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β-Cryptoxanthin reduced lung tumor multiplicity and inhibited lung cancer cell motility by
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
that the inhibition of BCX on the migration and invasion of α7-nAChR positive lung cancer cells
was due to its conversion into vitamin A due to the low concentrations of BCX (0.5 to 4 μM)
used in the present in vitro study. We have shown previously that the intracellular concentration
of carotenoids were much lower than the concentrations of carotenoids in cell media (6).
However, we cannot rule out the potential of BCX through retinoic acid receptors (RAR) or
rexinoid-like compounds, engaged by retinoid X receptors (RXR), in cancer prevention and
treatment which have been highlighted in a recent review (47). We and others have shown that
BCX itself acts as a ligand for RAR transcription activation (6, 48) and induces CYP27A1
signaling pathway via RAR activation (49, 50). Further investigation of the protective effects of
BCX against the lung tumorigenesis in the absence of carotenoid cleavage enzymes, including
both vitamin A and other biological metabolites is currently underway in our laboratory.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Hansgeorg Ernst of the Fine Chemicals and Biocatalysis Research, BASF,
Ludwigshafen, Germany, for providing β-cryptoxanthin. We also thank Dr. Ausman Lynne, Dr.
Donald E. Smith, Dr. Xueyan Fu, Ms. Junrui Cheng, Ms. Rachel A. Chiaverelli and Ms. Jian Shi
for their assistance.
Reference
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Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161
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Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on September 13, 2016; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0161