UNIT: BONDING TIER 5 -Determine if a molecule is polar or nonpolar -Evaluate the type of intermolecular forces that occurs between covalent molecules based on the structural features of the molecules -Evaluate how the intermolecular forces affect the boiling points of substances
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- Determine if a molecule is polar or nonpolar -Evaluate the type of intermolecular forces that occurs between covalent molecules based on the structural.
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UNIT: BONDINGTIER 5
-Determine if a molecule is polar or nonpolar
-Evaluate the type of intermolecular
forces that occurs between covalent molecules based on the structural features of the molecules
-Evaluate how the intermolecular forces affect the boiling points of substances
Determine if a molecule is polar or nonpolar
TUTORIAL :
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYtwU0uRK7o
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Polar Molecules
A polar molecule contains polar bonds has a separation of positive and
negative charge called a dipole, indicated with + and –
has dipoles that do not cancel + –
• •
H–Cl H—N—H dipole
H dipoles do not cancel
p. 380
Ammonia has a trigonal pyramidal shape. The one unshared pair of electrons give that side of the molecule a partial negative charge and the other side a partial positive side.
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Nonpolar Molecules
A nonpolar molecule contains nonpolar bonds
Cl–Cl H–H
or has a symmetrical arrangement of polar bonds
p. 380
Boron trifluoride has a trigonal planar shape with each bond having a 120o angle and no unshared electrons so it is nonpolar. If the shape of any molecule is trigonal planar and the central atom is surrounded by the same three atoms, then it will always be nonpolar
Determining Molecular Polarity
Determine the polarity of the H2O molecule.
Solution: The four electron groups of oxygen are bonded to two H atoms. Thus the H2O molecule has a net dipole, which makes it a polar molecule.
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Carbon dioxide is
linear and has symmetry so it
is nonpolar
Water has a bent shape with two unshared pair of electron on oxygen so it is polar
Methane (CH4) is nonpolar because the carbon is surrounded by the same atom on all sides. However for CH3Cl, CH2Cl2 & CHCl3 have the chlorine and hydrogen attached to the carbon in various ratios, they are polar. Even though they are all have a tetrahedral shape, they are not all nonpolar. However the rule is if the molecule is tetrahedral where the central atom is surrounded by the same for atoms, it will be nonpolar.
Evaluate the type of intermolecular forces that occurs between covalent molecules based on
one another takes only 19 kJ/mol to break the bonds between water molecules
the strength of the intermolecular forces determines the physical properties of the substance melting, boiling, reacting, solubility, conductivity, volatility
3 main “types” of intermolecular forces1. temporary/induced/
instantaneous dipole-dipole forces called Van der Waals’