Harre — "Sports training, based on scientific knowledge is pedagogical process of

sports perfection which through systematic effect on psycho- physical performance

ability and performance readiness aim at leading to high and the highest

performance. Through active and conscious interaction with the given demands in

sports training, the sportsman's personality develops according to the norms and

standards of socialist society."

Q.47 What is mean by sports training?

Ans- The process of preparing somebody or being prepared for a sport or job is

called training. In other words the process of preparation for some task is known as

training. This does not mean a preparation for a day or two but it continues for a

number of days, months or even years. The word Training is generally used for

sports and games. But in sports and games, training specifically refers to process of

preparation for the task of attaining fitness, conditioning and skills for the sports

and games.

Sports training is the basic form of preparing the sportsman. In other words,

it is planned preparation with the help of different exercises. The content of sports

training includes all the basic types of preparation of the sportsman. Systematic

training develops the athlete's fitness level. It is the basis of his preparedness for

sports achievements. The physical exercises, which are used in training have an

impressive effect on the physical development of an athlete.

Q.48 Describe the principles of sports training?

Ans-The principles of sports training helps the task of applying the knowledge of

these sub-disciplines into practice. These principles of sports training help as

directives for the coaches and sportspersons. For the implementation of the training

process, the important principles of training are described below :

1. Principle of Individual Differences — This principle states that every

sportsperson has individual differences because each person responds

differently to loads and exercise. The training programmes should take these

individual variations into account. It should be considered that :

(i) Large muscles heal slower than smaller muscles.

(ii) Slow twitch muscle fibres recover slower than fast twitch muscle

fibres.

(iii) Men usually recover faster than women.

(iv) Slow movements require less recovery time than fast or explosive

movements.

2. The Principle of Continuity — According to this principle, the training

must be a regular and continuous process. As we know that training is a

regular phenomenon, it has been seen that discontinuity of training reduces

the physiological capacities of sportspersons. Along this, the interval

between two training sessions should be maximum but not too lengthy.

3. Principle of Overload — The principle of overload means to use the body

beyond its capacity. This implies that if the performance of sportsperson is

to be improved then the training load should be increased. If the load is kept

static then after some time the effectiveness of load decreases. For

improvement and effective training the load should be increased after

adaptation but on the other hand overuse of body is also harmful. So use of

overload must be followed with utmost care.

4. Principle of Specificity — This principle states that -exercising a certain

part or component of the body primarily develops that part. For example, a

runner should get trained by running, a swimmer by swimming and a cyclist

by cycling etc.

Q.49 What is mean by Warming Up?

Ans- It is usually performed to do any activity in most efficient way. It is primary

short-term activity which is done prior to any competition. It is physiological and

psychological preparation before the main activity or competition or training. If

proper warming up is done, the muscles become ready to respond efficiently.

Warming up helps the sportsperson to prepare physically, mentally and

physiologically for any type of competition or training.

Q.50 What is the importance of Warming Up?

Ans- The importance of warming up is described below :

(i) It increases the body temperature and speed of nerve impulses.

(ii) It increases metabolic rate.

(iii) It increases the blood lactic acid.

(iv) It increases strength, endurance and flexibility.

(v) It avoids injury.

(vi) It decreases viscosity of muscles.

(vii) It increases the speed of muscles.

(viii) It reduces the anxiety and tension.

(ix) It improves the cooling efficiency.

(x) It improves the level of performance etc.

Q.51 Define is meant by Limbering down?

Ans- At the end of a training or competition, athletes are instructed or advised to

warm down. Warming down is called cooling down or limbering down. In other

words, bringing the body in normal state after competition or training is called

limbering down or cooling down.

Q.52 What is importance of Limbering down?

Ans- As we know that warming up is essential before any competition or training.

In the same /way, limbering down is necessary after training or competition. Really

speaking, limbering down should not be underestimated. There are many

advantages of limbering down which may be given as below :

(i) It brings body temperature to normal state.

(ii) It reduces the chances of fainting or dizziness.

(iii) It supplies oxygen to blood and muscles. 1 I

(iv) It decreases the level of adrenaline in the blood. 1

(v) It brings the heart rate to the initial stage.

(vi) It decreases the tension of muscles.

(vii) It helps in proper removal of waste product.

Q.53 Define adaption and recovery?

Ans- The term 'Adaptation' means to adjust in new circumstances. In other words,

it is a process of long-term adjustment to a specific stimulus. Adaptation takes

place during the recovery) period after the training session is completed. In training

of an athlete, the load or stressor should be increased gradually to obtain a higher

degree of adaptation.

Recovery

The word recovery means a return to a normal state of health, strength etc. In other

words, recovery is the restoration of the body to a normal state after intense

competition or training. It is also called a period of regeneration or recuperation

during which stressor's effects are\slowly and slowly eliminated. In recovery

period, body's resting state is restored and the waste products generated during

intense training or competitions are removed.

Q.54 Write a short notes?

(i) Load

(ii) Style

(iii) Technique

Ans- Load:-

In the field of sports, load is defined as a weight or source of pressure. It is known

as training load. In other words, it can also be explained as the amount of work to

be done by a / person or a machine. It is also called an external stressor. In the

training period of an athlete as a player, it refers to the total amount of work

expected from him on a daily, weekly or monthly basis:

Technique

A method of doing or performing something especially in the arts or sciences is

called technique. It is a way of doing a particular task scientifically. The way must

be based on scientific principles. It is a way of performing a skill. In other words, a

technique is a scientific and economical method adopted to achieve top

performance in sports competition.

Style

A distinctive manner of doing, performing or presenting something is called style.

It is also called the manner of doing something. A style is individual expression of

technique in motor action. As we know that two sportsmen are not alike. So, each

sportsperson due to his peculiar psychic, physical and biological factors realises

the technique in different mariner and this is called his style. Style many be

classified in three types for coaching. They are :

1. Autocratic (Do as I say.)

2. Democratic (The athlete is involved in decision making.)

3. Laissez faire (This style allows the athletes to do what they want to do.)

Q. 55. What is overload? Mention of symptoms of Overload?

Ans- Modern life is full of hasles, deadlines, frustrations, and demands. For many

people, stress is so common place that it has become a way of life. Stress is not

always bad. In small doses, it can help you perform under pressure and motivate

you to do your best. But when you are constantly running in emergency mode,

your mind and body pay the price.

Symptoms of Overload (Stress Overload)

I. Psychological Symptoms

(i) Oversensitivity to criticism; (ii) Depression; (iii) Anxiety; (iv) Dullness;

(v) Insecurity; (vi) Changes in personality; (vii) Increased indolence; (viii)

Obstinacy

II. Performance Related Symptoms

(i) Movement Coordination- Tensed movements; Reoccurrance of

previous errors; ' Disturbances in rhythm and flow of movement;

Reduced power of correction and differentiation.

(ii) Competitive Qualities- Confusion in Competition; Fear of

competition; Decrease in readiness for competition etc.

- When you perceive a threat, your nervous system responds by

releasing a flood of stress hormones, including adrenline and

cortisol.

- Your heart pounds faster. Muscles tighten, blood pressure raises,

breath quickens and your senses become sharper.

- These physical changes increase your strength and stamina, speed

your reaction time.

- The stress overload can be almost anything. Stress affects the

mind, body and behaviour in many ways and everyone experiences

stress lead to serious mental and physical health problems, it can

also take a toll on your relationships at home and school.