© Copyright 2010 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved Who Invented It? The Controversial History of Technology and Invention .

© Copyright 2010 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved

Who Invented It?

The Controversial History of Technology and Invention

http://technologyinnovation.webs.com


Wireless TelegraphyMarconi vs. Tesla

and Hertzand Popov

and Henryand Bose

and Fessenden

and Lodge

and Edison

and Stone


References• Masini, Giancarlo, “Marconi”, Marsilio Publishers, New York

1976• Philbin, Tom, “100 Greatest Inventions of All Time”, Citadel

Press, New York, 1993• http://earlyradiohistory.us/• Rybak, James P., “Oliver Lodge: Almost the Father of Radio”,

Mesa State College, Grand Junction, CO• Eger, Christopher, “The Robot Boat of Nicola Tesla - The

Beginnings of the UUV and remote control weapons”, Apr 1, 2007

• Tesla US Patents 613,809; 645,576 and 649,621• Lodge US Patent 609,154• Marconi US Patents 676,332 and 586,193• www.wikipedia.org for articles on Marconi, Tesla, Stone,

Fennesen, Edison, the invention of radio, the history of radio


Early Discoveries• 1831 Faraday discovered

electromagnetic induction; proposed that electromagnetic forces extended into the empty space around a conductor

• 1861-1865: Maxwell developed his theory of electromagnetism, predicting electromagnetic waves

• 1884, Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti invented a primitive device that responded to radio waves; a tube filled with iron filings, called a “coherer”; Improved by Eduourd Branly.

Michael Faraday

James Clerk

Maxwell

Temistocle Calzecchi-

Onesti


Early Discoveries• 1885: Edison patents a system of

radio communication between ships (which later he sold to Marconi). The patent, was based on induction and not on electromagnetic waves.

• 1886 – 1888: Hertz demonstrated transmission and reception of the electromagnetic waves; the first person to transmit and receive radio. He saw no practical use for his discovery.

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz

Thomas Edison


Nikola Tesla• 1891 – begins radio

research, publishes "The True Wireless",

• In 1892 - "Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency", lecture in London.

• 1893 - St. Louis public demonstration of wireless radio communication; Franklin Institute and National Electric Light Association lectures described in detail the principles of radio communication.

Nikola Tesla

• After his 1893 demonstrations the principle of radio were publicized widely.

• In 1897 Tesla applied US radio patents. In 1900 he was granted U.S. Patents 645,576 and 649,621.

• 1898 - demonstrated a radio controlled boat in Madison Square Garden that included secure communication.


Oliver Lodge• 1888 Lodge transmitted

and received the electromagnetic waves predicted by Maxwell 24 years earlier

• 1894: Lodge transmitted radio waves at the British Assoc. for the Advancement of Science at Oxford and received Morse code via radio waves

• 1898 – Lodge US patent on “Electric Telegraphy”. In 1912 Lodge sold the patent to Marconi.


Bose and Popov• 1894 – Jagdish Chandra Bose gave

a public demonstration of radio in Calcutta; was not interested in patenting his work. In 1895 he sent and received radio waves over a mile.

• 1895 - Popov public demonstration of radio at the Russian Physical and Chemical Society; the day has since been celebrated in Russia as "Radio Day". He did not patent this invention.

• 1896 - Popov demonstrated radio between campus buildings. By other accounts, Popov did this in 1897 after publication of Marconi's patent. He credited Tesla’s demonstrations in 1893 over Marconi’s and his own work.

Jagdish Chandra

Bose

Alexander Popov

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J.C.Bose.JPG


Fessenden and de Moura• 1886 - Fessenden began working

directly for Edison; quickly made major advances in receiver design, worked to develop sound reception.

• 1900 - working for the United States Weather Bureau; successfully transmitted speech in December over a mile. Invented heterodyning.

• 1893 – 1894: Roberto Landell de Moura, a Brazilian priest and scientist, conducted experiments. He held a public demonstration of a wireless transmission of voice in São Paulo, Brazil in 1900.

Roberto Landell

de Moura

Reginald Fessenden


Guglielmo Marconi• 1894 – Briefly studied “Hertzian waves”

under Augusto Righi, at University of Bologna. Read Oliver Lodge’s 1894 detailed accounts of his apparatus and public demonstrations.

• 1895 - Moved outdoors; increased antenna lengths, arranging them vertically, and grounded one of the antennas. Range increased significantly.

• 1896 – Moved to England seeking support, obtained British patent on his work; met Jagdish Chandra Bose.

• 1897 - Salisbury Plain demonstration nearly 4mi; open water demonstration nearly 10mi.


Guglielmo Marconi• 1897 - tests at La Spezia

for the Italian government; began filing US patents

• 1899 – Transmission across the English Channel; first US demonstrations reporting the America's Cup races off NJ.

• 1901 – claimed transatlantic transmission- this is disputed by many.

• 1902 transatlantic transmission and ship-to-shore communication; not reliable until about 1907


John Stone; Nikola Tesla• 1902, 1903 – John Stone obtains

important patents on tuning circuits that prevent interference between radio transmissions

• 1903 – Tesla’s Wardenclyffe Tower nears completion - claimed it is part of a World System of transmitters, for secure multichannel transceiving of information, universal navigation, time synchronization, and a global location system.


Tesla vs. Marconi• 1896 – Marconi’s “four tuned circuits”

patent in the UK, reissued in the US in 1900; additional US patents 1901.

• 1897 - Tesla applied for US patents, granted in 1900 included a four tuned circuit design – first to invent.

• 1904 - U.S. Patent Office reverses its decision, awarding Marconi a patent for the invention of radio. This allowed the US government to avoid royalties charged by Tesla.

• 1911 – Oliver Lodge sues Marconi and wins. Marconi buys the Lodge patents.

Marconi’s transatlantic stations at Clifden, Ireland and Glace Bay, Newfoundland


Tesla vs. Marconi• 1943 - US Supreme Court finds

Marconi’s tuned circuit patent showed no invention over John Stone (1902-3), Oliver Lodge (1894), and Tesla (1893). At the time, the US Army was involved in a patent infringement lawsuit with Marconi's company.

• 1943 - The British High Court of Justice upheld Marconi's tuning patent.


Tesla vs. Marconi

Priority of Marconi and Tesla US Patents

Marconi dies

Tesla

Marconi Marconi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USPTOradio.png

Tesla vs. Marconi


Tesla and Marconi• Tesla died alone of heart failure in

room 3327 of the New Yorker Hotel, on 7 January 1943, age 86.

• Despite having sold his AC electricity patents, Tesla died with significant debts

• Later that year the US Supreme Court upheld Tesla's patent recognizing him as the inventor of radio.

• 1909 - shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Braun

• 1914 – was made a Senator in the Italian Senate

• WWI - placed in charge of the Italian military radio service

• 1923 - Joined the Fascist party, and in 1930 Mussolini appointed him President of the Royal Academy of Italy, and member of the Fascist Grand Council.

• Marconi died in Rome in 1937 at age 63 following a series of heart attacks; Italy held a state funeral for him.

© Copyright 2010 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved Who Invented It? The Controversial History of Technology and Invention .

Documents

history of radio slide

invention of radio

us radio patents

lodge transmitted radio

father of radio

radio research

principle of radio

electromagnetic waves