Can We Feed the World? Land of Agriculture in World How We Starve? An Ecological Perspective on Agriculture.

IS AGRICULTURE FRIEND OR FOE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT?

AHMET OĞUZHAN ÇAKIRALİ SELİM DİRİKOÇ

MERT SAĞDIÇ

Outline

Can We Feed the World? Land of Agriculture in World How We Starve? An Ecological Perspective on Agriculture

Can We Feed the World? History of Agriculture

Animals,plants,food etc.

Sustainable

Nile Valley, Middle East, China

To overcome environmental limitations New solution= New environmental

problem

http://photo.elsoar.com/wp-content/images/Agriculture-Photo-1.jpg

Land of Agriculture in World

Europe 22% Australia 57% United States 44%Enough for today…

What if human population increase?http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/taylor.hp/Biology381/topic-03-Large.htm

Food Production According to some agricultural

scientists and corporations… GMCs Production per unit area

http://cdn3.chartsbin.com/chartimages/l_578_838a080875c163be97c0776240f9ba35

http://www.ediblegeography.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Agriculture-landuse-2000.jpg

How We Starve?

Undernourishment Lack of sufficient calories Dramatic, fast-acting

Malnourishment Lack of chemical components Long-term, insidious

The supply of the proteinEchological, Environmental and Ethical…

http://images.sodahead.com/polls/002120661/5132344595_starving_children_answer_1_xlarge.jpeg

Recent Famines

World War II, At the end of the 20th century- 34 countries…

Food distribution problem Poor people, Expensive transportation ,

Food aid/ short termSolution: Local Production!‘’Give a man a fish and feed him for a day,teach a man how to fish and feed him for a life’’

http://www.konsensushaber.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Susuzluk.jpg

*Daily Calories Per Capita *Percentage of Population Undernourished

http://chartsbin.com/view/6997http://chartsbin.com/view/1150

What We Eat and Grow? Half million plant/ 3.000 as agricultural crops 150 species cultivated on a large scale Food provides 14 crop species as wheat,rice,maize,

potatoes,sugarcane,soybean,barley… More than 80% calories of consumed by human

beings…

http://www.dfz.bg/assets/6307/agriculture.jpg

Distribution of What We Eat

Small-grain with large world trade..United States, Canada, Australia.. 2 million in 1996 2.2 Billion tons in

2005 Full of capacity or stabilized

demand?

Aquaculture Farming of food in aquatic habitats Provide nutritional quality Culturally important instances..Yellowtail from Japan, crayfish from U.S.

http://www.globalpartnershipforoceans.org/sites/default/files/images/Ghana_Aquaculture.gif

Productive, due to flowing water Mariculture (farming of ocean fish) U.S, Canada; Shellfish

http://www.environmental-watch.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/shutterstock_88536259.jpg

An Ecological Perspective on Agriculture

Novel ecological conditions because of farming..

Agroecosystems and 6 difference with natural ecosystems..

http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/soil-the-foundation-of-agriculture-84224268

Monoculture (large areas planted with single species)

Neat rows Biological Diversity Plowing Genetic Modifications

http://media.treehugger.com/assets/images/2011/10/agriculture-impact-climate-change-monoculture-farm-photo.jpg

Limiting Factors High quality agricultural soils… best of Low-land rice needs heavy water-saturated

soil Watermelon – very salty soil Limiting: to make a soil more productive Liebig’s minimum law 20 chemical essential elements Macronutrients/ Micronutrient

Were Liebig always right? Nitrogen and phosohorus in proteins

example…

Synergistic Effect

http://www.greencare-concept.nl/eng/pagina/141/prevention-through-nutrition.html)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of monoculture?

Advantages: It makes farming much more efficient, keeping down costs. Machines and procedures can be used totally systematically on a large scale.

Disadvantages: It removes all of the diversity of the natural land and thereby eliminates the habitat of almost all of the other plants and animals .

It makes the entire crop vulnerable to diseases or environmental changes.

ORGANIC FARMING

ALİ SELİM DİRİKOÇ 16936

ORGANIC FARMING

Organic farming is typically considered to three qualities;

It is more like natural ecosystems than monocultures.

It minimizes negative environmental impacts. The food that results from it doesn’t contain

artificial compounds.

ORGANIC FARMING

IFOAM’s Definition:

“Organic agriculture is a production system which maintains sustainability of ecosystem,lands and human health. The purpose of organic farming is to combine innovation,tradition and science to benefit our common environment and to maintain a good life with all people in fair relations.”

http://www.qways.gr/en/images/new.qways.gr/800px-ifoam_logo.svg.png

ORGANIC FARMING

Certified and Exempt Organic Farms in USA

Organic Sales by Category

U.S. Total% of U.S.

Organic SalesIowa Total

% of IowaOrganic Sales

Livestock Products

$906,207,000 28.7% $20,560,000 28.7%

Vegetables 689,992,000 21.9% 803,615 1.1%

Field Crops *526,780,000 16.7% *34,741,216 48.6%

Fruits & Tree Nuts

444,747,000 14.1% 110,085 0.2%

Livestock 316,470,000 10.0% 14,679,000 20.5%

Floriculture/Bedding

179,657,000 5.7% 192,678 0.3%

Berries 83,233,000 2.6% 121,888 0.2%

* – Sales may be higher than stated due to un-disclosed values

(Source: USDA)

Organic Food Sales in US

http://iowaindependent.com/27755/iowa-9th-in-nation-for-organic-farms-low-on-direct-consumer-outlets#sthash.cL1OX9FX.dpuf

ALTERNATIVES TO MONOCULTURE

Tractors in potato Field

ALTERNATIVES TO MONOCULTURE

Combination of crops

Broad range of genotypes

http://www.frutasberi.com/images/cultivos/bg_top_en.jpg

QUESTION

GIVE AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD TO MONOCULTURE AND EXPLAIN

THIS METHOD.

ANSWER

It depends on the maintenance of a productive agriculture that sustains yields and provides the use of local resources while trying to block harmful environmental and socio-economic impacts of new technologies

A BELIEF ON FOOD CHAIN

http://www.field-studies-council.org/urbaneco/images/011-food-chain.jpg

A BELIEF ON FOOD CHAIN

Domestic animals are used for human transportation

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0pT6Xnnxcfw/T4_R7-b5SUI/AAAAAAAAeUU/ysbtyhsbwT4/s1600/Beyaz_renkte_at_arabas.jpg

Genetically Modified Food: Biotechnology, Farming and

Environment

http://www.healthyalterego.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/gmO-tomato.jpg

Genetically Modified Food: Biotechnology, Farming and

Environment

Increase of GMC according to years

http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090218/full/457949a.html

CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE

CLIMATE CHANGED AND AGRICULTURE

Percentage Changes in Yields Due to Environmental Factors From Present to 2050

http://rootsforgrowth.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/31.png

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALp3y9b0Aeo

How Agriculture Changes the Environment

. Soil erosion

. Sediment transport and deposition downstream

. On-site pollution from overuse and secondary effects of fertilizers and pesticides

. Off-site pollution of other ecosystems (soil,water,air)

. Deforestation

. Desertification

. Degradation of aquifers

. Salinization

. Accumulation of toxic metals

. Accumulation of toxic organic compounds

. Loss of biodiversity

The Plow Puzzle

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Plowing_ecomat.jpg

Erosion

http://earthwatchunlocked.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/matt-andersen-drought-and-erosion-takes-it-toll-on-grazing-land.jpg

Erosion is the process by which soil and rock are removed from the Earth's surface by exogenic processes such as wind or water flow, and then transported and deposited in other locations.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion

QUESTİON :How can we make the

soils more sustainable?

http://en.hdyo.org/assets/ask-question-2-ce96e3e01c85a38a0d39c61cfae6d42c.jpg

Making Soils Sustainable. Contour Plowing

http://media.web.britannica.com/eb-media/99/65699-004-7FCC0E1C.jpg

Contour plowing or contour farming is the farming practice of plowing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines. These contour lines create a water break which reduces the formation of rills and gullies during times of heavy water run-off; which is a major cause of top soil loss and soil erosion.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contour_plowing

. No-till Agriculture

http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/nvswcd/images/notill2.jpg

No-till farming (also called zero tillage or direct drilling) is a way of growing crops or pasture from year to year without disturbing the soil through tillage. No-till is an agricultural technique which increases the amount of water that infiltrates into the soil and increases organic matter retention and cycling of nutrients in the soil. In many agricultural regions it can eliminate soil erosion.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-till_farming

Pesticides

http://www.google.com.tr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&docid=hIth9DGmnDpJ4M&tbnid=fmtEo3jL9sS1xM:&ved=0CAIQjBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Farch1design.com%2Fblog%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F10%2Fpesticides1.jpg&ei=OXlzU9CyIemp7AafjoF4&bvm=bv.66699033,d.ZGU&psig=AFQjCNEjtOw3nd9G3qDyxq1F2aN3WKqjlA&ust=1400162998175164

Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, destroying, or mitigating any pest. They are a class of biocide. The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, plants, diseases or insects.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide

Grazing on Rangelands

http://ucanr.edu/blogs/anrnews/blogfiles/3651.jpg

Grazing is the removal of live tissue from a living plant. Grazing differs from true predation because the organism being eaten from is not generally killed, and it differs from parasitism as the two organisms do not live together, nor is the grazer necessarily so limited in what it can eat

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazing

Desertification

http://www.davidsuzuki.org/blogs/science-matters/assets_c/2013/04/desert2-thumb-480xauto-4312.jpg

Desertification is a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife. It is caused by a variety of factors, such as climate change and human activities.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertification

The Effect of Farming on the Biosphere

. Changes land cover

. Increase in carbondioxide

. Species diversity

. Firehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg/1024px-Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg