ô ª û à £ ® ä ß ò Ó ô Ë ä û ³ ª ߧلأس - Copy.pdf · 4 W a } n R s p R t U S j R ¾ n } R W S z R ] Q S Y R ¾ p | J M ¾ n R: W j R g e R X R g S

:

.

1

Π:

2

1

..................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................

..............................................................

................................................................................................................

:.........................................................................................................

: ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

........................................

711

15151618212430313233

373838404243

47535759616464678889

2

.......................................................................................................

...............................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

...............................

.................................

......................................................

...............................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.............................................................

...............................................................

..............................................................

.......................................................

.......................................

.................

...........................................

.................................................

................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

...............................................................

..............................................................

..........................................

9194

101103103103

107108108113114131132132133

137138138139143145163165165166166

169169170

3

.........................................................................................................

..............

..............................................)........................................(

....................................................

.................................................................

.........................................

...................................

............................................................

................................................................................................................................

.............................................................

...............................................................

..............................................................

................................

.............

...................................

................................................

.......................................................................................................

).............(....................................................

:...................................................................................................................

:.....................................................................

...............................................................

................................................................. :........................................................... :.........................................................

.............................................................

172173177183184185187188188191192193193

197197198199200201202205209211212217220

222223224225226227

4

:...............................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

...............................................................

..............................................................

............................

.......................................................................................................

..................................................

.....................................................................................................................

...........................

................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

231231232233235237240252256258260260260

265267268271273275279281287288289290290

293294295

5

...............................

................................................................................................................

...............................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.............................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

).....................................................( :

......................................................................................................................

............................................

...............................................................................................................

.........................................................

................................................................................................................................

.............................................................

296302307314315315315

319319320323337

343358359365366369370372372

6

7

.

.

.

.

.

.

8

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

9

.

.

.

.

.

.

10

11

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

12

.

. .

13

1

14

15

.

.

.

.

:

-

-

16

:

-" "

-

-

-

.

.

:

.

.

.

17

.

.

" "

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

18

.

:

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

.

19

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

.

20

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. :

) .(

) ( .

.

.

:

.

21

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

22

.

.

.

.

. .

)

(

. .

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

23

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

.)

24

( .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

."

"

:

.

.

.

25

.

.

.

)1977()1977(

.

)1985 .(

.

.

.

:

.

.

26

.

"

"1989

.

.

:

.

.

:

* ---

.

* ---.

* ---.

* ---.

* ---.

* ---.

27

* ---.

* ---.

.

.

.

:

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•

.

•.

•.

28

•

.

. :

.

.

.

)10-

15 (

.

.

.

.

29

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

" "

.

.

.

30

:

1-.

2-.

3-

.

4-.

5-.

.

.

.

.

:

.

31

.

.

.

1-

2-

3-

4-

32

Geisel, T. (1954). Horton Hears a Who. New York: Putnam,1954.

Goodlad, J. (1984). A Place Called School. New York:McGraw-Hill. Frost, J. L. (1986). Children in changingsociety: frontiers of challenge. Childhood Education, 62(March/April), 242-249.

Gross, R. E. (1977). The status of the social studies in thepublic schools of the Unites States. Social Education, 41(November/December), 194-200, 205.

Hahn, C. W. (1977). Research in the diffusion of social studiesinnovations. In Hunkins, P. P. (ed.). Review of researchin social studies education: 1970-75. Washington, D. C.

National Council for the Social Studies, and Boulder, Colo.:ERIC Clearing House for Social Studies/Social ScienceEducation Consortium, pp.137-177.

Hahn, C. W. (1985). The status of the social studies in thepublic schools of the United States: another look. SocialEducation, 49 (January), 220-223.

Jarolimek, J. J. (1990). Social studies in elementary education.New York: MacMillan.

Moore, C. et al. (1989). Mental terms and the development ofcertainty. Child Development, 60 (February), 167-171.

NCSS Task Force on Early Childhood/ Elementary SocialStudies (1989). Social studies for early childhood andelementary school children-preparing for the 21st

Century. Social Education, 53 (January), 14-23.NCSS Task Force on Scope and Sequence (1984). In search of

a scope and sequence in the social studies. SocialEducation. 48 (April), 249-262.

33

Task Force of the National Commission on the Social Studiesin the Schools (1989). Charting a course: social studiesfor the 21st century. Washington, D.C.: The NationalCommission on the Social Studies in the Schools.

Barr, R. D., Barth, J. L., and Shermis, S. S. (1977) Definingthe Social Studies. Bulletin 51. Washington, D.C.: TheNational Council for the Social Studies.

Edelman, M. W. (1992). The challenges of the 90 s: savingour children. Social Education, 56 (April/May), 240-243.

Longstreet, W. (1989). Education for citizenship: newdimensions. Social Education. 53 (January), 41-45.

Onosoko, J. J. (1992) An approach to designing thoughtfulunits. The Social Studies. 83 (September/October), 193-196.

34

35

2

36

37

.

.

:

-

-

-

-

.

.

.

.

) (

38

.

:

-

-

-

-""

:

-

-

-

-" "

-

:.

:

39

.

.

.

.

:

1-

.

2-

:

* ---)25 (.

* ---.

* ---.

* ---.

* ---.

* ---.

* ---.

* ---.

* ---

.

40

* ---.

* ---.

* ---

.

* ---.

* ---.

* ---

.

* ---.

* ---.

* ---.

* ---.

.

) :1 ()2 (

)3 (.

.

41

.

.

.

.

.

.

""

.

"

""."

.

.

.

42

" ""."

:

1-

.

.

2-" "

.

3-

.

: .

.

.

43

.

:

1-

.

2- .

.

3-.

4-

.

.

5-

.

.

.

:

44

1-:

)( :

.

.

2-:

.

.

.

3-:

.""

.

.

4-:

.

5-:

.

45

.

6-:

.

.

7-:

.

.

.

.

8-:

.

.

9-:

46

.

.

.

.

.

.

.) (

.

:

1- .

.

.

2-.

3-

.

.

.

47

4-" "

.

5-

.

6-

.

:

.

.

.

:

.

:

48

.

.

.

:

1-

.

2-

.

.

3-

.

4-

.

5-

.

.

.

49

6-

.

.

.

.

50

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

51

:

1-

.

.

2-

.

3-

.

4-

.

5-

.

6-

.

7-

.

:

" " .

.

52

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

.

.

.

.

53

.

.

.

:

1-.

2-.

3-.

4-.

5-.

.

.

.

.

.

54

.

.

""

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

.

55

.

.:

1-.

2-.

3-

.

4-.

.

.

:

.

.

.

.

56

:

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

• :

•

•

•

• :

•

•

•

57

•

•

•.

.

:

•

•

•

•

•

•

.

.

"

" .

.

.

58

.

:

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

.

.

:

.

.

:

. :

.

59

.

.

.

.

. :

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

60

.

.

.

.

.

. .

..

.

.

.

.

61

.

.

.

)1(

:

.

:)40 (.

)2(

:

.

:.

)3(

:

(Magna Carta)(*).

:.

)4(

:

.

(*)

.

62

:

.

.

.

:.

:

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

63

.

.

:

.

.

.

.

.

.

64

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

) (.

65

.

.

.

.

:

:.

:.

.

)(

.

.

.

:

66

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

"

."

.

.

67

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

"

.

68

.

.

.

.

.

1-:

-)

.(

-.

-.

2-:

-

.

-.

69

3-:

.

:

.

4-)

(:

-.

-.

-.

-.

5-:

:

-

.

-

).(

-

.

-.

-

.

70

6-:

.

7-:

) .(

:

.

:

:.

:.

:

.

.

.

.

.

71

:

•.

•

•.

•.

:

:

•

.

•.

•.

•.

•.

:

.

:

•.

•

.

•

.

72

:

.

.

" ."

.

) .(

.

.

.

:

:.

:.

:.

:.

.

73

:

1-

.

2-.

3-.

4-

.

5-

.

6-

.

7-:

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

8-

.

74

.

9- .

.

10-

.

.

.

:

•.

•.

•

.

•.

• ..

•.

•.

•.

75

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•).(

•)1.(

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

.

.

.

76

:

:

:) (

.

: .

.

.

.

.

.

:

:

•.

•.

•.

•.

•

.

77

•.

:

1-:

-.

-.

-

.

-.

1-.

2-

.

-

.

2-:

-:

1-.

2-.

3-.

4-.

-:

1-.

2-).(

78

3-

.

-.

:

:

-

.

-

.

:

.

:

)

.(

) .

.(

79

)

.(

.

)

.(

.

.

.)5

.(.

) .

.(

)

80

()

.(

) .

.

.(

.

:

.

.

.

..

)28 (

)

( .

81

.

:

:

-.

-

.

):(

.

:

1-

..

2-)1 ( .

.

.

.

3-

.

82

4-)2(

.

5-)3(

.

6- .

)

(

.

)1" ("

1803

.

.

.

) .(

.

.

.

83

.

.

.:

:

:

.

* ---.

* ---.

* ---.

* ---

.

* ---

"".

* ---.

* ---.

* ---

.

* ---

.

* ---

.

84

* ---

.

* ---

.

* ---

.

* ---

.

* ---

.

)2" ("

:

* ---

.

* ---181804 .

).(

* ---71804

)25 (

)50 ( ..

* ---91804

85

.

* ---

.

.

*-- -.

* ---

.

* ---

.

* ---

.

* ---.

* ---

.

* ---

)16 (

.

* ---31804

86

.

.

* ---

.

* ---

)) (

(.

)3" ("

.

.

)1" (."

.

*7.

*10.

*6

.

.

*1

87

.

.

*2.

*11

.

*5.

*3.

*4

.

*8

.

*12

.

*9.

*13.

*14.

*15

.

.

)28(

88

.

.

.

:

•.

•.

•

.

•.

.

:

:

•

.

•

.

9

•

.

:

.

:

•

•.

•

•.

•

.

.

.

.

90

:

•.

•.

•

.

•.

•.

.

.

.

.

"

."

)

.(

:

91

. :

.

:

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

" :

:"

.

." :

".

.

92

.

.

.

.

" "

:

1- :

.

.

2- :

.

93

3- :

.

4-

.

. :

.

5- :

.

.

6-

.

7-.

.

.

:

:

:.

1- .

. :

94

.

:

.

2- :

.

3- : .

.

.

.

4-

.

..

5- : :

95

.

6- :

.

.

.

7- :

.

.

.

" ."

.

.

96

.

.

.

:

• :

.

• :

.

• :.

•.

•.

•.

•:

•.

•

.

•

.

97

.

.

.

" "

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

98

.

1-.

2-.

3-.

4-.

5- .:

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

6- .:

• .

.

•.

•.

99

•.

•.

7-

.

1..

:

.

.

.

.

. .

..

2.:

:

100

.)1452-

1519 ()1853-1890 (

.

.

.

.

.

:

.

.

.

.

3.:

:

.

.

101

.

102

:

.

::

.

:

.

.

.

.

.

:

•.

•.

103

•.

•.

•)

.(

•.

•.

•.

•.

•

.

.

.

" "

.

.

.

: .

.

104

. :

.

.

•

.

•

.

• .

•.

•

.

•

.

.

•.

105

Brophy, J and Good, T. (1978). Looking in classrooms. NewYork: Harper and Row.

Hunter, M. (1990-1991). Hunter lesson design helps achievethe goals of science instruction. EducationalLeadership. 48 (December/ January), 79-81.

Walsh, D. (1979). Classroom stress and teacher burnout. PhiDelta Kappan, 69 (December) 253.

Woodward, A., Elliott, D. L., and Nagel, K. (1986). Beyondtextbooks in elementary social studies. SocialEducation, 50 (January) 50-53.

Kindsvatter, R Wilen, W., and Ishler, M. (1988). Dynamics ofeffective teaching. New York: Longman.

MacDonald, R. E. (1991). A handbook of basic skills andstrategies for beginning teachers. New York: Longman.

1-

2-

3-

4-

5-

6-

106

Meyen, E. (1981). Developing instructional units. Dubuque,Iowa: Winitzky, N.E. (1992). Classroom organizationfor social studies. In Shaver J.P. (ed.). Handbook ofresearch on social studies teaching and learning. NewYork: Macmillan (pp.530-539).

107

3

108

109

.

.

.

" ."

.

.

.

.

110

.

:

-

-

-

-

:

-

-

.

.

.

111

:

1-:

.

.

2-:

.

.

.

3-:

.

4-:

.

.

5-:

.

." "

112

1916

"."

:

)(

.

.

)50 ( .

:

113

114

)(

.

.

.

.

115

.

.

.

.

.

"."

:

•

.

•.

•.

•.

116

•

.

.

"

"

.

:.

.

.

.

.

117

.

.

.

." "

.

.

.

.

.

118

.

.

/

/ /

/

/

119

..

/

/

.

/ /

/

/

120

.

/

.

/

121

.

/

/

/

: /

122

:

:

/

.

/

:

/

123

/

/

.

/

/

/

:

/

/

/

/

124

. :

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

125

.

.

:

.

:

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

.

126

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

127

.

.

:

.

.

:

1-:.

2-:.

3-:

.

4-:.

5-:.

128

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

129

.""

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

130

.

.

.

.

.

)(

)()

.(

.

.

.

.

131

.

:

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

132

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

133

.

..

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

134

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

135

.

136

Hanna, P. R. (1957) Generalizations and universal values: theirimplications for the social studies program, in Socialstudies in the elementary school: fifty sixth year-book ofthe national society for the study of education. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, (pp-27-47).

Hanna, P. R. (1963). The social studies program in theelementary school in the twentieth century, in Sowards,

1-

2-

3- :

4-

5-

6-

7-

8-

9-

137

G.W.(ed.), The Social Studies. Glenview, III.: ScottForesman.

Jarolimek, J. J. (1981). The social studies: an overview. InMehiinger, H.D. and Davis, O. L. (eds.) The SocialStudies: Eightieth Yearbook of the National Society forthe Study of Education. Chicago: University of ChicagoPress (pp. 3-18).

Superka, D. P., Hawke, S. and Morrisett, I. (1980). The currentand future status of social studies. Social Education. 44(October), 362-369.

Task Force of the National Commission on the Social Studiesin the Schools. (1989). Charting a course: social studiesfor the 21st Century. Washington, D. C.: The NationalCommission on the Social Studies in the Schools.

Knight, P. (1989). Research on teaching and learning inhistory- a perspective from afar. Social Education, 53(September) 306-309.

Massialis, Byron. (1992). The new social studiesretrospect andprospect. The Social Studies, 83 (May/June) 125-128.

NCSS (1991). Position statement: social studies in the middleschool. Social Education, 55 (September), 287-293.

138

139

4

140

141

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

142

.

.

:

-

-

:

-

-

-

.

143

.

.

.

.

..

.

.

.

.

144

:

-

-

.

. :

....)

.(

.

" : ."

.

) .

.(

145

:

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

1-.

.

.

146

.

2-.

.

.

3-

. .

.

.

4- .

.

147

5- .

.

.

.

:

1-:

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

148

2-:

•.

•.

•.

•.

3-:

•.

•.

•.

•

.

•.

•.

4-:

•.

•.

•) :.(

•.

149

.

.

:

1-.

2-.

3-.

4-

) :

.(

.

:

.

.

150

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

151

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

:

152

)1(

/

.

.

.

.

.

.

)2(

153

.

"."

•

•

•

•

•

.

.

.

154

.

.

.

.

:

1-:

.

.

2-:

.

.

.

3-:

155

.

. :

.

4-:

.

.

5-:

.

6-:

.

.

.

.

)

:(

156

.

. .

.

.

.

.

:

•.

•.

•.

•

.

•.

157

.

.

.

.

:

•

.

• .

.

•

.

.

158

.

.

" :

."

:

.

" "

" " ." "

.

." "

.

.

.

.

159

.""

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

160

.

.

.

.

" ."

" ."

" "" "

."

".

.

" "" "

" "

." "

" "

.

" "1890.

161

.

.

.

" "

. .

" "

" ""."

.

.

.

.

.

.

162

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

163

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

•.

•.

•

.

•.

•.

164

" "

.

.

") "1970 ((SQ3R)

:

Survey

Question

Read

Recite

Review

.

.

.

:

•

.

•

.

165

•

.

.

•

.

•

.

:

.:

-.

-.

-.

:

.

.

..

166

.

.

.

:

•

.

•

. :

.

•

. :

.

167

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

."

."" "

.

168

.

.

.

.

.

.

" "

" :."

.

.

.

169

.

.

.

:

.

1-

2-

3-

4- :(SQ3R)

5-

170

Ball, D. L. and Feiman-Nemser, S. (1988). Using textbooksand teachers guides: a dilemma for beginning teachersand teacher educators. Curriculum Inquiry, 18(Wingter), 401-423.

Davis, F.B. (1968). Research in comprehension in reading.Reading Research Quarterly. 3 (Summer) 449-545.

Herber, H. L. (1978). Teaching reading in content areas. (2nd

ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall.McCutcheon, G. (1981). Elementary social studies teachers

planning for social studies and other subjects. Theoryand Research in Social Education, 9 (Winter), 45-66.

Ratekin, N. et al. (1985). Why teachers resist content readinginstruction. Journal of Reading, 28 (Fall), 432-437.

Smith, F. A. (1975). Comprehension and learning: aconceptual framework for teachers. New York: Holt,Rinehart, and Winston.

Smith, F. R and Feathers, K. M. (1983). Teacher and studentperception of content area reading, Journal of Reading,(Fall), 348-354.

Vacca, R. T., and Vacca, J. L. (1993) Content area reading(4th ed.). New York: Harper-Collins.

Smith, B. A., and Larkin, A. G. (1990). Should placevocabulary be central to primary social studies. TheSocial Studies, 81 (September/ October), 221-226.

Vocke, D. E and Hahn, A. (1989). What does reading researchsay to social studies seachers? Social Education. 53(September), 323-326.

171

5

172

173

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

-

-

-

174

:

-

-

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

175

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

.

.

176

.

:

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

.

.

177

.

.

.

.

.

.

.:

1-.

2-.

178

3-.

4-)

.(

5-

.

6-

.

7-.

8-

.

9-.

:

.231

.231

.231

.232

.21

179

.11

.1223

.113

.1223

.113

.123

.1123

.1123

.1123

.1123

.1123

.123

.23

:

.

1.

2.

3.

180

.

.

.

.

.

.:

1-

.

.

2-

.

3-.

4-

.

5-

.

6-.

7-

.

181

8-

.

9-

.

10-

.

-.

-.

-.

-.

-

.

.

.

.

.

182

.

.

.

. :

.

)

.(

.

.

.

.

183

.:

1-)

.(

) .....(....

2-.

3-

.

4-

.

5-.

6-.

7-

.

8-

.

. :

.

.

184

.

.

.

.

:

1-.

2-

.

3-.

4-

.

5-

.

6-

.

.

.

185

.

.

.

.

.

)(

.

).(

:

1-)

.(

2-.

3-.

4-.

5-.

6-.

7-.

186

8-

.

9-.

10-

.

.

.

:

1-

.

2-

.

3-.

4-) :

.(

5-.

6-.

187

7-

.

8-

) :

.(

9-

.

10-

.

.

.

.

.

188

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

)(

.

189

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

190

.

.

.)3 (

)× (

)5 (

.

:

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•) ....(

•.

•.

191

.

.

.

.

.

:

.

.

.

.

:

•).(

•).(

•).(

•).(

•).(

192

•)

.(

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

193

.

:

.

.

"

.

.

.

) : .(

.

.

:

194

:

:

.

.

.

. :" "

" ."

195

""" "

.

.

).(

.

.

.

.

.

"

"

.

196

.

. .

.

.

) :

.(

.

.

..

.

. :

.

.

197

.

198

NCSS. (1991). Position statement: testing and evaluation ofsocial studies students. Social Educational. 55(Septem-ber), 284-285.

Wood, J., Miederhoff, J. W., and Ulschmid, B. (1989).Adapting test construction for mainstreamed students.Social Education. 53 (January), 46-49.

1-" "

2-

3-

4-

5-

6-""

199

200

6

201

202

"

"

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

-

203

-

:

-

-""

-

-

.

.

.)1979 (

:

1-

.

2-

.

204

3-

.

.

4-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

" ")(

205

" ")

(" ")

().(

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

206

1-

.

2-.

3-

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

207

.

1-.

2-.

3-

.

4-.

5-.

6-.

7-

.

8-.

9-.

10-.

.

..

208

:

1-.

2-

.

3-

.

4-.

5-.

6-.

7-

.

) (""

) (" ."

) ("."

.

) (

"."

.

209

.

." "" "

.

" "" "

." "" "

.

" "" "

.

.

.

.

:

."

""."

210

:

•

.

•

.

•

.

•.

•

.

•

.

•" "" "

.

•) (.

•.

•

.

.

.

211

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

•.

•

.

•.

•.

212

•.

•.

•.

.

:

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•

.

•.

•.

•.

•.

213

•.

•).(

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•) ....(

•).(

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

.

.

214

.

.

.

.

)(

.

.

.

1-:

.

.

215

2-:

.

.

3-:

)

.(

4-:

.

5-:

.

.

.

6-:

.

7-:

.

216

8-:

.

9-:

.

.

.

10-:

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

217

.

.

:

.

.

:

.

:

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

218

•)

.(

•.

•.

•

:

.

•.

•.

•.

•

.

•

.

•

.

•

.

•

.

•

.

219

•.

•.

•.

•

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

220

:

.

:

.

.

:

1-

.

2-

.

3-

.

4-

.

5-.

6-.

.

.

221

.

.

.

" " . :

.

.

.

.

:

•.

•

.

•.

•

.

•

.

222

•.

:

• .

.

•

.

•

.

•

.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•

.

.

" "

.

223

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

1-

.

2-.

3-.

4-.

.

" ."

224

.

: .

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

1-.

2- .

.

.

225

3- .

:

-.

-.

4- .

:

.

5-

:

- :

.

-

.

-.

-

.

.

226

.

:

1-

2-

3-

.

:

. :

.

. :

.

.

227

.

:

.

.

.:

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•

•.

•.

•.

228

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

229

.

) ( .

.

1-

2-

3-

4-

5-

6-

7-

8-

230

:Anderson, L. W. (1984). What teachers don t do and why.

Education Report 27, no.3. December.Cooper, D. (1986). Improving reading comprehension.

Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Lee, J. F. and Pruett, K. W. (1979). Homework assignments:

classroom games or teaching tools? Clearing House, 53(September). 31-35.

Loring, R. A. (1975). Relative effects of massed anddistributed scheduling of homework assignments oneighth grade mathematics students. Doctoral Disser-tation Abstracts International. Ohio State University.

Schneider, D. O. and Brown, M. M. (1980). Helping studentsstudy and understand their social studies textbooks. InPatten, W.E. (ed.). Improving the use of social studiestextbooks.

Bulletin 63. Washington D. C.: The National Council for theSocial Studies.

Slavin, R. (1987). Cooperative learning: where behavioral andhumanistic approaches to classroom motivation meet.The Elementary School Journal, 88 (September), 29-36.

Turner, T. N. (1989). Using textbook questions intelligently.Social Education, 53 (January), 58-60.

Walberg, H. (1986). Synthesis of research in teaching. InWittrock, M. (ed.). Handbook of educational research:a project of the American Educational Research Asso-ciation. (3rd ed.) New York: Macmillan, 1986.

231

:Aliki. (1983). A medieval feast. New York: Crowell.Aliki. (1979). Mummies, made in Egypt. New York: Crowell.Forbes, Esther. (1943). Johnny Tremain. Boston: Houghton

Mifflin.Fritz, J. (1980). Where do you think you re going, Columbus?

New York: Putnam.Fritz, J, (1974). Why don t you get a horse, Sam Adams? New

York: Coward, McCann, Geoghegan.Haskins, Jim. (1987). Count your way series. Minneapolis:

Caroirhoda, Inc.Human story. The. (1987). Morristown, N. J.: Silver Burdette.Lawson, R. (1939). Ben and me. Boston: Little, Brown.Macaulay, D. (1977). Castle-the story of its construction.

Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Macaulay, D. (1973). Cathedral. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.McLean, V. Chasing the moon to China. New York: Redbird,

1987.Monjo, S. N. (1970). The one bad thing about father. New

York: Harper and Row.Provenson, A. and Provenson, M. (1983). The glorious flight.

New York: The Viking Press.Spear, E. (1958). The Witch of Blackbird Pond. Boston:

Houghton Mifflin.Spier, P. (1979). People. New York: Doubleday.Turning points of history series. (1989). Morristown, N. J:

Silver Burdett.Where we live series. (1990). Austin, Texas: Steck-Vaughn.

232

James, Michael, and Zarillo, James. (1989). Teaching historywith children s literature. The Social Studies. 80(July/August), 153-158.

McCowan, T Guzzetti, B and Kowalinski, B. (1992). Usingliterature studies to promote elementary social studieslearning. Social Studies and the Young Learner, 5(September/October), 10-13.

233

234

:

7

235

236

:

.

.

.

.

.

:.

:

1-

2-

237

:

1-

2-

3-

4-

. .

.

.

""

.

.

.

238

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

""

.

.

" ")Skimming(

239

" ")Scanning(

.

""

.

.

" "

.

.

:

1-

.

2-

.

3-.

4-.

5- :

.

240

6-

.

7-.

8-

.

9-""

.

.

10-

.

.

.

) (

" "" ."

. :

241

.

"

."

.

"

" :

.

.

.

.""

.

.

.

"."

242

.

.

:1 -

2-

3-.

:.

.

.

243

.

.

.

.

:

1-

.

.

2-

.

3-

.

4-

.

244

5-

.

6-.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

245

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

246

.

"

.""

."

.

.

:

1-.

2-)

.(

3-.

4-)

.(

5-.

:

1-.

2-.

3-.

4-.

247

5-.

6-

.

7-

.

8-

.

" ."

.

:

.

.

.

:

248

1-

.

2-.

3-

)

.(

4-

.

5-

.

6-

.

7-

.

8-

.

9-

.

249

.

.:

1-.

2-.

3-.

4-.

:

.

.

.

.

:

1-

.

250

2-

.

3-

.

4-

.

5-

.

6-

.

7- :

.

.

.

:

251

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

252

1-

.

.

. .

.

.

. .

.

.

2-

)6 -10 (

.

.

:

253

.

.

.

.

3-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

254

.

.

.

4-

.

.

.

: .

.

.

.

.

...

.

.

5-

255

.

)

.(

.

.

.

.

:

.

.

.

.

.

6-

:

256

.

.

7-

.

.

8-

.

.

.

9-

.

.

.

10-

257

.

11-

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

258

.

.

.

.

.

" "

.

.

:

:

3-5

.

6-8

25/12.

9-11

259

.

12-14

: ....

.

:

1-.

2-) :

....(

3-)

.(

4-.

5-.

6-.

7-.

8-.

.

.

260

.

.

.

.

.

:

1-.

2-.

3-.

)(

261

4-

.

...

.

.

5-

.

6-

.

7-

.

8-)3-4 (

.

262

.

:

1-.

2-.

3-.

4-.

5-.

6-.

7-.

8-.

.

.

.

.

...

.

.

3

:

1-.

2-.

3-.

4-

.

5-)

.(

6-

)(.

7-

.

8-.

9-.

.

.

.

264

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

265

Vukelich, R. and Thornton, S. J.(1990). Children sunderstanding of historical time: implications forinstruction. Childhood Education, 67 (Fall), 22-25.

McClure, J. (1989). Practical map examinations for geography.The Social Studies, 80 (July/August), 159-162.

1-" "

2-

3-

4-

5-

6-

7-

8-

266

Muir, S. P., and Cheek, H. N. (1991). Assessing spatialdevelopment: implications for map skill instruction.Social Education, 55 (September), 316-319.

Rae, C. (1990). Before the outline-the writing wheel. TheSocial Studies, 81 (July/August), 178-180.

Turner, T. N. (1990). Brainstorms. Glenview. III.: ScottForesman. Young, T. and Schiene, V. (1992). Writing tolearn in social studies. Social Studies and the YoungLearner, 5 (September/October), 14-16.

Young, T. and Schiene, V. (1992). Writing to learn in socialstudies. Social Studies and the Young Learner,5(September/October), 14-16.

267

268

8

269

270

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

271

."

"

.

.

1989

.

" ")Carnegie Foundation(" "

)Rockefeller Foundation("")MacArthur

Foundation()National

Geographic Society(

)American Historical Association(.

" ."

.

.

272

.

.

.

.

:

1-

2-

3-

:

1-

2-

273

" "

.

.

. :

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

274

.

" "

.

.

.

" "" "(Metacognition)

.

.

" "

.

.

275

.

.

" "

.

.

.

."

"

.

.:

1-.

2-

.

3-.

4-.

5-.

276

.

.

.

:

1-).(

2-.

3-.

.

:

277

1..1.

.

2.

.

2.

.

3..3.

.

4..4.

.

5.

.

5.

.

6..6.

.

7..7.

.

8..8..

278

9..9.

.

10..10.

.

.

.

279

.

.

.

:

.

:

1-:

.

2-:

.

3-:

.

4-:

...

.

5-:

.

280

6-:

.

7-:

.

.

.

.

.

." "

.

.:

281

1-.

2-.

3-.

4-.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

282

. .

:

1-).(

2-.

3-).(

4-.

5-.

.

:

1-:

.

.

2-:

.

.

283

3-:

.

.

4-:

.

.

5-:

.

.

.

.

284

:

1-

.

2-

.

3-).(

4-.

5-.

6-.

7-.

8-.

9-.

10-.

.

.

.

285

.

.

:

" "

"."

:

... .

.

:

.

.

.

286

.

.:

1- :

.

.

.

:

-

:

:

.

287

- :

.

-" :"

" "

.

.

2- :

.

:

.

.

:

:

.

.

288

)6 (

.

:

1-.

2-.

3-.

4-.

5-.

6-.

7-.

8-.

9-

.

10-

.

11-

.

12-

.

289

3-:

.

.

:

-:

.

.

.

:

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

-:

290

.

.

:

•.

•)

.(

•.

•.

•.

4-:

.

" :

"

.

:

•""

•

291

•

5-:

.

.

.

.

:

•

)

.(

• :

)(

•

•

6-

:

292

.

.

.

:

•.

•

)(

.

•

.

•

.

.

.

293

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

294

.

:

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•

.

1-

2-""

3-

295

NCSS Task Force on Early Childhood/ Elementary SocialStudies. (1989). Social studies for early childhood andelementary school children preparing for the 21stcentury. Social Education, 53 (January), 14-23.

Task Force of the National Commission on the Social Studiesin the Schools. (1989). Charting a course: social studiesfor the 21st century. Washington, D. C.: The NationalCommission on the Social Studies in the Schools.

Task Force on Scope and Sequence. (1984). In search of ascope and sequence for social studies. Social Education,48 (April), 249-262.

Eeds, M., and Wells, D. (1991). Talking, thinking andcooperative learning: lessons learned from listening tochildren talk about books. Social Education, 55(February), 134-137.

Fair, J., and Kachaturoff, G. (1988). Teaching thinking:another try. The Social Studies, 79 (March/ April), 64-69.

Reilly, K. (1991). The Commission Report on criticalthinking: a defense. Social Education, 55 (September,1991) 298-300.

Von Eschenbach, J., and Ragsdale, C. (1989). The integrationof elementary social studies and mathematics throughexperiential learning. The Social Studies, 80 (November/December), 225-228.

296

9

297

298

" """

" "

""

.

.

.

:

.

.

.

.

.

299

.

.

.

.

:

-

-

-

:

-

-

-

300

.""

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

301

"" .

" "

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

302

:

•.

•.

•.

•.

•

.

.

.

.

.:

:

•

.

303

•

.

.

•

.

•

.

•

:

.

•

.

•

.

•

).(

•)

.(

304

•

.

•

.

•

.

)()()

():(

•

.

•

.

•

.

•

.

• .

.

305

•

.

•

.

•

.

)

:

.(

•

.

•") () (

) ."(

.

•

.

306

• .

.

. :"

"

" "

.

•

.

•.

•

.

•

.

•

.

•

.

307

.

.

.

:

.

.:

1-.

2-.

3-.

.

.

.

:

308

.

.

.

:

1-.

2-.

3-.

4-.

5-.

6-.

.

.

.

.

.

309

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.:

1-.

2-.

310

3-

.

4-

.

5-

.

6-

.

:

.

.

.

" ."

.

.

" "

:

" ".

311

:

1-

.

2-

.

3-

.

4-.

5-.

6-.

"

"

.

.

.

312

.

:

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

313

:

1-:

.

.

.

.

.

.

" :"""

" ."

.

.

.

. :

314

.

2-:

.

.

.

" "" "

.

.

.

.

:

.

:

.

315

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

" " .

.

.

.

316

.

3-:

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

317

.

.

4-:

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

318

.

.

5-:

.

. .

""

..

:

" ."

.

.

:

." "

.

319

.

.

.

:

.

.

.

.

"

" .

.

20

Engle, S. H. (1960). Decision making: the heart of the socialstudies. Social Education, 24 (November), 301.

Kohiberg, L. (1985). The meaning and measurement of moraldevelopment. Worcester, Mass.: Clark University.

Kohiberg, L. (1984). Essays on moral development: Vol.2.The psychology of moral development. New York:Harper and Row.

Lockwood, A. L. (1991). Character education: the ten percentsolution. Social Education, 55 (April/May), 246-248.

Richburg, R. W., and Nelson, B. J. (1990). Using a historicalincident to focus on value information. The SocialStudies, 81 (March/ April), 80-83.

1-

2-""

3-

4-

5-

6-

321

322

10

323

324

" "

.

.

.

:

-

-

-

-)(

:

325

-

-

-

-

-

" "" """"

"" """

.

.

" "

""

.

.

.

.

326

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

" ."

.

.

.

""" "

" "" "" "

327

""

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

328

.

.

.

.

" ".

.

.

.

.

.

:

•.

329

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

.

.

.

. .

330

.

:

:

.

.

.

" "

" "

.

331

" "

.

""

.

:.

""

. .

" "

.

)

(

:

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

332

•).(

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

:

:

1-

1774 .

..

2-

.

.

3- .

. .

.

333

4-

." "

.

.

5- . .

.

.

6- .

.

.

7-

. .

.

..

8- .

.

. ..

9- .

.

.

)1785-1789.(

334

10- . . .

. .

.

.

""

.

)3(

)4(

)1(

)10(

)9(

:

)2(

)5(

)6(

)7(

)8(

:

335

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

)(

)(

336

)(

:

":"

.

.

" "

.

.

.

.

337

.

:

•

.

•.

•

.

•

.

•.

•.

•

.

•

.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•.

338

•.

::

.

..

.

.

.

.

.

339

.

:

1-

.

2-

.

3-

.

4-

.

:

.

.

.

340

:

.

.

:

.

.

.

:

.

.

.

)():(

.

341

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

342

)(

.

.

.

.

.

.

:.

:

1-:

.

.

343

2-:

. :

3-

:

."

"""

" "

""

.

:

" """" "

" """ .

"

"""""

" "

.

344

4-

:

.

5-:

.

.

6-:

.

7-:

.

:

.

.

.

.

345

8-:

.

.

9-:

.

.

.

.

.

.

)14 ( .

:

.

.

346

.

.

.

)5 ( :

.

.

.

.)5 (

)3 (.

•" "

.

•.

•

.

.

•.

347

•.

•

.

•.

•.

•.

•.

•

.

•.

•.

•.

•.

.

.

348

.

.

:

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

349

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

:

.

.

.

.

.

.

) () ( .

350

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

" "

.

.

""

. .

.

.

..

351

.

.

.

.

.

.

) .

/1975.

.

.

.

.

.

352

.

.

.

. .

.

" "

/

"."

" :."

.

..

).(

) :(

.

.

353

/

""

.

"."

"."

.

"

".

:

.

.

) (""

" " .

" ."" "

.

" "

" "

.

""" "

354

." "

" "" ".

" " .

" """"

."

" ."

.

" ".

" """

" :

."

" ."" :

"" "" "

" "

.

" ."

.

355

." "

..

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

356

.

.

.

.

"" .

" """

""

"."

.

.

357

.

.

"""."

.

.""

" "" """

""

.

.

" ."

.

.

358

. .

.

.

.

:""

.

.

.

. !

.

." "

359

""" "

.

.

:

.

!!

.

" "

.

.

!

.

! !

.

.

.

.

360

!

. ! !

!!

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

361

.

.

362

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

363

.

.

..

.

""

"" ." "

" "" ."

.

.

.

.

364

.

.

.

.

.

" "

)(1865 .

" "

.

.

.

.

" "

365

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

)(

) .(

.

) () (

.

.) (

366

) ( .

. . .

.

.

) (:

•

.

•) (

.

•.

•.

•

) (.

) (:

•

.

•

.

•

.

•.

367

•

.

•) (

) .(

.

) () () (

) .(

.

.

.

:

:

368

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

369

.

.

.

.

""

." "

" :

."

.

.

.

.

370

.

.

.

.

.

:

1-

.

2-.

3-

.

4-

.

5-

.

6-

.

7-

.

8-

.

371

9-.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

372

. .

.

.

.

""" "

.

.

..

.

.

.

373

.

..

.

.

.

.

.

::

• :

.

.

• :

.

374

• :

.

.

• :.

• : .

.

:

•1776 .

. :

" """

" "

. :

.

.

.

•

.

.

375

.

)

.(

" "

.

.

.

.

.

376

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

377

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

.

.

378

.

.

.

1-

2-" ":

-.

-" "

.

-

.

3-.

4-

5-

6-

7-

8-

9-

379

Chilcoat, G. (1989). The melodrama and the American slaveexperience. The Social Studies, 80 (November/Decem-ber), 325-239.

Turner, T. N. (1990) Stand Up and Cheer. Glenview, III.:Scott Foresman.

380

Turner, Thomas N. (1979). Variations on a theme: threesimulations based on the fallout shelter model. TheSocial Studies, 70 (November/December), 281-285.