-
Graduate Institute of Taiwan Languages and Language Education
National Hsinchu University of Education
Ph.D. Thesis
Character-Sound Correspondences in Taiwanese
Southern Min, Hakka and Mandarin: An Analysis of the
Correspondence Rules and
Their Applications
Jiapeng Luo
AdviserDr. Chung-Szu Tung and Dr. Chinfa Lien
1037
July, 2014
-
i
(distinctive features)
Excel
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ii
Character-Sound Correspondences in Taiwanese Southern Min, Hakka
and Mandarin: An Analysis of the Correspondence Rules and
Their Applications
Abstract
This paper discusses the regular Chinese phonological
correspondences based on a statistical approach as well as the
application on teaching and learning the Chinese character-sound
correspondences.
The phonological correspondences came into being since the
development of sounds follows a particular pattern among related
languages. Understanding of the correspondence rules will help
teaching and learning languages.
Most learners are able to distinguish the sound differences
between two languages; however, this is mainly impressionistic
association, and thus it is highly possible for learners to yield
incorrect sound mappings.
Our research data are based on the phonological words in
Dictionary of Common Words in Taiwan Southern Min and Dictionary of
Common Words in Taiwan Hakka, and their corresponding Mandarin
sounds in Dictionary of Variant Chinese Characters, made available
by Ministry of Education, and their corresponding Middle Chinese
sounds. Our character-sound correspondence rules are formulated
from a comparison among the data, and the correspondences can be
reformulated as the second language learning rules.
We provide a method to map characters and sounds for assisting
people to capture the sound corresponding rules among different but
related languages. All the sound correspondences among those
languages are arranged on pivot tables in Excel in order to search
and skim the statistics and the original data.
The dissertation is divided into ten chapters as follows: 1.
Introduction 2. Literature Review 3. Chinese Phonological Systems
in Middle Chinese, Taiwan Southern Min, Hakka,
and Mandarin Chinese 4. Data and Methodology 5. Sound
Correspondence Rules Among Middle Chinese, Taiwan Southern Min,
Hakka, and Mandarin Chinese with Computational Regulations 6.
Sound Correspondence Rules of Taiwan Southern Min and Mandarin,
Taiwan
Southern Min and Hakka, and Hakka and Mandarin 7. Applications
in Second Language Teaching 8. Design of Language-Assisted Teaching
Materials 9. Research Findings 10. Conclusion
Keywords: Taiwan Southern Min, Hakka, Mandarin Chinese,
Character-Sound Correspondence Rules, Character-Sound
Instruction
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5-48 -7 ...143
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7-20 -3 ...339
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7-26 347
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7-45 -3 ...369
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7-51 374
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-
1
1
()()
1 (2013)
-
2
2
3
2 (2014) 3 2001 6 2012 1
-
3
/ph/ /ph/ /k/
/k/
(distinctive features)
-
4
4 /m/
/m/ /m/ /m/
/m/ /v/
/ts/
/t/ /tsh/ /th/
5
Excel
Excel
4 5
-
5
6
/p/ /ph/ /ph/
/p/ /p/ /ph/
/p/ /p/ /ph/
/ph/
(1)
7
(2) ()
(3) ()
(4) ()
33
10
6 7 1
-
6
8
1-1
5,705 2,793 6,512
9 4,449 2,228 6,405
4,449 2,184 6,141
3,881 1,596 4,601
5,954 1,254 6,972
tiong5ting5tiong7tang7tong7
tang7tiong5ting5tiong7tang7tong7
tiong5 ting5 tiong7 tang7 tong7 tang7
1-2 10
5,348 2,740 6,004
411 382 435
26 26 26
30 30 30
2 2 2
8 2 9 / 10 1
-
7
12 12 12
3 3 3
4
() ()
2 3 4
() ()
() () (
) () 2
() 3 (
) 4 ()
()
ke1
ke1
/p/
/p/
-
8
0 0
beh411 tsit8
a2e2
in1
()
12
(1)
11 12 (1993) (2003)
-
9
(2)
( mi1-mi1-mauh4-mauh4) (
ma1-la2-song2) ( kang2-a2-tshui3)
4
()
13
()
1
2
()
1
ing ng
b lo-ng b lo-ing
2
tu-kunn ti-hn
3
li lu lu kunn *li
13
(http://twblg.dict.edu.tw/holodict_new/compile1_3_9_3.jsp)
-
10
kunn li-lng *lu-lng
() tso tsoo-tinn
() khim t-khiam
()
jn
lng
lng jn-sing
h lng
()
1
bo
2
peh()l()
(1)
hong1phang1
hun1
kau1
(2)
14
14 (1998)
-
11
tan1 ()tuann1 () su2 ()sai2 ()
tsi1 ()ki1 () hoo1 ()khoo ()
ha7 ()e7 () lik8 ()lat8 ()
15
kang1
tsu2 sin1 liau2 sia3 ting1 tsiu2 kiam3
thang2 sua2 ki1 kiann2 hue2
pang1 tshit4 tsiap4
(3)
boo2
boo2
ka1
ka-ts-() ka-tshia()
khiu2
(4)
kah4
tsha5tsa1
tsha5
tsa1
(5)
lo3
tshio1
(6)
lang5
tse1, tsit4 he1, hit4
(7)
tsoo1 khiam1
15 u2 ()hoo7 () uan2 ()hng7 ()
-
12
dziah4 piah4 tse1 siok4 ui5
sian2 pau1 tsiong1
mi2
1-3
934 9 16 1 960
21 885 12 9 927
6 47 1 54
167 203 23 541 934
() 2,464 618 91 93 3,266
3,592 1,715 189 645 6,141
(1)
gik8 ap8 se1 tai7
(2)
tshia1 hut8 pok8
kuan3 ki1 hik8 po7 kuan1
(3)
mi2 tsa1 tsiong1 pau1 sian2
(4)
tsap4 lo2 khiong5
tsiat8 tsho3 tsin1 tsun7 bo5 tshap8
(5)
sia3 thiam2 khong3 guan2
bong2 tsh1 tng1 kha3 phut4
kua1
-
13
()
3.
16
bun55
bun11
1.
2.
fun55
fun11
1.
2.
bun55 doi24
bun11 doi53
fun55 doi24 fun11 doi53
(1)
hi3 dad8 dag8 dau5 diong5
su3 kieu1 gi1
(2)
16 (http://hakka.dict.edu.tw/hakkadict/edit_info/04_d1.htm)
-
14
ka5 la5 ba3 mo3 pin3 pong3 au1
i3 zud4 hiong2 mi3 lan5 va1 hien5
qin2
(3)
sa1 no2 cag4 fag4
diong5 fang2 jia5 dio5
jid8 gud8 lem1 sai1 ve3
1-4
99 6 1 106
6 83 1 3 93
() 3,109 1,006 152 135 4,402
3,214 1,095 154 138 4,601
(1) coi3
aioi
aioi
oi leu2 ceu5
leu5 ng5
cii5
/s/ /tsh/
sii5
(2) fan3fan7phon7
didsiid4
/t/
fu5 bau3 cau2
tam3 tam1
(3) qin2
-
15
hi3
(4) pha5 nga3
()
()
D. 17
1.
CNS11643 ()
2.
()()
(1)
3 1 2 3 4 4
1 2 2 2 4
1 3 0
3 4 1 1 0 2
2 4 2 1
(2)
1 1 1 3 4
1 3 2 2
(3)
2
1 4 2 3 3
4 4 1 1
(4) 1 1
17 (http://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/bian/fanli/fanli4-2.htm)
-
16
3 3 2 3 2 3
1 3 4 1 2 4
1-5
83 1 84
3 75 1 79
108 60 1 169
() 5,739 689 90 122 6,640
5,933 824 291 124 6,972
(1) 2
(2) 4 4
3
(3) 3
peh-j/pueh-lpeh-jpueh-l
18
(1)
/
(2)
(3)
18 3
-
17
(4)
(1)
(2)
19
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
19 9
-
18
(6) ()
() ()
(1)
(2)
(3) ()
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(17) (23)
(10)
(11)
( /i/ ) ( /u/
) ( /y/ ) ( /i//u//y/)
(12)
-
19
(13)
20
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
/a//ui//iau/
(18)
/o//an//im/
(19)
/ip//ut//ak/
(20)
/m//n///
(21) //////
(22)
/m///
(23)
/////D///
(24)
(25)
(1)
(2) 1, 2, 3, 4
5, 6, 7, 8
20
-
20
6
6 7 0 9
1, 2, 3, 4
0
(3) 1, 2, 3, 4
5, 6, 7, 8
6
2 7
3
(4)
(5)
(6)
/ph/
/p/ /ph/
1 4tiong1tiong3ting3
1-tiong1 1-tiong3 1-ting3 4-tiong1
4-tiong3 4-ting3
- 1-tiong1- 4-tiong3,ting3
- 1-tiong1-
4-tiong3- 4-ting3
-
21
(1)
Excel
21
(2)
4ham3
ham3
4
4ham3
3 422
too2too7
23
(3)
24
21 22 23 to to 24 2
-
22
1-6
it4, tsit8 id4 1
1
ting1 den1 1
tshit4 qid4 1
sam3 4
sam1, sann1 sam1 1
e1, e7, ha7, he7 ha1, ha2, ha3 4
1-6
1-7
it4, tsit8 id4
ting1 den1
tshit4 qid4
sam1, sann1 sam1
e1, e7, ha7, he7 ha1, ha2, ha3
1-8
it4, tsit8 1
ting1 1
tshit4 1
sam3 4
sam1, sann1 1
e1, e7, ha7, he7 4
1-9
id4 1
-
23
den1 1
qid4 1
sam1 1
ha1, ha2, ha3 4
1-7
1-10
it4 id4
tsit8 id4
ting1 den1
tshit4 qid4
sam1 sam1
sann1 sam1
e1 ha1
e1 ha2
e1 ha3
e7 ha1
e7 ha2
e7 ha3
ha7 ha1
ha7 ha2
ha7 ha3
he7 ha1
he7 ha2
he7 ha3
1-11
-
24
it4 id4 it 4 i t it id 4 i d id
tsit8 id4 ts it 8 i t it id 4 i d id
ting1 den1 t ing 1 i ng ing d en 1 e n en
tshit4 qid4 tsh it 4 i t it q id 4 i d id
sam1 sam1 s am 1 a m am s am 1 a m am
sann1 sam1 s ann 1 a nn ann s am 1 a m am
e1 ha1 e 1 e e h a 1 a a
e7 ha1 e 7 e e h a 1 a a
ha7 ha1 h a 7 a a h a 1 a a
he7 ha1 h e 7 e e h a 1 a a
e1 ha2 e 1 e e h a 2 a a
e7 ha2 e 7 e e h a 2 a a
ha7 ha2 h a 7 a a h a 2 a a
he7 ha2 h e 7 e e h a 2 a a
e1 ha3 e 1 e e h a 3 a a
e7 ha3 e 7 e e h a 3 a a
ha7 ha3 h a 7 a a h a 3 a a
he7 ha3 h e 7 e e h a 3 a a
Excel
/h/ /p/
/kh/ /kh/ /th/
-
25
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
()
()
-
26
(Contrastive Analysis)
(Error Analysis)
Fries (1945) Lado
(1957) ()
()
Fries
(1945:9)
Lado (1957:2)
25
-
(shift)
()
()
[im][im]
[b][p]
Corder (1967)Corder
(2006:403)
think[][s]
[s]
25 (1957:10)
-
27
(1837)
26
26 (1979:1)
-
28
ui7lui7lui7ui7
()
27
27 (1982:1)
-
29
2-1
28
p,ph p,ph
f h p,ph
t,th
t,th
t,th,
ts,tsh,s
ts,tsh,s
t,th,
k,kh,x k,kh,h29
(1) (p, ph)
28 29
-
30
(2) (f)
(3) (t, th)
(4) (ts, tsh, s)
(5) (t, th, )
(6) (t, th, )
(a) (ts, tsh, s)
(b) (k, kh, x)
(7) (t, th, )
(a) (t, th)
(b) (ts, tsh, s)
()
Excel
30
()
40
4000
30 ()
-
31
()
()
()
()
-
32
()
/k/ /t/
/k/ /t/
()
()
/ik/
/h/
hik4
()
-
33
31
()
sip8, tsap8
huan5
pian7
huat8, hat8
tiong7
hian5
sing5, sin5
huat8, huah8
/p/ /p/
/ki/ /ti/
()
()
/ph/ /p/
31
-
34
/ph//h/ /p/ /p//ph//f/
()
Excel
()
2-2
2-3
2-2 32
t t
t
ts () ts
t ()
2-3
32
-
35
t t
t
ts () ts
t ()
()
() Excel
Excel
33
/e//ue/
/e/ /ue/ /ue/
/e/ /e/
33
-
36
/ue/ 34 /a/ /e/ /ua/
/ue/ /a//ua/ /e/ /ue//ue/ /e/
35
(1985)
// /u/
/e/
Excel
34 //// 35 /e/ //
-
37
36
( 603)
( 1008) ()
( 1037)
193 206
13
()
43
36
-
38
/t/ /u/
37
38
3- 1
37 (2005) 38
-
39
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
206
3-2 39
39
-
40
(1) 206 206
3-5
(2)
(3)
(4)
-
41
(5)
40
3-3
1 2 3 4
()
()
3-4
(1)
40
-
42
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
()
3-5
-
43
(1)
(2) 41
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10) 42
()
43
44
(1987)
41 42 43 3-3 3-5 44 .
-
44
()
3-6
p ph b m
t th n l
k kh g ng
ts tsh s j
h
3-7
a ah ann annh am ap an at ang ak
ai aih ainn ainnh
au auh aunn
e eh enn ennh
m mh ng ngh
i ih inn im ip in it ing ik
ia iah iann iannh iam iap ian iat iang iak
iau iauh
io ioh iong iok
iu iuh iunn
o oh onn onnh om op ong ok
oo ooh
u uh un ut
ua uah uann uan uat uang
uai uainn
ue ueh
ui uinn
-
45
3-8
1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9
()
() () ^ "
55 51 11 3 13 33 5 ()
siann-tiu siann1-tiau7 9 ting
tsau-kinn
()
3-9
p 172 118 73 363
ph 87 71 41 199
b 115 69 44 228
m 48 13 17 78
t 268 218 71 557
th 113 76 38 227
l 235 229 57 521
n 45 33 8 86
ts 175 281 91 547
tsh 129 169 66 364
j 54 21 75
s 157 327 136 620
k 292 233 133 658
kh 122 121 65 308
g 48 68 27 143
ng 33 5 38
h 230 141 188 559
156 281 133 570
-
46
2,425 2,507 1,209 6,141
(1) j-
(2) ng-
()
3-10
1,237 763 312 2,312
551 232 128 911
573 476 130 1,179
2,361 1,471 570 4,402
29 275 67 371
4 61 10 75
37 122 43 202
71 353 97 521
247 236 87 570
388 1,047 304 1,739
2,749 2,518 874 6,141
()
()
3-11
a 121 55 61 237
ai 153 13 166
au 130 164 294
e 207 109 316
i 338 160 498
o 193 65 258
oo 225 225
u 134 245 379
am 109 83 192
-
47
an 155 179 159 493
ang 129 39 2 170
im 68 68
in 137 137
ing 315 315
om 4 4
ong 248 175 423
un 185 185
ah 52 48 41 141
aih 3 3
ak 57 7 64
ap 38 43 81
at 44 58 43 145
auh 7 1 8
eh 50 13 63
ih 29 29
ik 169 169
ip 26 26
it 49 49
oh 31 24 55
ok 121 72 193
ooh 2 2
op 1 1
uh 2 13 15
ut 54 54
ainn 26 11 37
ann 56 71 89 216
aunn 12 6 18
enn 60 5 65
inn 70 6 76
onn 45 45
unn 73 73
annh 8 2 10
aunnh 4 1 5
ennh 10 10
innh 4 4
-
48
onnh 4 4
m 4 4
ng 112 112
mh 1 1
ngh 3 3
2,425 2,507 1,209 6,141
(1) aanangatahann
(2) iuuhinn
(3) aieehainnenn
(4) auoamongannhapakokohauhaunnaunnh
(5) ooomaihoohoponnennhonnhmngmh
ngh
(6) iminingipitikihunninnh
(7) unut
()
3-12
1 2 3 4 5 7 8
583 409 426 506 449 2,373
550 343 289 509 296 1,987
627 471 1,098
123 102 66 133 106 530
24 9 33
40 20 18 20 18 116
3 1 4
1,296 874 799 654 1,168 869 481 6,141
45
(1987)
(
) 45 .
-
49
...
3-13
b p m
f v
d t n l
g k ng
z c s
j q x
h
3-14
a am ab an ad ang ag
ai
au
e em eb en ed
eu
ii iim iib iin iid
m n ng
o on od ong og
-
50
oi
i im ib in id
ia iam iab iang iag
iau
ie iem ieb ien ied
ieu
io ion iong iog
ioi
iu iun iung iug
iui
u un ud ung ug
ua uan uad uang uag
uai
uen ued
ui
3-15
1 2 3 4 5 8
() ()
24 31 55 2 11 5
()
3-16
b 113 77 24 214
p 110 73 53 236
m 120 44 30 194
f 84 34 101 219
-
51
v 58 25 34 117
d 109 60 47 216
t 130 61 47 238
l 129 168 49 346
n 64 11 15 90
z 222 75 297
c 232 78 310
s 280 73 353
j 82 82
q 114 114
x 118 118
g 155 188 76 419
k 65 159 46 270
ng 54 100 10 164
h 136 88 224
89 291 380
2,150 1,693 758 4,601
(1) (z, c, s)
(2) (j, q, x)
(3) (h, )
()
3-17
611 338 251 393 1,593
319 155 113 216 803
327 234 102 251 914
1,257 727 466 860 3,310
37 37 18 25 117
100 180 54 114 448
70 174 32 70 346
118 136 58 68 380
325 527 162 277 1,291
1,582 1,254 628 1,137 4,601
-
52
()
3-18
a 166 45 9 220
ai 112 10 122
au 107 53 160
e 47 27 74
eu 131 51 182
i 408 84 492
ii 132 132
o 195 12 207
oi 89 1 90
u 90 259 349
am 111 64 175
an 131 8 139
ang 90 53 4 147
em 18 3 21
en 68 203 2 273
iim 11 11
iin 54 54
im 42 42
in 153 153
on 82 10 92
ong 200 81 281
un 39 123 162
ung 53 132 185
ab 61 41 102
ad 67 3 70
ag 60 21 2 83
eb 11 2 13
ed 54 57 4 115
ib 21 21
id 101 101
iib 6 6
-
53
iid 22 22
od 19 1 20
og 91 21 112
ud 1 45 46
ug 39 73 112
m 1 1
n 3 3
ng 11 11
2,150 1,693 758 4,601
(1) aangenaged
(2) iuunungudug
(3) aianad
(4) eoaueuoiamemonongabebodog
(5) iiiimiiniibiidmnng
(6) iminibid
()
3-19
1 2 3 4 5 8
568 341 673 446 2,028
534 281 464 456 1,735
479 344 823
1 6 8 15
1,103 628 1,137 479 910 344 4,601
46
3-20
46 .
-
54
3-2 1
()
-
55
3-22
1 2 3 4
55 35 214 51
()
3-23
141 129 70 340
115 106 52 273
145 91 57 293
124 72 196
122 116 95 333
110 70 84 264
50 78 24 5 157
139 234 109 27 509
141 153 294
106 84 190
141 190 331
431 116 547
238 71 309
319 98 417
284 126 410
194 87 281
238 88 326
55 47 102
120 60 180
83 61 144
-
56
89 82 171 137 378 210 180 905
2,534 2,190 1,751 497 6,972
(1) () ()
(2) () () () (
) ()
(3) () ()
()
3-24
492 351 294 544 13 1,694
552 471 275 571 2 1,871
408 348 176 507 2 1,441
1,452 1,170 745 1,622 17 5,006
2 44 23 33 102
20 158 109 156 7 450
19 216 89 181 4 509
184 231 163 324 3 905
225 649 384 694 14 1,966
1,677 1,819 1,129 2,316 31 6,972
()
()
3-25
() 264 264
249 106 52 407
1 342 343
260 260
191 84 275
192 2 36 230
118 226 344
-
57
287 253 540
188 125 313
9 9
633 633
553 553
218 218
366 366 130 85 947
158 164 122 68 512
235 115 82 432
208 234 208 42 692
2,534 2,190 1,751 497 6,972
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
()
3-26
0 1 2 3 4
29 950 1,134 674 1,602 4,389
2 727 685 455 714 2,583
31 1,677 1,819 1,129 2,316 6,972
-
58
3-27
p p b
ph ph p
b b
m m m
f f
v v
t t d
th th t
n n n
l l l
k g g
kh kh k
g
x
ng ng
t j
th q
x
t
th
ts ts z
tsh tsh c
dz j
s s s
h h
()
3-28
p,ph,b,m p,ph,m p,ph,m
f,v f
t,th,l,n t,th,l,n t,th,l,n
-
59
k,kh,g, k,kh, k,kh,x
t,th, t,th,
,h,,
ts,tsh,dz,s ts,tsh,s ts,tsh,s
h, h,
(1) ()
(2) ()(
)
()
()
3-29
p,ph,t,th,k,kh b,g p,ph,t,th,k,kh p,ph,t,th,k,kh
ts,tsh dz ts,tsh,t,th ts,tsh,t,th,,h
m,n, m,n, m,n
s,h f,s,,h v f,x,s,,
l l l
(1)
(2)
(3)
3-30
-
60
/ ii ()
i i i
y
e e e ,
,,
/ a a a ,,,,
u u u ,-,
o o o, oi, om, on, ong, od, ob, og ,
oo, om, ong, op, ok, onn
(1) 5 /a//e//i//o//u/
(2) 5
// //
(/ts//tsh//s/) (//
/h/////) //
/y/////
(3) /i/ /y/// /o/
3-31
a a a a
a i ai ai ai
a u au au au
oo
e e e e
e enn
e i ei
e u eu eu
ii
-
61
o o o o
o i oi oi
o u ou
i i i i
a ia ia ia
a i iai
a u iau iau iau
e ie ie
e u ieu ieu
o io io io
o i ioi ioi
o u iou
u iu iu iu
u i iui iui
u u u u
a ua ua ua
a i uai uai uai
e ue ue
e i uei
i ui ui ui
o uo
y y
e ye
a m am am am
a n an an an
a a ang ang
e m em em
e n en en
n n
m m iim
n n iin
o n on on
o o ong
m m om
ong
a m iam iam iam
a n ian ian
a ia iang iang
-
62
e m iem iem
e n ien ien
i m im im im
i n in in in
i i ing
o n ion ion
o n io io
i iong
u n iun iun
u iu iung
a n uan uan uan
a ua uang uang
e n uen uen
u n un un un
u u ung
a n yan
y n yn
u yu
a k ak ak ag
a p ap ap ab
a t at at ad
a a ah
a i i aih
a u au auh
e p ep eb
e t et ed
e e eh
p p iib
t t iid
o t ot od
o o oh
o k ok og
p p op
ooh
k k ok
a k iak iak iag
a p iap iap iab
a t iat iat
a u iau iauh
-
63
a ia iah
e p iep ieb
e t iet ied
i p ip ip ib
i t it it id
i k ik ik
i i ih
o t iot iod
o k iok iog
o io ioh
k ik iok
u t iut iud
u k iuk iug
u iu iuh
a k uak uag
a t uat uat uad
a ua uah
e t uet ued
e ue ueh
i ui uih
u k uk ug
u t ut ut ud
u u uh
a ann
a i ainn
a u aunn
e enn
D onn
a iann
a u iann
i inn
u iunn
a uann
a i uainn
e uenn
i uinn
a annh
a u aunnh
e ennh
-
64
D onnh
a iannh
u iunnh
m m m m
n n n
ng ng
m m mh
ngh
(1)
(2)
(3) /i//u/ /n///
/m/ /p//t//k/
//
(4)
(a) /e/ /i/ /o/ /u/
/e/ /i/ /o/ /u/
/e/ /i/ /o/ /u/
(b) /o/ /i/ /o/
/i/ /o/ /i/
(c) /ue/ /ui/ /uei/ /ui/
/ue/ /uei/ /uei/ /ue/ /ui/
(d) /io/ /iu/ /iou/ /iou/
/io/ /iu/
3-32
1 (44) 1 (24) 1 (55)
2 (53) 2 (31) 2 (214)
() 3 (21) 3 (55) 3 (51)
4 (21) 4 (22)
5 (24) 5 (11) 2 (35)
7 (33)
-
65
8 (32) 8 (55)
(1)
(2)
3-11 3-18 3-25
3-33
ann
aana47ata aaen48ak49et aai50a
oauamapakk
oau515253
eoaueuoi54amem55
onoapep56ot57ok auou
eaie aianat58 ei
iuu59 iuunuut60uk o61
e
mp6263ai64D
Dmm6566
mnptm67n68
47 /ua/ 2 uang1 tshuang3 48 /uen/ 2 guen2 guen2 49 /uak/ 2 guag8
kuag4 50 /iai/ 2 2 2 51 /iau/ 1 hiauh4 52 // 2 hiannh4 hiannh4 53
// 1 ngiauh8 54 /ioi/ 1 kioi3 55 /iem/ 3 giem5 kiem5 ngiem3 56
/iep/ 2 gieb8 kieb4 57 /iot/ 1 jiod8 58 /uat/ 3 guad4 guad4 guad4
59 /iu/ 2 tiuh4 tsiuh4 60 /iut/ 1 kiud4 61 /io/ 1 1 62 /p/ 1 lop4
63 // 2 hooh4 ooh4 64 /ai/ 3 aih4 aih4 haih4 65 /m/ 1 hmh8
-
66
iminiipitiki
iminipit i
unut u
y
(1) /dz/ //
(/ts//tsh/s/)
(/t//th///) (/h///)
(/p//ph//m/) (/t//th/)
(/f/) (/k//kh//x/) (///h/
////) (/ts//tsh//s/) ()
(/t//th///) ()
(2) ()
(3)
69
7071
72
73
(1999)
66 // 3 phngh4 hngh4 khngh4 67 /m/ 1 m5 68 /n/ 3 n1 n2 n5 69 70
lan5-bien2nan5-mien2 71 gi2-gien5i2-ien5 72 i2-uan2i2-guan2 73
(2000) (2006)
-
67
74
()
75
76 // //
[]/dz/
/l/
77
1.
() ()
(t, th, )
(1) /k/ /t/ tiam1(kiam1)-k3 liam7-ti (ki1)
(2) /t/ /k/ ki1(ti1)-in5 kin7(tin7)-li7
(3) /kh/ /th/ thui3-thi2(khi2) thi3(khi3)-tik4
(4) /th//kh/ bin7-kh1(th1) khien1(thien1)-tiu7
(5) /h/ // it4-i3(hi3) iu1 (hiu1)-ki1
(6) // /h/ lu2-hi3(i3) hi3(i3)-ph3
2.
78
74 75 76 77 5-23 5-29 5-34 78 pho1 phiau1 phun1 phik4 ph
k4 phik4 kh1 khu1 kha4 tshi3 thi1 thien2 tshik4
-
68
(1) /p/ /ph/ phi5(pi5)-an1 pha5(pa5)-kuan179
(2) /ph/ /p/ pi5(phi5)-im2 mi5-pue7 (phue7)
(3) /t/ /th/ the5(te5)-bk8 te7-th(t5)
(4) /th/ /t/ l2-tk8 (thk8) tan2-tai7(thai7)
(5) /k/ /kh/ lo-khia7(kia7) tui1-khiu5(kiu5)
(6) /kh/ /k/ kin5(khin5)-tshai3 a5-ki7(khi7)
(7) /ts/ /tsh/ an1-tsuan5(tshuan5) sim1-thi5(ti5)
(8) /tsh/ /ts/ ti3(thi3)-kuan3 tset4(thik4)-li5
3.
(1) /ts/ /s/ sun5(tsun5)-khuan2 thak8-su1(tsu1)
(2) /tsh/ /s/ iu1-iu5(thiu5) kho2-i3(thi3)
(3) /s/ /tsh/ thiu5(iu5)-tsui2 i1-tshan2(san2)
4.
/b//g/
/g/
(1) /b/ /m/ mi2(bi2)-le7 muan2(buan2)-i3
(2) /b/ /v/ van7(ban7)-it4 vun5-vu2(bun5-bu2)
(3) /g/ // ts2-ai7(gai7) am5(gam5)-tio8
(4) /g/ [] i3-i7(gi7) ien2(gien2)-kiu3
(5) /g/ i3-ien5(gi2-gien5) huan-i5(gi5)
(6) /g/ uat8(guat8)-lam5 kau3-gik8(ik8)
5.
/f/ /h/
/hu-/ /f/
/v/
(1) /hu/ /f/ vun5-fa3(bun5-hua3) fo3(h3)-im1
79 pi5-an1phi5-an1 pa5-kuan1pha5-kuan1
-
69
(2) /v/ vun2(un2)-ta3
van5(uan5)-ka1
6.
//
// 5(ia5)-in5
tsu7-2(2)
7.
/t//th/
(1) /t/ /ts/ suan2-tik8(tik8) tsu3 (tu3)-tsk4
(2) /th/ /tsh/ liu5-tshuan5(thuan5) ke3-thi5(thi5)
()
//
/o/
1.
(1) /i/ /u/ su7(i7)-hui1 khai1-su2(i2)
(2) /u/ /i/ i1(su1)-iau3 thi3 (tshu3)-bi7
(3) /u/ // lau7-s1(su1) ts7-s1(tsu7-su1)
2.
/o/ //
// /o/
(1) /o/ // h5(ho5)-pi5 kh2(kho2)-i2
(2) /o/ // h5(ho5)-pi5 kh2(kho2)-i2
(3) // /o/ so2(s2)-i2 ko1 (k1)-ts5
3.
-
70
/m/ /n/
/m/ /n/ //
/n/ /n///
// /n/
(1) /m/ /n/ kan2(kam2)-ia7 an1-in1(im1)
(2) /m/ // phi-i2(im2) ki1(kim1)-kh3
(3) /n/ /m/ tiap4-kim7(kin7) thi1-im1(in1)
(4) /n/ // pi(pin1) bi5(bin5)-kk4
(5) // /m/ im1(i1)-bun5 im1 (i1)-k1
(6) // /n/ huat4-sn1(i1) phin3(phi3)-su1
(7) tit4-p5(pi5) it4-mi5(bin5)
4.
(1) /p/ /t/ tsat8(tsap8) lit8 (lip8)- tshun1
(2) /p/ // to3-tha4(thap4) dzi8(dzip8)-khi3
(3) /t/ // tshu4(tshut4)-sai1 thi4(thit4)- tho5
(4) /k/ /t/ tit4(tik4)-khak4 to7-tit4(tik4)
(5) /k/ // lo8(lk4)-thi3 k4(kk4)-hau7
(6) ho2-tia7(tia8) la7-tsa7(lak8-tsap8)
5.
(1) // /a/ pau1-a7(7) pua3(p3)-me5
(2) // /e/ phua3-pe7(p7) tshe1(tsh1)-tshai3
(3) // /i/ ho2-thi1(th1) thi1(th1)-hi5
6. /ue//ui/
/uei/ /ue//ui/ /ui/ /ue/
/ue//ui/ /ue//ui/ /uei/
/ue/ /ui/
(1) /ue/ /ui/ ui7(ue7)-i1 ti2-pui3(pue3)
(2) /ui/ /ue/ tue3(tui3)-h1 tiu2-tsue3(tsui3)
()
-
71
1.
(1) ien1-tin7(tin3) tsa2-t7(t3)
(2) kien3(kien7)-po2 tai3(tai7)-kho3
2.
80
(1) pit8(pit4)-giap8 s1-se8(se4)
(2) tat4(tat8)-i5 tsu2-tsia4(tsia8)
()
1.
(1) [n] [] iu2(niu2)-khik i2-set4(ni2-ik4)
(2) [] [] ia5 (ia5)-in5 iau1(iau1)-ti1
2.
(1) /b/ /m/ pa1-ma5(ba5) iau1-met8(biat8)
80
-
72
(2) /l/ /n/ khun3-nan5(lan5) nap8(lap8)-sue3
(3) /g/ // in5(gin5)-phio3 ien2(gien2)-kiu3
3.
(1) /n/ /m/ mo5-fam7(huan7)
pin5-fam5(pi5-huan5)
(2) /t/ /p/ fam7-fap4(huan7-huat4)
4.
//
(1) // // pi1-th5(th5) s3(s3)-iau3
(2) // /o/ te7-ho1(h1) ko1-sua3(k1-s3)
()
1.
(1) /k/ /t/ pan1-tiu1(kieu1) tshen5-tin1 (kin1)
(2) /t/ /k/ sa3-kiam3(tien3) thui1-kien3 (tien3)
(3) /kh/ /th/ thin1(khin1)-im1 thin3(khin3)-tsuk4
-
73
(4) /th//kh/ su1-khiam1(thiam1) khien1(thien1)-i5
(5) /h/ // i1(hi1)-thin1 iu1 (hiu1)-it4
(6) // /h/ hien3(ien3)-mu3 hi1(i1)-ieu3
2.
(1) /p/ /ph/ pho1(po1)-long3 phiau1(peu1)-ki3
(2) /ph/ /p/ fu2-pai3(phai3) pok8(phok8)-ho5
(3) /t/ /th/ thiap4(tiap4)-ts2 thiau1(tiau1)tok4
(4) /th/ /t/ to5(tho5)-mong5 to3(tho3)-li1
(5) /k/ /kh/ khi1(ki1)-li1 tsha5-khu1(ku1)
(6) /kh/ /k/ ieu1-kiu5(khiu5) kiok4-hua1(khiuk4-fa1)
(7) /ts/ /tsh/ tshet4(tset4)-kok4 tshau1(tsau1)-im1
(8) /tsh/ /ts/ ts3-tsai3(tsh3-tshai3) pu2-tsu3(tshu3)
(7) /t//th/ thi3(tiu3)-kon3 ma5-thiok4(tiok4)
(8) /th/ /t/ tin3(thin3)-li3 tiam3(thiam3)-s5
3.
(1) /ts/ /s/ sok4(tsok4)-io3
(2) /tsh/ /s/ sa1(tsha1)-s3 khim5-su3(tshu3)
(3) /s//tsh/ tshui3-tshui3(sui3-sui3) tshut4-tshan2(san2)
(4) /th/ // iu5(thiu5)-sui2 lia2-iu3(thiu3)
(5) // /th/ th1-thip4(thu1-ip8)
bok4-thi3(muk4-io3)
4.
(1) /f/ /h/ hu3(fu3)-kui3 h3(fo3)-im1
(2) /f/ /hu/ hua3 (fa3)-ien5 huat4-hui1(fat4-fi1)
(3) /f/ /kh/ sam1-khu3(fu3) khu2(fu2)-kua1
(4) /v/ /b/ bun5-bu2(vun5-vu2) ban3(van3)-it4
(5) /v/ /f/ f5(vo5)-ti3 fan5(van5)-thien5
(6) /v/ /u/ ua1(va1)-kho1 uan5(van5)-san3
(7) /v/ an1-un2(on1-vun2) ku2-u2(vu2)
5.
// //
-
74
au5(au5)-iok8 tsu2-ai3(ai3)
6. /kh/ /h/
/kh/
/th/
tu2-khat4(hot4) kui1-khok4(hok4)
kh1(ho1)-e2 khi3(hi3)-hiam5
()
/e//o/
1.
/iu/
81
/u/ /i/
/i/ /iu/
/iun//iut/
(1) /i/ /u/ thi3-khu1(khi1) tshu3(thi3)-mi3
(2) // /u/ /i/ khiam3-su3(s3)
tshu3(tsh3)-liau5 ti2-i3(ts2-s3) kim3-ti2(ts2)
it4-ti3(st4-ts3) it8-(st8)-tsha
(3) /iun/ /y/ /i/ /u/ khun5(khiun5)-khiam3
khin5(khiun5)-khiam3 kyn1 (kiun1)-s1 kun1
(kiun1)-s1 kin1 (kiun1)-s1
2.
(1) /o/ // h5(fo5)-pin5 kh2(kho2)-lien5
(2) /oi/ /ai//ue/ pi1-ai1(oi1) tshau2-tshai3(tshoi3)
81 /iut/ khiut4
-
75
tshue1 (tshoi1)-lio5 phue5(phoi5)-thien5
(3) /on/ /an/ /uan/ thia2-an1(on1)
han5-suan1(hon5-son1) li5-suan5(liu5-son5)
(4) /ion/ /i/ /uan/ an1-thi5(on1-thion5)
kiok4-guan1(ion1)
(5) /ot/ /at/ /k/ kat4(kot4)-tsho2
pk4(pot4)-kho5
(6) /eu/ /io/ hio3(heu3)-mi1 sio3-nien5(seu3-ien5)
(7) /ieu/ /io/ /iau/ thu2-kio2(kieu2)
to1-khio2(khieu2) iau1(ieu1)-thia2
hiau1-hi5(hieu1-hiu5)
(8) /en/ /n/ tshn5(tshen5)-kin1 tn1(ten1)-mi5
(9) /ien/ /en/ kiu2-en2(ien2) tshen5(thien5)-sui2
(10) /iet/ /et/ thin1-tshet4(thiet4) im1-het4(hiet4)
3.
/i/
/n/ //
(1) /m/ /n/ kin1-nien5(kim1-ien1) on1-in1(im1)
(2) /m/ // hi3-thio5(him3-theu5) fa5(fam5)-pu3
(3) /n/ /m/ him1(hin1)-lu5 gim1(iun1)-nai3
(4) /n/ // phi5(phin5)-lun3 thi1(thin1)- tshu2
(5) // /n/ lan5-san1(la5-sa1) kiok4-in3(ia3)
4.
(1) /p/ /t/ huan3-huat4(fam3-fap4)
tiet8(thiap8)-iun3
(2) /t/ /k/ kam2-kik4(kit4) li3-ik4(it4)
(3) /t/ // tu4(tut4)-to2 la8(lat8)-tio3
(4) /k/ // pit4-tia4(tiak4) ka4(kak4)-i3
(5) ti4(tit4)-sui2 thia4(thiak4)-iu3
5.
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76
(1) /u/ // h1(fu1)-ko1 k1(ku1)-tho5
(2) /iu/ /i/ thi5(thiu5)-io5
khi3(khiu3)-io3
(3) /uk/ /k/ kiok4-bok4(muk4) iok4-sok4(suk4)
(4) /iuk/ /ik/ huat4