$+ Centro Ricerche Euron Effect of Fuel Quality and Engine Technology on Particle Emissions.

$+Centro Ricerche Euron

Effect of Fuel Quality and Engine Technology on Particle Emissions


Contributors

P. Dilara, R. Hummel, G. De SantiDG-JRC, Environment Institute, Ispra, Italy

F. Giavazzi, G. Martini, R. CarboneAgip Petroli CREA, Milan, Italy

A. KrasenbrinkDLR-IVF, Berlin, Germany


Objectives

• To assess:– the effect of fuel quality and engine technology on

particulate emissions and in particular on the total mass of the emitted particles , on their mass/size distribution and number/size distribution

– the influence of the measurement method and the location of sample extraction on the test results

– the relation between number of particles and mass of particulates

– the relation between the legislative emission test results and the constant speed test results


• 2 Modern 1.9L Diesel Passenger Cars• Direct Injection Rotary Pump (SI)• Common Rail (CR)• Emission level: Euro II

• 2 Fuel Qualities• Standard fuel, current quality (2000 specifications) (SF)• “Clean” Fuel: Sulphur-free, low aromatics, low density

(CF)

• Test conditions• NEDC• Constant Speed: Idle, 30, 50, 120 km/h

Test Matrix


Instrumentation

• Standard Emission Racks• NOx, CO, HC

• Particulates • Filters• Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS)• Low Pressure Impactors (LPI-11 and LPI-8)

– The LPI-11 was used to measure the mass/size distribution of the diluted exhaust gas sampled from the conventional dilution tunnel

– The LPI-8 was used to measure the mass/size distribution of the raw exhaust gas sampled directly from the tailpipe


Instrumentation - Sampling Points

ParticulateFilters

To Vent

CVSUnit

Ambient Air

SMPS LPI-11

LPI-8


0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

HC CO NOx PM*10 HC CO NOx PM*10

g/k

m SF

CF

Rotary Pump Vehicle

Common Rail Vehicle

NEDC Cycle- Regulated Emissions


NEDC Cycle - Total Particulate Mass Filter vs Impactor (g/km)

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

SF SF CF CF

FILTER

IMPACTOR

Rotary Pump Vehicle


NEDC Cycle - Total Particulate Mass Filter vs Impactor (g/km)

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

SF SF CF CF

g/k

m

FILTER

IMPACTOR

Common Rail Vehicle


NEDC Cycle - Mass/Size Distribution Fuel Quality Effect

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

Diameter ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.)

(mg/

km

)

SF

CF

Common Rail Vehicle


NEDC Cycle - Mass/Size Distribution Fuel Quality Effect

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

Diameter ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.)

(mg/

km

)

SF

CF

Rotary Pump Vehicle


NEDC Cycle - Mass/Size Distribution Engine Technology Effect

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

Diameter ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.) (

mg/

km)

SI 1

SI 2

CR 1

CR 2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

Diameter ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.) (

mg/

km)

SI 1

SI 2

CR 1

CR 2

Standard Fuel “Clean” Fuel


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

Diameter ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.)

(mg/

h)

CR - SF

CR - CF

SI - SF

SI - CF

Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution

Idle



32 km/h

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

Diameter ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.)

(mg/

km)

CR - SF

CR - CF

SI - SF

SI - CF



50 km/h

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

Diameter ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.)

(mg/

km)

CR - SF

CR - CF

SI - SF

SI - CF



120 km/h

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

Diameter ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.)

(mg/

km)

CR - SF

CR - CF

SI - SF

SI - CF


Total Particulate Mass Effect of test conditions and effect of fuel

quality

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

32 km/h 50 km/h 120km/h

cycle 32 km/h 50 km/h 120km/h

cycle

mg

/km SF

CF

Rotary Pump Vehicle

Common Rail Vehicle


Mass/Size Distribution

Mass Median Diameter (MMD)

SI_SF SI_SF SI_CF SI_CF CR_SF CR_SF CR_CF CR_CF

0km/h32km/h

50km/h120km/h

Cycle

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

MMD(nm)


Constant Speed - Total Mass (Impactors)

LPI-8 (Raw Exhaust) vs LPI-11 (Diluted Exhaust)

0.01

0.1

1

10

0.01 0.1 1 10

LPI-10 (mg/s)

LP

I-8

(m

g/s

)

CR-Vehicle

SI-Vehicle



LPI-8 (Raw Exhaust) vs LPI-11 (Diluted Exhaust) 32 km/h

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

D.ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.)

(mg/

km

)

CR - SF (Dil)

CR - SF (Raw)

CR - CF (Dil)

CR - CF (Raw)

Common Rail Vehicle




0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

D.ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.)

(mg/

km

)

CR - SF (Dil)

CR - SF (Raw)

CR - CF (Dil)

CR - CF (Raw)

Common Rail Vehicle




0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

D.ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.)

(mg/

km

)

SI - SF (Dil)

SI - SF (Raw)

SI - CF (Dil)

SI - CF (Raw)

Rotary Pump Vehicle




0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00

D.ae. (µm)

dM/d

Ln(

D.a

e.)

(mg/

km

)

SI - SF (Dil)

SI - SF (Raw)

SI - CF (Dil)

SI - CF (Raw)

Rotary Pump Vehicle


Constant Speed - Number/Size Distribution

32 km/h

0

1E+13

2E+13

3E+13

4E+13

5E+13

6E+13

7E+13

8E+13

10 100 1000

Diameter (nm)

dN/d

log

D (

1/k

m)

SI - SF

SI - CF

CR - SF

CR - CF


Constant Speed - Number/Size Distribution

120 km/h

0

1E+13

2E+13

3E+13

4E+13

5E+13

6E+13

7E+13

8E+13

9E+13

10 100 1000

Diameter (nm)

dN/d

log

D (

1/k

m)

SI - SF

SI - CF

CR - SF

CR - CF


Constant Speed TestsParticle Number (SMPS) vs Mass (LPI-11)

1.E+11

1.E+12

1.E+13

1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01

LPI-10 (mg/s)

SM

PS

(#

/s)

CR-Vehicle

SI-Vehicle


CONCLUSIONS• The effects of fuel quality and engine technology

were more or less pronounced or not even detected; different conclusions can be drawn...

…depending on the measuring method, sampling location and test condition

• Current vehicle exhaust emission standards are based on mass measurement of PM that has proved to be quite simple and reliable

• Much more work is needed before new measures such as particle number can be proposed as a reliable supplement to mass measurements

$+ Centro Ricerche Euron Effect of Fuel Quality and Engine Technology on Particle Emissions.

Documents

kmh slide

diluted exhaust slide

tailpipe slide

kmh rotary pump vehicle

kmh common rail vehicle

particle emissions slide

kmh test matrix slide

raw exhaust vs lpi