朱銘祥教授國立成功大學機械系 CH 1 An Introduction to Biomechanics © all right reserved 2008 M.S. Ju.

朱銘祥教授朱銘祥教授國立成功大學機械系 國立成功大學機械系

CH 1 An Introduction to Biomechanics

© all right reserved 2008 M.S. Ju

1-1 What is Biomechanics?1-1 What is Biomechanics? bio- biologybio- biology Mechanics applied to biology (Fung)Mechanics applied to biology (Fung) Mechanics : force, motion and strength of Mechanics : force, motion and strength of

materials.materials. Galileo 1638Galileo 1638 Analyses of Dynamical SystemsAnalyses of Dynamical Systems

© all right reserved 2008 M.S. Ju

BiomechanicsBiomechanics

• Seeks to understand the mechanics of Seeks to understand the mechanics of living systemsliving systems

• Biology can no more be understood Biology can no more be understood without biomechanicswithout biomechanics

• For an organism For an organism • help to understand its normal functionhelp to understand its normal function• Predict changes due to alterationPredict changes due to alteration• Propose methods of artificial interventionPropose methods of artificial intervention

Diagnosis, surgery and prosthesis are closely associated with Biomechanics

1.2 Historical background 1.2 Historical background

Reading assignmentReading assignment Contributors to biomechanicsContributors to biomechanics G. Galilei, W. Harvey, R. Descartes, G.A. G. Galilei, W. Harvey, R. Descartes, G.A.

Borelli, R. Boyle, R. Hooke, I. Newton, L. Borelli, R. Boyle, R. Hooke, I. Newton, L. Euler, T. Young, J. Poiseuille, H. von Euler, T. Young, J. Poiseuille, H. von Helmholtz, A. Fick, D.J. Korteweg, H. Helmholtz, A. Fick, D.J. Korteweg, H. Lamb, O. Frank, B. van der PolLamb, O. Frank, B. van der Pol

1.3 Biomechanics & Biology1.3 Biomechanics & Biology

Applied mechanicsApplied mechanics Stress and strain distribution in materialsStress and strain distribution in materials Constitutive equations for mechanical properties Constitutive equations for mechanical properties

of materialsof materials Strength of materials, yielding, creeping, plastic Strength of materials, yielding, creeping, plastic

flow, crack propagation, fracture, fatigue failure flow, crack propagation, fracture, fatigue failure of materials, stress corrosionof materials, stress corrosion

Dislocation theory, metals, ceramicsDislocation theory, metals, ceramics Composite materialsComposite materials

Applied mechanics (cont’d)Applied mechanics (cont’d)

Flow of fluids: gas, water, blood and other Flow of fluids: gas, water, blood and other tissue fluidstissue fluids

Heat transfer, temperature distribution, Heat transfer, temperature distribution, thermal stressthermal stress

Mass transfer, diffusion, transport through Mass transfer, diffusion, transport through membranemembrane

Motion of charged particles, plasma, ions Motion of charged particles, plasma, ions in solutionin solution

Mechanism, structuresMechanism, structures

Applied mechanics (cont’d)Applied mechanics (cont’d)

Stability of mechanical systemsStability of mechanical systems Control of mechanical systemsControl of mechanical systems Dynamics, vibrations, wave propagationDynamics, vibrations, wave propagation Shock waves and waves of finite Shock waves and waves of finite

amplitudeamplitude

Note: all living systems have involved with some of these problems

Biology & PhysiologyBiology & Physiology

BiologyBiology G.R. Treviranus 1802G.R. Treviranus 1802 Biologie – Biologie – sciences which deal with living matter sciences which deal with living matter

as a wholeas a whole Physiology – Physiology – sciences which deal with normal sciences which deal with normal

functions of living things or their organsfunctions of living things or their organs

Continuum mechanics in physiologyContinuum mechanics in physiology System Biology, gene, cell, tissue, organ, System Biology, gene, cell, tissue, organ,

organismorganism

1.4 Mechanics in Physiology1.4 Mechanics in Physiology

Reading assignmentReading assignment W. Harvey, M. Malpighi, S. Hales, O. W. Harvey, M. Malpighi, S. Hales, O.

Frank, E.H. Starling, A, Krogh, A. V. HillFrank, E.H. Starling, A, Krogh, A. V. Hill

1.5 What contributions has 1.5 What contributions has Biomechanics made to Health ScienceBiomechanics made to Health Science

Clinical problems in cardiovascular systemClinical problems in cardiovascular system Prosthetic heart valves, heart assistive device, Prosthetic heart valves, heart assistive device,

extracorporeal circulation, hear-lung machine, extracorporeal circulation, hear-lung machine, hemo-dialysis machinehemo-dialysis machine

Heart transplantation, artificial heart, Heart transplantation, artificial heart, postoperative trauma, pulmonary, arteriespostoperative trauma, pulmonary, arteries

AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis Hemodynamic disorderHemodynamic disorder Stress acting in endothelial cells & response of Stress acting in endothelial cells & response of

the endothelial cells to stressthe endothelial cells to stress

OrthopedicsOrthopedics Everyday clinical toolEveryday clinical tool Surgery, prosthesis, implantable materials, artificial Surgery, prosthesis, implantable materials, artificial

limbs, cellular & molecular aspects of healing to limbs, cellular & molecular aspects of healing to stress and strainstress and strain

Functional tissue engineering of cartilage, tendon & Functional tissue engineering of cartilage, tendon & bonebone

Biomechanics of trauma, injury and Biomechanics of trauma, injury and rehabilitationrehabilitation

Promote better understanding of physiologyPromote better understanding of physiology Methodology of mechanics adopted to health Methodology of mechanics adopted to health

science and technologyscience and technology

a

b

c

d

e

f

Biomechanics to medicineBiomechanics to medicine

System analysisSystem analysis

Rheology of biological tissuesRheology of biological tissues

Mass transfer through membraneMass transfer through membrane

Interfacial phenomenaInterfacial phenomena

MicrocirculationMicrocirculation

1.6 Our method of approach1.6 Our method of approach(steps)(steps)

1.1. Geometry of object:Geometry of object: morphology of organism, morphology of organism, anatomy of organ, histology of tissue, structure anatomy of organ, histology of tissue, structure and ultra-structure of living materialand ultra-structure of living material

2.2. Determine Determine mechanical propertiesmechanical properties of the materials of the materials or tissues:or tissues:

3.3. Derive the Derive the governing equationgoverning equation based on based on fundamental lawsfundamental laws of physics and of physics and constitutive constitutive equationsequations of the materials of the materials

4.4. Obtain meaningful Obtain meaningful boundary conditionsboundary conditions: : environment of an organenvironment of an organ

5.5. Solve the Solve the boundary-value problemsboundary-value problems analyticallyanalytically or or numericallynumerically or by or by experimentsexperiments

6.6. Perform physiological experiments to test Perform physiological experiments to test the solutions of the above boundary-value the solutions of the above boundary-value problemsproblems

7.7. Compare the experimental results with Compare the experimental results with corresponding theoretical ones: corresponding theoretical ones:

justify the justify the hypotheseshypotheses made made find the numerical values of the find the numerical values of the undeterminedundetermined

coefficientscoefficients in the in the constitutive equationsconstitutive equations..

1.7 1.7 生物力學研究工具 生物力學研究工具 課 題 課 題 工 具 工 具 幾何 幾何 形態量度形態量度 ,, 組織學組織學 ,, 電子顯微鏡電子顯微鏡 ,,

共軛對焦共軛對焦 , , 原子力顯微鏡原子力顯微鏡 , CAD, CAD

材料 材料 生物化學生物化學 ,, 組織化學組織化學 ,, 分子力學分子力學 生物學 生物學 形態形態學學 ,, 細胞學細胞學 ,, 胚胎學 胚胎學

機械特性 機械特性 構成方程式構成方程式 ,, 強度強度 ,, 破壞模式破壞模式 基本原理 基本原理 物理物理 ,, 化學化學 ,, 生物學生物學

組織工程 組織工程 生長，病理學，癒合，人工組織生長，病理學，癒合，人工組織 設計 設計 人工器官，義肢學人工器官，義肢學

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生物力學相關科技生物力學相關科技

生物機械工程生物機械工程 (bio-mechanical engineering)(bio-mechanical engineering) 生物工程生物工程 (bio-engineering)(bio-engineering) 醫學工程醫學工程 (bio-medical engineering)(bio-medical engineering) 生物技術生物技術 (bio-technology)(bio-technology) 生物微機電系統生物微機電系統 (bio-MEMS)(bio-MEMS) 生物奈米技術生物奈米技術 (bio-nano-technology)(bio-nano-technology)

© all right reserved 2008 M.S. Ju

Scope of BiomechanicsScope of Biomechanics

Human movementHuman movement

Plant biomechanicsPlant biomechanics

Orthopedic biomechanicsOrthopedic biomechanics

Organ biomechanicsOrgan biomechanics

Tissue biomechanics (tissue engineering)Tissue biomechanics (tissue engineering)

Cell biomechanics (cell-based therapy)Cell biomechanics (cell-based therapy)

近年生物力學研究進展近年生物力學研究進展

進展進展 研究方法研究方法 尺度尺度人體運動生物力學人體運動生物力學 剛體動力學剛體動力學 ,, 運動學運動學 , ,

解剖學解剖學巨觀巨觀

脊椎生物力學脊椎生物力學 , , 肩關節生物肩關節生物力學力學 , , 肘關節生物力學肘關節生物力學 , , 腕關節生物力學腕關節生物力學 , , 手生物力手生物力學學 , , 髖關節生物力學髖關節生物力學 , , 膝膝關節生物力學關節生物力學 , , 踝關節生物踝關節生物力學力學 , , 器官生物力學器官生物力學

連體力學連體力學黏彈性力學黏彈性力學解剖學解剖學實驗力學實驗力學

細觀細觀

組織生物力學組織生物力學細胞生物力學細胞生物力學生物分子力學生物分子力學

新應用力學領域新應用力學領域生長模型生長模型基因工程 基因工程 (( 表現表現 ,, 治治療療 ))

微觀微觀

SummarySummary

Impact of biomechanics on Impact of biomechanics on continuum mechanics: vigorous continuum mechanics: vigorous renewal.renewal.

Biomechanics has moved from organ Biomechanics has moved from organ level, to tissue level and to cellular level, to tissue level and to cellular level.level.

Mechanics of gene action lies at Mechanics of gene action lies at focus of bioengineering!focus of bioengineering!