...C EP 201 Publisher National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center Editorial Committee Huang, Di-Jing (Editor in Chief) Chen, Chun-Jung (Associate Editor in Chief) Chen, Yen-Ju Chu

ACTIVITY REPORT

2013National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center

ISSN 1814-7879

NS

RR

C A

ctivity

Rep

ort 2013

101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, TaiwanTel: +886-3-578-0281 Fax: +886-3-578-3892 http://www.nsrrc.org.tw

ACTIVITY REPORT

2013PublisherNational Synchrotron Radiation Research Center

Editorial CommitteeHuang, Di-Jing (Editor in Chief)Chen, Chun-Jung (Associate Editor in Chief)Chen, Yen-JuChuang, Wei-TsungDong, Chung-LiHuang, Yu-ShanKu, Ching-ShunLiu, Chen-LinUeng, Tzong-Shyan

Executive EditorShih, Elsa

©NSRRC, April 2014NSRRC Activity Report is also available athttp://www.nsrrc.org.tw

MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR

PREFACE

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

Physics and Chemistry of Materials

How Does Antiferromagnetism Drive the Magnetization of a Ferromagnet to Align Out of Plane? ...........4

Hydrogen Powers the Future .....................................................................................................................6

The Size Does Matter! ............................................................................................................................10

A New Way to Create Multifunctionality ................................................................................................13

Molecular Science

UV and IR Spectra to Determine Simulated Astrophysical Species .........................................................18

Photochemistry of the Most Abundant Gaseous Element N2 in the Solid Phase ......................................20

Soft Matter

Toward Better Solid-State Order and Performance of D–A Conjugated Polymers:

Fluorine Substitution ...............................................................................................................................24

Template-Directed Synthesis of Multibranched Gold with Surface Plasmon Resonance .........................26

Optimal Morphology of a Bulk Heterojunction Layer: Toward Highly Efficient Solar Cells .....................28

Life Science

Organic Remains in Fossil Embryo of a Dinosaur ...................................................................................32

Open Pores on Membrane ......................................................................................................................34

Protein-Protein Interaction ......................................................................................................................36

Drug Discovery with Protein X-ray Crystallography ................................................................................38

A Lon Story .............................................................................................................................................42

TABLE OF CONTENTS

NSRRCACTIVITY REPORT 2013

Energy Science Probing a Correlation Between Morphology and Performance in Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells ........46

3D Ordered Macroporous Inverse-Opal Electrodes Enable High Energy Storage ....................................48

A Catalyst that Efficiently Transforms Methane into Methanol at Room Temperature ..............................50

FACILITY STATUS Accelerator Availability and Reliability ...................................................................................................54

Beamline for Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy ............................................................................57

Biopharmaceutical Beamlines ................................................................................................................60

Current Status of TPS Construction .........................................................................................................62

Highly Precise Temperature Control and Energy Saving for an Air-conditioning System .........................66

Highly Efficient Beamline and Spectrometer for Inelastic Soft X-ray Scattering at High Resolution ........69

Submicron X-ray Diffraction Beamline ...................................................................................................72

FACTS & FIGURES ......................................................................................................................74

APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................................93

MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR

As 2013 draws to an end, I am delighted to have witnessed so many achievements throughout the year. For the NSRRC staff and myself, this year has been extraordinary, as we not only recalled the history but also embraced the future of Taiwan science.

In September we celebrated the twentieth anniversary of the operation of TLS. After executing its mission for 20 years, TLS is unrelenting in performing proficiently – its beam stability attained 95.5 per cent and beam availability reached 99.5 per cent, the best record since the inception of operation. Meanwhile, TLS continually facilitated scientific output for researchers worldwide, as the quantity of high-profile SCI papers increased stead-ily over the years. It has thrillingly amazed the world with its productive energy!

On the other hand, the TPS project is progressing smoothly and dependably. It reached another milestone when the new activity center and the civil construction of the ring building were completed to quality expecta-tions, and the assembly of interior ring sections began. After years of construction and preparation, we finally re-moved the fences around it, and showed again the beauty of the NSRRC campus to the society. We look forward to the forthcoming TPS commissioning, and anticipate the phase-I beamlines offering an expansive scientific probability for discoveries, inventions and innovations.

Concurrently, NSRRC maintained close interactions with both domestic and international scientific communities. We initiated academic collabora-

tions with research institutes across the strait and developed prospective plans with medical centers in Taiwan. In addition, we organized numer-ous courses to manifest our endeavors in nurturing young and inquisitive

minds.

These scientific and engineering feats are attributed to the synergy of our staff and our users. Finally I take this opportunity

to thank them for their hard work and dedication through-out 2013, and their continuing support as we head into

the foreseeable future. NSRRC will persistently strive to improve and to focus on the pursuit of science

with a contributive and serving spirit.

Shih-Lin Chang


PREFACE

This Activity Report presents scientific and technical results from the fruitful research of the staff and users of the NSRRC over the past year. Articles in the Research Highlights section reveal the research on physics and chemistry of materials, molecular science, soft matter, life science and energy science; those in the Facility Status section contain not only the TLS operation but also the TPS construction status. Given the limited space, we are unable to cover all of the activities at the NSRRC, but rather provide representative works here. To bring the readers enlightening and thought-provoking contents, this issue is written from an objective viewpoint and in a manner comprehensible to the general scientific community.

All in all, we hope that this issue addresses a broad picture on the scientific and technical activities of the NSRRC. On behalf of the Editorial Committee, I sincerely appreciate the contributions made by the NSRRC users and staff.

Di-Jing Huang

ACTIVITY REPORT

2013

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS


Research Highlights


NSRRC

4


How Does Antiferromagnetism Drive the Magnetization of a Ferromagnet to Align Out of Plane?

An antiferromagnet, which is a magnetic material with a compensated magnetic structure and an in-sensitivity to a magnetic field, was ignored for a long time in history. The revival of research interest began when it was placed next to a ferromagnet; the induced exchange bias field (i.e. a horizontal shift of the magnetic hysteresis loop) or coercivity enhancement became applicable to the design of a magneto-logic device, such as a spin valve, to pin the magnetization of a magnetic reference layer. In 2013, a research team of Minn-Tsong Lin from National Taiwan University Department of Physics, revealed a new aspect of antiferromagnetism. They report that the so-called “unpinned” moments of an antiferro-magnet, located generally at an interface with a ferro-magnet, can establish a perpendicular magnetization of an adjacent ferromagnetic (FM) layer.

According to their recent reports,1-3 this team demonstrated that the magnetization direction of a FM layer (such as Fe or Permalloy) can be altered from its intrinsic in-plane direction to the out-of-plane direction via a coupling effect from an antiferromag-netic (AFM) fcc-Mn ultrathin film,1 but the microscop-ic origin was unclear. To unmask the important phys-ics behind this phenomenon, that team performed advanced research in applying element-specific techniques in NSRRC, including an X-ray photoemis-sion electron microscope (X-PEEM) at BL05B2 and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) at BL11A1. In their work, the conditions of samples were care-fully controlled. The magnetic ultrathin films were prepared in situ in a NTU-NSRRC UHV chamber for preparation of nanomagnetism with base pressure 2 x 10-10 Torr. The ultrathin Fe/Mn films were deposited on a Cu3Au(001) single crystal near 23 oC; the rates of growth were monitored with electron diffraction at medium energy. The structure of the films was char-acterized with measurements of low-energy electron

diffraction (LEED) and LEED I-V. To avoid contamina-tion from the reactive gases in air, the research team performed measurements in situ of the X-PEEM and XMCD immediately after preparation of a sample, transferred directly either in vacuum or via a small mobile UHV chamber.

According to research of the past few years, magnetic moments of two types are known to be present in an antiferromagnet of a FM/AFM bilayer: one involves so-called “unpinned” moments of anti-ferromagnet, typically located at an interface with a ferromagnet and found to be correlated with the phenomenon of induced coercivity enhancement in a FM/AFM bilayer; the other type, namely the un-compensated “pinned” moments, might be present at a region deeper below the interface, and is found to be responsible for the phenomenon of an induced exchange bias field. According to the work of this research team, shown in Fig. 1, the induced perpen-dicular magnetization is likely to be correlated with the unpinned moments of an antiferromagnet rather than with uncompensated “pinned” moments, be-cause the perpendicular magnetization can be estab-lished even without an exchange bias field.

As shown in Figs. 2(a) and 2(b), the unpinned moments of Mn element in Fe/Mn bilayer are de-tected with either X-PEEM or XMCD. As displayed in Fig. 2(b), the “unpinned” property of Mn moments is characterized by its magnetization that flips with an applied magnetic field. According to prior work, the perpendicular magnetization of a magnetic thin film is commonly given by the crystalline anisotropy originating from the symmetry breaking of the or-bital moment. For a magnetic system with a strong perpendicular (uniaxial) crystalline anisotropy, the magnitude of the crystalline anisotropy is linked with the ratio of the orbital to spin moments, mo/ms, in the

This report features the work of Bo-Yao Wang, Minn-Tsong Lin, and their co-workers published in Phys. Rev. Lett. 110,117203 (2013).

5


magnetic easy direction, and is roughly proportional to the enhanced value of the perpen-dicular coercivity. In the present work, a proportional relation between ratio mo/ms and the induced perpendicular coerciv-ity thus became a fingerprint to clarify the origin of the perpen-dicular magnetization estab-lished in the FM/Mn bilayer.

Figures 3(a) and 3(b) show curves representing Mn and Fe L3,2-edge XMCD of a 6 ML Fe/8 ML Mn bilayer measured at 141 and 199 K, respectively. Ratio mo/ms of the Mn unpinned mo-ments at various temperatures is displayed in Fig. 3(c). A signifi-cant enhancement of that ratio with decreasing temperature indicates an establishment of a perpendicular crystalline an-isotropy for the Mn unpinned moments. Within the same tem-perature range, the ratio for the Fe moments (Fig. 3(d)) remains, however, nearly constant. This effect indicates the nearly in-variant perpendicular crystal-line anisotropy for the Fe layer, although its perpendicular mag-netization is established. This work of the research team yields clear experimental evidence that the perpendicular mag-netization in a Fe/Mn bilayer originates from the unpinned moments of the Mn layer at the interface. This work not only re-news our knowledge about anti-ferromagnetism, apart from the well investigated phenomena of induced coercivity enhancement

Fig. 1: Magnetic hysteresis loops of 6 ML Fe/n ML Mn measured by XMCD. (Reproduced from Ref. 4)

Fig. 2: (a) and (b): Magnetic domain images of Fe and Mn, respectively, measured with X-PEEM. (c): Fe and Mn magnetic hysteresis loops measured with XMCD at the indicated temperatures. (Reproduced from Ref. 4)

6 ML Fe/ n ML Mn

H(100 Oe) H(K Oe)

H(100 Oe) H(K Oe)

XM

CD

sig

nal (

arb.

uni

t)

In-plane

Out-of-plane

n = 0

n = 4

-3 0 3 -3 0 3

n = 7

n = 10

-3 0 3 -3 0 3

RCPH

RCPH

FeMn

Cu3Au(001)

FeMn

Cu3Au(001)

30o

60o

6 ML Fe/6 ML Mn 6 ML Fe/8 ML Mn

262 K

223 K

178 K

141 K

Fe (x1) Mn (x5)Fe

Mn

(a)

(b)

(c)

30 μm

30 μm

[100]

[010]

[100]

[010]

H(K Oe)-3 0 3 -3 0 3

XM

CD

sig

nal (

arb.

uni

t)

6


Fig. 3: (a) and (b): Curves represent Mn and Fe XMCD at 178 K and 199 K, respectively. (c) and (d): Ratio mo/ms of Mn and Fe moments, respectively, calculated from the XMCD curves; the red dashed line indicates Hc of a 6 ML Fe/8 ML Mn bilayer measured in the out-of-plane direction. (Reproduced from Ref. 4)

Hydrogen Powers the Future

Hydrogen is regarded as a clean fuel because its only byproduct is water. The drawback is, however, that to generate hydrogen via water splitting requires the traditional fossil fuels. Splitting water in photo-electrochemical cells (PEC) with solar energy as fuel

has therefore become an ultimate goal of sustainable energy. The impediment appears to be a lack of high-performance PEC electrodes. By recording X-ray absorption spectra at BL01C1 of the TLS, researchers from National Taiwan University, Academia Sinica

This report features the work of Hao Ming Chen and his co-workers published in Small 9, 2926 (2013).

6 ML Fe/8 ML Mn

XM

CD

sig

nal (

arb.

uni

t)

6 ML Fe/8 ML Mn

Energy (eV) Temperature (K)

Integration (arb. unit)O

rbita

l/Spi

nO

rbita

l/Spi

n

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

3

0

-3

-6

-9

630 640 650 660 670

700 710 720 730 740 750

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

3

0

-3

-6

-9

0.20

0.15

0.10

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0.00

-0.05

0.20

0.15

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-0.05

140 160 180 200 200 240 260

140 160 180 200 220 240

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0Mn

Fe

Hc

199 K141 K

Mn

Fe199 K141 K

and exchange bias, but also indicates a new direc-tion for the control of perpendicular magnetization in magnetic devices, which is the key to achieve a great recording density.

References 1. B.-Y. Wang, N.-Y. Jih, W.-C. Lin, C.-H. Chuang, P.-J. Hsu, C.-W.

Peng, Y.-C. Yeh, Y.-L. Chan, W.-C. Chiang, D.-H. Wei, and M.-T. Lin, Phys. Rev. B 83, 104417 (2011).

2. N.-Y. Jih, B.-Y. Wang, Y.-L. Chan, D.-H. Wei, and M.-T. Lin, Appl. Phys. Express 5, 063008 (2012).

3. B.-Y. Wang, C.-C. Chiu, W.-C. Lin, and M.-T. Lin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 042407 (2013).

4. B.-Y. Wang, J.-Y. Hong, K.-H. Ou Yang, Y.-L. Chan, D.-H. Wei, H.-J. Lin, and M.-T. Lin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 117203 (2013).

7


and NSRRC have demonstrated a novel plasmonic photoelectrode that exhibits a significantly enhanced production of solar hydrogen.

To meet future demands for energy without the combustion of fossil fuels depends on an efficient production of solar energy. The photolysis of water using semiconductors has been investigated as a clean process to convert renewable energy, by stor-ing solar energy in chemical bonds such as those of hydrogen. Hydrogen that is produced by the splitting of water using solar energy is clearly attractive as a clean energy vector, and various attempts have been made to construct viable molecular and biomolecu-lar devices to produce hydrogen. The development of an artificial mechanism of photosynthesis, based on splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen, is highly desirable. Hao Ming Chen indicates that the field of plasmonics has expanded rapidly because of the ease of tailoring and shape-dependent optical properties. Many materials have been found to have plasmonic applications, such as plasmonic lasers, surface-plasmon-enhanced light-emitting diodes, metamateri-als, plasmon focusing, plasmon waveguides, among others. Chen and co-workers recently revealed that introducing plasmonic materials into a photochem-ical reaction can markedly enhance the photolytic re-sponse to split water with solar energy.1 Chen further indicated that the mechanism of this enhancement is proposed to involve either charge transfer between metal and oxide or plasmon-induced heating and es-tablishment of an electromagnetic field. “Understand-ing the mechanism of the plasmonic enhancement is a crucial aspect and useful for the future development of photovoltaic devices,” said Chen. “Distinguishing among independent photoresponses to solar radiation associated with various plasmonic effects is, however, a key challenge.”

For this purpose, Chen and co-workers overcame the challenge by exploiting three important strat-egies. First, a PEC was used as a platform rather than a photocatalyst in evaluating photoactivity, as a PEC can extract an electric signal directly from photo-active materials upon irradiation without the need to

measure the production of gas. The splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen directly by sunlight in a PEC is an ideal method to produce hydrogen that integrates the collection of solar energy with the elec-trolysis of water at a single photoelectrode. Accord-ingly, a PEC enables independent photoresponses to be associated with recognizable plasmonic effects. Second, a plasmonic photoelectrode is measured with illumination polarized along various axes be-cause the localized plasmon oscillation depends on the polarization; these measurements were readily combined with a theoretical simulation to evalu-ate a plasmon-induced effect. Third, as a localized plasmonic oscillation generates an electromagnetic field at the surface of plasmon materials, modify-ing the interface between the plasmon metal and a semiconductor, it might alter the electronic structure of a semiconductor, to generate thereby a localized transition state. A paper on this subject “Plasmonic ZnO/Ag Embedded Structures as Collecting Layers for Photogenerating Electrons in Solar Hydrogen Genera-tion Photoelectrode” reporting X-ray absorption spec-tra recorded at BL01C1 at the TLS, was published in Small, 2013.2 The research team included participants from National Taiwan University, Academia Sinica and NSRRC. Chen and co-workers from National Tai-wan University designed a new fabrication strategy in which Ag plasmonics were embedded in the inter-face between ZnO nanorods; a conducting substrate was experimentally demonstrated using a plasmonic ZnO/Ag photoelectrode induced with a femtosecond laser.2 These researchers demonstrated that this tech-nique is applicable to generate patternable plasmonic nanostructures to improve their effectiveness in gen-erating hydrogen. Such a plasmonic ZnO/Ag nano-structure photoelectrode represented a photocurrent of a ZnO-nanorod photoelectrode increased more than 85 % at 0.5 V. Both a localized surface plasmon resonance in the metal nanoparticles and plasmon polaritons propagating at the metal/semiconductor interface are available to improve the capture of sun-light and the collection of charge carriers. Plasmon-induced effects enhanced the photoresponse by simultaneously both improving optical absorbance and facilitating the separation of charge carriers.

8


According to their results,2 an enhancement of the spectrum of incident-photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) was found when the ZnO/Ag photoelectrode was used (Fig. 1(a)). Two possible mechanisms are involved – a scattering effect and a plasmonic effect. An enhancement at 350 nm was clearly observed in the IPCE spectra. At this wavelength, Ag shows strong electron damping and a lack of surface plas-mon resonance. The other mechanism of enhance-ment is plasmonic-induced resonant-energy transfer (PIRET), as Ag particles served as nanoantennae and captured the energy of the incident waves at a plas-monic resonance. The enhancement about 420 nm is thus attributed to the presence of a plasmon-induced

electromagnetic field, as an efficient wavelength of plasmonic resonance of Ag nanostructures is located in this region. This result agrees with the results of a finite-element simulation (inset in Fig. 1(a)), and with the intensity of the electric field calculated with a full-wave 3D Maxwell-equation solver. The results of simulation show a field enhancement of the Ag nano-structure at the surface of the ITO embedded in ZnO under irradiation at 410 nm. In addition, to simulate a real system of chemical reactions, all calculated modules were constructed according to the SEM im-age (Fig. 1(b)). Figure 1(c) shows the distribution of the intensity of the electric field corresponding to Fig. 1(b) under x-polarized illumination at wavelength

Fig. 1: (a) IPCE spectra. (b) SEM image of laser-treated Ag plasmonic nanostructures. (c) Corresponding maps of the distribution of the electric field. (d) Maps of hotspot distribution of panel (c). (Reproduced from Ref. 2)

Wavelength (nm)

12

10

8

6

4

2

0300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700

(a) (b) (c)

(d)IPC

E (%

)

Scatteringenhancement

PIRET and/or DETenhancement

ZnO/Ag (80mW)

ZnO

ITO

ZnO

ITO

Ag

9


410 nm. A 3D diagram of the field intensity is plot-ted also in Fig. 1(d) to demonstrate clearly the spatial distribution of the electric field. It also reveals that the density of plasmonic hotspots in the laser-treated area is much larger than that in the unilluminated area.

The densities of states (DOS) of the ZnO calcu-lated with density-functional theory (DFT) indicated that the conduction band comprises mainly Zn4s+ Zn4p states (Fig. 2(a)). K-edge absorption of Zn in-volved a transition from 1s to 4p states, such that a greater XANES intensity indicates the presence of more numerous vacancies in 4p states and the conduction band of ZnO. The researchers defined the difference spectra of bare ZnO nanorods and those of the ZnO/Ag photoelectrode as the relative vacancy (ΔA/A) (Fig. 2(b)). The extent of relative va-cancy decreased as the ZnO nanorods absorbed UV irradiation, which is attributed to an excitation of photoelectrons and their injection into the conduc-tion band, which decreased the number of vacancies and revealed the photoexcitation in ZnO under UV irradiation at 380 nm. With irradiation at 410 nm, the spectra exhibited a significantly increased rela-tive vacancy, indicating that a plasmonic-inducing electromagnetic field can modify the electronic structure and increase the vacancies in the conduc-

tion band. With increasing intensity of illumination, more vacancies were generated. This plasmonic-indu-cing vacancy served as a trap of charge carriers and provided a driving force to photogenerate electrons, and rapidly collected photoelectrons to facilitate ef-fectively the transport of photogenerated electron-hole pairs.

This work demonstrated the independent con-tributions from various plasmonic effects under solar irradiation, explaining how the coupling of hot elec-trons formed by plasmons with the electromagnetic field effectively increased the probability of the photochemical reaction in the splitting of water. The hot electrons that were generated by the plasmons were injected from the plasmonic materials into the conduction band, while the plasmon-induced elec-tromagnetic field created vacancies in the conduction band, promoting the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes.

Chen and co-workers demonstrated a new ap-proach to investigate localized plasmon-induced effects and charge separation in a photoelectrochem-ical process. They exploited a localized plasmon res-onance to enhance significantly the photochemical processes in photovoltaic devices. Although solar water splitting served as a platform to elucidate the

Fig. 2: (a) Density of states for ZnO. (b) The relative vacancies for ZnO and ZnO/Ag nanorods. (Reproduced from Ref. 2)

10

5

0

(a)

Den

sity

of s

tate

s

Energy (eV)

Valence Band( O2p+ Zn3d )

Conduction Band( O2p+ Zn4g+4p )

totalZnO

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

Δ A/A

(%)

Energy (eV)

5

0

9660 9670 9680 9690 9700

Zn(II)k-edge jump(b)

ZnO/Ag @410 nm(30 mW/cm2)



ZnO (dark)

10


The Size Does Matter!

Varying the electronic structures at organic-metal interfaces to engineer an organic-based electronic device has always been a main topic in organic-optoelectronic technology. Shu-Jung Tang and collab-orators introduced the physical concept of quantum-size effects (QSE) to manipulate the alignment of energy levels (ELA) at interfaces between organic molecules and thin metal films.1

They created a novel model to explain the uniform thin metal films of Ag sandwiched between top organic films and a bottom substrate. They then systematically studied, with photoemission, the QSE on the organic-metal inter-face on varying three factors – the thickness of the Ag films, the types of substrates for the Ag films, and the types of adsorbates; the lat-ter are mainly phthalocyanine-family molecules, such as copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), phthalo-cyanine (H2Pc) and tetra-t-butyl H2Pc (TTB-H2Pc). These mol-ecules are generally considered to be p-type electron donors. A nontrivial interfacial electronic structure is thus expected with respect to the charge transfer as a result of the interaction between

This report features the work of Shu-Jung Tang and his co-workers published in Nat. Commun. 4, 2925 (2013).

the molecular-orbital state and the Ag quantum-well states (QWS) in the context of chemisorption. It was discovered also that QWS carried the influence of the Ge substrate under the Ag films to the top organic-metal interface, as manifested by the QSE.

Figures 1(a) and 1(b) show 2D photoemission

Fig. 1: Angle-resolved photoemission result along for (a) a 10-ML Ag thin film on Ge(111) and (b) for a 1-ML CuPc on a 10-ML Ag thin film on Ge(111).

mechanism of a surface plasmon resonance, this work of Chen and co-workers might provide new strategies for, and an understanding of, the transfer of photogenerated electrons.

References 1. H. M. Chen, C. K. Chen, C.-J. Chen, L.-C. Cheng, P. C. Wu, B. H.

Cheng, Y. Z. Ho, M. L. Tseng, Y.-Y. Hsu, T.-S. Chan, J.-F. Lee, R.-S. Liu, and D. P. Tsai, ACS Nano 6, 7362 (2012).

2. H. M. Chen, C. K. Chen, M. L. Tseng, P. C. Wu, H. W. Huang, T.-S. Chan, R.-S. Liu, and D. P. Tsai, Small 9, 2926 (2013).

CuPc 1 ML/Ag 10 ML/Ge(111)

0

-1

-2

-3

-0.5 0.0 0.5

(a)

Ener

gy (e

V)

(b)

Ener

gy (e

V)

Kll (Å-1)

Ag 10 ML/Ge(111)

0

-1

-2

-3

Ge HHBand edge

SS

QWSν=1

ν=2

11


spectra as a function of energy and wave vector, k||, parallel to the interface for CuPc/ 10-ML Ag films/Ge(111) and CuPc/ 12-ML Ag films/Ge(111), respectively, in the symmetry direction from

to . According to preceding work on QWS electronic struc-tures of uniform Ag films grown on Ge(111),2 the bulk band edges of Ge, namely, heavy hole (HH), light hole and split-off, would have Anderson-type electron-electron interaction with the Ag QWS, causing a distortion or kink of QWS dispersion at the point of intersection with the Ge band edges, among which the HH band edge, depicted with the dashed-dotted curve in Fig. 1(a), shows the strongest effect. A flat band at energy position -0.43 eV cor-responding to the top edge of the kink is visible at which the QWS band (ν = 1) and the Ge HH band cross each other, as shown in Fig. 1(b) that represents an interfacial gap state. This gap state is implied to be related to the Ge substrate under the Ag films.

Figures 2(a) and 2(b) show 2D photoemission spectra as a function of energy and wave vector, k||, parallel to the interface for CuPc/ 10-ML Ag films/Au(111) and CuPc/ 14-ML Ag films/Au(111), re-spectively, in the symmetry direction from to . The dashed-dotted curve in Fig. 2(a) depicts the Au bulk band edge projected onto the (111) surface. The QWS observed in Fig. 2(a) exhibits a free-electron-like dis-persion within the gap, entirely distinct from the case of Ag films on Ge(111) at which the Ag QWS disper-sions are distorted because of an interaction with the Ge bulk band edges. The flat band of the gap state in the former case is consequently not observed in Fig. 2(b).

An intriguing and novel picture hence appears such that the bottom Ge substrate under the Ag thin films can affect the interfacial electronic structures between the top CuPc molecules and the Ag thin films through the interactions mediated with the QWS. The mechanism of formation of this gap state must first be verified. H2Pc lacks a centered metal atom, and TTB-H2Pc has four TTB substituents at the periphery of H2Pc, so that both the entire H2Pc mol-ecule and the aromatic rings become lifted slightly above the Ag surface. In Fig. 3, for comparison, we show energy-distribution curves at normal emission for 1 ML of CuPc, H2Pc, TTB-H2Pc and tetratetracon-tane (TTC) on a 12-ML Ag film/Ge(111). The gap states have clearly an intensity large for CuPc and H2Pc but small for TTB-H2Pc. TTC, which has mainly

Fig. 2: Angle-resolved photoemission result along for (a) 10-ML Ag thin film on Au(111) and (b) for 1-ML CuPc on a 10-ML Ag thin film on Au(111).

CuPc 1 ML/Ag 14 ML/Au(111)

0

-1

-2

-0.5 0.0 0.5

(a)

Ener

gy (e

V)

(b)

Ener

gy (e

V)

kll (Å-1)

Ag 14 ML/Au(111)

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-1

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SS

QWS

ν=1

12


σ bonding characteristic of long-chain alkane molecules, exhibits a negligible intensity of the gap state. The crucial role of π-bond electrons in aromatic rings for the formation of the observed gap state is assured.

The dependence on Ag thickness of this gap state at CuPc coverage 1 ML was further examined; Fig. 4(a) shows that, with increasing thickness of Ag, the energy of the gap state shifted toward the Fermi level with increasing maximum intensity and decreasing linewidth. The energies of the gap state at Ag thick-nesses 7 ML and 12 ML are -0.67 and -0.33 eV, respectively; the QSE of Ag films on the interfacial electronic struc-tures of the CuPc-Ag interface is evident. The dependence of the gap state energy

Fig. 4: (a) Normal emission spectra for 1-ML CuPc on 7-, 10-, and 12-ML Ag thin films. The black wedges indicate the energies of the gap states. (b) Dependence of the energies of the gap state and the second-layer HOMO on the thickness of Ag for thin Ag films on Ge(111) and Au(111).

Fig. 3: Normal emission spectra for 1-ML CuPc, H2Pc, TTB-H2Pc, and TTC on 12-ML Ag thin films/Ge(111).

(a)

Phot

oem

issi

on In

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ity (a

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)

Energy (eV)-2 -1 0

ν=1ν=2

CuPc 1 MLH2Pc 1 MLTTB-H2Pc 1 MLTTC 1 ML

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gy (e

V)

CuPc 1 ML/Ag 7 MLCuPc 1 ML/Ag 10 MLCuPc 1 ML/Ag 12 ML

HOMO position (substrate Ge)HOMO position (substrate Au)Gap state energy position

-2 -1 0

8 10 12 14

-0.40

-1.45

-1.50

-1.55

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

-0.33 eVν=1

-0.43 eV

-0.67 eV

ν=2

ν=1ν=2

ν=1

13


on the thickness of the Ag film can be understood in that the gap state occurs at the intersection between the QWS band and the Ge band edge, which must vary as the entire QWS band shifts in energy with the thickness of Ag. Figure 4(b) displays the dependence of gap states and the second-layer, highest-occupied-molecular-orbital (HOMO) positions on the thickness of the Ag film for CuPc/Ag films/Ge(111) and CuPc/Ag films/Au(111). This dependence produces a pos-sibility of tuning the Femi-level pinning position at the interface via altering the Ag thickness. As shown in Fig. 4(b), the measured second-layer HOMO pos-ition shifts to decreased energy with increasing Ag thickness, like the gap state, for Ag films on Ge(111), whereas that for Ag films on Au(111) remains con-

stant. The reason is that the energy position of the gap state with respect to the Fermi level is directly related to the density of the gap state at the Fermi level, which is the key determining the ELA.

The research team performed the photoemission experiment at BL08A1 in the TLS. For further infor-mation, please refer to the principal reference and related references.

References 1. M. K. Lin, Y. Nakayama, C. H. Chen, C. Y. Wang, H. T. Jeng, T. W.

Pi, H. Ishii, and S. J. Tang, Nat. Commun. 4:2925 doi: 10.1038/ncomms 3925 (2013).

2. S. J. Tang, L. Basile, T. Miller, and T. C. Chiang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 216804 (2004).

A New Way to Create Multifunctionality

Self-assembled vertical heteroepitaxial nanocom-posites (VHN) become objects of fascination because of their large ratio of interface to volume, according to the scheme in Fig. 1. The couplings of spin, orbital, charge and lattice degrees of freedom at interfaces provide many possibilities to explore new condensed physics or multifunctionality. Of particular interest are self-assembled perovskite-spinel nanostructures, posing promising applications over a wide range. A famous case proposed by Zheng et al. has dem-onstrated an enhanced and controllable magneto-electric effect, revealed in the ferroelectric BaTiO3-ferrimagnetic CoFe2O4 VHN.1 The multifunctionality of this magnetoelectric effect indicates that the mag-netic properties can be altered with an electric field, and vice versa. The origin of such multifunctionality in nanostructures of this kind has been confirmed to correlate strongly with the intimate structural coup-ling between these two constituents. The research team from National Chiao Tung University in this report has demonstrated multifunctionality of a new

This report features the work of Heng-Jui Liu and his co-workers published in ACS Nano 6, 6952 (2012) and Adv. Mater. 25, 4753 (2013).

Fig. 1: Typical scheme of self-assembled vertical heteroepitaxial nanocomposites.

kind, a photomagnetic effect and spectacularly large magnetoresistance, on fabricating VHN composed of SrRuO3 (SRO) and CoFe2O4 (CFO). High-resolution

14


X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption techniques were practised to reveal the lattice and electronic interaction inside the VHN, which are important tools to realize the mechanism of the corresponding multi-functionality.

The first photomagnetic effect in a material sys-tem of this kind depends on a concept of product property: photostrictive SRO × magnetostrictive CFO. To drive this effect, SRO and CFO must have a strong structural coupling. As shown in Fig. 2, a map of the X-ray reciprocal space around the (112) reflec-tion of a SrTiO3 (STO) substrate obtained at BL17B1 in the TLS clearly exhibits two extra diffraction spots that are identified as SRO (112) and CFO (224). The

ϕ-scans in Fig. 2(b) show that all constituents present four-fold symmetry, indicating that the SRO and CFO grew on STO with a relation cubic on cubic. From the map, the corresponding lattice parameters of SRO and CFO are extracted as a = b = 3.93(4) Å, c = 3.92(7) Å and a = b = 8.45(2) Å, c = 8.27(3) Å, respectively, compared to bulk SRO (a = b = c = 3.93 Å) and CFO (a = b = c = 8.39 Å); this result implies that SRO is almost free from strain and that CFO suffers a large compressive strain along a direction out of plane that comes from the SRO part. Based on this structural information, the presence of a photomagnetic effect in this system is then ascribed to an interaction at the interface between these two materials.2

This nanocomposite system possesses another interesting phenomenon, which is a large magneto-resistance. SRO and CFO are originally a metallic and an insulating oxide, respectively, and both lack an evident magnetoresistance effect, but, in this sys-tem, the research team has discovered that the mag-netoresistance of SRO becomes greatly enhanced on interaction with the magnetic CFO nanopillars. To disclose the underlying physics, X-ray absorption is essential. As shown in Fig. 3, the Co-L2,3, Fe-L2,3 and Ru-L3 edges were recorded at Dragon beamline BL11A1 in the TLS to derive the electronic structural information and the valence of the Co, Fe and Ru ions. On comparison with standard samples, these profiles show clearly the mixed valence of Co2+/Co3+ and Ru4+/Ru5+ in this system. These atoms hence become rearranged under deposition as there is no mixed valence observed in bulk SRO and CFO. These rearranged atoms have a strong magnetic coupling in either SRO or CFO, and thus induce an unexpectedly large magnetoresistance – ~ 40 % at applied field 0.5 T.3

Such nanocomposite systems can provide num-erous possibilities to design or to create new multi-functionality and future devices if the materials for combination are appropriately selected. The research team has demonstrated elegantly the potential of ma-terial systems of this kind and confirmed the mechan-ism of interaction with the aid of synchrotron radia-tion at NSRRC. The cooperation of application and

(a)

Inte

nsity

(arb

. uni

t)

HH0 (r.l.u.)0.92 0.96 1.00 1.04 1.08

2.1

2.0

1.9

1.8

(b)

ϕ (degree)

00L

(r.l.u

.)

109

108

107

106

105

104

103

102

101

100

0 60 120 180 240 300

STO(112)

SRO(112)

CFO(224)

CFO (224)SRO (112)STO (112)

8420

346.9

14.30

0.5890

0.02427

1.000E-3

Fig. 2: (a) Reciprocal space map (RSM) around the (112) reflection of the STO substrate. (b) ϕ scans of STO (112), SRO(112), CFO(224) indicate these constituents to be well connected with a relation cubic on cubic. (Reproduced from Ref. 2)

15


Fig. 3: X-ray absorption spectra of Co-L2,3, Fe-L2,3 and Ru-L3 edges: (a) The Co spectrum in SRO-CFO nanostructures compared with those of standard samples of LaCoO3 and CoO indicates the presence of mixed valence Co2+/Co3+. (b) The Fe spectrum is near that of the standard sample of Fe2O3, indicating that the valence of Fe ions is all 3+ in the SRO-CFO nanostructure. (c) The Ru spectrum exhibits a split peak toward higher binding energy relative to the spectrum of pure SrRuO3, indicating the mixed valence Ru4+/Ru5+ in this system. (Reproduced from Ref. 3)

LaCoO3

Inte

nsity

(arb

. uni

ts)

(a) (b) (c)

Inte

nsity

(arb

. uni

ts)

Inte

nsity

(arb

. uni

ts)

Photon Energy (eV) Photon Energy (eV) Photon Energy (eV)

SRO-CFO

CoO

Co3+

Co2+

Co-L2

Co-L3 Fe-L3 Ru-L3

Fe-L2SRO-CFO

Fe2O3

SRO-CFO

SrRuO3

775 780 785 790 795 800 805 705 710 715 720 725 2835 2840 2845 2850

physics would pave a path for the exploration of new functionality in hetero-epitaxial self-assembled oxide nanostructures.

References 1. H. Zheng, J. Wang, S. E. Lofland, Z. Ma, L. Mohaddes-Ardabili,

T. Zhao, L. Salamanca-Riba, S. R. Shinde, S. B. Ogale, F. Bai, D. Viehland, Y. Jia, D. G. Schlom, M. Wuttig, A. L. Roytburd, and R. Ramesh, Science 303, 661 (2004).

2. H. J. Liu, L. Y Chen, Q. He, C. W. Liang, Y. Z. Chen, Y. S. Chien, Y. H. Hsieh, S. J. Lin, E. Arenholz, C. W. Luo, Y. L. Chueh, Y. C. Chen, and Y. H. Chu, ACS Nano 6, 6952 (2012).

3. H. J. Liu, V. T. Tra, Y. J. Chen, R. H. C. G. Duan, Y. H. Hsieh, H. J. Lin, J. Y. Lin, C. T. Chen, Y. Ikuhara, and Y. H. Chu, Adv. Mater. 25, 4753 (2013).

Molecular Science

Research Highlights

Molecular Science

NSRRC

18


UV and IR Spectra to Determine Simulated Astrophysical Species

To explore the boundless outer space and the origin of life is a beautiful dream of a human being. Relying on advanced telescopes and measured spectra, these dreams might come true. Nevertheless an explana-tion of these spectra is sometimes lacking. A trans-Neptunian object (TNO), also known as a Kuiper-Belt object, is any object existing beyond the orbit of Nep-tune in the Solar System. These objects have received much attention during recent decades because they are remnants of the formation of the Solar System, and carry information about the early stages of its development. The Kuiper Belt, which is the location of these TNO, is proposed to be the main reservoir of the comets of short period that are thought to be carriers of organic molecules to Earth. These organic molecules might be produced by the interaction of sunlight or galactic cosmic rays (GCR) with the sur-face ices of TNO. These ices on several TNO, such as Triton, Pluto and Eris, contain predominantly N2 with traces of CH4, CO and H2O.

Recent observations with the Hubble Space Tele-scope (HST) have found strong absorption in the ultra-violet (UV) region on the surface of Pluto, indicating the presence of complicated hydrocarbons or nitriles. In addition, HCN has been tentatively identified on Triton, and the presence of tholins on Triton and Pluto has been proposed. The temperature of TNO is gener-ally below 40 K; chemical reactions would thus be initiated with solar UV photons, solar wind particles and GCR, but the fluxes of solar winds and solar photons decrease significantly at such large distan-ces, and they might be fully absorbed by the tenuous atmospheres of TNO or interact with only the upper few millimeters of the icy surfaces. In contrast, GCR can penetrate the upper several meters of icy sur-faces, and are thought to deliver more energy to the surfaces of TNO than do solar photons. Furthermore, the interaction of GCRs with icy surfaces can gener-

This report features the work of Yu-Jong Wu and his co-workers published in Astrophys. J. 768, 83 (2013) and Astrophys. J. 779, 40 (2013).

ate secondary electrons, which might have energy sufficient to ionize or to excite nearby molecules and to induce further reactions.

Many experiments have been performed to study the effects of irradiation of N2-dominated ices with charged particles or photons. The excitation sources include 0.8-MeV protons, 7.4-eV photons, Lyman-α photons (10.2 eV), 5-keV electrons, 60-keV Ar2+ ions and so on. From the existence of CH4 in N2 ice, products such as CH3, C2H2, HNC, HCN, C2H6, CH2N2, and HCN2 were identified. Pure N2 ice and of solid N2 with dilute CH4 have been subjected to photolysis at various wavelengths using synchro-tron radiation.1 The formation of nitriles in a series, most of which were identified for the first time in this ice system, were observed. Yu-Jong Wu and his co-workers chose to use electrons of energy 500 eV because a few hundred eV have energies resonant for the ionization or dissociation of molecules caused by electronic excitation of core-level electrons of molecules.2 To identify the simulated astrophysical species, absorption spectra in IR and UV regions are measured. A Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (Bruker, Vertex 80) equipped with a KBr beamsplit-ter and HgCdTe detector was utilized to record the IR spectra. To measure the UV spectra, UV light was dispersed using a 6-m monochromator on the high-flux beamline (BL03A1) at Taiwan Light Source. The measured UV and IR absorption spectra are shown in Figs. (1) and (2), respectively.

In Fig. 1, a sharp feature at 272.5 nm is assigned unambiguously to the electronic absorption of N3. To assign correctly carriers of the observed broadband is difficult. In general, the products might be classi-fied into two groups: those that contain –CN (nitriles) and those without the –CN group. In contrast, the so-called finger-print region in the IR spectrum enables

19

Molecular Science

many products – CH3, C2H2, C(NH)2, CNN, NCN, N3, HCNN, CN, (CN)2, HCN, HNC, and so on – formed after irradiation with electrons at 500 eV to be identified. Wu confirmed the formation of various products, including hydrocarbons and nitriles, by IR spectra, and obtained subsequently the UV spectrum of the ice sample. These observations solved an open question about the measurement with the HST of an

absorption feature within 210 – 214 nm from Pluto on which nitrogen ice domin-ates methane and carbon monoxide.

In our solar system, gaseous dinitro-gen (N2) is abundant in the atmospheres of Earth, Titan, Triton and Pluto. This condition motivates an investigation of the excitation of N2, which is crucial for understanding the related nitrogen chemistry of these planetary atmos-pheres. For instance, Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, has a dense atmosphere (160 kPa) composed of N2 ~ 98.4 %, CH4 ~ 1.6 %, and other, trace gases. When these trace substances assume a sufficiently large proportion, they form aerosol hazes in Titan’s atmosphere, but the composition and the mechanism of formation of these organic layers are poorly understood. These reactions are likely initiated by electronically highly excited N2 and CH4 and their fragments; the excitation energy might derive from solar UV, solar wind, or GCR. Emission from excited N2 was measured and as-signed as transition a 1∏g → X 1∑g. These observations of the formation of acti-vated nitrogen species in the nitrogen-dominant atmospheres of planets clearly indicate that excitation and de-excitation of N2 play important roles in planetary atmospheric chemistry.

Wu and his co-workers decided to measure the products formed from the gaseous N2 excited on electron bom-

bardment.3 An electron gun (Kimball Physics, Model EFG-7) was utilized to generate electron beams of energies 250 eV and 1000 eV and beam current 200 mA, to bombard gaseous N2 during the deposition of a matrix. A UV absorption spectrum is shown in Fig. 3. The single sharp line at 272.7 nm was read-ily assigned to the transition of N3, providing clear evidence of its formation even when N2 was excited

Fig. 1: UV absorption spectrum recorded after irradiation of a CH4/N2 (1/100) ice sample with electrons at 500 eV for 1 h.

Fig. 2: IR absorption spectra of (A) a sample with CH4/N2 (1/100) and (B) the sample in (A) recorded after irradiation with electrons at 500 eV for 1 h.

Wavelength (nm)

Abs

orba

nce

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0.00

200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340

(A)

(B)

Wavenumber (cm-1)

Abs

orba

nce

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

ν3ν4

( ν4 + ν2 )x 0.1

HN

CN

H3+

HC

NN

HC

N

HC

N+

CN

CN

NC

CN

+

NC

CN

C(N

H) 2

CN

HC

NN

N3

NC

NC

H3

CN

N

C2N

C(N

H) 2

C2H

2

CH

3

20


Photochemistry of the Most Abundant Gaseous Element N2

in the Solid Phase

Dinitrogen N2 is the most abundant molecule in the terrestrial atmosphere. The photochemistry of nitrogen retains the attention of scientists because of its importance in the atmosphere of earth and other astronomical environments. The photodissociation of gaseous N2 as well as the succeeding chemistry was thus investigated intensively, whereas the correspond-ing properties of N2 in a solid phase are still lacking. To initiate the chemical reactions of N2, the first step is to break the N-N bond; in the gaseous phase, its dissociation energy is 9.798 eV. Bing-Ming Cheng and his co-workers discovered a smaller energy, 8.63 ± 0.11 eV, that suffices to initiate the chemistry of solid N2.

1

In Cheng’s research, N2 was condensed on a surface at 3 K. Beamlines BL03A1 and BL21A2 at the

This report features the work of Bing-Ming Cheng and his co-workers published in Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 738 (2014).

TLS, with a VUV source and a FTIR spectrometer re-spectively, served for the energy of excitation energy and a means of detection. These scientists reason-ably began the experiment with an excitation energy greater than the dissociation energy of the N-N bond, 9.798 eV. After the irradiation, evidence for the exist-ence of N3 was observed, namely the infrared absorp-tion lines at 1657.8 and 1652.7 cm-1. These absorp-tion lines in the infrared region are like a fingerprint because every molecule has its own infrared absorption spectrum. Cheng hence believes that they did observe the formation of N3 according to the infrared absorp-tion lines reported as the IR absorption spectra of N3.

The fascinating discovery arose when Cheng and co-workers varied the photon energy to find the energy level at the dissociation threshold. Shown in

as a gas. With theoretical calculations and measured absorption spectra, many properties, including electronic states and vibrational wavenumbers, of N (2D), N2

+, N3 and N3+ are revealed. The

potential role of N3 was much less pro-nounced, but it has been proposed as a specific oxidant to remove electrons from aromatic hydrocarbons. N3 might hence play an important role as electron scavenger in Titan’s upper atmosphere.

References 1. Y.-J. Wu, R. C. Y. Wu, S.-L. Chou, M.-Y. Lin, H.-C.

Lu, J.-I. Lo, and B.-M. Cheng, Astrophys. J. 746, 175 (2012).

2. Y.-J. Wu, H.-F. Chen, S.-J. Chuang, and T.-P. Huang, Astrophys. J. 768, 83 (2013).

3. Y.-J. Wu, H.-F. Chen, S.-J. Chuang, and T.-P. Huang, Astrophys. J. 779, 40 (2013).

Fig. 3: UV absorption spectrum of N2 ice subjected to electron irradiation during deposition for 1 h with electron energy 250 eV and current 200 μA.

Wavelength (nm)

Abs

orba

nce

0.10

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00

120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

N2 N3x0.1

21

Molecular Science

When the wavelength was greater, i.e. the excitation energy was less, evidence for the existence of N3 was observed, for even a wavelength as large as 142.0 nm (photon energy 8.731 eV). The photo-chemistry of solid N2 was therefore def-initely not initiated by breaking the N-N bond.

To solve this non-intuitive mechan-ism of reaction, a theoretical calculation was made utilizing software Gaussian 09 as depicted in Fig. 2. The energy level of solid nitrogen in the ground state is set as zero. The energy necessary to form transition complexes (TS1 and TS2 in Fig. 2), with formula N4, is about 8.5 eV less than the experimental energy 8.63 ± 0.11 eV at the threshold to form N3.

The complex could then further react after absorbing another photon to form N + N3. The products formed from TS1 and TS2 are linear N3 and cyclic N3, re-spectively. The infrared spectra of the products of the

photochemical reaction dem-onstrate the character of linear N3, not cyclic N3. Cheng and co-workers hence concluded

Fig. 1 are the infrared spectra of solid dinitrogen after photolysis at various wavelengths. Wavelength 122.4 nm was the initial choice as that photon energy is greater than the energy to break the bond of N2.

that solid N2 absorbs one VUV photon to form a complex, linear N4 (TS1 in Fig. 2), which in turn dissociates to form linear N3 after absorbing another VUV photon. The threshold ener-gies from these experiments in accordance with calculation and the measured IR absorp-tion character of linear N3 both confirm this new mechanism in solid N2.

Reference 1. S.-L. Chou, J.-I. Lo, M.-Y. Lin, Y.-C.

Peng, H.-C. Lu, and B.-M. Cheng, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 738 (2014). (Paper first published online: Nov. 29, 2013.)

Fig. 1: Infrared spectra of solid dinitrogen at 3 K after phtolysis for 30 min at photon energies of 10.13, 9.53, 8.93, 8.73, and 8.52 eV with corresponding wavelengths 122.4, 130.0, 138.7, 142.0, and 145.5 nm, respectively.

Wavenumber (cm-1)

Diff

eren

ce o

f abs

orba

nce

0.035

0.030

0.025

0.020

0.015

0.010

0.005

0.000

1680 1670 1660 1650 1640 1630

10.13 eV

9.53 eV

8.93 eV

8.73 eV

8.52 eV 8.63±0.11 eV

N2(1Σ+

g)+N2(1Σ+

g)

8.39TS1(1Σ+

g)Td-N4(

1A1)

TS3(1A’1)

10.39

7.83

TS2(1A1)8.53

13.33

12.04cyc-N3(

2B1)+(2D)

/-N3(2∏)+N(2D)

Fig. 2: Energies /kJ mol-1 and eV along reaction paths for the reaction N2 + N2. The energies calculated at the stationary points are indicated in the figure. The calculated geometries of TS1, TS2, TS3, cyclic N3, linear N3, and tetrahedral N4 are displayed.

Soft Matter

Research Highlights

Soft Matter

NSRRC

24


Toward Better Solid-State Order and Performance of D–A Conjugated Polymers: Fluorine Substitution

Donor–acceptor (D–A) conjugated polymers are promising materials for organic optoelectronic ap-plications. A charge mobility over 5 cm2 V-1 s-1 in polymer field-effect transistors and efficiency of power conversion (PCE) over 10 % in polymer solar cells (PSC) have been realized.1, 2 The solid-state structural order is crucial to convert molecular properties into useful device performance. Although chemical modifications of D–A units facilitate fine tuning of molecular properties, the increased struc-tural complications of these D–A polymers cause difficulty in identifying the key parameters to at-tain a highly ordered solid state. Because both mo-lecular geometry and non-covalent intermolecular interactions govern the formation of solid-state structures, identifying the individual influences of these two parameters in the solid-state order of D–Apolymers is essential for clarifying the relation be-tween molecular structure and solid-state order. Chain-Shu Hsu and Chien-Lung Wang from National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, have identified that the strength of non-covalent interactions plays an im-portant role in attaining a highly ordered solid state and improved device performance of D–A polymers. Through prudent molecular design, they minimized the effect of molecular geometry, and compared sys-tematically the strengths of non-covalent interaction, solid-state order and optoelectronic performances of a D–A polymer, PTh4BT, and its fluorinated analogue, PTh4FBT (Fig. 1(a)). Replacing the hydrogen substitu-ents with fluorine on the 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BT) unit shows a small effect in molecular geometry, but alters significantly the dipole moments of the accept-or unit, as illustrated in the energy-minimized mo-lecular models obtained from theoretical calculations (Fig. 1(b)). In this case, varied solid-state behavior and device performance are clearly attributed to the en-hanced non-covalent interactions.

This report features the work of Chain-Shu Hsu, Chien-Lung Wang and their co-workers published in Adv. Mater. 25, 2445 (2013).

The consequences of molecular modification were first examined through UV-vis absorption spec-tra and thermal analysis. The raised dis-aggregation temperature in solution and raised melting temper-ature of the bulk of PTh4FBT are the first indications of the enhanced intermolecular non-covalent inter-actions. These interactions resulted in enhanced crystallinity of PTh4FBT as indicated by the X-ray powder diffraction patterns (Fig. 2) collected in situ

Fig. 1: (a) Molecular structures of PTh4BT and PTh4FBT. (b) Illustration of dipole moments of the BT and FBT acceptor units. The unit of the dipole moment is given in debye and the direction is indicated by the arithmetic sign.

Fig. 2: X-ray powder diffraction patterns of PTh4BT and PTh4FBT in situ before and after thermal annealing.

PTh4BT PTh4FBT

μ=-0.238D μ=1.875D

H H F F

(a)

(b)

q (nm-1)

Inte

nsity

(a.u

.)

PTh4FBT (Annealed)PTh4BT (Annealed)

PTh4FBT (As-preciitated)

PTh4BT (As-preciitated)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

25

Soft Matter

at BL23A1 and BL01C2 of the TLS. The diffraction pattern of PTh4FBT as precipitated shows diffraction features much more intense than those of PTh4BT. The diffraction signals located at scattering vector (q) = 3.00, 6.00 and 9.00 nm-1 are indexed as (100), (200) and (300) diffractions, respectively, of a long-range ordered lamellar structure of PTh4FBT with d-spacing 2.09 nm. The intense (010) diffraction signal located at q = 16.8 nm-1 indicates an ordered π-π stacking with d-spacing 0.37 nm. Annealing the samples at 200 oC for 1 min improved the solid-state order of both polymers. In the case of PTh4FBT, the correlation length of the lamellar structure (L100) increased from 22.7 to 38.8 nm, and that of π-π stacking (L010) from 5.8 to 6.0 nm, as summarized in Table 1. The crystallinity of PTh4BT remained poor; no indication of ordered π-π stacking was observed even after the thermal treat-ment.

The degree of solid-state structural order shows a satisfactory correlation with the hole mobility (μh) of the polymers. PTh4FBT delivered μh = 2.91 × 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1 with Ion/Ioff ratio 1.44 × 107 in its thin film as cast. μh increased significantly to 0.29 cm2 V-1 s-1 with Ion/Ioff ratio 5.13 × 107 after the thermal annealing. The improved solid-state order and Lhkl enabled PTh4FBT to deliver the greatest μh among the BT-quarterthio-phene-based alternating copolymers.3, 4

The PSC performance of PTh4FBT was evaluated in both a conventional architecture – indium tin ox-ide (ITO)/PEDOT:PSS (40 nm)/PTh4FBT: PC71BM (95 nm)/Ca (35 nm)/Al (100 nm) and inverted architecture – ITO/ZnO (30 nm)/ PTh4FBT:PC71BM (95 nm)/MoO3 (6 nm)/Ag (150 nm). Their performance was meas-ured under AM-1.5 illumination at 100 mW/cm2. A conventional device using a PTh4FBT:PC71BM (1:1, mass/mass) blend as active layer exhibited Voc = 0.78 V, Jsc = 12.17 mA/cm2, FF = 67.5 %, delivering PCE = 6.41 %. The inverted device with an identical active layer exhibited Voc = 0.77 V, Jsc = 13.51 mA/cm2, FF = 65.6%, delivering the greatest PCE = 6.82 %. The electron-withdrawing fluorine substituents of PTh4FBT resulted in a lower-lying EHOMO and enabled PTh4FBT to have an increased Voc. Because of synergy with an

improved solid-state order, PTh4FBT also attained the greatest PCE among the BT-quarterthiophene-based alternating copolymers.

In summary, through appropriate molecular de-sign, detailed solid-state analysis and evaluation of the device performance, the work revealed the im-portance of the strength of non-covalent interaction in attaining a highly ordered solid state and optoelec-tronic performance, and promoted a comprehensive consideration for future polymer design.

References 1. H. Chen, Y. Guo, G. Yu, Y. Zhao, J. Zhang, J. Gao, H. Liu, and Y.

Liu, Adv. Mater. 24, 4618 (2012).2. J. You, L. Dou, K. Yoshimura, T. Kato, K. Ohya, T. Moriarty, K.

Emery, C.-C. Chen, J. Gao, and G. Li, Nature Commun. 4, 1446 (2013).

3. K.-H. Ong, S.-L. Lim, H.-S. Tan, H.-K. Wong, J. Li, Z. Ma, L. C. H. Moh, S.-H. Lim, J. C. de Mello, and Z.-K. Chen, Adv. Mater. 23, 1409 (2011).

4. I. Osaka, M. Shimawaki, H. Mori, I. Doi, E. Miyazaki, T. Koganezawa, and K. Takimiya, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 3498 (2012).

Table 1: Average correlation lengths, L100 and L010, of PTh4FBT deduced from the X-ray powder diffraction in situ.

*Illustration of the ordered packing

Iamellar structure π-π stacking

As cast

Annealed

22.7

38.8

5.8

6.0

L100 (nm) L010 (nm)

26


Template-Directed Synthesis of Multibranched Gold with Surface Plasmon Resonance

With extraordinary optical characteristics unob-served in bulk materials, metallic nanostructures show an intense absorption band due to surface plasmons and enhanced local electromagnetic fields because of a localized surface plasmon res-onance (LSPR), which arises from oscillations of charge density confined among the nanostructures. Significant attention has been given to the investi-gation of surface plasmonic properties of metallic nanoparticles because of their prospective applica-tions as components in diverse technologies such as electronics, plasmonic waveguides, biomedicine and chemical or biological sensors. Exhibiting LSPR char-acteristics in the visible range of the spectrum, silver (Ag) and gold (Au) are noble metals commonly used for nanoparticle production. Although Ag displays the sharpest and strongest bands among all metals, Au is preferable for biological applications because of its inert nature, biocompatibility and chemically stable properties.

The characteristic wavelength and intensity of the LSPR absorption bands are highly sensitive to the shape, size, interparticle distance and dielectric environment of the nanostructures; the fabrication of nanostructures with controllable size and shape have hence become a critical aim of extensive research over the past few years. An increase of edges or of the sharpness of nanostructures produces a red shift of the absorption spectra due to an increased charge separation; increasing the size of nanostructures en-hances the cross section of scatter, but the spectral shifts of the LSPR maximum are influenced more by the geometric shape of nanostructures than by their increased size. To exploit LSPR properties and the corresponding applications, varied shapes such as sphere, cube, prism, rod, triangle and branched texture, as well as ordered nanostructured arrays, have been synthesized with wet chemical reduction

This report features the work of Rong-Ming Ho and his co-workers published in Adv. Mater. 25, 1780 (2013).

methods or fabricated with lithographic methods. Although producing excellent nanostructures of large area with high reproducibility, the lithographic fabri-cation becomes costly of time and money for struc-tures smaller than 20 nm with well defined edges.

Template synthesis has attracted significant inter-est as a highly versatile approach to prepare nano-structured materials with large area, predefined size and shape. This powerful approach provides a pre-ex-isting template with desired nanoscale features, such as anodized aluminium-oxide films, colloidal tem-plates and mesoporous silica, to direct nanomateri-als into unique forms that are difficult to obtain with other methods. Templates based on block copolymers (BCP) have been extensively investigated because of their ability to self-assemble into nanostructures periodic in one, two and three dimensions, including lamellae, cylinder, sphere and gyroid phases, through tuning of the molecular mass and chemical compos-

Fig. 1: One-dimensional SAXS profiles of (a) gyroid-forming PS-PLLA after thermal treatment; (b) nanoporous PS template forms the gyroid-forming PSPLLA after removal of minor PLLA networks. On the basis of the form and structure factors for the double gyroid, characteristic reflections with q ratios 6 : 8 : 14 : 16 : 20 : 22 : 24 : 26 : 30 : 32 : 38 : 40 : 42 : 46 : 48 : 50 are discernible and indicated with vertical lines. (Reproduced from Ref. 1)

Nanopropous PS template

(a)

(b)

PS-PLLA BCP

q (nm-1)

0.2 0.4 0.6

1000

100

10

1

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Inte

nsity

(a.u

.)

27

Soft Matter

Fig. 2: Nanostructured Au from controlled seeding growth of Au at various stages: (a and a’) Au NP; (b and b’) branched Au; (c and c’) 3DON Au particles; (d and d’) Gyroid Au. Up: TEM images of Au within PS templates via template seeding growth. Down: FESEM image of nanostructured Au after removal of PS templates. (Reproduced from Ref. 1)

ition of copolymer blocks. By taking advantage of degradable BCP, one can prepare nanoporous BCP materials with well ordered textures on preferential removal of constituent components in BCP through ozonolysis, UV degradation or reactive ion etching. Most interestingly, BCP-based nanoporous templates can be utilized to manufacture metallic nanomateri-als with templating processes, such as electrochemical deposition, electrolytic plating and sol-gel reactions.

A laboratory for frontier polymer research led

by Rong-Ming Ho from National Tsing Hua Univer-sity, Taiwan, is devoted to the investigation of self-assembly BCP, nanopatterning techniques via inte-gration of top-down and bottom-up methods, and hybridization via block-copolymer templating. Ho and his co-workers have exploited a new approach to fabricate multibanched Au nanostructures as bulk or continuous thin films using gyroid-forming nanopor-ous BCP as a template for seed growth, followed by removal of the template.1 The relation between the multibranched Au formed with gyroid-forming BCP templates and LSPR was investigated in their work. The basic double-gyroid (DG) shape is a three-fold junction of three arms, in which each arm connects to another set of three arms that are each themselves rotated to form a 3D network. The fabrication of high-ly branched DG Au nanostructures has great potential

Nan

ostr

uctu

red

Au

PS/A

u na

nohy

brid

s (a) (b) (c) (d)

(a’) (b’) (c’) (d’)

for the development of plasmonic materials. These researchers utilized synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) at BL23A1 of the TLS and a transmission electron microscope (TEM) to identify the formation of a gyroid phase on poly(styrene)-block-poly(L-lactide) PS-b-PLLA (Fig. 1). PS-b-PLLA is highly suitable for fabrication of a nanoporous poly-mer because of hydrolytically degenerated blocks in PLLA. Templated seeding growth was conducted to create precisely controlled Au nanostructures formed within the PS matrix, as shown in Figs. 2(a)-(d). After removal of the PS matrix, versatile Au nanostruc-tures, such as Au nanoparticles, branched Au, three-dimensionally ordered nanoporous (3DON) Au particles, and gyroid Au, were fabricated as shown in Figs. 2(a’)-(d’). These resulting Au nanostructures dis-played remarkable surface plasmon resonance in the near-infrared (NIR) region. In particular, the optical properties for branched Au and 3DON Au particles exhibited strong and stable NIR resonances that are promising for biological applications. This new ap-proach for gyroid-forming BCP templating should provide a precisely controllable method to fabricate nanohybrids and nanostructured metals for various photonic and optoelectronic devices.

Reference 1. H. Y. Hsueh, H. Y. Chen, Y. C. Hung, Y. C. Ling, S. Gwo, and R. M.

Ho, Adv. Meter. 25, 1780 (2013).

28


Optimal Morphology of a Bulk Heterojunction Layer: Toward Highly Efficient Solar Cells

Efficient and renewable energy sources are desired for a “green” life. Polymer solar cells have drawn promise as candidates due to their advantages of low cost, small mass and adequate flexibility for sustain-able conversion of solar energy. Great progress is be-ing made to develop bulk heterojunction (BHJ) thin-film solar cells, in which one conjugated polymer as electron donor and one fullerene derivative as elec-tron acceptor are closely intermixed, yielding a three-dimensional interpenetrating network of conjugated polymers blended with soluble fullerene derivatives. BHJ solar cells of this type account for the absorption of light leading to strongly bound electron-hole pairs, excitons, in the conjugated polymer. These excitons can diffuse only small distances (ca. 10 ~ 20 nm) be-fore their recombination. As the fullerene derivative is within this range, the exciton can dissociate into a polaron pair, which is a precursor of free charges. These free charges eventually generate the photocurrent.

Manipulating the nanostructure of the active lay-er of BHJ thin-film solar cells is, therefore, a primary factor in improving device performance. In general, the polymer-rich domains require fullerene units in a fine dispersion in the polymer to provide large inter-faces because of the small length of exciton diffusion, whereas the fullerene-rich domains require a suitable feature size to form paths to inhibit a recombination of electrons and holes. To probe the nanostructures of the active layer, simultaneous 2D grazing-incidence small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS and GIWAXS) at the TLS end station BL23A1 provide a scattering angle over a wide range (q = 0.3 ~10 nm-1) to capture the kinetics of fullerene aggregation and conjugated polymer crystallization in the correspond-ing BHJ thin films. Understanding the kinetics of the fullerene aggregation and polymer crystallization and their correlation in the morphological development of conjugated polymer/fullerene composite films

This report features the work of Kung-Hwa Wei and his co-workers published in ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 5413 (2013).

would hence provide information about the optimal processing of future BHJ solar cells with varied com-ponents of fullerene derivatives or other conjugated polymers.

Kung-Hwa Wei (National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan) investigated structure-property relations of BHJ polymer solar cells with varied solvent processes. An appropriate solvent can induce improved crystal-linity and an optimized size of fullerene domains and their distribution, resulting in the best device perform-ances. The molecular structures of a conjugated poly-mer (PBTC12TPD) and two fullerenes (PC61BM and ThC61BM) used to prepare the active layers in the de-vices are illustrated in Fig. 1(a). To obtain an optimal morphology of the active layer for high efficiency, three solvents (trichloromethane (CF), chloroben-zene (CB), and dichlorobenzene (DCB)) were tested to dissolve two blends of PBTC12TPD/PC61BM and PBTC12TPD/ ThC61BM to prepare the thin-film layers. The device efficiency was found to be strongly affect-ed by the three processing solvents. The efficiency of power conversion of the device incorporating the CF-processed PBTC12TPD/ThC61BM layer (6.2 %) was 46 % greater than that (4.2 %) of the devices incorporat-ing the DCB-processed PBTC12TPD/ ThC61BM layer.

Kung-Hwa Wei and coworkers used synchro-tron-based GISAXS and GIWAXS to elucidate the PBTC12TPD crystallinity and domain sizes of the ful-lerenes in the active layers. As a result of GIWAXS for PBTC12TPD/PC61BM and PBTC12TPD/ThC61BM (Figs. 1(b) and 1(c)), both the crystallinity and crystal size of the PBTC12TPD lamellae in the CF-processed film were much larger than those in the CB- or DCB-processed films. The domain size of fullerene aggre-gates is determined on fitting the GISAXS profiles, as shown in Fig. 1(d). The fitted results of SAXS based on an appropriate fractal model revealed that the ful-

29

Soft Matter

lerene aggregates of the CF-processed film showed a single fractal structure of characteristic length 15 nm, whereas that of the CB- and DCB-processed films displayed a hierarchical bi-fractal structure of two characteristic lengths 293 nm and 6 nm (as illustrated in Fig. 1(e)).

In summary, these scientists demonstrated that morphologies of the conjugated polymer and fullerene

aggregates were affected by the nature of the process-ing solvents. The optimal device performance ob-tained from the CF-processed active layer is attributed to the greater polymer crystallinity, fullerene-rich do-mains of finer and more uniform size, and nano-scale interpenetrating networks with a gradient distribution.

Reference 1. C. M. Liu, M. S. Su, J. M. Jiang, Y. W. Su, C. J. Su, C. Y. Chen, C. S.

Tsao, and K. H. Wei, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 5413 (2013).

Fig. 1: (a) Molecular structures of PBTC12TPD, PC61BM, and ThC61BM; out-of-plane GIWAX profiles of (b) PBTC12TPD/PC61BM films and (c) PBTC12TPD/ThC61BM films for the CF, CB, and DCB processes; (d) in-plane GISAXS profiles of PBTC12TPD/PC61BM and PBTC12TPD/ThC61BM films for the same processing solvents; (e) cartoons of cross-sectional views of films processed from CF (left) and DCB (right). (Reproduced from Ref. 1)

PBTC12TPD/PC61BM(CF)PBTC12TPD/PC61BM(CB)PBTC12TPD/PC61BM(DCB)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)PBTC12TPD/PC61BM (CF)PBTC12TPD/PC61BM (CB)PBTC12TPD/PC61BM (DCB)PBTC12TPD/ThC61BM (CF)PBTC12TPD/ThC61BM (CB)PBTC12TPD/ThC61BM (DCB)

PBTC12TPD/ThC61BM (CF)PBTC12TPD/ThC61BM (CB)PBTC12TPD/ThC61BM (DCB)

PC61BM

ThC61BMPBTC12TPD

Chloroform proccssed film Dichlorbezene processed film

qz (Å-1)

I (q z

)

qz (Å-1)

I (q z

)

qx (Å-1)

I (q x

) (a.

u.)

(e)

qz

PBTC12TPDchains

fullerenes

PBTC12TPD crystals

Life Science

Research Highlights

Life Science

NSRRC

32


Organic Remains in Fossil Embryo of a Dinosaur

Light from synchrotron has been long used in paleontology. Many fossils are analyzed with X-ray microscope to view the interior of precious speci-mens without cracking them. Three-dimensional tom-ography can be reconstructed to visualize the details inside these fossils.1 Synchrotron light is useful also to analyze the composition of fossils. In 2013, Robert R. Reisz led scientists in a group from Canada, Taiwan and China to discover the earliest fossil embryos from China.2 Using synchrotron radiation and Fourier-trans-form infrared (SR-FTIR) spectra, they confirmed the oldest evidence of preservation of organic remains in situ in a fossil. Their research is highlighted on the cover of Nature journal, and is also selected as one of “365 days: Images of the year” in Nature of 2013.

The fossil was found in a monotaxic bone bed near Dawa, Lufeng County, Yunnan Province, China. Such a monotaxic bone bed allows scientists to study the development and growth of a single species. The bone bed is dated from the Early Jurassic (Sinemurian) period, about 190-197 million years ago, temporally equivalent to the oldest known dinosaurian embryos preserved in South Africa.

The bones are disarticulated; all of them are less than 25 mm. On comparison with other fossil embryos, these specimens from the Lufeng bone bed are confirmed to be embryos, not hatchlings. For ex-ample, there is no preserved neural arch; both centra and femora bones are poorly ossified; the thin slices of femora are similar to embryonic bone of other geo-logically younger dinosaurs.

These bones conform to the anatomical pattern of a basal sauropodomorph dinosaur and are tenta-tively identified as the sauropodomorph Lufengosaur-us of Lufeng Formation (Fig. 1). Sauropodomorpha is a long-necked herbivorous dinosaur. The earliest kind was small and slender, about 1.5 m long, but they became the largest dinosaurs at the end of the Triassic period. The largest kind, sauropod, could extend to 30-40 m and 60,000-100,000 kg. The size of Lufen-gosaurus is moderate, length about 6 m.

On comparing 24 femora bonds of various lengths, the embryonic growth of these dinosaurs can be studied histologically. The conclusion drawn is that these sauropodomorph embryos probably grew

This report features the work of Robert R. Reisz and his co-workers published in Nature 496, 210 (2013).

Fig. 1: Skeleton (left) and illustration (right) of Lufengosaurus (Source: Wikipedia, http://www.wikipedia.org). The inset is the illustration of embryo with length of a few centimeters (Source: University of Toronto, http://www.utm.utoronto.ca/main-news-research-news-general/worlds-oldest-dinosaur-embryo-bonebed-yields-organic-remains).

33

Life Science

more rapidly than extant birds and other dinosaurs. This effect might explain why sauropodomorph dino-saurs could achieve a larger adult size than that of their contemporary counterparts. The asymmetrical thickness of the walls of the long bones resembles that of mice and chickens, which has this epigenetic phenomenon because of the muscle contraction and body movement before birth or hatching. Such features might be needed for a newborn dinosaur to adapt to its environment.

SR-FTIR (at beamline BL14A1) makes possible a study of the composition of embryonic bones in situ without extraction. FTIR spectra provide an excel-lent tool to identify chemicals through the motion of chemical bonds; it is commonly used in organic chemistry and biochemistry to determine the com-position of organic compounds. For example, pro-teins have specific amide features (the strongest being amide I between 1600-1700 cm-1, another amide II between 1510 and 1580 cm-1 and a complicated and less usable amide III). The small size of the beam of a SR-FTIR instrument can scan through a large area in small steps to obtain high-resolution information with a wide field. In this case, SR-FTIR is used to scan

through thin slices of fossil embryos. 12 optical im-ages, each 150 x 180 μm, were pieced together in step size 15 μm. The result yields three-dimensional FTIR distributions that allow scientists to inspect the FTIR absorption at a specific part of a bone. Although it is not astonishing to find signals of amides I and II in vascular spaces of a fossil embryo, probably from direct products of protein decay or contamination from the environment, large amide I, II signals and a small possible amide III signal from a primary bone made an exciting discovery because this area has a strong signal from apatite crystal, unreachable by microbial contamination and post-mortem artefacts. It must hence be from the decay of original tissues in the bones. This discovery makes them the oldest or-ganic remains in a fossil. The use of synchrotron light adds another layer of excitement to this fascinating story of fossil embryo.

References 1. P. C. J. Donoghue, S. Bengtson, X.-P. Dong, N. J. Gostling, T.

Huldtgren, J. A. Cunningham, C. Yin, Z. Yue, F. Peng, and M. Stampanoni, Nature 442, 680 (2006).

2. R. Reisz, T. D. Huang, E. M. Roberts, S. Peng, C. Sullivan, K. Stein, A. R. H. LeBlanc, D. Shieh, R. Chang, C. Chiang, C. Yang, and S. Zhong, Nature 496, 210 (2013).

Fig. 2: FTIR spectra of a slice of fossil embryo. Signal extracted from different positions are marked in red cross (a, b and c) and the corresponding spectra are on the right. (Reproduced from Ref. 2)

(a)

(b)

(c)

1100 Apatite

1537 Amide l

885 Carbonate

Apatite

Carbonate

Am

ide lll ?

Am

ide l and ll

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Am

ide l and ll

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Am

ide l and ll

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tion

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)Po

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n (μ

m)

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tion

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)

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tion

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)Po

sitio

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m)

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) Posit

ion

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ion

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ion

(μm)

Wavenumber (cm-1)A

bsor

banc

e

Position (μm)Position (μm)

34


Open Pores on Membrane

In the past three decades, antimicrobial peptides, composing up to 60 amino acids, have been discov-ered to serve as a versatile defence against bacteria. They are part of an innate immunity in plants and animals. At a large concentration, these peptides penetrate and form pores on the membrane envel-ope of bacteria, thus disrupting the internal environ-ment of bacteria and even disintegrating the bacterial membrane. A defence of this kind is immediately effective and is of commercial interest. Antimicrobial peptides have even been proposed for use as antibiot-ics. While much research focuses on the antimicrob-ial peptides, less is known about the state of the membrane affected by these peptides at a molecular level. The general idea is that, at a small concentra-tion, these peptides lie on the surface of a membrane;

This report features the work of U-Ser Jeng, Ming-Tao Lee and their co-workers published in Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1828, 528 (2013) and of Huey W. Huang, Wei-Chin Hung, Ming-Tao Lee and their co-workers published in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 14243 (2013).

Fig. 1: Scheme diagram of melittin-induced pore formation. Melittin (blue) is a random coil (sphere) in solution and an α-helix (cylinder) on the membrane. Melittin above a critical concentration (P/L*) forms stable pores on a membrane. A reconstructed three-dimensional structure of pores from X-ray diffraction appears in the middle.

they might form a transient pore briefly and might translocate to the other side of the membrane. At a large concentration, they aggregate and form pores on the membrane. There is a large energy barrier for peptides to penetrate a membrane. How a membrane responds to the presence of antimicrobial peptides so as to open pores is, therefore, an important question. This year, two publications pertained to an under-standing how melittin, the major component of bee venom that is a 26-amino acid peptide, affects and alters the membrane structure.

For an investigation of the membrane structure, multilamellar membranes (MLM) are commonly used because they generate diffraction with X-rays or neutrons. In reality, a bacteria membrane is a single closed bilayer. A unilamellar vesicle (ULV) would be a superior model to test the effect of antimicrobial peptides on a membrane; it is basically a bubble of a single bilayer lipid in aqueous solution. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) can then be used to probe the structural alteration of unilamellar vesicles upon binding of an antimicrobial peptide. The groups of Ming-Tao Lee and U-Ser Jeng at NSRRC compared the membrane-thinning effect of multilamellar mem-branes and a unilamellar vesicle caused by melittin;1 they tried to address the dynamic equilibrium such that, for free floating ULV, only part of the peptides bind onto the vesicle, whereas most peptides are pre-mixed in the multilamellar membrane.

SAXS results clearly show the membrane thin-ning effect up to 2 Å by the peptide melittin. The second hump of SAXS profiles is sensitive to the lo-cal bilayer structure. The more the peptides bind, the thinner the membrane. The same effect can be observed from the distance between the two electron density maxima of the phospholipid headgroup re-gions (PtP). SAXS shows also an asymmetric profile of

35

Life Science

two maxima, indicating that peptides bind unequally on the outer and inner surfaces. This effect is explic-able by the amount of peptide available inside and outside the vesicle. It might also reflect an asymmet-ric environment of lipids on each side of the mem-brane, increasing the disorder on the inner leaflet of the membrane.

Based on the model of melittin/MLM interaction, the binding ratio of melittin to free floating ULV was deduced at a small concentration, thus establishing a quantitative correlation between the bound peptides on ULV and free peptides in solution. This condi-tion makes possible a qualitative comparison of data between melittin/ULV and melittin/MLM. This work used beamlines BL13A1 and BL23A1 at the TLS.

The groups of Huey W. Huang, Wei-Chin Hung and Ming-Tao Lee continued to investigate the melit-tin-bound membrane structure at a molecular level.2 Even though the crystal structure of melittin has been solved and a model for pore formation is proposed, the current model fails to take into account the mem-brane dynamics.

These scientists first tried to establish a correla-tion between melittin-bound ULV and melittin-bound

MLM before melittin began to penetrate a membrane. Under a fluorescent microscope, ULV expanded linearly about 2.8 - 4.5 % (average 3.4 %) upon mel-ittin binding before the leaking of the content in the ULV. For melittin/MLM, the membrane also became thinner linearly about 3.3 % until the melittin began to penetrate the membrane, measured by oriented circular dichroism. The surface expansion of ULV and the membrane thinning of MLM are about the same, closely correlated with each other.

Once the correlation is established, these sci-entists literally grew crystals of melittin pores on a multilamellar membrane. Melittin forms stable pores on both ULV and MLM and moves freely in a fully hydrated multilamellar membrane. By dehydration, melittin/MLM eventually proceeds through a phase transition to a rhombohedral crystalline lattice (R phase). Instead of seeking melittin, they labeled the headgroup of phospholipid with bromide (Br) and de-veloped a method of multiple anomalous dispersion to reconstruct the structure of the lipid bilayer. The result shows that melittin causes the toroidal pore to form at positions at which the top and bottom layers of lipids bend and merge through the pore, in contrast with the barrel-stave model in which two layers of lipid are separated. Such a structure of a toroidal pore

Fig. 2: (a) SAXS data show a shift of membrane thinning along with the concentration (Ps /L) of peptide to lipid. (b) Calculated distance (PtP) of the phosphate to phosphate headgroup of a lipid bilayer also indicates the thinning effect of peptide melittin. (Reproduced from Ref. 1)

(a)

Di22: 1PC

(b)

Ps/L

q (Å-1) r (Å)

I (q )

p (r

)

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0.04 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

PtP

0.120.080.040.02

0.010.0150.020.040.080.12

0.015

Di22: 1PC0.01

36


Protein-Protein Interaction

Most proteins do not act alone; they interact with each other to promote various activities in cells. Such interactions can typically be investigated structur-ally with protein X-ray crystallography. This year, two studies are selected to illustrate the use of synchro-tron radiation in investigating such protein-protein interactions.

Antigens that trigger an immune response of T-cells must be presented by other cells, such as macrophages; this process distinguishes invaders from the self. Antigens are generally presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or CD1 molecule. Gennaro De Libero led a group of sci-entists in Switzerland and Singapore to find and to study the antigen-presenting molecule (APM) for the human T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) containing a variable region 9 in the γ-chain and a variable region 2 in the δ-chain (Vγ9Vδ2), which senses phosphoryl-ated prenyl metabolites.1 The antigen-presenting mol-ecule for Vγ9Vδ2 is neither MHC nor CD1, and was unclear before their work, but the evidence indicates the existence of an APM dedicated for phosphorylat-ed antigens, such as isopentenyl-pyrophosphate (IPP)

This report features the work of Gennaro De Libero and his co-workers published in Nat. Immunol. 14, 908 (2013) and of Jayaraman Sivaraman and his co-workers published in Nat. Commun. 4, 2546 (2013).

or (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP).

These scientists first developed a method to avoid a complication caused by the autopresentation phenomenon of human T-cells, and pinpointed the gene encoding the APM on chromosome 6. Using micro-array to analyze the expression profile of cell lines that efficiently present IPP and HMBPP, they narrowed the regions to 81 genes. After some analy-

resembles the fusion of secretory vesicles. The size of the barrel-stave pore is fixed because it is framed with the peptide assembly, but the toroidal pore shrinks during dehydration because of loss of water around the pore. This condition is indeed the case of a melit-tin/MLM pore, of which the diameter decreased to 0.7 nm. Neutron scattering showed the melittin pores in the fully hydrated lipid bilayer to have a diameter of 4.4 nm. This work used beamlines BL13A1 and BL23A1 in at the TLS.

The use of SAXS and membrane diffraction pro-vides unique ways to observe membrane structures directly at a molecular level. Many other peptides and drugs interact with a membrane. These tech-niques will improve our understanding of the mem-brane structure and dynamics.

References 1. C.-J. Su, S.-S. Wu, U. Jeng, M.-T. Lee, A.-C. Su, K.-F. Liao, W.-Y.

Lin, Y.-S. Huang, and C.-Y. Chen, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1828, 528 (2013).

2. M.-T. Lee, T.-L. Sun, W.-C. Hung, and H. Huang, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 14243 (2013).

Fig. 1: Structure of BTN3A1 in complex with IPP (color in salmon). Residues interacting with IPP have sidechains presented in sticks.

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Life Science

sis, genes belonging to the butyrophilin (BTN) family became the candidates for APM, which had previ-ously been linked to immunoregulation. All BTN pro-teins have two extracellular domains that resemble the immunoglobulin variable (V) and constant (C) domains; they have also a membrane-spanning re-gion. After some experiments, they finally concluded that BTN3A1 is the APM for Vγ9Vδ2 TCR, and the immunoglobulin V-like domain of BTN3A1 forms a complex with the phosphorylated antigen and stimu-lates the γδ T-cells.

Besides the biochemical work on BTN3A1 with antigen IPP and HMBPP, they crystallized BTN3A1 in a complex with IPP and HMBPP to understand their interactions, and used protein X-ray crystallography to solve their structures, at beamline BL13B1. The solved structure of BTN3A1 V domain is indeed simi-lar to the immunoglobulin V domain. The BTN3A1 V domain adopts a compact β-sandwich topology with an intersheet disulfide bond (Cys25-Cys99), charac-teristic of many immunoglobulin V domains. The IPP molecule is bound in a shallow groove in which a diphosphate moiety forms strong electrostatic inter-actions and an isopentenyl chain forms van der Waals interactions with surrounding residues. HMBPP binds similarly but with small and notable differences. They found also that IPP enhances the binding of BTN3A1 to Vγ9Vδ2 TCR. The finding of BTN3A1 to be an APM additional to MHC and CD1 establishes a new paradigm in the field of human immunological recog-nition, and has far-reaching implications for clinical immunotherapy.

Another example of a protein-protein interaction is the GrlR–GrlA complex. GrlA is a positive regula-tor of the LEE1 promoter, whereas GrlR inhibits GrlA activity. The LEE1 promotor is part of the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), which contains most genes for the type-III secretion systems (T3SS) found in pathogens including enterohaemorrhagic Esche-richia coli (EHEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). These pathogens cause many severe conditions, such as diarrhea. The LEE1 promotor is under a tight con-trol by multiple factors, including Ler and H-NS; its

activation triggers the entire virulent system of EHEC and EPEC.

Fig. 2: Structures of GlrR-GlrAΔ. GrlR are colored in yellow and orange. GlrAΔ is in rainbow and the interacting residues (R53, R54, R64, R65 and R66) is presented in stickes.

At beamline BL13B1, Jayaraman Sivaraman led a group of scientists from Singapore, Israel, Spain, Canada and China to study the structure of GlrR in complex with part of GlrA (residues 1-106, termed GrlAΔ), to understand the regulatory mechanism of GlrA and GlrR on the LEE locus.2 Despite that crystals of the full length of GlrA in complex with GlrR can-not be obtained, the structure GlrR-GlrAΔ shows that GlrR is a β-barrel protein similar to previously solved structures, and GlrAΔ comprises a HTH motif and an anti-parallel β-sheet at the carboxy terminus. One dimer of GlrR binds to one GlrAΔ; this stoichiomet-ric ratio 2:1 is confirmed by analytical ultracentrifuga-tion. The structural homologues of GlrAΔ found with a DALI search, even though of small sequence simi-larity, are also transcriptional regulators containing the HTH motif, indicating similar functions in these homologues. A careful investigation of residues be-tween GlrR and GlrAΔ indicates that both the HTH motif and the C-terminal region are important for the GlrR-GlrAΔ interaction. Previous work indicated that GlrA binds with DNA through this HTH motif.

38


Drug Discovery with Protein X-ray Crystallography

The objective of the huge investment in human gen-ome projects and the subsequent structural genomics is to improve the quality of life. A direct result of this investment is the production of new and superior drugs to combat human diseases. Structurally based drug design is thus a main focus of beamlines for protein X-ray crystallography. Taiwan's government has supported our protein X-ray crystallography beamlines through National Research Program for Genomic Medicine in 2002-2010 and National Core Facility Program for Biotechnology since 2011. This year, three publications on the design of improved drugs are selected for this report.

One way to find suitable drug targets is to in-spect proteins that are expressed abnormally in cells associated with certain diseases. Aurora kinases are the targets for several cancers. A few compounds for aurora kinases are currently in clinical trials. Aurora kinases are involved in chromosomal activities, es-pecially during cell division and the separation of duplicated DNA. A group of scientists led by Ya-Hui Chi, Hsing-Pang Hsieh and Su-Ying Wu in National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, characterized the inhibitors of aurora kinases, IBPR001 and IBPR002, and found efficacy better than MLN8237 and VX-680, the first-generation small molecules, to inhibit

This report features the work of Ya-Hui Chi, Hsing-Pang Hsieh, Su-Ying Wu and their co-workers published in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, E1779 (2013); of Su-Ying Wu, Hsing-Pang Hsieh and their co-workers published in J. Med. Chem. 56, 3889 (2013); and of Pür Nordlund, E.

Andreas Larsson and their co-workers published in J. Med. Chem. 56, 4497 (2013).

Fig. 1: Compare structures of Aurora A/IBPR001 and Aurora A/VW-680. Superimpose Aurora A/IBPR001 (Aurora A in orange and IBPR001 in red) and Aurora A/VX-680 (Aurora A in cyan and VX-680 in blue). IBPR001 clearly extends further into back pocket of Aurora A, thus, the binding affinity is increased.

GlrR thus competes with DNA for the HTH motif of GlrA. These scientists used gel shift to show that GlrR can compete with DNA from GlrA at a concentration above 0.3 μM, but DNA cannot displace GlrR from a GlrR-GlrA complex. They showed also that the GlrR-GlrA complex regulates the ehx promoter positively and the fhhDC promoter negatively. Such a differen-tial regulation allows pathogens to control precisely the gene expression involving its pathogenesis.

References 1. S. Vavassori, A. Kumar, G. Wan, G. Ramanjaneyulu, M. Cavallari,

S. El Daker, T. Beddoe, A. Theodossis, N. Williams, E. Gostick, D. Price, D. Soudamini, K. Voon, M. Olivo, J. Rossjohn, L. Mori, and G. De Libero, Nat. Immunol. 14, 908 (2013).

2. A. Padavannil, C. Jobichen, E. Mills, A. Velazquez-Campoy, M. Li, K. Leung, Y. Mok, I. Rosenshine, and J. Sivaraman, Nat. Commun. 4, 2546 (2013).

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Life Science

aurora kinases.1 They investigated the phosphorylation of human hepatoma up-regulated protein (HURP), a sub-strate of aurora kinases, affected by these inhibitors.

They solved the structure of Au-rora A kinase with IBPR001 (PDB: 4JBO) and VX-680 (PDB: 4JBQ). Both compounds sit inside the ATP-binding pocket and form hydrogen bonds with Glu211 and Ala213 in the hinge re-gion, but the diphenylurea moiety of IBPR001 reaches deeper into the back pocket whereas VX-680 cannot (Fig. 1). The DFG (Asp-Phe-Gly)-in con-formation of the active loop adapted by Aurora A/IBPR001 structures shows that the conserved Glu181 forms two hydrogen bonds with the phenyl-urea group of IBPR001, whereas Phe275 of this motif points at the cyclopropyl group of VX-680. They also solved the structure of Aurora A kinase with IBPR002 (PDG: 4JBP). The complex structures of Aurora A-IBPR002 are superimposable with Aurora A-IBPR001 and an additional piperidinol group extended toward the solvent re-gion. They further tested IBPR002 on mice and found that it works well, similarly as VX-680. The growth of xenograft colorectal cancer cells is significantly inhibited. They also found the underlying reason that the phosphorylation of HURP is inhibited. Its role in spindle formation and stability is thus affected. Both IBPR001 and IBPR002 have efficacy in inhibiting the HURP phosphorylation in cells better than VX-680 and MLN8237. This work used beamlines BL13B1 and BL13C1 at the TLS and Taiwan Beamline BL12B2 at SPring-8.

Wu and Hsieh further investigated the active loop of kinase.2 Kinase is an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from high-energy molecules to proteins; this process is called phosphorylation. More

than 500 kinases that are in human genome share a highly conserved catalytic domain. The kinase activ-ity can be turned on and off with regulatory elements of which one is an activation loop, which undergoes a large conformational change from the closed to opened form upon phosphorylation to allow substrate binding. The highly conserved DFG motif is located at the beginning of the activation loop.

These scientists used epidermal growth factor re-ceptor (EGFR, also called human ErbB receptor tyro-sine kinase), a drug target in oncology, as a model. Overexpression of these kinases commonly results in cancers. Several drugs that inhibit EGFR have been approved by FDA: cetuximab, a monocolnal anti-body, is for colorectal cancer and gefitinib, erlotinib and lapatinib are small molecules. The former two

Fig. 2: Comparison of structures of EGFR/2a and EGFR/4b. Superimposed EGFR/2a (EGFR in orange and 2a in red) and EGFR/4b (EGFR in cyan and 4b in blue). The Asp831 (black) forms a salt bridge to 4b but is too far from 2a. 4b is thus a 50-fold improvement in inhibiting EGFR.

40


are for non-small-cell lung cancer and the latter for combination therapy of HER2-positive breast cancer. Inhibitors to EGFR have, however, various adverse effects because these inhibitors affect other kinases in the human body. All these small molecules and second-generation ones bind to the hinge region of the EGFR kinase and either extend toward the solvent-exposed region or expand to the ATP binding site, which disrupts an important salt bridge. Based on their previous drug, 2a, discovered with high-throughput drug screening, the group of Wu and Hsieh used structure-based drug design to develop a new one, 4b, which can interact with the conserved DFG motif; the resulting compound has 50-fold improvement in EGFR inhibition. The N,N-dimethyl-amino tail forms a salt bridge with the side chain of Asp831. They first solved the structure of the EGFR kinase domain in complex with compound 2a (PDB: 4JQ7). The structure is at an active conformation, and the salt bridge of Lys721 and Glu738 exists. 2a is located in the ATP binding cleft, and the furanopyr-imidine core aligns in the hinge region. This structure shows a distance 5-7 Å between a perpendicular phenyl group (ring 5) and the side chain of Asp831.

A series of compounds were synthesized to diminish this gap; indeed 4b, containing a two car-bon-chain linker, was the most potent one with 49-fold improvement. The structure of EGFR in complex with 4b was then solved, and EGFR still adapted an active conformation with a salt bridge between Lys721 and Glu738 (PDB: 4JQ8). A special and strong hydrogen bond and charge network in the ATP-bind-ing pocket are formed with 4b. In short, 4b acts as a clamp that wraps around Asp831 to block the ATP-

binding, thus to prevent phosphate transfer to a sub-strate. On comparison of the structures of EGFR/2a and EGFR/4b, the additional N,N-dimethylamino tails of 4b provide an additional salt bridge with the kinase. This tail also provides extra intramolecular hydrogen bonds. All these enhancements explain the superior inhibition of 4b. An interaction of inhibitors with the DFG motif has been observed in many kin-ase structures. It is worth noting that even 4b targeted the conserved DFG motif; it exhibited great selectiv-

ity in a small fraction of the protein kinases. The ex-planation is that the DFG motif might adapt to varied conformations in other kinases. Many other important residues are affected by the binding of this chemical compound. This work used beamlines BL13B1 and BL13C1 at the TLS and Taiwan Beamline BL12B2 at SPring-8.

The group of Pür Nordlund and E.Andreas Larsson in Singapore and Sweden works on drugs targeting tankyrases, which is involved in cancers and myelin-degrading diseases.3 They used a fragment-based ligand design to discover novel inhibitors. Tankyrase (TNKS) is in the family of poly-ADP-ribosylating enzymes (PARP) that transfer ADP-ribose moieties from NAD+ to various substrates and typical-ly decrease activity of these protein substrates. TNKS1 and TNKS2 are tankyrases that have recently targeted in colon cancer. This group targeted TNKS2 and useed a combination of biophysical methods to dis-cover new inhibitors. A thermal shift assay was used to find and to optimize fragments that bind tightly to TNKS2. Protein X-ray crystallography was used to expand these fragments, and their properties were characterized by various techniques. An initial library of 500 fragments is used to bind with TNKS2; melting temperatures are measured over a range of fragment concentration. The idea is that a tightly bound frag-ment increases the melting temperature of TNKS2. While analysis of the data was not straightforward for TNKS2 and much analysis was done by manual inspection of raw data, this group nevertheless found two compounds – 4-methyl-1,2-dihydroquinolin-2-one (2) and 4-chloro-1,2-dihydrophthalazin-1-one (3), which stabilize TNKS2 by 1.1 and 1.3 °C at 1 mM. Further experiments confirm the validation. On solving the structures of TNKS2 with compounds 2 and 3 (PDB: 3W51 and 4J1Z, respectively), they con-cluded that the 7-position of 2, pointing toward the extended pocket responsible for adenosine binding, is an interesting position for expansion. Compounds in a series are being synthesized based on this strat-egy, and compound 11, bearing an o-fluoro substitu-ent, invoked a large shift of melting temperature even at small ligand concentrations. The structure of

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Life Science

Fig. 3: Compare structure of TNKS2/2 and TNKS2/11. Superimpose TNKS2/2 (TNKS in orange and 2 in red) and TNKS2/11 (TNKS2 in cyan and 11 in blue). The fluorine atom in compound 11 displaces a bonded water and interacts with carbonyl oxygen of Tyr1071.

TNKS2 with compound 11 was subsequently solved (PDB: 4IUE); this fluorophenyl moiety displaces a water in the structure of 2 and forms van der Waals interactions and nonpolar contacts with several resi-dues (Ile1075, Phe1035, Tyr1050 and Pro1034). The analysis led to larger ortho- and para-substituents to maximize the interactions with Tyr1071. Several more compounds were synthesized and the structures were solved in complex with TNKS2. Some compounds eventually have the best binding affinity and a prop-erty to inhibit TNKS2 in their work. The selectivity is also improved during the process. This work used beamline BL13B1 at the TLS and MX1 at Australia Synchrotron.

The fragment-based strategy led cleverly to a rapid development of high-affinity ligands for TNKS. By iterating through several biophysical techniques, including thermal shift assay and protein X-ray crys-tallography, less than 40 compounds were synthe-

sized in this work; the efficiency is much greater than in traditional drug screening.

We can report only briefly on these discoveries. Each story deserves a detailed look at the original pa-pers. Their efforts might one day become products for whoever needs them. That investment would never be too great.

References 1. J.-M. Wu, C.-T. Chen, M. S. Coumar, W.-H. Lin, Z.-J. Chen, J. T.-

A. Hsu, Y.-H. Peng, H.-Y. Shiao, W.-H. Lin, C.-Y. Chu, J.-S. Wu, C.-T. Lin, C.-P. Chen, C.-C. Hsueh, K.-Y. Chang, L.-P. Kao, C.-Y. F. Huang, Y.-S. Chao, S.-Y. Wu, H.-P. Hsieh, and Y.-H. Chi, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, E1779 (2013).

2. Y.-H. Peng, H.-Y. Shiao, C.-H. Tu, P.-M. Liu, J. T.-A. Hsu, P. K. Amancha, J.-S. Wu, M. S. Coumar, C.-H. Chen, S.-Y. Wang, W.-H. Lin, H.-Y. Sun, Y.-S. Chao, P.-C. Lyu, H.-P. Hsieh, and S.-Y. Wu, J. Med. Chem. 56, 3889 (2013).

3. E. A. Larsson, A. Jansson, F. M. Ng, S. W. Then, R. Panicker, B. Liu, K. Sangthongpitag, V. Pendharkar, S. J.Tai, J. Hill, C. Dan, S. Y. Ho, W. W. Cheong, A. Poulsen, S. Blanchard, G. R. Lin, J. Alam, T. H. Keller, and P. Nordlund, J. Med. Chem. 56, 4497 (2013).

42


A Lon Story

Proteins are molecular machines in cells that are responsible for most cellular activities. They are syn-thesized as long polypeptides and folded into defined three-dimensional structures spontaneously or with the aid of chaperones, a class of proteins. The control of quality of synthesized proteins is important to the health of cells. Newly synthesized proteins might require modification, including cleavage, to func-tion properly. Misfolded ones might be rescued by chaperones or recycled by proteases. Proteases digest misfolded proteins into small pieces that are then re-cycled in cells.

Some proteases are big; some are small. The 26S proteasome is huge, with molecular mass 2000 kDa. It contains a catalytic core of 20S hexamer and one of many regulatory parts, which itself has multiple components. In contrast, Lon is small, with only one protein forming a hexamer. Bacterial LonA is the tar-get of the development of antibiotics. Human mito-chondrial LonA is also targeted with an anticancer drug because of its involvement in lymphoma cell death.

The Lon family contains an AAA+ (ATPases as-sociated with diverse cellular activities) domain and a C-terminal protease domain with a conserved serine-lysine catalytic dyad. The AAA+ domain hydrolyzes ATP as an energy source and is believed to unfold proteins and to translocate the substrates through a narrow channel into the proteolytic site. Unlike LonA and LonB, LonC has no activity of ATP hydrolysis but can still digest substrates. This cleavage activity can be inhibited with drugs such as bortezomib, MG262 and lactacystin. The conserved residues in the AAA+ domain are missing in LonC, explaining the loss of ATPase activity. LonC has an extra LID segment extending from the AAA+ domain. Chung-I Chang in Academia Sinica, Taiwan, and Soichi Wakatsuki

This report features the work of Chung-I Chang, Shih-Hsiung Wu and their co-workers published in Acta Cryst. D 69, 1395 (2013) and of Chung-I Chang and his co-workers published in Acta Cryst. D 69, 1789 (2013).

in KEK, Japan (now in SLAC in USA) led a group of scientists to solve structures of LonC protease from Meiothermustaiwanensis (MtaLonC) in complexes with several inhibitors to understand its mechanism.1 This is the first LonC structure and the first in the Lon family with an intact catalytic site. Previously solved structures have this site modified or inactivated to prevent protein aggregation.

The solved MtaLonC forms a symmetrical hexamer; each protomer is crescent-shaped. Unlike LonB from Thermococcus onnurineus, in which the entrance of a substrate is gated with aromatic and hydrophobic residues, MtaLonC has a more open pore, allowing a diffusion-based mechanism for the entrance of substrates into the chamber. Many important residues involving ATP hydrolysis are mis-sing and replaced with other amino acids. Extensive interdomain interactions might prohibit a rotation between the AAA+ domain and the proteolytic do-main. Such movement is commonly seen in AAA+-containing proteins.

Fig. 1: Hexameric structure of LonC protease viewed through the entrance of substrates.

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Life Science

The binding of inhibitors allows scientists to de-fine a contiguous substrate-binding groove at a pro-teolytic site. They conclude that Ser582 and Lys625 are involved directly in a cleavage of the substrate. They also reveal that the S1 subpocket interacts critic-ally with all inhibitors. This S1 subpocket has an extra space for the development of inhibitors.

The LID segment is not seen in the crystal struc-ture, but appears to mediate the protein-protein con-tact. This property is seen as a missing layer of thick-ness about 20 Å between two layers of electronic density. This segment might be important for the rec-ognition and interaction of a substrate. Chang's group also solved the structure of the N-terminal region of LonC containing a LID segment and part of an AAA+ domain (α/β) of this protease.2 Based on this part of structure and the full-length ones, they built a model of the entire LonC structure. The structure shows that the LID segment forms a large α-helical hairpin exten-sion, termed HHE, with a flexible reverse loop from which about 50 residues extend as a series of two arched α-helical segments. The HHE forms a fence-shaped basket over the top of a LonC pore. These HHE extensions can indeed occupy the 20-Å missing gap in crystals of full-length LonC. The conserved hydrophobic residues in HHE might trap unfolded protein substrates. HHE might adopt many conforma-

tions in solution. After searching against a database of protein structures, these scientists found that HHE resembles a chaperone Skp, which is located on the surface of cells and protects unfolded substrates from aggregation. Their overall structures are similar. By engineering MtaLonC, they proved that HHE can pre-vent unfolded proteins from aggregation, which is im-portant for the cleavage activity of MtaLonC. The LID segment of LonC has thus dual functions – to collect a substrate like tentacles around the opening of the chamber and to protect an unfolded substrate from aggregation.

Their work describes extensively the structure of this newly found LonC protease, elucidates its mech-anism in substrate recognition and proteolytic activity and provides opportunities to design drugs against it. This example is classic to demonstrate how the use of a synchrotron can improve our understanding of science and human life. This work used beamline AR-NE3A and BL-1A at the Photo Factory, BL13B1 and BL13C1 at the TLS, and BL44XU at SPring-8.

References 1. J.-K. Li, J.-H. Liao, H. Li, C.-I. Kuo, K.-F. Huang, L.-W. Yang, S.-H.

Wu, and C.-I. Chang, Acta cryst. D 69, 1789 (2013).2. J.-H. Liao, K. Ihara, C.-I. Kuo, K.-F. Huang, S. Wakatsuki, S.-H.

Wu, and C.-I. Chang, Acta cryst D 69, 1395 (2013).

Fig. 2: Residues of LonC interacting with inhibitor bortezomib (colored in salmon).

Fig. 3: Extended HHE domain.

Energy Science

Research Highlights

Energy Science

NSRRC

46


Probing a Correlation Between Morphology and Performance in Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells

Polymer-based bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells have attracted increased research because of their promising advantages in light weight, mechanical flexibility and inexpensive fabrication, relative to silicon-based solar cells. In BHJ solar cells, a conju-gated polymer blended with a fullerene electron ac-ceptor can form a nanoscale morphology in a thin-film active layer with a large area of donor–acceptor (D–A) interface for efficient photo-induced charge separation, and with a bi-continuous interpenetrat-ing network of phase-separated fullerene (acceptor) and polymer (donor) domains for charge transport to the electrodes. As the active layer of BHJ solar cells largely determines the device performance, a thorough and quantitative structural characterization of BHJ films with regard to polymer crystallization, fullerene aggregation and their mutual influence on multiple length scales and a correlation with opto-electronic properties is necessary. Grazing-incidence small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS and GIWAXS) at the TLS end stations BL23A11 and BL17A1 provide in combination a scattering angle over a wide range (q = 0.3 ~ 10 nm-1) to capture the kinetics of fullerene aggregation and conjugated polymer crystallization in the corresponding BHJ thin films, respectively.

BHJ solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) have shown a high performance with thermal annealing or solvent-vapor annealing to optimize the blended film morphology, but the large optical band gap of P3HT limits the absorption of near infrared light and decreases light harvesting and the efficiency of devices. Developing a polymer with a small band gap is suggested to be required to achieve BHJ poly-mer solar cells with efficiency 10 % or greater. BHJ solar cells adopting new D–A conjugated copolymers with a small band gap have achieved a large effi-ciency of power conversion (PCE) toward commercial

validity. Moreover, solvent-additive processing has become the most effective strategy to refine the nano-structure of copolymer/fullerene BHJ solar cells of D–A type to improve the efficiency of power conver-sion, but the effect of solvent additives is still unclear, based on the discrepant reported results of various polymer/fullerene BHJ.

Wei-Fang Su (National Taiwan University, Taiwan) and Cheng-Si Tsao (Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taiwan) investigated coopera-tively a copolymer/fullerene BHJ solar cell of D–A type, consisting of [2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b’]-dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)]/[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butanoic acid methyl ester (PCPDTBT/PCBM) (as shown in Fig. 1(a).2 They employed GISAXS and GIWAXS to investigate systematically that additive solvent 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) in varied amounts influ-enced the morphologies of pristine PCPDTBT films and PCPDTBT/PCBM blend films, and their cor-relation between morphology and performance of the copolymer/fullerene BHJ solar cell of D–A type. Because the GISAXS characterizations of the PCPDTBT/PCBM system are distinct from past in-vestigations of P3HT/PCBM systems3 of which only nanoscale PCBM clusters contributed to the GISAXS intensities relative to large-scale amorphous polymer domains, they established a quantitative multi-length-scale GISAXS model analysis to resolve the bi-hier-archical nanostructures to which two aggregations of crystalline polymer PCPDTBT and PCBM contribute, relative to the surrounding matrix of amorphous poly-mer/PCBM molecules.

GISAXS in plane and GIWAXS out of plane of PCPDTBT/PCBM blend films processed without and with 0.5 %, 3 %, 5 % and 10 % of DIO are shown in Figs. 1(b) and 1(c), respectively. The GISAXS profiles

This report features the work of Wei-Fang Su, Cheng-Si Tsao and their co-workers published in Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 1938 (2013).

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Energy Science

are fitted well with a proposed SAXS model analysis. Figure 1(d) shows the curves of photocurrent vs volt-age of photovoltaic devices based on varied BHJ. The PCE were increased from 3.2 % to 5.2 % with the DIO processes. From the SAXS analysis based on the form factor of particles and a fractal structure factor, the bi-hierarchical structural evolution of both fractal-network-aggregated polymer crystals and the fractal structure of fullerene clusters without and with DIO was schematically proposed in the PCPDTBT/PCBM BHJ solar cell (Fig. 1(e)). The PCBM phase has a line-like fractal network with fractal dimension DPCBM ~ 1.5 when the content of DIO is less than 0.5 %. This structure of a network is able to disrupt effectively the nucleation of PCPDTBT crystals or to inhibit the crys-tallization. Upon increasing the DIO to more than 3 %, the sufficient additive would selectively dissolve the PCBM to form a dense aggregation with DPCBM ~ 3 surrounding the polymer networks, which remains in a dispersed solution phase longer than PCPDTBT be-

cause the DIO has a boiling point higher than that of the host solvent. PCPDTBT crystalline networks can thus naturally develop with rapid kinetic growth an-alogous to the pristine polymers. The BHJ processed DIO revealed bi-continuous routes of a dense fractal-aggregated PCPDTBT network formed of PCPDTBT primary particles (2RPCPDTBT ~ 20 nm) and surrounded with PCBM fractal aggregations (Rg-PCBM ~ 15 nm). These continuous paths enable the dissociated free electrons and holes to escape efficiently from gemin-ate recombination and to move apart.

In summary, the present work clarified signifi-cantly the interplay among bi-hierarchical nanostruc-tures, the effects of solvent additive and fullerene content, the mechanism of film forming and the nanostructural evolution of D–A copolymer/ fuller-ene BHJ solar cells. They demonstrated that the bi-continuous phase of PCPDTBT and PCBM formed with the respective hierarchical nanostructures tuned

Fig. 1: (a) Molecular structures of PCPDTBT and PCBM; (b) GISAXS and (c) GIWAXS profiles of PCPDTBT thin films processed without and with 0.5 %, 3 %, 5 %, 10 % DIO; (d) photocurrent density-voltage curves of PCPDTBT/PCBM solar cells processed without and with 0.5 %, 3 %, 5 % 10 % DIO; (e) schematic diagrams of 3-D nanostructures of PCPDTBT/PCBM blend films processed without DIO and with 3 % DIO. (Reproduced from Ref. 2)

(a)

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sity

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-1)

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3D Ordered Macroporous Inverse-Opal Electrodes Enable High Energy Storage

Facing predicaments – a limited availability of fossil fuels but their insatiable demand, climate change and atmospheric pollution, human society actively seeks renewable and clean energy for sustainable living. Although many productions of clean energy from sun and wind have been developed, a great problem is that those natural resources cannot be formed any-time and anywhere. The development of systems to store energy thus becomes an important subject for the efficient storage of solar and wind energy. Super-capacitors are an electrochemical energy storage device but with characteristics different from those of a battery. Whereas existing supercapacitors have energy densities that are approximately one tenth those of a conventional battery, their power density can be thousands of times greater. This greater power density results in much shorter charge/dis-charge cycles of which the battery is capable, and a greater tolerance for numerous charge/discharge cycles. Supercapacitors have thus attracted intense attention because of their great advantages to meet the demand of both great energy density and power density in many advanced technologies, such as consumer electronics, energy management, memory back-up systems, industrial power and mobile elec-trical systems.

The current performance of supercapacitors hinges on the design of electrode materials. Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) materi-als are an active topic for supercapacitors, because

they not only create structural interconnectivities with a large surface area,1-3 but also possess an increased electrical conductivity and maintain improved structural mechanical stability to offer significantly enhanced properties for large energy storage. Dir-ect growth of 3DOM on conductive substrates can facilitate the diffusion of active species and transport of electrons, and hence might broaden further their applications in supercapacitors. Ming-Jay Deng, Jin-Ming Chen and Kueih-Tzu Lu et al. from NSRRC, Taiwan, developed a nanoarchitecture comprising a 3DOM metal core–metal oxide shell inverse-opal structure using electrodeposition of a metal within a polystyrene (PS) bead template, which was subse-quently anodized in aqueous solution with varied anodization courses to construct a nanoarchitectured pseudocapacitive electrode.1, 2 The 3DOM metal/metal oxide core–shell structure is expected to pro-duce an electrical conductivity more easily than a conventional chaotic metal-oxide electrode. The per-iodic pore structure inherent in ordered inverse opals is expected to provide an ionic conduction in the electrolyte-filled pores greater than in the circuitous pore structure in chaotic metal-oxide electrodes. The synthesis strategy is briefly illustrated in Fig. 1(a). The 3D structure of the electrodeposited porous films is particularly dependent on the arrangement of the PS spheres on the substrate; in general, closely packed arrays of PS sphere yield highly ordered porous films. These scientists also compared the capacitive be-havior of 3DOM manganese (Mn)/manganese oxide

This report features the works of Ming-Jay Deng, Jin-Ming Chen, Kueih-Tzu Lu and their co-workers published in Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 2178 (2013).

by the DIO additives is the most important factor to achieve both highly efficient exciton dissociation and carrier transport.

References 1. U. Jeng, C.-H. Su, C.-J. Su, K.-F. Liao, W.-T. Chuang, Y.-H. Lai, Y.-J.

Chang, Y.-J. Chen, Y.-S. Huang, M.-T. Lee, K.-L. Yu, J.-M. Lin, D.-G. Liu, C.-F. Chang, C.-Y. Liu, C.-H. Chang, and K.-S. Liang, J. Appl. Crystallogr. 43, 110 (2010).

2. H. C. Liao, C. S. Tsao, Y. T. Shao, S. Y. Chang, Y. C. Huang, C. M. Chuang, T. H. Lin, C. Y. Chen, C. J. Su, U. S. Jeng, Y. F. Chen, and W. F. Su, Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 1938 (2013)

3. H.-C. Liao, C.-S. Tsao, T.-H. Lin, M.-H. Jao, C.-M. Chuang, S.-Y. Chang, Y.-C. Huang, Y.-T. Shao, C.-Y. Chen, C.-J. Su, U.-S. Jeng, Y.-F. Chen, and W.-F. Su, ACS Nano 6, 1657 (2012).

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Energy Science

(MnO2) and 3DOM MnO2 electrodes in potassium chloride (KCl) solution.

With a comprehensive understanding of an elec-trochemical characterization of electron transfer and future practical applications, they recorded synchro-tron-based X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) in situ, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectra ex situ at BL01C2, BL07A1, BL17C1 and BL20A1 of the TLS to elucidate the mechanism of charge storage and the variation of the oxidation state of the metal in the 3DOM metal/metal oxide electrode in elec-trolytes during charge and discharge cycles.1, 2 Figure 1(c) shows Mn X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectra (XANES) of the 3DOM Mn/Mn oxide−cyclic voltammetric (CV) electrode measured in situ under three applied potentials in a sequence + 0.0 V, + 0.3 V, + 0.6 V, then + 0.9 V and + 0.6 V, + 0.3 V, and finally + 0.0 V. The rising edge of absorption of the Mn K-edge spectra of the 3DOM Mn/Mn oxide−CV electrode shifted toward greater energy with increasing applied potential, and returned to nearly the initial position when the potential was reversed. The variation of the Mn oxidation state between 0.0 V and + 0.9 V with a 3DOM Mn/Mn oxide−CV electrode is nearly

0.9. These results confirm that the 3DOM structure minimizes the distances of both ionic and electronic transport in the 3DOM Mn/Mn oxide−CV, and thus improves the electrode kinetic performance, con-tributing the significant capacitance observed in Fig. 1(c), which is a crucial concern for high-performance supercapacitor applications.

In summary, a facile, cost-effective, and poten-tially scalable method was demonstrated to fabricate 3DOM metal/metal oxide core–shell inverse-opal electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors. Having a larger surface area, higher hydrous state and lower Mn valence state, this unique 3DOM Mn/Mn oxide core–shell electrode showed an excellent rate capability and long-term cycle stability. Such method of metal/metal oxide core–shell electrodes would open new opportunities for the next generation of high-performance supercapacitors.

References 1. M. J. Deng, P. J. Ho, C. Z. Song , S. A. Chen, J. F. Lee, J. M. Chen,

and K. T. Lu, Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 2178 (2013).2. M. J. Deng, C. Z. Song, P. J. Ho , C. C. Wang, J. M. Chen, and K. T.

Lu, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 7479 (2013).3. M. J. Deng, J. K. Chang, C. C. Wang , K. W. Chen, J. M. Lin, M. T.

Tang, J. M. Chen, and K. T. Lu, Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 3942 (2011).

Fig. 1: (a) Scheme of preparation of a highly porous 3DOM metal/metal oxide core/shell electrode. (b) Schematic illustration of the electrochemical cell used for XAS studies in situ. (c) Mn K-edge XANES spectra of the 3DOM Mn/Mn oxide-CV electrode measured in situ in KCl solution with applied potential, respectively. (Courtesy of M. J. Deng with the figure adapted from Ref. 1)

(a)Reference electrode

(b)Counter electrode

3DOM Mn/Mn oxide

Electrodepostiton Mn in ionic Liquid Anodization Mn film in KCI solution(by three research methods)

Mn oxideMn layerMn oxide

Mn metalStep 2

Step 3

Step 4Step 1(RE) (CE)

teflon

RE CE RE CE Mn metal

teflon

WE

teflon

WEPS sphere

Au/ITO Au/ITO

Au/ITOAu/ITO

WE

RemovingPS sphere

(intetrahydrofuran

/ethanol mixtures)

polystyrene (PS)sphere

Working electrode(WE)

Photon Energy (eV)

Rel

ativ

e In

tens

ity

Potentiostat

Working electrode

Reference electrode

solutionKapton window

Fluorescence

Pt counterelectrode

Collimated X-ray frommonochromator

6540 6550 6560 6570

(c)

50


A Catalyst that Efficiently Transforms Methane intoMethanol at Room Temperature

The planet has huge reserves of methane (CH4), which can be converted into methanol (CH3OH) to be used as an alternative fuel. Methanol is also an im-portant feedstock for the production of many highly valued chemical products including formaldehyde, acetic acid, and plastics, among many. In addition, it is readily converted to H2, the vital fuel in a hydrogen economy. Thus there is currently considerable interest in developing a laboratory catalyst suitable for the con-version of methane to methanol on an industrial scale.

A research team led by Sunney Chan and Steve Yu, working together in the Institute of Chemistry at Academia Sinica, has recently succeeded in devel-oping the first efficient catalyst to convert CH4 into CH3OH under ambient conditions. This chemistry is extremely difficult to carry out in the laboratory es-pecially at room temperature. The C−H bond in CH4 is extremely inert due to its high bond-dissociation energy (105 kcal/mole).1 In addition, the product CH3OH is prone to further oxidation to form other products.1

In developing the catalyst, the Chan/Yu team has learned from microbes to understand how Mother Nature uses methanotrophic bacteria to convert CH4 into CH3OH. Methanotrophs are prokaryotes that are able to metabolize methane as their only source of carbon and energy. Under aerobic conditions, they combine O2 and CH4 to form formaldehyde, which is then incorporated into organic compounds to survive. In this metabolic pathway, CH4 is first converted into CH3OH by an enzyme called the particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO). This enzyme accomplishes this chemistry with high efficiency, converting one CH4 molecule to one CH3OH per sec.1 These mi-crobes are found mostly in soils, and are especially common near environments where CH4 is produced. Their habitats include oceans, mud, marshes, under-

ground environments, soils, rice paddies and land-fills. Methanotrophic bacteria are also of special in-terest to researchers studying global warming, as they are significant in the global methane budget.

To solve the puzzle of how the pMMO mediates the efficient oxidation of methane to methanol, the Chan/Yu laboratories have had to over-produce the protein in the bacterial cells, isolate the protein from the cell membranes, purify the protein to homogen-eity, and then characterize the purified protein by a barrage of biochemical and biophysical methods, including electron paramagnetic resonance spectros-copy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. From these studies,1 they discovered that the catalytic site of the enzyme consists of a unique CuICuICuI tricopper cluster. They synthesized the peptide that lines the putative catalytic site and showed that it is capable of sequestering a CuICuICuI tricopper cluster, which, upon activation with O2, can mediate oxidation of CH4 to CH3OH.2 The redox chemistry and the lig-and structures of both the CuICuICuI and CuIICuIICuII

This report features the work of Sunney Chan and his co-workers published in Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52, 3731 (2013).

Fig. 1: Schematic representation of the catalytic site of pMMO, in which the tricopper cluster (copper atoms are highlighted in blue) in the protein structure is shown in close proximity to a pentane molecule (yellow) as the substrate in the alkane binding pocket. (Reproduced from Ref. 1)

Aromatic Box

TricopperCluster

51

Energy Science

peptide complexes have been determined by EXAFS studies carried out at BL17C1 of the TLS. The proposed structure of the putative catalytic site containing the activated tricopper cluster in the enzyme is depicted in Fig. 1, together with a molecule of pentane encapsulated in the hydro-carbon binding-pocket of the enzyme. Pentane is the longest straight-chain alkane that can be hy-droxylated by the enzyme.

Density functional theory calculations show that the activated tricopper cluster can harness a “singlet oxene” that can be trans-ferred to the hydrocarbon substrate for direct concerted insertion across the C−H bond when the alkane forms a transient complex with the tricopper cluster.1 The mechanism of the “singlet oxene” transfer is depicted in Fig. 2. The deployment of a tricopper cluster to harness a “singlet oxene” is novel chemistry. The “singlet oxene” is the strongest oxidizing agent known in chemistry.

Armed with these insights, Chan and Yu have now developed a biomimetic catalyst that can medi-ate the efficient transformation of CH4 into CH3OH at room temperature. They have discovered that the tricopper complex [CuICuICuI(7-N-Etppz)]1+, where 7-N-Etppz stands for the organic ligand 3,3´-(1,4-di-azepane-1,4-diyl)bis[1-(4-ethyl piperazine-1-yl)propan-2-ol] mediates the facile conversion of CH4 to CH3OH upon activation of the catalyst by O2. The structure of the activated tricopper catalyst is shown in Fig. 3(a) and the catalytic cycle for the selective oxidation of CH4 to CH3OH is depicted in Fig. 3(b).3 Here, the [CuICuICuI(7-N-Etppz)]1+ complex is acti-

vated by O2 to the [CuIICuII(μ-O)2CuIII(7-N-Etppz)]1+ species, and the harnessed “singlet oxene” is then transferred upon formation of a weak transient com-plex between the activated cluster and the CH4 sub-strate. Following the reaction, the “spent” catalyst is re-reduced by a molecule of H2O2 to regenerate the catalyst to complete the catalytic cycle.

The [CuICuICuI(7-N-Etppz)]1+ complex can also mediate the oxidation of other small alkanes to their corresponding alcohols and aldehydes/ketones with high efficiencies near room temperature.3 Signifi-cantly, for methane, ethane and propane, the three major components of natural gas, are oxidized only to methanol, ethanol and 2-propanol, respectively. There is no evidence for any over-oxidation of these alkanes during the catalytic turnover. The propensity to over-oxidation is one of the greatest challenges in the design of a catalyst for the conversion of CH4 into CH3OH. Thus, Chan and Yu have achieved one of the most significant objectives in the development of a catalytic system for methane oxidation.

References 1. P. P.-Y. Chen, P. Nagababu, S. S.-F. Yu, and S. I. Chan,

ChemCatChem 6, 429 (2014).2. S. I. Chan, Y. J. Lu, P. Nagababu, S. Maji, M. C. Hung, M. M. Lee,

I. J. Hsu, P. D. Minh, J. C. H. Lai, K. Y. Ng, S. Ramalingam, S. S.-F. Yu, and M. K. Chan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52, 3731 (2013).

3. P. Nagababu, S. S.-F. Yu, S. Maji, R. Ramu, and S. I. Chan, Catal. Sci. Technol. 4, 930 (2014).

Fig. 3: Top: Space-filling model (left) and ball-and-stick model ( r igh t ) o f the opt imized s t ruc tu re o f [Cu IICu I I(μ -O)2CuIII(7-N-Etppz)]1+ showing the funnel-like opening or cleft at the bottom for a hydrocarbon substrate to access the “hot oxene”. Color code- white: hydrogen; grey: carbon; blue: nitrogen; red: oxygen; brown: copper (Reproduced from Ref. 2). Bottom: The catalytic cycle for the conversion of CH4 i n t o C H 3O H m e d i a t e d by the tricopper catalyst (Reproduced from Ref. 3).

Fig. 2: Details of the adiabatic “singlet oxene” transfer from a dioxygen activated trinuclear copper cluster to CH4 to form the transition state. ↑ and ↓ denote the “up” and “down” directions of the unpaired electron spins. (Reproduced from Ref. 1)

(a)

(b)

Harnessed "singlet oxene"

ACTIVITY REPORT

2013

ACTIVITY REPORT

2013

FACILITY STATUS


54

Accelerator Availability and Reliability

Machine Parameters

Taiwan Light Source (TLS) has a 1.5 GeV elec-tron storage ring of circumference 120 m, and 6-fold symmetry, of which every straight section of length 6 m is occupied by an insertion device. The major beam parameters of the storage ring are presented in Table 1. A superconducting wavelength shifter is located between injection kickers K3 and K4 in the injection section. Downstream from the SRF cavity section is situated a superconducting wiggler; the remaining sections are equipped with EPU56, U50, U90 and W200. Figure 1 shows the layout of the TLS accelerator. To accommodate the increasing demands for beam time and higher brightness from the NSRRC user community, three identical superconducting wigglers (IASW) were built and installed at locations between the first two dipole magnets of the second, fourth and sixth TBA cells. The main parameters of the insertion devices are listed in Table 2.

Statistics of the Machine Operation

Operation of Taiwan Light Source in a top-up mode with injection 200 mA began in October 2005; the stored top-up beam current was subsequently in-creased to 300 mA, and in 2010 to 360 mA. The per-

Fig. 1: Layout of the TLS accelerator.

Table 1: Beam parameters of the storage ring.

Energy (GeV) 1.5Number of buckets 200Current (mA) 360Bunch length (ps) 31Horizontal emittance (nm rad) 22Vertical emittance (pm rad) 88Tunes (νx / νy) 7.30/4.17Vertical (rms) orbit stability (μm) 1Coupling (%) 0.4RF voltage (MV) 1.6Lifetime (h) 6

IASW60-R2

U50SW60

SRF Cavity

IASW60-R4

W200

U90IASW60-R6

SWLS

EPU56 Storage Ring(120m,1.5GeV)

Transport Line

LINAC

Booster Ring(50MeV~1.5GeV)

FACILITY STATUS

55

formance of this facility is assessed by its availability, the mean time between failures (MTBF) and the beam stability index. The availability is defined as the ratio of delivered user time divided by the scheduled user time. MTBF is defined as the ratio of scheduled user time divided by number of faults. The reliability of the accelerator is measured according to the MTBF. The beam instability index is measured according to the variation (shot-shot) of the photon intensity of the diagnostic beamline. The MTBF continuously decreased in 2011 and 2012. A summary of the oper-

ational performance of TLS from 2002 to 2012 is pre-sented in Table 3.

The scheduled user beam time was 5,178 hours in 2013; the delivered beam time was 5,150 hours. We attained a beam availability 99.5 % and set the best record in the history of TLS user operation. The MTBF was 140 hours and the mean time to recover was 0.65 hour according to the 37 faults in total. Fig-ure 2 depicts a summary of machine operation from 2006 to 2013.

Table 2: Main parameters of insertion devices in TLS.

W200 U50 U90 EPU56 SWLS SW60 IASWA IASWB IASWC

Type Hybrid Hybrid Hybrid Pure SC SC SC SC SC

λ (mm) 200 50 90 56 - 60 61 61 61

Photon energy (eV) 800~15k 60~1.5k 5-500 80~1.4k 2k~38k 5k~20k 5k~20k 5k~23k 5k~20k

Bmax (Tesla) 1.8 0.64 1.245 0.67(0.45) 6 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1

Installation 12/1994 03/1997 04/1999 09/1999 04/2002 01/2004 12/2005 06/2009 02/2010

Location sec. 5 sec.3 sec.6 sec.2 sec.1 sec.4 arc sec.6 arc sec.2 arc sec.4

YearScheduled user time

(h)Availability MTBF (h) Operating mode

Beam stabilityΔI/I0 < 0.1 %

2002 4,785 95.8 % 154.4 Decay 47.0 %

2003 5,017 97.2 % 313.6 Decay 86.0 %

2004 4,235 97.5 % 132.3 Decay 85.0 %

2005 4,576 96.8 % 81.7 Decay/Top-up 76.0 %

2006 5,552 96.7 % 40.8 Top-up 81.3 %

2007 5,219 98.1 % 85.6 Top-up 39.9 %

2008 5,726 97.9 % 112.3 Top-up 95.7 %

2009 5,402 97.9 % 77.2 Top-up 89.2 %

2010 5,286 97.4 % 81.3 Top-up 82.1 %

2011 5,818 95.9 % 55.4 Top-up 89.4 %

2012 5,197 98.1 % 44.8 Top-up 91.4 %

2013 5,178 99.5 % 140 Top-up 95.5 %

Table 3: Summary of TLS operation performance.


56

Downtime and Failure Analysis

In 2013, 37 faults in total that contributed to downtime lasted 24.2 hours, which occupied about 86.3 % of total downtime. Table 4 gives a brief sum-mary of the failures.

We deduced the cause of a partial beam loss during the injection period as resulting from a strong crosstalk between two loops of transverse bunch-by-bunch feedbacks. The two fully decoupled bunch-by-bunch feedback loops work well, and now provide

adequate suppression of those beam instabilities. The partial beam loss of this kind has disappeared, whereas 39 faults were attributed to phenomena of this kind in 2012.

The U90 controller and encoders have been upgraded to rectify the process hanging problem of that U90 controller, which occurred frequently and amounted to 8.88 hours downtime in 2012.

The problem of a rapid change of the tuner phase related to Robinson instability has been solved on

Fig. 2: Summary of delivered beam hours, availability and MTBF from 2006 to 2013.

Table 4: Summary of failures in 2013.

I&C OP Linac RF PS

Number 2 1 1 3 3 3

Cause BPM synchronized Human error PS faultReflection

powerInterlock

SW6 overload (1)R12QPS2 overload (2)

Utility Magnet Other

Number 1 1 6 7 3 5 (1)

Cause Temperature high Quench Instability Earth quake Voltage sag Vibration (unknown)

Ava

ilabi

lity

of b

eam

tim

e (%

)

Year

100

90

80

70

60

502006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

MTB

F (H

ours

)

Sche

dule

d be

am ti

me

(Hou

rs)

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

200

150

100

50

0

availabilityscheduleMTBF

FACILITY STATUS

57

increasing the operational bandwidth of the low-level RF; the detailed mechanism of the phenomena have been studied and demonstrated in 2013. The statistics

of the downtime and subsystem faults are shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3: Statistics of downtime and subsystem faults in 2013.

Beamline for Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Taiwan Beamline BL12XU at SPring-8 is one of two contract beamlines between NSRRC and Japan Syn-chrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI, Japan). It has an undulator source, a mainline with two branches and a side line (see Fig.1 in the next page). The mainline, which has been fully operational since

2001, is used by many domestic and foreign scien-tists from Japan, Taiwan, Germany, USA... Inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS) experiments are performed mainly at BL12XU; several other experiments such as high-resolution diffraction or coherent diffractive imaging are also conducted. The side line is dedicated to hard

Total downtime is 24.2 hours.Major failures:(1) Others: 8.93 hours(2) Utility: 3.55 hours(3) RF: 3.43 hours(4) Pulse PS: 3.32 hours

PS 2.97

Pulse PS 3.32

RF 3.43

I&C 1.32

Operator 0.33Magnet

0.35

Utility 3.55

Others 8.93


58

X-ray photoelectron spectra (HAXPES); a new end station has been built to incorporate two analyzers of electron energy.

The range of photon energy for HAXPES experi-ments performed at the side line is 6 to 12 keV. The photoionization cross section has typically a strong angular dependence, and is characterized with a so-called asymmetry parameter β; β = 0 implies isotrop-ic, whereas β = 2 or -1 is most anisotropic. For many core levels β in this range of photon energy is gener-ally larger than unity; the photoionization cross sec-tion thus becomes maximized for a detection geom-etry in which the direction of photoelectron emission is along the (linear) polarization vector (typically in the horizontal plane). This detection geometry is the most popular, the so-called horizontal geometry, of HAXPES end stations worldwide. Its advantages are that the rate of photoelectron signals becomes greatly enhanced near grazing incidence for samples as a thin film with a flat surface, and that the normal geometry of emitted photoelectrons also ensures the largest probing depth for bulk sensitivity. For transi-tion-metal compounds that typically exhibit a strong correlation effect due to their open shell 3d-orbitals in the valence bands, the angular cross section for photoionization of valence band 4s-orbitals, which play only a minimal effect in correlation, is enhanced at this horizontal geometry because their β values are near 2.

This problem is compounded by the fact that, in this range of large photon energy, the cross section for photoionization of a valence 4s-orbital of a transition-

metal element exceeds that of the 3d-orbitals; the measured spectra of the valence band thus contain a large component due to the s-orbitals, which compli-cates the analysis of a correlation effect due mainly to d-orbitals. To overcome this problem, a vertical geometry is adopted such that the detected photo-electrons are along the vertical direction to be per-pendicular to the (horizontal) polarization; as a result the contribution from the s-orbitals becomes almost vanished. Both geometries have been tested in our systems to achieve excellent results, but the end sta-tion must be reconstructed to meet individual needs and it is impossible to switch during beamtime. We have built a new end station equipped with two ana-lyzers of electron energy in both horizontal and verti-cal geometries to be easily switched during beamtime to satisfy the needs of varied measurements even on the same samples. The test results are satisfactory; see Fig. 2.

The side line of Taiwan Beamline BL12XU at SPring-8 is constructed as a collaborative research program of NSRRC in Hsinchu, Taiwan and Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids (MPI-CPfs) in Dresden, Germany, and is dedicated to HAX-PES for material research. The source is a SPring-8 standard undulator IVXU3.2-4.5 m in vacuum. A dia-mond monochromator selects a photon energy in the range 6 - 12 keV. A subsequent high-resolution mono-chromator is equipped with a two-bounce channel cut to decrease further the bandwidth. Currently Si(333), Si(331) and Si(311) channel cuts are avail-able. A KB mirror system focuses the beam to size 40 x 40 μm2 at the sample position. The end station is

Fig. 1: Schematic diagram (top view) of BL12XU: DM is a diamond monochromator for the side line, DCM a double-crystal monochromator for the mainline, CM a collimating mirror, HRM a high-resolution (channel-cut) monochromator, PRP a phase-retarding plate, FM a focusing mirror, and IXS an inelastic X-ray scattering spectrometer.

DM KBHRM

ES

Side Line

CMDCM

FMHRM/PRP IXS Spectrometer

Sample

Main Line

35 40M 45 50M 55 60M 65 70M 75 80M 85

FACILITY STATUS

59

Fig. 2:HAXPES end station equipped with two analyzers of electron energy for both horizontal and vertical geometries.

equipped with two hemispherical analyzers of elec-tron energy; they are mounted to collect photoelec-trons emitted normal to the horizontal incident beam, either in the horizontal plane containing the polar-ization vector (horizontal geometry) or normal to the polarization vector (vertical geometry). These geomet-ries are chosen for varied differential photoionization cross sections to identify various orbital contributions to the valence band. For instance, the s-orbital would maximize its cross section in the horizontal geometry whereas its signal becomes strongly suppressed in the vertical geometry. This feature is useful particularly for measuring 3d transition-metal compounds. The large

inelastic mean free path (~ 4 - 10 nm) of photoelec-trons with large kinetic energy from hard X-rays also enables a reliable measurement of the bulk electronic structure with much less surface contribution than conventional in-house XPS and PES in the soft X-ray range. This condition also opens an opportunity to study the electronic properties of the buried interface of samples as thin films. The end station is designed for solid-state samples in the UHV (~ 10-10 mbar) condition. The sample can be cooled to 15 K. This beamline and end station have been partially open to general users beginning in cycle 2013-3.


60

Biopharmaceutical Beamlines

In NSRRC, we continuously provide our valuable users with scientific opportunities in using protein crystallography (PX) techniques. More than two beamlines of protein crystallography are smoothly operated, namely BL13B1 and BL13C1 at Taiwan Light Source, and BL44XU at SPring-8. Beamline 13B1 at TLS is a multiple anomalous-dispersion (MAD) beamline of PX operated since 2005. Beam-line 13C1 at TLS is a monochromatic PX beamline operated since 2006.

Taiwan Beamline 12B2 at SPring-8 is a MAD beamline. The PX end station at BL12B2 has been in operation since 2002. The beamline is designed to provide an atomic-resolution structural probing en-vironment for biostructure and material research. For

the PX end station, the measured flux at 1-Å wave-length at the sample position is about 1.5 × 1011 pho-tons/s through a 0.25-mm aperture. The end station is equipped with a CCD detector (Rayonix MX225-HE), a highly precise geoniometer (Kohzu, with a sphere of confusion less than 1 μm), and a SPring-8 SPACE sample changer. Half the total user time is allocated for research on protein crystallography.

Through international collaboration among Aca-demia Sinica, NSRRC and Osaka University, about 10 % of the valuable beam time of BL44XU at SPring-8 is available for Taiwan users since 2010. This beam-line is specially designed to collect high-quality X-ray diffraction data from biological macromolecular assemblies with a large unit cell, e.g. protein com-plexes, protein-nucleic acid complexes, membrane-protein complexes and viruses. The energy range is 7 – 17.5 keV, the beam size is 0.05 × 0.05 mm2, and the defined sample flux is 3 × 1011 photons/s. Limited user groups with demanding experiments will be in-vited to use this beamline.

In 2013, a new beamline BL15A1 and PX end station has been designed and built for both academ-

Fig. 1: Three-dimensional drawing of beamline 15A1. From left to right appear a major optics collimating mirror, DCM and focusing mirror after the light source IASW6.

FACILITY STATUS

61

ic and industrial users. This facility is fully automated with support for remote access, and is suitable for international collaboration between research groups, high-throughput crystal screening, high-resolution data collection, structure determination de novo, and other standard protein-crystallographic experiments.

To meet the requirements of biomedical re-search, a new facility for protein crystallography was designed and built by the Beamline and Protein Dif-fraction Groups at NSRRC.

The light source is an insertion device of a super-conducting wiggler (In-Acromat, IASW6). The X-rays are collimated with a cylindrical collimating mirror, followed by a Si(111) double-crystal monochromator, and focused with a toroidal focusing mirror. To mini-mize the heat load on the silicon single crystal, the crystals are cooled with a liquid-nitrogen cryogenic system, which proved to be efficient on other simi-lar beamlines. The energy range is 5.5 keV – 16 keV

(wavelengths 2.25 – 0.775 Å). At 1-Å wavelength, the measured flux at the sample position is about 6 × 1011 photons/s through an aperture 200 × 200 μm2.

The end station has been in operation since January 2013. The major equipment in the end sta-tion includes a highly precise microdiffractometer, a cryo-cooler, and a CCD X-ray detector (Rayonix MX-300HE) hosted by a heavy-duty experimental table. The high-speed, highly precise air-bearing goniometer is important for highly efficient crystal screening and MAD/SAD phasing experiments, which are critical for a successful project in crystallography research. An SSRL-style automatic sample changer is scheduled to be installed in February 2014. With this sample changer, the end station will become fully automatic and able to run without human intervention, but can be switched into manual control on demand. Remote access is also provided to facilitate international col-laborations.

Fig. 2: Photograph of the end station. From right to left, the major components a highly precise microdiffractometer, a cryo-cooler, and a CCD X-ray detector.


62

Current Status of TPS Construction

The civil-engineering project of TPS has finally been completed (Fig. 1). The final inspection for accept-ance was performed in November 2013, after which the building was formally handed over to NSRRC. The permit to occupy the TPS building was granted by the government authority in September. After ob-taining this permit, the installation of some acceler-ator components has immediately begun inside the TPS building (Fig. 2). Because of severe contamina-tion from dust in the air inside the new TPS building, a full-scale installation would begin from February 2014 when the dust settles and is cleaned. For the designs

of components of TPS accelerator, one can refer to NSRRC annual activity reports from year 2008 to 2012.

The utility system has been installed during the construction of the TPS building. In December 2013 a preliminary inspection for acceptance of the utility system was made. After some final improvements it will be completed within six months. The total power capacity of TPS is estimated about 12.5 MW. There are four AC electric power substations distributed in the outer zone and eight in the inner zone of TPS building. All power stations and the main wiring work were completed during year 2013. By the end of that year, Taiwan Power Company provided 2 MW of power to the TPS building for the installation of accel-erator components. The main pipes of chilled water, hot water and de-ionized water were installed. The main equipment of the de-ionized water system was installed in the new utility building. In the TPS build-ing, 48 manifolds for de-ionized water are located on both sides of 24 Control Instrumentation Areas (CIA). The water resistance is maintained larger than 10 Ω; the pH will be controlled within 7 ± 0.5 and the con-centration of oxygen within 10 ppb. The equipment to process the de-ionized water treatment is shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The equipment installation and piping work of the air-conditioning system were also ac-complished. The fire alarm and extinguisher systems of the utility building and storage ring building have also passed the government test, which allows one to work inside the new building.

The 150-MeV Linac is a standalone system

manufactured by Research Instruments GmbH. It was installed temporarily and tested in a test facility in 2011. This Linac was planned to be re-installed in the designated area in the TPS building beginning from February 2014. A re-commissioning will be held in May 2014.

Fig. 1: A bird’s-eye view of the TPS building.

Fig. 2: Accelerator components were moved into the shielding tunnel in TPS.

FACILITY STATUS

63

During the construction of TPS, a thorough sur-vey network was established directly after the topping layer of the tunnel ground was grouted. The survey data for the entire ring of the tunnel for more than a year showed that the variations of positions fell within 3 - 10 mm in various areas because of the seasonal variation of temperature, the shrinkage of cement and the sectional ground grouting. A measurement of the TPS ground vibration, begun also after the major civil construction of TPS building, showed an evident influence of the local traffic and culture noise. The installation of pedestals and girders of the storage ring and booster wall brackets have begun since January 2013. By December 2013, more than 80 % of the pedestal and girder work was completed. In the first quarter of 2014, all installation of pedestals and gird-ers is expected to be completed.

All twenty-four arc-cell vacuum cham-bers of 14 m in length for the electron storage ring have been as-sembled and baked to an ultra-high vacuum. The ultimate pressure of each cell attained 3 × 10-11 torr after bak-ing, and most of them have vacuum better than 5 × 10-9 torr after vacuum sealing. The vacuum chambers for the straight sections

have been installed and baked to attain an ultimate pressure less than 5 × 10-11 torr. All these chambers have been transported from the assembly factory to the TPS accelerator tunnel and installed on the pre-aligned girders with a precision about 0.1 mm, Fig. 5. All beam position monitors (BPM) for the storage ring in the arc sections and the straight sections have also been installed. Most elliptical stainless steel vacuum tubes of thickness 0.7 mm for the booster accelerator have been manufactured. All BPM ducts and pump-ing chambers in the vacuum chamber of the booster have also been manufactured and welded. The vac-uum chambers for the ring injection septum, booster extraction septum, booster injection kicker, and ring injection kickers have been manufactured and tested

Fig. 4: The main pumping system for circulation of de-ionized water.

Fig. 5: Installation of a 14-m vacuum cell on the girders.

Pump

Water trap tankMixing bed

0.1μm filter beforethe mixing bed

0.1μm filter afterthe mixing bed

0.1μm filter before de-oxygenating membrane

Deoxygenating membrane Ultraviolet

sterilizer

Chilled and hot waterheat exchangers

Buffer tank

Fig. 3: Process of de-ionized water treatment.


64

with pulsed magnets. All control racks and interlock systems for the storage ring and booster vacuum sys-tems have already been installed in the 24 CIA.

The magnets of the storage ring and the booster were delivered to NSRRC by the end of September 2013. The verification of dimensions and field map-ping of all these magnets were completed by the end of December 2013 at NSRRC. All power supplies for the magnets were delivered to NSRRC and tested; their performances were all within specification and will be ready for the installation in the second quarter of 2014.

After the helium cryogenic plant passed a per-formance test in January 2013, NSRRC accepted it from the vendor. Figure 6 shows the process of the cryogenic system. The liquefier and the dewar were relocated in the utility area inside the TPS building in July 2013 (Fig. 7). The system to transfer liquid-nitrogen was already completed; the liquid-helium transfer system should be installed by the end of May 2014. In July 2014 the liquid-helium supply will be ready for the SRF cavity. Three Petra cavities of cop-per type have been tested off-site at high power: one is for booster commissioning and its long term oper-ation; the other two are for the storage ring commis-sioning with the beam current up to 100 mA. Three SRF modules have also been tested at high power and liquid-helium temperature with performance bet-ter than originally expected, Qo ≥ 109 at 2.4 MV, Fig. 8. The final assembly and testing of SRF electronics and

water manifolds for SRF operation were completed. The installation and testing of the cryogenic piping for the SRF system is expected to begin from April 2014 and to be completed before the end of July 2014.

By December 2013, most hardware and software of the control system were ready for installation, but only limited activity was performed in the TPS site because of the environmental conditions inside the building. A full-scale installation of the control system has begun since spring 2014. A fiber network for the control system and a computer network were already installed. Computing instrumentation was installed at the network/server room. The EPICS will be used to provide the control software infrastructure to build a distributed control system for the accelerator of TPS.

Fig. 6: The cryogenic system.

Fig. 7: The liquefier, 7000-L dewar and interconnecting piping in the TPS utility area.

Fig. 8: SRF module and transmitter under testing in the laboratory.

Relocate liquefier and Dewar from warehouse to TPS building

Extend of 3" discharge and 8" suction line for gas He

Gas He buffer tanks for TPS

TPScompressor room

LN2 pipeline Outdoorpiping bridge

60m3 LN2 tank

X

FACILITY STATUS

65

About 250 sets of EPICS IOC will be installed for the TPS control system (Fig. 9), of which most have al-ready been installed on site. The event-based timing system for TPS was already set up. The intensive tests of the short-term performance and long-term reli-ability for all power supplies and the control interface that will be used to control the accelerator have been undertaken. The tests of the BPM electronics (Fig. 10) have been performed to ensure that they fulfil the requirements. The fast orbit feedback algorithm was developed with the FPGA modules on the BPM platform; a full-scale test is planned in the second quarter of 2014. The installation of bunch-by-bunch feedback electronics, the filling-pattern monitor for the storage ring and the booster synchrotron, and the tuning monitor for the booster are in progress. The implementation of control systems for phase-I inser-tion devices is also in progress.

Seven front ends will be constructed for TPS in phase I. The general front-end design for an inser-tion device is shown in Fig. 11. Each front end has a heavy metal shutter (HMS), photon absorber (PAB), mask, X-ray beam-position monitor (XBPM), pre-mask and interlock subsystems. By the end of 2013,

Fig. 9: EPICS IOC available for TPS accelerator controls.

Fig. 10: BPM electronics and corrector power supplies installed at TPS equipment area for testing.

6U cPCI EPICS IOC Fanless PCIe EPICS IOC Fanless EPICS IOCWith GigE Vision Interface

i7 CPU

PowerPC CPU

PLC EPICS IOC

Timing module

PXle EPICS IOC

xScale CPUEmbedded EPICS IOC for

+/- 10 A power supply control

five HMS, four PAB, five masks, eight interlock sub-systems, seven XBPM and a pre-mask subsystem were delivered.

For phase I, seven sets of IU22, one set of EPU46 and two sets of EPU48 are planned to be installed in seven separate straight sections. The in-vacuum undulators, seven IU22 with period length 22 mm, are constructed. Among these undulators, two have length 2 m and five have length 3 m. Two 2-m IU


66

Highly Precise Temperature Control and Energy Saving foran Air-conditioning System

In an advanced accelerator facility, the performance of the accelerator and any experimental setup are sensitive to thermal effects. The utility system must be designed and constructed carefully to maintain the environment at a stable temperature. During the construction of the TPS building, the concept of a Green Building has been implemented. Decreasing energy consumption is thus an objective toward which NSRRC’s Utility Group is striving. The heat-ing, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system of the utility system has as its function to regulate the thermal energy to maintain a suitable temperature. The components of the HVAC system include damp-ers, supply and exhaust fans, filters, humidifiers, de-humidifiers, heating and cooling coils, pumps, valves, ducts and various sensors. All these components play a role in affecting directly the control of energy

consumption of the HVAC system. Several methods of recovering heat have been studied in the HVAC system to save energy efficiently. A popular approach is to use a run-around coil in the air handling unit (AHU); this method is shown to be effective and can yield a significant saving of energy. The Utility Group has applied this method to a local AHU to maintain the temperature with a fluctuation less than ± 0.05 oC and to produce an energy saving up to 50 %.1, 2 This method will be subsequently applied to the AHU in the TPS building as an energy saving measure.

In a regular AHU, two heat exchangers serve to adjust the temperature and to decrease the level of humidity in the air. When warm air passes the first cooling coil of the heat exchanger, the heat is carried away by the water, and water molecules in the air

have already been delivered and tested at NSRRC. One IU22-3m and one IUT22-3m were delivered to NSRRC in December 2013; their acceptance test

is planned in the first quarter of 2014. Both IU22-3m-2 and IU22-3m-3 will be delivered to NSRRC in December 2014. The EPU46 has also been delivered

to NSRRC; the perform-ance of its mechanical structure was improved and the magnetic field was shimmed by the Magnet Group of NS-RRC. I t is ready for installation in a 7-m straight section in 2014. The construction of two sets of EPU48 is in progress, to be com-pleted in year 2014.

Fig. 11: General ID front-end design.

BeamPre-Mask

Shielding Block1

XBPM1Main Mask

ShieldingWall

PABAMV

FCVXBPM2 SLIT

X & Y

HMSAMV

Mask 1 IP

FACILITY STATUS

67

also condense to water in the exchanger, thus also de-creasing the humidity in the AHU. The air then passes through a heating coil of the next heat exchanger to be raised to the desired temperature. Air conditioning of this type wastes much energy. The run-around heat recovery system has an added pre-cooling coil and a preheating coil in the AHU. The openings of the cooling-water valves are controlled by the temper-ature of the dew point measured between the cool-ing coil and the pre-heating coil. The openings of the valves for hot water are controlled by the feedback of temperature measured behind the heating coil. This arrangement is shown in Fig. 1. When the air passes the pre-cooling coil, it has a preliminary cooling. In passing the next cooling coil the air is further cooled. The air subsequently passes the preheating coil and the heating coil. The pre-cooling coil and the pre-heating coil are connected with a circulated pipe to form a loop in which water flows. A small pump is installed in this loop to provide power to move the heated water from the pre-cooling coil to the pre-heating coil, and then to transfer the heat to the air passing through the pre-heating coil. If the surfaces of the coils and the quantity of circulating water are large, the heat transferred from the pre-cooling coil to the pre-heating coil increases. Because of the ex-change of heat by the circulating water between the pre-cooling coil and the preheating coil, the amount of cold water and hot water used for the cooling and heating coils, respectively, can be decreased. The

energy consumed by the motor is also small. This method thus cleverly saves energy. A setup of this type can also decrease the need for a dehumidifying and reheating source and thereby decrease the oper-ating cost. In Fig. 2, the temperatures in each stage at which the air passes through the four heat exchangers are shown.

In a traditional air-conditioning system, the

water vapor in the air condenses when the return air passes the cooling coil. The absolute humidity thus

Fig. 1: Block diagram of the highly precise temperature-controlled air-conditioning system.

Fig. 2: Block diagram showing the pre-cooling, cooling, preheating and heating coils. The temperatures measured at each stage are shown in the figure.

Fig. 3: This block diagram shows the energy consumed in the traditional air conditioning system.

Liquid Circulating Pump

Chilled WaterReturn

Chilled WaterSupply

Hot WaterReturn

Hot WaterSupply

Filter

FanTdp TSA

Liquid Circulating Pump

T=24oC

T=18.83oC

T=13oCT=17.7oC

T=20.9oC

Traditional System

State Point

Tem

pera

ture

(o C)

CoolingLoad

Heating Load

23.44 23.44

21

13 13

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

30

25

20

15

10


68

decreases and the relative humidity approaches sat-uration. The heating coil can serve to decrease the relative humidity to a desired value. Figure 3 shows a diagram of the temperature variation and the quantity of energy consumed during the cooling and heating when the air passes through the heat exchangers. In the figure, the block in blue indicates the load need-ed to cool the air when it passes the cooling coil; the block in red indicates the load needed to be added to the air when it passes through the heating coil. Much energy becomes wasted when the air must be cooled to less than the dew point with the cooling coil and then be reheated to a desired temperature.

When the run-around mode is in operation, the air passes through the pre-cooling coil and the pre-heating coil before it passes through the cooling coil and the heating coil, respectively. The air thereby becomes pre-cooled and pre-heated first. The tem-perature differences at the entrances of the cooling and heating coils have been decreased, 4.6 oC and 3.3 oC in our case. Figure 4 is a diagram to show the temperature variation and the quantity of energy con-sumed in the cooling and heating processes when the air passes through the heat exchangers while the run-around mode is activated. In the figure, the block

in blue indicates the load consumed when the air passes the cooling coil; the block in red indicates the load needed when the air passes the heating coil. The blocks in green show the energy saved when the run-around mode is activated.

The variation of the rates of flow of cold and hot water before and after the activation of the run-around mode are shown in Fig. 5. Before the pump for the run-around mode was turned on, the rates of flow of the cold and hot water were evidently 120 and 95 LPM, respectively. After the pump was turned on, the flow rates of the cold and hot water decreased to 80 and 35 LPM, respectively, decreasing the flow rates by 33 % and 63 % for the cold and hot water, respectively. At the same time, the fluctuation of the temperature at the exit of the heating coil was meas-ured to be about ± 0.05 oC; the humidity was about 52 ± 1 %, Fig. 6. During this operation the energy consumed by the circulating pump was estimated to be about 3 %, but the energy consumed by the cool-ing and heating coils was decreased by 53 %. Much energy was thus saved. If the flow rate of pump in the run-around loop could be increased, more energy would be saved.

Fig. 5: Variation of flow rates of chilled water and hot water before and after activation of the run-around mode.

Fig. 4: This block diagram shows the energy consumed and the energy saved when the run-around mode is operational.

Run-around System

State Point

Tem

pera

ture

(o C)

Saved Energy

23.44

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

30

25

20

15

10

18.83

21

13

Cooling Load

Heating Load

Saved Energy

17.7

Chilled Water Flow (LPM)Hot Water Flow (LPM)

Time (Minute)

Flow

(LPM

)

200

160

120

80

40

00 20 40 60 80 100 120

Before After

FACILITY STATUS

69

Highly Efficient Beamline and Spectrometer for Inelastic Soft X-ray Scattering at High Resolution

Resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering (RIXS) tech-niques have been developed to study the electronic and magnetic properties of strongly correlated elec-tron materials such as transition-metal oxides. L-edge RIXS has proved effective in detecting charge, orbital and magnetic excitations. A RIXS experiment to fulfil the high resolution to study these excitations requires, however, photons of great brilliance and a highly ef-ficient monochromator or spectrometer. Here, we re-port on the design, construction and commissioning results of a beamline and spectrometer for RIXS at high resolution.

Fung et al.1 proposed a novel design for a RIXS setup comprising two bendable gratings, termed an active-grating monochromator (AGM) or active-grat-

This report features the work of Chia-Hung Lai and his co-workers published in J. Synchrotron Rad. 21, 325 (2014).

ing spectrometer (AGS), to enhance the efficiency of measuring the inelastically scattered X-rays through an increased bandwidth of incident photons, but without smearing the energy resolution. The design of our AGM and AGS is based on the energy-compen-sation principle of grating dispersion. In adopting this concept, we employed two bendable gratings with varied line spacing (VLS) in the AGM-AGS design for these advantages: an active grating can vary the sur-face profile to match the desired energy setting and to focus the incident and scattered X-rays onto the sample and detector, respectively; a VLS grating de-sign provides flexible parameters of the ruling density of the grating to cancel the coma abbreviation and asymmetry of the spectral line shape.

During this operation, a commercial controller (NI-PAC) and a 24-bit RTD module with noise level

0.003 oC were used for the precise control operation. PID and fuzzy control schemes were implemented for this system. To control the humidity, the air flow via the cooling coil was controlled based on the temper-ature of the dew point. The supply air via the heating coil was well controlled within ± 0.05 oC through the feedback of the outlet temperature behind the heating coil. The return air was controlled based on the inlet air temperature by adjusting the fan speed to maintain the room temperature to have a constant gradient for the effect of thermal expansion of the equipment. The flow of water in the run-around system has also been adjusted by the pump speed with an inverter to distrib-ute the thermal energy among four coils.

References 1. Z. D. Tsai, W. S. Chan, J. C. Chang, C. S. Chen, Y. C. Chung, C. W.

Hsu, and C. Y. Liu, IPAC 2012, 2603 (2012).2. C. W. Hsu, Z. D. Tsai, C. Y. Liu, Y. C. Chung, J. C. Chang, L. B.

Zhou, and M. C. Li, “Analysis of Saving Energy for High Precision Temperature Control Air-Conditioning System”, 2013 GETA, Green Technology Engineering Application Conference (2013).

Fig. 6: Trends of temperature of supply air and relative humidity after activation of the run-around mode.

Supply AirRelative Humidity

Time (Second)

Tem

pera

ture

(o C)

0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600

22

21.6

21.2

20.8

20.4

20

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity (%

)

60

55

50

45

40


70

To test the energy-compensation principle for RIXS experiments, we constructed an AGM-AGS setup using a side branch of beamline 05 of Taiwan Light Source (TLS). Figure 1 shows a photograph of the test AGM-AGS beamline and spectrometer. An active grating is a key component of the AGS-AGS design. The inset of Fig. 1 shows the active grating. A mechanical bender of clamping type was designed and fabricated to achieve a polynomial surface of the grating. The grating assembly includes three major components: a plane grating, a bender and two piezo actuators. The plane grating is made of a Si substrate coated with Au; the thickness of the substrate is 10 mm and the slope error is 0.25 μrad. The grating was joined to a flexure-hinge bender with six screws on both sides, allowing the plane grating to be bent to a surface profile of a third-order polynomial with a radius down to 35 m. The bender was shaped with electric discharge machining to ensure that the cen-tral point of the grating surface is stationary within a few micrometres. Through a strain-gauge feedback, the accuracy of forces applied to both ends of the bender from two high-voltage piezoelectric actu-

ators was within 0.03 N. The sample chamber was mounted on a granite support to isolate mechanical vibration, and equipped with kinematic mounts to adjust the chamber position and orientation. The top of the chamber contained a sample XYZ-manipulator on a rotating platform with differential pumping. An aperture located in vacuum before the sample set the bandwidth of the AGM. A commercial charge-coupled device (CCD) detector (1024 × 1024 pixels, pixel resolution 13.5 μm) collected inelastically scattered X-rays under angle 70° of inclination. The AGS grating camber and the CCD were independ-ently positioned on granite slabs situated separately on two sliding platforms made of granite. Both the AGS grating chamber and the CCD can be lifted 30 μm through an air-cushion mechanism such that the AGS can swing in the scattering plane to perform the measurements of momentum-resolved RIXS.

To test the energy-compensation principle, we used a carbon sample to measure the lineshape of elastically scattered X-rays. Both actuators of AGM and AGS benders were first optimized. The best

Fig. 1: Photographs of the AGM-AGS beamline and spectrometer installed at BL05A1 of TLS. The base granite blocks of the AGS grating and the CCD are separately placed on two granite platforms. Through an air cushion mechanism, the AGS can swing about a vertical axis at the sample position; the gap between the movable granite and the fixed granite platform is about 30 μm. The rotation range is from 0° to 144°. Inset: photograph of the active grating; the assembly includes a Si plane grating, a bender and two high-voltage piezoelectric actuators.

Samplechamber

AGMSlit

AGS

CCD

PZT actuator

Grating

FACILITY STATUS

71

spectral resolution of the test AGM-AGS system was 108 meV at X-rays of energy 870 eV. The inset of Fig. 2 shows plots of scattering intensity versus photon energy with varied size of the sample aperture. The measured spectral resolution was insensitive to the aperture opening, as plotted in Fig. 2; the scatted in-tensity was nearly proportional to the aperture open-ing, agreeing satisfactorily with a prediction based on the energy-compensation principle. In particular, a large sample aperture, e.g. 400 μm, does not smear the spectral resolution, in contrast to a SGM design. In addition, from our RIXS measurement of NiO,2 although the bandwidth of the incident X-rays was large, we achieved a total energy of RIXS slightly bet-ter than that of data recorded using the ADDRESS3 beamline and SAXES4 spectrometer. This prominent feature is helpful to a photon-hungry experiment such as ultrahigh-resolution RIXS. Our experimental results demonstrate that the energy-compensation principle is effective for soft X-ray spectrometry, and greatly in-creases the measurement efficiency.

The commissioning results of the RIXS measure-ments concluded that the AGM-AGS scheme is an effective approach to improve the efficiency while maintaining great spectral resolution. We plan to es-tablish an AGM-AGS system that comprises a polar-ization analyser at Taiwan Photon Source. The beam-line is designed with an energy range from 400 eV to 1,200 eV. In addition, a new horizontal focusing mirror will be installed before the sample to decrease the horizontal beam size on the sample. A long exit arm of AGS will serve to decrease the limitation of the CCD pixel size and to increase the spectral reso-lution. AGS exit arms will be extended to 5 m (3.5 m in the present design of TLS) for an ultrahigh-resolu-tion mode, in hope of achieving a resolution power greater than 40,000 at 900 eV. The construction plan of a new sample chamber is in progress to realize a continuous variation of momentum transfer without breaking the vacuum, allowing us to implement mo-mentum-resolved RIXS measurements.

References 1. H. S. Fung, C. T. Chen, L. J. Huang, C. H. Chang, S. C. Chung,

D. J. Wang, T. C. Tseng, and K. L Tsang, AIP Conf. Proc. 705, 655 (2004).

2. C. H. Lai, H. S. Fung, W. B. Wu, H. Y. Huang, H. W. Fu, S. W. Lin, S. W. Huang, C. C. Chiu, D. J. Wang, L. J. Huang, T. C. Tseng, S. C. Chung, C. T. Chen, and D. J. Huang, J. Synchrotron Rad. 21, 325 (2014).

3. V. N. Strocov, T. Schmitt, U. Flechsig, T. Schmidt, A. Imhof, Q. Chen, J. Raabe, R. Betemps, D. Zimoch, J. Krempasky, X. Wang, M. Grioni, A. Piazzalunga, and L. Patthey, J. Synchrotron Rad. 17, 6310643 (2010).

4. G. Ghiringheli, A. Piazzalunga, C. Dallera, G. Trezzi, L. Braicovich, T. Schmitt, V. N. Strocov, R. Betemps, L. Patthey, X. Wang, and M. Grioni, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 113108 (2006).

Fig. 2: Test of the energy-compensation principle. The FWHM of elastic scattering from a carbon sample is compared with that from a theoretical prediction based on the energy-compensation principle. Inset: lineshapes of elastic scattering of photons of energy 850 eV from a carbon sample with varied opening of the aperture.

SGM only (calculated)AGM-AGS scheme (measured)

Aperture Size (μm)R

esol

uLio

n (e

V)

10

1

0.1

0 100 200 300 400

400 μm200 μm100 μm50 μm

Inte

rsity

(arb

. uni

ts)

Energy (eV)


72

Submicron X-ray Diffraction Beamline

Most real materials consist of intrinsic and extrinsic microstructures of mesoscale size that ranges from tens of nm to tens of μm. Material properties depend not only on the local properties around these micro-structures such as grain size, dislocations or stacking faults, grain orientation, and residual strain, but also on the evolution under heating, stress or bias. Dis-covering the fundamental material science associated with microstructures is thus essential for successful applications of these materials.

For this purpose, experimental methods with high spatial resolution and great accuracy, and of a non-destructive nature are required. With the ad-vantage of synchrotron radiation, sub-μm focused X-ray diffraction has become of interest. On utilizing Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors, sub-μm focusing of either a polychromatic or monochromatic synchrotron beam is achievable.

The diffraction of a polychromatic beam within a single spot basically results in a Laue diffraction pattern recorded with a pixel-array detector of large

area. The positions of the Bragg spots in the Laue pattern provide information pertinent to the material identification and orientation, whereas the shape dis-tortion reveals the deviatoric components of the strain tensor. Regarding diffraction with a monochromatic beam, accurate lattice parameters of a unit cell and the dilatation strain are extrapolated. On moving the specimen, a 2D mapping of crystallographic proper-ties is thus demonstrated.

In our constructing beamline ID21, the simulated lateral spot size is about 100 nm × 100 nm for X-rays of energy from 5 to 30 keV. In addition to the sub-μm X-ray diffraction, several effective microscopic exam-ination tools are installed at the end station, which operates under both high vacuum and ambient con-ditions, as shown in Fig. 1. For further detailed setup and application of this end station, please refer to reference 1.

The main component at the end station is the area detector (Pilatus3 6M, in vacuum), which col-lects diffraction signals. A scanning electron micro-

scope is used to navigate to areas of interest. The installation of a silicon drift detector (SDD) and a quadruprobe sample system, one of a probe stage and holder as shown in the inset, provides various flex-ible experiments including 3D Laue diffraction, 3D X-ray fluorescence, near-field X-ray excitation optical luminescence, X-ray absorption, current-voltage from scanning probes, indentation, etc. Spontan-eous investigation of structural, elemental, optical, electrical and mechanical properties are hence achieved at the same location on the Fig. 1: Drawing of the TPS ID21 end station; the inset illustrates the SPM probe that assists a

profile to achieve 3D Laue diffraction.

FACILITY STATUS

73

nm would satisfy most conditions of material science and engineering, especially for semiconductor thin films and nanocrystals, nano-scaled composites and ceramics, and the electrode connection in 3D very-large-scale integration.

The second important feature of our design is the 3D X-ray fluorescence. For most real cases, users not only are interested in structural information in a real material but also seek to realize the corresponding elemental evolution in the same region of analysis. The lateral spatial resolution of the fluorescence de-pends on the spot size of the focused X-ray, whereas the depth resolution depends on an orthogonal con-focal detection system, which collects fluorescence signals along the penetration of incident X-rays. On utilizing a polycapillary together with a pinhole, sub-μm depth resolution of the confocal detection be-comes achievable. The depth resolution is significant-ly improved from greater than 20 μm to the sub-μm range. In addition, as another SDD is employed to detect fluorescence, the detection limit of an element concentration would attain about 10 ppm. These conditions help scientists to discover the elemental distribution inside ceramics, composites and metals, or at the interface of biomaterials.

Reference 1. T. Feder, Physics Today 67, 45 (2014).

specimen, which helps scientists to develop the correlation principles. In addition, with use of the quadruprobe sample system and the preparation chamber, heating, external stress and electric field can be applied during the measurement; the growth of a thin film coating in situ is also practical. Scientists and engineers are helped to discover not only the growth mechan-ism in real time but also the working principles of a mesoscale device.

In our design, two important fea-tures transcend the existing sub-μm diffraction facilities around the world, as discussed below.

The first feature is an improved spatial resolution of 3D Laue diffraction. A typical method to realize a 3D Laue pattern is to use a differential aperture X-ray microscope (DAXM). This technique is based on the large depth of penetration of hard X-rays; the reflec-tions at varied depth contribute signals to the area detector. A metal wire that behaves as a differential aperture traverses the surface of the specimen, as shown in Fig. 2. As the wire travels to a specific pos-ition, some diffraction signals from particular depths are blocked in the Laue pattern. Analysis of Laue pat-terns taken with varied wire positions via an image reconstruction algorithm yields diffraction informa-tion at varied depths. In combination with 2D scan-ning and depth-resolved imaging, it yields 3D crystal-lographic information.

The greatest depth resolution of DAXM, 500 nm, is exhibited at Advanced Photon Source (APS), USA. In our design, we decrease the height of the wire specimen from 200 μm to 15 μm and the wire scan-ning step from 500 nm to 50 nm with use of a piezo-electric scanning probe system instead of a stepper motor used in APS. According to a geometric cal-culation, a depth resolution about 50 nm would be achieved. In brief, a 3D mapping of crystallographic properties with resolution 100 nm × 100 nm × 50

Fig. 2: Depth resolution of the benchmark of the DAXM facility at APS 34-ID-E and our end station.

ACTIVITY REPORT

2013

ACTIVITY REPORT

2013

FACTS & FIGURES

76


Board of Trustees

Internal Audit

Taiwan Photon Source ProjectDirector General / Chien-Te Chen

Executive Director / Gwo-Huei Luo

Taiwan Photon Source Project

Civil Engineering Jau-Ping Wang

Accelerator Design & Operation

Chin-Cheng Kuo

Accelerator EngineeringJune-Rong Chen

Electronics & Control Kuo-Tung Hsu

Radio Frequency Chaoen Wang

Light Source DivisionYi-Chih Liu

Instrumentation Development DivisionChing-Shiang Hwang

Experimental Facility Division

Shih-Chun Chung

Scientif ic Research Division

Chun-Jung Chen

AdministrationDivision

Grace Lin

Radiation & Operation Safety DivisionChih-Ching Liu

DirectorateDirector / Shih-Lin Chang

Deputy Director / Gwo-Huei LuoDeputy Director / Di-Jing Huang

AcceleratorOperation

Power Supply

Beam Dynamics

Radio Frequency

Instrumentation &Control

Linac

Magnet

Vacuum

Precision Mechanical Engineering

Cryogenics

Construction Management

Utility

ce

ce

Planning & ce

ce

ce

Procurementce

User Administration & Promotion ce

ce

Optics

Beamline

Facility Utilization

SPring-8

Industrial Application

Biomedical Molecular Imaging

Molecular Science

Magnetism

Materials Science

Life Science

Neutron

Nano Science

Lih J. Chen (Chairperson), National Tsing Hua University

San-Cheng Chang, Minister of Ministry of Science and Technology

Shih-Lin Chang, NSRRC

Chien-Te Chen, NSRRC

Bon-Chu Chung, Academia Sinica

Michael M. C. Lai, Academia Sinica

Yuan-Tseh Lee, Academia Sinica

Sheng-Hsien Lin, National Chiao Tung University

Chung-Yuan Mou, National Taiwan University

Shie-Ming Peng, National Taiwan University

Yuen-Ron Shen, UC Berkeley, USA

Lee C. Teng, ANL, USA

Samuel C. C. Ting, CERN, Switzerland

Andrew H.-J. Wang, Academia Sinica

Yu Wang, Academia Sinica

Organization

Board of Trustees

77

FACTS & FIGURES

Keith Hodgson (Chairperson), SLAC, USA

Tai-Chang Chiang, UIUC, USA

Wolfgang Eberhardt, DESY/CFEL, Germany

Atsushi Fujimori, Todai, Japan

Tetsuya Ishikawa, RIKEN Harima Institute SPring-8, Japan

Chi-Chang Kao, SLAC, USA

Janos Kirz, LBNL, USA

Carolyn Larabell, LBNL, USA

Cheuk-Yiu Ng, UC Davis, USA

G. Brian Stephenson, ANL, USA

Jean Susini, ESRF, France

J. Friso van der Veen, SLS, PSI, Switzerland

Soichi Wakatsuki, SLAC, USA

2012-2014 SAC.

Albert T. Wu (Chairperson), National Central University

Ying-Hao Chu (Vice Chairperson), National Chiao Tung University

Chia-Hao Chen, NSRRC

Chun-Jung Chen, NSRRC

Hsin-Lung Chen, National Tsing Hua University

Jhih-Wei Chen, National Cheng Kung University

Tsang-Lang Lin, National Tsing Hua University

Yen-Ting Liu, National Chiao Tung University

Ya-Sen Sun, National Central University

Hsien-Sheng Yin, National Tsing Hua University

2012-2014 SAC

2014 User Executive Committee

2014 User Executive Committee.

Alexander W. Chao (Chairperson), SLAC, USA

Michael Boege, PSI, Switzerland

Michael Borland, ANL, USA

Mark de Jong, CLS, Canada

Dieter Einfeld, ALBA, Spain

Takaaki Furuya, KEK, Japan

Robert Hettel, SLAC/SSRL, USA

Philippe Lebrun, CERN, Switzerland

Haruo Ohkuma, JASRI/SPring-8, Japan

Gregory J. Portmann, LBNL, USA

Sushil Sharma, BNL, USA

Rickard Walker, Diamond Light Source, UK

2012-2014 TPS MAC

78


As of January 2014, the NSRRC workforce comprises 403 staff members. The following two pie charts show the manpower distributions by profession and educational background, respectively.

AdministrativePersonnel 15%

Scientist 55%Engineer/Technician 30% Doctor 36%

Master 44%

Bachelor 11%

Associate 6%

High School 3%

Profession Education

The major categories of the NSRRC budget include Light Source & Instrumentation Development Divisions, Beamline & Research Divisions, Utilities & Land Lease, Administration & Salaries, Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) Ac-celerator, TPS BL/End Station/ID, Civil Construction, TPS Accelerator Maintenance, and Neutron Experimental Facil-ity. The total budget for fiscal year 2013 is US$74.36 million (based on exchange rate: 1 USD=29.05 NTD) with growth rate 1.27 % in operational cost of light source & instrumentation development over that of the prior year.

Budg

et (i

n m

illio

ns o

f US$

)

FY2005 FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009 FY2010 FY2011 FY2012 FY2013

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Neutron Experimental Facility

TPS Accelerator Mainteance

Civil Construction

TPS BL/End Station/ID

TPS Accelerator

Administration & Salaries

Utilities & Land Lease

Beamline & Research Divisions

Light Source & InstrumentationDevelopment Divisions

Manpower

Budget

79

FACTS & FIGURES

From 1994 to 2013, the total number of beamlines opened to general users has increased from 3 to 26. During the year of 2013, the User Administration & Promotion Office (UAO) handled 1,586 research proposals and 10,848 user runs. The total executed beam time, excluding beamline maintenance and study, for TLS and SPring-8 beamlines/experimental stations is 14,308.8 shifts and 921 shifts (including 78 shifts for SP44XU beam-line) respectively, allocated to the above proposals conducted by 2,036 users (321 principal investigators) drawn from 128 affiliations (including 279 users from 71 foreign institutions).

In the year of 2013, the UAO has dealt with 3,527 subventions for TLS experiments and 230 subventions (including 45 subventions for SP44XU experiments) for SPring-8 experiments. In addition, the UAO has handled 64 subventions, which are funded by the National Science Council, for Taiwan Neutron users to carry out ex-periments at Neutron facilities worldwide.

During the year, the UAO has issued 906 new user cards. There are 104 master theses and 37 doctoral dis-sertations utilizing NSRRC facilities. Operational data on beamlines/experimental stations and users are summar-ized in the following figures.

200

300

0

100

400

500

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Received Executed

Expe

rimen

t run

s

Year

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Num

ber o

f use

rs

Year

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

324

648 716829

1,012

1,384

1,623 1,683

1,9942,230 2,266 2,201

2,036

Numbers of IR/VUV experiment runs from year 2001 to 2013.

Growth of user numbers.

User Statistics

NSRRC

80

ACTIVITY REPORT 2013

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Received Executed/Materials Executed/Bio

Expe

rimen

t run

s

Year

Numbers of soft and hard X-ray experiment runs from year 2001 to 2013.

MaterialScience 19%

Chemistry 9%

Soft Matter 13% Protein Crystallography 13%

Environmental andEarth Science 9%

Nanofabrication 3%

Applied and IndustrialResearch 3%

Others 1%

Atomic andMolecular Science 4%

Surface, Interface andThin Films 13 %

Condensed MatterPhysics 13%

Distribution of users’ proposals in 2013.

81

FACTS & FIGURES

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Aca

dem

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Taiw

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Shift

Affiliation

Distribution of beam time used by domestic affiliations in 2013. Each shift is 8 hours.

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

280

245

210

175

140

105

70

35

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

Tota

l SC

I Pap

ers

Top

5％

, 10％

, 15％

SC

I Pap

ers

Year

SCI Total No.

Top 15％

Top 10％

Top 5％

314

151

98

55

Publications from TLS and Taiwan beamlines at SPring-8.

Publications

Notes:1. Top 5%: I.F. ≥ 6.0 for physical science; I.F. ≥ 9.0 for life science.2. Top 10%: I.F. ≥ 4.5 for physical science; I.F. ≥ 6.0 for life science.3. Top 15%: I.F. ≥ 3.5 for physical science; I.F. ≥ 4.8 for life science. (As of March 10, 2014)

82


Beamlines at Taiwan Light Source

No. BeamlineMono. Type

Energy Range (eV)

Res. Power (E/ΔE)

StatusSpokesperson

E-mailBeamlineTel ext.

01A [01A1]SWLS - White X-ray (PRT 75%)

none > 5 k 　 in operationHwu, [email protected]

1011

01B [01B1]SWLS - X-ray Microscopy (PRT 75%)

DCM 8 k -11 k 1,000 in operationSong, [email protected]

1012

01C[01C1] SWLS - EXAFS

DCM 6 k - 33 k 7,000in operation

Chan, [email protected]

1013

[01C2]SWLS - X-ray Powder Diffraction

in operationSheu, [email protected]

1013

03A [03A1]BM - (HF-CGM) - Photoab-sorptian/Photoluminescence

CGM 4 - 40 50,000 in operationCheng, [email protected]

1031

04[04B1] BM - (Seya) SRCD SNM 4 - 40 5,000 in operation

Lin, [email protected]

1042

[04C1] Dynamic SRCD NIM 4 - 10 3,000 in operationLin, [email protected]

1042

05

[05A1] EPU - Inelastic Scattering AGM 400 - 1.5 k 20,000 commissioningHuang, [email protected]

1051

[05B1] EPU - Soft X-ray Chemistry

SGM 60 - 1.5 k 20,000

in operationLiu, [email protected]

1050

[05B2] EPU - PEEM in operationWei, [email protected]

1052

[05B3] EPU - Soft X-ray Scattering in operationHuang, [email protected]

1053

07A [07A1] IASW - X-ray Scattering DCM 5 k - 23 k 7,000 in operationSoo, [email protected]

1071

08A [08A1] BM - (L-SGM) XPS, UPS SGM 15 - 200 20,000 in operationPi, [email protected]

1081

08B [08B1] BM - AGM AGM 300 - 1 k 10,000 in operationPi, [email protected]

1082

09A[09A1] U50 - SPEM

SGM 60 - 1.5 k 15,000in operation

Chen, [email protected]

1101

[09A2] U50 - Spectroscopy in operationHsu, [email protected]

1101

11A [11A1]BM - (Dragon) MCD, XAS (PRT 75%)

SGM 8 - 1.5 k 15,000 in operationLin, [email protected]

1111

13A [13A1] SW60 - X-ray Scattering ACCM 12 k - 14 k 1,000 in operationLee, [email protected]

1131

13B [13B1]SW60 - Protein Crystallography

DCM 5 k - 20 k 7,000 in operationJean, [email protected]

1132

13C [13C1]SW60 - Protein Crystallography

ACCM 12 k - 14 k 1,000 in operationChao, [email protected]

1133

14A [14A1] BM - IR Microscopy FTIR 1- 25 mm 　 in operationLee, [email protected]

1141

Beamline Status

83

FACTS & FIGURES


Energy Range (eV)

Res. Power (E/ΔE)

StatusSpokesperson

E-mailBeamlineTel ext.

15A [15A1]Biopharmaceuticals Protein Crystallography

DCM 5 k - 20 k 7,000 in operationJean, [email protected]

1151

16A [16A1]BM - Tender X-ray Absorption, Diffraction

DCM 1 k - 9 k 7,000 in operationJang, [email protected]

1161

17A [17A1]W200 - X-ray Powder Diffraction

ACCM 8 k - 12 k 1,000 in operationLee, [email protected]

1171

17B [17B1] W200 - X-ray Scattering DCM 4 k - 15 k 7,000 in operationLee, [email protected]

1172

17C [17C1] W200 - EXAFS DCM 4 k - 15 k 7,000 in operationLee, [email protected]

1173

20A [20A1] BM - (H-SGM) XAS SGM 70 - 1.2 k 10,000 in operationChen, [email protected]

1201

21

[21A1]U90 - (White Light) Chemical Dynamics (PRT 50%) none 4 - 500 50

in operationLee, [email protected]

1211

[21A2]U90 - (White Light) Photochemistry

in operationCheng, [email protected]

1210

[21B1]U90 - (CGM) Angle-resolved UPS

CGM 4 - 100 100,000in operation

Tsuei, [email protected]

1212

[21B2] U90 - Gas Phase in operationLee, [email protected]

1212

23A [23A1]IASW - Small/Wide Angle X-ray Scattering

DCM 5 k - 23 k 7,000 in operationJeng, [email protected]

1231

24A [24A1] BM - (WR-SGM) XPS, UPS SGM 10 - 1.5 k 30,000 in operationYang, [email protected]

1241


Energy Range (eV)

Res. Power (E/ΔE)

Status E-mail

SP12B[SP12B1] BM - Materials X-ray Study

DCM 5 k - 100 k 7,000 in operation

Ishii, [email protected]

[SP12B2]BM - Protein X-ray Crystallog-raphy

Chen, [email protected]

SP12U[SP12U1]

U32 - Inelastic X-ray Scatter-ing

DCM/HRM

5 k - 30 k 1,000,000 in operationTsuei, [email protected]

[SP12U2] HE PhotoemissionDM/HRM

6 k - 14.4 k 300,000 in operationTsuei, [email protected]

ACCM: Asymmetrically-cut Curved Crystal MonochromatorAGM: Active Grating Monochromator BM: Bending MagnetCGM: Cylindrical Grating Monochromator DCM: Double Crystal Monochromator DM: Diamond Crystal MonochromatorEPU: Elliptically Polarized UndulatorFTIR: Fourier Transform Infrared SpectroscopyHRM: High Resolution Crystal Monochromator

PEEM: Photoemission Electron MicroscopeSGM: Spherical Grating MonochromatorSNM: Seya-Namioka MonochromatorSPEM: Scanning Photoemission Electron MicroscopeSW6: Superconducting WigglerSWLS: Superconducting Wavelength ShifterXAS: X-ray Absorption SpectroscopyXRD: X-ray Diffraction

Beamlines at SPring-8

Beamlines at Taiwan Light Source (continued)

84


Annual Users’ Meeting and Twentieth Anniversary of Operation

The “Annual Users' Meeting and 20th Anniversary of Operation” was held at NSRRC on September 4 and 5. The meeting, jointly organized by the UEC chair Prof. Rong-Ming Ho from National Tsing Hua University (NTHU) and Dr. Yao-Jane Hsu of NSRRC, consisted of plenary sessions and two featured workshops, namely Workshop I on Unconventional Photoelectron Spectroscopy: NAP-XPS and HAXPES chaired by Dr. Yaw-Wen Yang and Dr. Ku-Ding Tsuei, and Workshop II on Applications of Synchrotron Radiation to Structural Biology chaired by Dr. Chun-Jung Chen of NSRRC. In this year’s meeting, 224 posters were displayed, among which 33 authors signed for the Student Poster Contest and six for the Young Scientist Oral Presentation. Overall, the event was attended by 20 distinguished speakers from Taiwan and abroad and 451 other participants.

Year 2013 marked the Twentieth Anniversary of Operation of the Taiwan Light Source (TLS); to celebrate this significant event, activities in a series were thus held in conjunction with the Annual Users' Meeting. First of all, a memorial issue光芒萬丈 [Boundless Resplendence] was released in early September. This memorial issue in-cludes congratulatory manuscripts and addresses from senior staff of NSRRC and of other institutes, who recite their personal experience with NSRRC or the progress of NSRRC over the past 20 years.

Group photographs of “Annual Users' Meeting and 20th Anni-versary of Operation” taken at the TPS building (right) and in front of the Administration and Operation Center (bottom).

Major Events

85

FACTS & FIGURES

Fifth meeting of NSRRC SAC.

Besides the memorial issue, a twentieth-anniversary retrospective session was arranged on the afternoon of September 4. The session began with a group photograph taken in front of the Administration and Operation Center of Taiwan Photon Source (TPS). Following this event, two honorable guests, Deputy Minister Chung-Yuan Mou of National Science Council and Chairman Lih J. Chen of NSRRC's Board of Trustees, as well as former directors of NSRRC including Prof. Edward Yen, Prof. Yuen-Chung Liu, Dr. Chien-Te Chen, and Prof. Keng S. Li-ang, were invited to deliver speeches at the session. The lectures not only recalled NSRRC's development from the initial stage but also conveyed the serendipity connecting everyone to NSRRC. Subsequent to this twentieth-anniversary retrospective session was an evening reception at the Activity Center. The celebration ended with an impressive photo slide show of NSRRC from the past to the present, weaving those historical moments into the memorable afternoon and evening, together with delicacies and performances, joys and satisfaction.

Fifth SAC Meeting

The NSRRC Science Advisory Committee (SAC) convened its fifth meeting on February 25 and 26 at NSRRC to review and to evaluate the progress of construction and related improvement of techniques of the TPS Phase-I beamlines as well as NSRRC’s scientific achievement and development scheme. The meeting, chaired by Prof. Keith Hodgson from SLAC in USA, was attended by ten committee members. In a sequence of presentations, the committee was informed of the current status of TLS operation and TPS construction, NSRRC’s strategies to develop scientific research and techniques, the results of research using NSRRC facilities, the plan to transfer TLS beamlines into the TPS building, and the advanced experimental techniques on which NSRRC is currently work-ing. The SAC members complimented not only NSRRC’s dedication to research in science and techniques but also the progress of TPS peripheral facilities. In the meeting, the SAC provided NSRRC with profound advice on the continuing projects, which would offer NSRRC valuable guidance on major scientific directions and initia-tives.

Opening of NSRRC Office at ANSTO

A celebration was held in the OPAL Auditorium of Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) on the opening of NSRRC's office at the OPAL Reactor on May 2. Delegates from the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Australia, including Representative Katharine Siao-Yue Chang and Executive Director of the Science and Technology Division, Mei-Ling Hshieh, as well as Director General Joseph Chin-Fa Chow and Director Bob M. J. Lu from the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Sydney, participated in this significant moment in history with the director of NSRRC, Shih-Lin Chang and deputy director, Di-Jing Huang.

86


NSRRC, NTHU and NAR Labs Signed a MOU for Strategic Collaboration Alliance

NSRRC, NTHU and National Applied Research Laboratories (NAR Labs) signed a "Memorandum of Under-standing of Strategic Partnership on an Incubation Alliance (MOU)" on June 5 to generate the incubation of busi-ness and collaborative programs between industry and university. The purposes of the alliance are to facilitate the industrialization of research results and to assist Taiwan's high-quality startup entrepreneurs in advancing scientific development. The MOU was signed by Shih-Lin Chang, Director of NSRRC, Lih J. Chen, President of NTHU, and Liang-Gee Chen, President of NAR Labs. The three parties will establish an environment for incuba-tion between industry and university and move the incubation alliance and industrialization of Taiwan's R & D achievements toward a new milestone.

The collaboration includes the combination of the synchrotron light source technology and resour-ces in integration of optical and electrical systems, optical imaging, vacuum and micro/nano technol-ogy, biotechnology and medical material products of counseling and other core technical capabilities from NSRRC, the business consultation from the Innova-tive Incubator Center of NTHU, and the advantage of promoting the industrialization of research results from NAR Labs. The alliance will attract more new ventures and research teams to join the incubation programs, and thus enhance the future cooperation between industry and academy. NSRRC expects this MOU to boost cooperation among the three parties and to serve better the campus, new ventures and entrepreneurial teams.

Cooperation among Synchrotron Radiation Research Centers Across the Straits

NSRRC and synchrotron radiation research facilities across the straits have opened many opportunities for cooperation on accelerator technologies and scientific research. Since NSRRC held the Second Cross-strait Syn-chrotron Radiation Research Symposium in 2012, NSRRC has reinitiated the interactions with the synchrotron radiation research facilities in China. In March, NSRRC signed a memorandum of understanding with Beijing

From right to left: Director Shih-Lin Chang (NSRRC), President Lih J. Chen (NTHU), and President Liang-Gee Chen (NAR Labs) after signing the MOU.

This occasion marked the transfer, to NSRRC, of operational responsibility for the new SIKA cold-neutron three-axis spectrometer, which was constructed by National Central University, under the leadership of Prof. Wen-Hsien Li, with fund-ing from National Science Council of Taiwan.

The Taiwan research community represents the largest single group of overseas users at the OPAL reactor; we expect this partnership to ex-pand, as OPAL's new instruments come on line in the coming year.

Opening of NSRRC's office at the OPAL Reactor at ANSTO's Lucas Heights Campus on May 2.

87

FACTS & FIGURES

Synchrotron Radiation Facility, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Director Shih-Lin Chang and Deputy Director Gwo-Huei Luo of NSRRC also visited the three institutes to understand more about the current status of the facilities in China and to discuss further the detailed plans for potential cooperation pertinent to the accelerator and science. It is expected that the institutes might have in-creased interactions and experience exchanges through these prospective events.

Appointment of Distinguished Research Fellows

NSRRC has been enthusiastically dedicated to invite prominent scholars and experts from around the globe to engage in NSRRC’s advanced research. NSRRC was honored to appoint Prof. Shih-Yuan Lee of Indiana Uni-versity as a distinguished research fellow from 2013 onward as well as to appoint Prof. Alex Chao from Stanford University, Prof. Tomitake Tsukihara from University of Hyogo, and Prof. Fujimori Atsushi from University of Tokyo as distinguished research fellows continually from 2014.

All distinguished research fellows are recognized as eminent researchers in their fields. As an internationally renowned physicist, Prof. Lee has extra-ordinary contributions to accelerator physics and technology. Prof. Chao has been committed to improving the quality of TPS beams and to advance the research of accelerator physics. Prof. Tsukihara, with expertise on protein crystallography and structural biology, has boosted domestic research in the field. Prof. Fujimori has achievements in high-temperature superconductors of condensed-matter physics and photoemission spectra and will continue to be engaged in NSRRC’s research with X-ray photoelectron spectra and high-energy soft X-rays. As with the completion and commissioning of the TPS, the participation of these eminent researchers will strengthen NSRRC’s ac-celerator techniques and scientific research.

Thirteenth Japan-Korea-Taiwan Symposium on Strongly Correlated Electron Systems

The Japan-Korea-Taiwan Symposium on Strongly Correlated Electron Systems was held between January 15 and 17 at Osaka University, Japan. Deputy Director Di-Jing Huang was not only a member of this meeting’s organizing committee but also gave a speech on “Magnetic Order of Transition-metal Oxides Studied by Using Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering”. During the symposium, Academician Chien-Te Chen, a former director of NS-RRC, was also awarded as Honorary Fellow. The topics of this symposium covered the materials and properties of strongly correlated electron systems. The participants had extensive and diverse discussions on the novel spectral techniques, multiferroic and superconducting materials, spin-orbit interaction and so on.

Workshop on IR-VUV Science

A Workshop on IR-VUV Science was held at NSRRC on August 29-30. Experts and scholars in this field gathered at NSRRC to discuss significant topics of scientific research adapting IR-VUV techniques. Before the workshop, NSRRC had called for research topics that might be explored with the IR-VUV experiments and proposals for the construction of IR-VUV facilities. Responses from the users were collected in advance and discussed at the workshops. Three prestigious scholars from around the world – Prof. Cheuk-yiu Ng from University

Prof. Shih-Yuan Lee has been appointed as a distinguished research fellow of NSRRC from 2013 onward.

Conferences & Colloquia

88


of California Davis, Academician Kopin Liu from Academia Sinica, and Prof. Xueming Yang from Chinese Academy of Sciences – gathered to discuss the palpable science at NSRRC. In the two-day workshop, diverse re-search topics were presented and constructive advice is offered to the attendees. NSRRC is expected to become a world-leading research facility for performing pioneering IR-VUV experiments in the near future.

Joint Conference of TWNSS Annual Meeting & NSRRC Neutron Users' Meeting & Workshop

The 2013 Joint Conference of TWNSS Annual Meeting & NSRRC Neutron Users' Meeting & Workshop was held at National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium in Pingtung during October 10-13. The conference was jointly organized by NSRRC and Taiwan Neutron Science Society. Prominent speakers, such as Prof. Peter K. Liaw from University of Tennessee, Prof. Mu-Ping Nieh from University of Connecticut, Dr. Jason Gardner and Dr. Chia-Hung Hsu from NSRRC, delivered speeches in the conference. Dr. Gardner, the group leader of NSRRC Neutron Group, also introduced the business of the group and the current status of SIKA at ANSTO to the par-ticipants.

During the NSRRC Neutron Users’ Meeting, the list of the first Neutron User Executive Committee was re-leased. The committee members include Dr. Chun-Jung Chen and Dr. Gardner from NSRRC, Prof. Hsiung Chou from National Sun Yat-sen University, Prof. Hsi-Mei Lai, Prof. Jauyn Grace Lin and Mr. Tsung-Yu OuYang (student member) from National Taiwan University, Prof. Tsang-Lang Lin from NTHU, Prof. E-Wen Huang and Prof. Wen-Hsien Li from National Central University. In the Neutron Users’ Meeting, the members voted Prof. Lee and Prof. Lai to become the chairman and vice-chairman. In total, 180 participants attended the four-day conference.

Participants of 2013 Joint Conference of TWNSS Annual Meeting & NSRRC Neutron Users’ Meeting & Workshop.

Participants in the Workshop on IR-VUV Science.

89

FACTS & FIGURES

Scientific Colloquium by Academician Hsing-Jien Kung

Academician Hsing-Jien Kung, President of National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), was invited to NS-RRC to present a lecture on “Self-killing or Self-eating: How to Trick Cancer Cells to Die?” on August 7. Aca-demician Kung discussed the causes and treatment of cancers on understanding the mutation of cancer cells and treating them with tailor-made targeted therapy. Current treatments such as the targeted therapy or cocktail ther-apy, which is a mixture of several therapies, have been proved to be more effective in availing themselves to fight against the cancer than a traditional chemotherapy. Academician Kung then shared with NSRRC colleagues the prospective treatments on which scientists are recently working. The aim of this research is intriguing – cancer cells eat themselves by cutting a particular supply of food.

Following the lecture, Academician Kung had lunch with Director Shih-Lin Chang, Academician Chien-Te Chen, Dep-uty Director Gwo-Huei Luo and some NS-RRC scientists. During the lunch, they con-versed about the challenges that domestic research institutes have recently faced. They looked forward to further cooperation on future scientific research and experimental techniques between NHRI and NSRRC.

Scientific Colloquium by Academician Samuel Chao Chung Ting

Academician Samuel Chao Chung Ting visited NSRRC on October 11 and gave a spectacular presentation on an Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), the only experimental module for particle physics that is mounted on the International Space Station. The sophisticated AMS, developed by an international team of 600 scien-tists from 60 universities or research institutes in 16 nations, was designed to search for evidence of dark matter measuring antimatter in cosmic rays, that is, to detect the beings or phenomena in the universe that are unknown and unimaginable to men. Since AMS employed a scaled-down detector to meet the limitations of the space shuttle, the challenging design and construction of the detector was decisive for the success of the entire project. After AMS construction was complete, it was first carried by the Space Shuttle Endeavour onto the International Space Station on 2011 May 16. AMS then has begun its 20-year mission to collect data measured precisely. From then onward, it has recorded 400 billion cosmic-ray events since its installa-tion, which surpasses the sum of all data recorded in the past century.

As NSRRC is also developing inter-stellar research, it was an honor to have Academician Ting share with the col-leagues the pioneering research con-ducted in outer space. On the day of pres-entation, the speech hall was packed to capacity, and the attendees were amazed by the achievements of Academician Ting’s research.

Group photo of Academician Kung (fourth from the left), Director Shih-Lin Chang (to his right), Deputy Director Gwo-Huei Luo (to his left), and some NSRRC scientists after Academician Kung’s lecture.

Scientific colloquium from Academician Samuel Chao Chung Ting at NSRRC.

90


Workshop on X-ray Pump-Probe Science and Instrument &Training Course on Single-Crystal Laue-Diffraction Data Collection and Analysis

The Workshop on X-ray Pump-Probe Science and Instruments was held on April 2 and 3 at NSRRC. The workshop brought together five established experts and scholars to share their current knowledge of the ultrarap-id time-resolved pump-probe technique, its application and development with the participants. They discussed the current studies on the technique, ranging from inter-actions between materials, chemical reactions, and so on. As using the experimental technique of Laue dif-fraction has become a trend in ultrarapid time-resolved experiments, the participants had enthusiastic discus-sions about it. The 1.5-day workshop began on April 2 and ended at noon on April 3. Subsequent to the work-shop was the Training Course on Single-Crystal Laue-Diffraction Data Collection and Analysis in the afternoon. Dr. Zhong Ren from Argonne National Laboratory in USA presented a lecture and instructed the participants how to undertake the analysis. All participants acquired the skills of the ultrarapid time-resolved pump-probe technique that will be crucial after the TPS provides a light source with great energy and high temporal and spatial resolution.

Workshop on Neutron Beam Research

The 2013 Neutron Beam Re-search Workshop was held at NSRRC on October 19 and 20. Chaired by Dr. Jason Gardner, the group leader of the NSRRC Neutron Group, the workshop was attended by forty domestic prin-cipal investigators who have interests in neutron research. In the two-day workshop, Dr. Kirrily Rule, Dr. Anton Le Brun and Dr. Richard Mole, all of whom are experts on neutron research from ANSTO, as well as Prof. Mu-Ping Nieh from University of Connecticut in USA presented lectures on tech-niques in neutron research, such as powder diffraction, SANS, reflectometer, time of flight and triple axis, and their applications on magnetism and biomaterials. They concurrently advised the participants of some useful skills and suggestions in writing propos-als applicable to neutron research. The attendees had many discussions about neutron science and proposals with the international speakers.

Participants at the Workshop on X-ray Pump-Probe Science and Instruments.

Workshops & Training Courses

Participants of Workshop on Neutron Beam Research.

91

FACTS & FIGURES

Summer Internship

NSRRC organized the first sum-mer internship from July 1 to August 2. The summer internship was targeted at junior and senior university students with an interest in conducting research using a synchrotron light source. Because of limited space, NSRRC se-lected 25 out of 61 enrolled students to participate in this internship.

From the lectures given by NSRRC scientists in the first week, the students acquired a fundamental knowledge about accelerator science and diverse research applicable to the NSRRC beamlines. From the second to the fifth weeks, students selected a research group and joined the internship in the laboratory or at the end stations. They had frequent interactions with NSRRC scientists to discuss their experi-ments. Before the internship terminated, each student delivered an oral presentation on the research results that they had worked out during this period. The students indicated that they acquired not only the knowledge but also the empirical skills to process the data. All interns were able to perform experiments independently after the five-week internship.

Winter School on Free-Electron Lasers

The Winter School on Free-Electron Lasers 2013 was held at NSRRC from January 21 to 25. Well known domestic and international speakers made presentations on the essence of free-electron lasers in this five-day event. Fifty-eight students enrolled and participated in this winter school. Free-electron lasers (FEL), the fourth-generation light source, have been deemed to be the most significant light source of the future. FEL will play a crucial role in the development of innovative techno-logical research and will create abundant breakthrough innovation. This winter school, accordingly, aimed to assist the students in first becoming familiar with the FEL techniques and their applications in industry, medicine, physics, chemistry and materials, and then becoming in-terested in the research of FEL accelerators and related scientific research. It is hoped that young scientists might acquire knowledge of the latest accelerator techniques and develop the advanced scientific research in Taiwan.

Training Courses on X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Data Analysis

Two Training Courses on X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Data Analysis were held at NSRRC on August 19-20 and 22-23 respectively. The courses were designed for NSRRC users of X-ray absorption spectra beamlines to facilitate their use of the related software for data analysis. In the training courses, the lecturers instructed the users how to use software programs, including Athena, Atoms, Feff and Artemis, to analyze X-ray data. The principal investigators were strongly encouraged to participate personally in the training courses with their team mates. In sum, eighty-four users obtained practical operating experience under the instruction of NSRRC scientists. All participants became acquainted with procedures and some important concepts of detailed data analysis.

Winter School on Free-electron Lasers 2013.

Summer interns and NSRRC scientists.

92


Training Courses on Protein Crystallography

Two training courses on protein crystallography were held at NSRRC from August 11 to 16 and from August 26 to 30 respectively. The training courses were organized by NSRRC with the Core Facilities for Protein Structural Analysis at Academia Sinica and the Crystallography Committee of ROC. Sixteen partici-pants joined each course. While the first course was designed for domestic potential users who require this technique but lack experience in using it, the second course was restricted to newly admitted graduate/PhD students, post-doctoral and research assistants from the NSRRC user community.

The five-day training course consisted of lectures focusing on theory and the interactive sessions on directly practicing techniques of protein crystallography. In the experiment classes, the participants completed growing crystals, collecting diffraction data, and analyzing the single-crystal diffraction data using Gd-MAD and S-SAD methods. In each course, the participants not only acquired fundamental knowledge but also learned how to operate the instruments and to analyze the structure of protein crystals by themselves. They obtained the skills to operate the facilities independently and to make the best use of the laboratory facilities for their research.

Summer School on Applications of a Synchro-tron Light Source

The Summer School on Applications of a Synchrotron Light Source was jointly held by NSRRC and NTHU from July 30 to August 12. Forty-six students from universities across Taiwan participated in the two-week course. The purpose of this three-credit course was to disseminate to undergraduate students a total knowledge of synchrotron light sources and related research. The students acquired fundamental knowledge about synchrotron light sources and learned to utilize these sources to facilitate their research through this course.

Fourth Summer School on X-ray Science

The fourth Summer School on X-ray Science took place during July 8-10 at Tamkang University, Taipei. It was jointly organized by NSRRC and the Department of Physics of Tamkang University. The objective was to help the participants to acquire, within a short period, the knowledge and experimental skills to facilitate their research. Eighty-five students and researchers attended this event.

The summer school covered topics on X-ray science in a broad spectrum, ranging from X-ray absorption, X-ray emission and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering, X-ray excited optical luminescence to X-ray magnetic cir-cular dichroism and X-ray linear dichroism. Lecturers were invited from domestic and international institutions – Prof. Akio Kotani from Tokyo University in Japan, Prof. Tsun-Kong Sham from University of Western Ontario in Canada, Dr. Jinghua Guo from Advanced Light Source in USA and Dr. Hong-Ji Lin from NSRRC. They gave presentations on theories and experiments in those fields.

Students in the Summer School on Applications of a Synchrotron Light Source after the final-term exam.

Participants of the protein crystallography training courses.

APPENDIX

ACTIVITY REPORT

2013

94


01 A1 SWLS – White X-ray (PRT)■ C. C. Chien, P. Y. Tseng, H. H. Chen, T. E. Hua, S. T. Chen,

Y. Y. Chen, W. H. Leng, C. H. Wang, Y. Hwu*(胡宇光), G. C. Yin, K. S. Liang, F. R. Chen, Y. S. Chu, H. I. Yeh, Y. C. Yang, C. S. Yang, G. L. Zhang, J. H. Je, and G. Marga-ritondo, "Imaging Cells and Sub-cellular Structures with Ultrahigh Resolution Full-field X-ray Microscopy", Bio-technol. Adv. 31, 375 (2013).

■ C.-C. Chien, I. M. Kempson, C. L. Wang, H. H. Chen, Y. Hwu, N. Y. Chen, T. K. Lee, K. K.-C. Tsai*(蔡坤志), M.-S. Liu, K.-Y. Chang, C. S. Yang, and G. Margaritondo*, "Complete Microscale Profiling of Tumor Microangiogen-esis A Microradiological Methodology Reveals Fundamen-tal Aspects of Tumor Angiogenesis and Yields an Array of Quantitative Parameters for Its Characterization", Bio-technol. Adv. 31, 396 (2013).

■ S.-F. Lai, C.-C. Chien, W.-C. Chen*(陳文章), H.-H. Chen, Y.-Y. Chen, C.-L. Wang, Y. Hwu*(胡宇光), C. S. Yang, C. Y. Chen, K. S. Liang, C. Petibois, H.-R. Tan, E.-S. Tok, and G. Margaritondo, "Very Small Photoluminescent Gold Nanoparticles for Multimodality Biomedical Imaging", Biotechnol. Adv. 31, 362 (2013).

■ W. S. Lin, Z. J. Jian, H. M. Lin*(林鴻明), L. C. Lai, W. A. Chiou, Y. K. Hwu, S. H. Wu, W. C. Chen, and Y. D. Yao, "Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Nanowires", J. Chin. Chem. Soc.-Taip. 60, 85 (2013).

01B1 SWLS – X-ray Microscopy (PRT)■ W.-C. Chen, Y.-F. Song*(宋艷芳), C.-C. Wang, Y. Liu, D.

T. Morris, P. A. Pianetta, J. C. Andrews, H.-C. Wu, and N.-L. Wu*(吳乃立), "Study on the Synthesis-microstructure-performance Relationship of Layered Li-excess Nickel-manganese Oxide as a Li-ion Battery Cathode Prepared by High-temperature Calcination", J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 10847 (2013).

■ C. C. Chien, P. Y. Tseng, H. H. Chen, T. E. Hua, S. T. Chen, Y. Y. Chen, W. H. Leng, C. H. Wang, Y. Hwu*(胡宇光), G. C. Yin, K. S. Liang, F. R. Chen, Y. S. Chu, H. I. Yeh, Y. C. Yang, C. S. Yang, G. L. Zhang, J. H. Je, and G. Marga-ritondo, "Imaging Cells and Sub-cellular Structures with Ultrahigh Resolution Full-field X-ray Microscopy", Bio-

technol. Adv. 31, 375 (2013).

■ C.-W. Liao, Y.-S. Lin, K. Chanda, Y.-F. Song, and M. H. Huang*(黃暄益), "Formation of Diverse Supercrystals from Self-assembly of a Variety of Polyhedral Gold Nano-crystals", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 2684 (2013).

01C1 SWLS – EXAFS■ H. M. Chen, C. K. Chen, M. L. Tseng, P. C. Wu, C. M.

Chang, L.-C. Cheng, H. W. Huang, T. S. Chan, D.-W. Huang, R.-S. Liu*(劉如熹), and D. P. Tsai*(蔡定平), "Plasmonic ZnO/Ag Embedded Structures as Collecting Layers for Photogenerating Electrons in Solar Hydrogen Generation Photoelectrodes", Small 9, 2926 (2013).

■ I.-L. Chen, T.-Y. Chen, C.-C. Hu*(胡啟章), and C.-H. Lee, "Thermal-induced Growth of RuO2 Nanorods from a Bi-nary Ru-Ti Oxide Composite and Alteration in Supercapa-citive Characteristics", J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 2039 (2013).

■ P.-K. Chen, N.-C. Lai, C.-H. Ho, Y.-W. Hu, J.-F. Lee, and C.-M. Yang*(楊家銘), "New Synthesis of MCM-48 Nano-spheres and Facile Replication to Mesoporous Platinum Nanospheres as Highly Active Electrocatalysts for the Oxy-gen Reduction Reaction", Chem. Mater. 25, 4269 (2013).

■ Y.-C. Chen, T.-F. Hung, C.-W. Hu, C.-Y. Chiang, C.-W. Huang, H.-C. Su, R.-S. Liu*(劉如熹), C.-H. Lee, and C.-C. Chang*(張家欽), "Rutile-type (Ti,Sn)O2 Nanorods as Efficient Anode Materials Toward Its Lithium Storage Ca-pabilities", Nanoscale 5, 2254 (2013).

■ K.-Y. Chiang, T.-Y. Chen*(陳燦耀), C.-H. Lee, T.-L. Lin, M.-K. Wang*(王明光), L.-Y. Jang, J.-F. Lee, "Biogeo-chemical Reductive Release of Soil Embedded Arsenate Around a Crater Area (Guandu) in Northern Taiwan Using X-ray Absorption Near-edge Spectroscopy", J. Environ. Sci. - China 25, 626 (2013).

■ Y.-T. Chiu*(邱盈達), K.-L. Lin, A. T. Wu, W.-L. Jang, C.-L. Dong, and Y.-S. Lai, "Electrorecrystallization of Metal Alloy", J. Alloy. Compd. 549, 190 (2013).

■ T.-L. Chou, J.-M. Lee, S.-A. Chen, S.-C. Haw, E. Huang, K.-T. Lu, S.-W. Chen, M.-J. Deng, H. Ishii, N. Hiraokai, C.-M. Lin, K.-D. Tsuei, and J.-M. Chen*(陳錦明), "Pres-sure and Temperature Dependence of Local Structure and

List of PublicationsPublications Based on Experiments Performed at NSRRC Beamlines

95

APPENDIX

Electronic Structure of Orthorhombic DyMnO3", J. Phys. Soc. JPN. 82, 064708 (2013).

■ T.-L. Chou, J. Lybeck, T.-S. Chan, Y.-Y. Hsu, G. C. Tewari, E.-L. Rautama, H. Yamauchi, and M. Karppinen*, "Thermoelectric Misfit-layered Cobalt Oxides with Inter-layers of Hydroxide and Peroxide Species", J. Solid State Chem. 208, 109 (2013).

■ W.-Y. Huang, F. Yoshimura, K. Ueda, Y. Shimomura, H.-S. Sheu, T.-S. Chan, H. F. Greer, W. Zhou, S.-F. Hu, R.-S. Liu*(劉如熹), and J. P. Attfield, "Nanosegregation and Neighbor-Cation Control of Photoluminescence in Carbi-donitridosilicate Phosphors", Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 52, 8102 (2013).

■ T.-F. Hung, M.-H. Tu, C.-W. Tsai, C.-J. Chen, R.-S. Liu*(劉如熹), W.-R. Liu, and M.-Y. Lo, "Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature on Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Carbon-incorporating Iron Nitride/ Nitrogen-doped Graphene Nanosheets Catalyst", Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 38, 3956 (2013).

■ H. Husin, W.-N. Su*(蘇威年), C.-J. Pan, J.-Y. Liu, J. Rick, S.-C. Yang, W.-T. Chuang, H.-S. Sheu, and B.-J. Hwang*(黃炳照), "Pd/NiO Core/shell Nanoparticles on La0.02Na0.98TaO3 Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution from Water and Aqueous Methanol Solution", Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 38, 13529 (2013).

■ S. Kumar*, C. L. Chen, C. L. Dong, Y. K. Ho, J. F. Lee, T. S. Chan, R. Thangavel, T. K. Chen, B. H. Mok, S. M. Rao, and M. K. Wu, "Room Temperature Ferromagnetism in Ni Doped ZnS Nanoparticles", J. Alloy. Compd. 554, 357 (2013).

■ C.-W. Kuo, I. T. Lu, L.-C. Chang, Y.-C. Hsieh, Y.-C. Tseng, P.-W. Wu*(吳樸偉), and J.-F. Lee, "Surface Modi-fication of Commercial PtRu Nanoparticles for Methanol Electro-oxidation", J. Power Sources 240, 122 (2013).

■ Y.-C. Lin, G. T.-K. Fey*(費定國), P.-J. Wu, J.-K. Chang, and H.-M. Kao, "Synthesis and Electrochemical Proper-ties of xLiFePO4‧(1-x)LiVPO4F Composites Prepared by Aqueous Precipitation and Carbothermal Reduction", J. Power Sources 244, 63 (2013).

■ X. Liu, A. Wang, L. Li, T. Zhang, C.-Y. Mou*(牟中原), and J.-F. Lee, "Synthesis of Au-Ag Alloy Nanoparticles Supported on Silica Gel via Galvanic Replacement Reac-tion", Prog. Nat. Sci. 23, 317 (2013).

■ T. Luo, H. Tian, Z. Guo, G. Zhuang, and C. Jing*(景傳勇), "Fate of Arsenate Adsorbed on Nano-TiO2 in the Presence of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria", Environ. Sci. Technol. 47,

10939 (2013).

■ P. C. Su, H. S. Chen, T.-Y. Chen, C.-W. Liu, C.-H. Lee, J.-F. Lee, T.-S. Chan, and K. W. Wang*(王冠文), "Enhance-ment of Electrochemical Properties of Pd/C Catalysts Toward Ethanol Oxidation Reaction in Alkaline Solution through Ni and Au Alloying", Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 38, 4474 (2013).

■ F. Taufany, C.-J. Pan, F.-J. Lai, H.-L. Chou, L. S. Sar-ma, J. Rick, J.-M. Lin, J.-F. Lee, M.-T. Tang, and B.-J. Hwang*(黃炳照), "Relating the Composition of PtxRu100-x Nanoparticles to Their Structural Aspects and Electro-catalytic Activities in the Methanol Oxidation Reaction", Chem.-Eur. J. 19, 905 (2013).

■ Y.-J. Tu*(涂耀仁), C.-F. You*(游鎮烽), C.-K. Chang, S.-L. Wang, and T.-S. Chan, "Adsorption Behavior of As(III) onto a Copper Ferrite Generated from Printed Circuit Board Industry", Chem. Eng. J. 225, 433 (2013).

■ A. Wang, X. Y. Liu, C.-Y. Mou, and T. Zhang*(張濤), "Understanding the Synergistic Effects of Gold Bimetallic Catalysts", J. Catal. 308, 258 (2013).

■ W.-C. Wang, S.-Y. Chen, P.-A. Glans, J. Guo, R.-J. Chen, K.-W. Fong, C.-L. Chen, A. Gloter, C.-L. Chang*(張經霖), T.-S. Chan, J.-M. Chen, J.-F. Lee, and C.-L. Dong*(董崇禮), "Towards Understanding the Electronic Structure of Fe-doped CeO2 Nanoparticles with X-ray Spectroscopy", Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 14701 (2013).

■ C.-Y. Wu, Y.-T. Liu, P.-C. Huang, T.-J. M. Luo, C.-H. Lee, Y.-W. Yang, T.-C. Wen, T.-Y. Chen*(陳燦耀), and T.-L. Lin*(林滄浪), "Heterogeneous Junction Engineering on Core-shell Nanocatalysts Boosts the Dye-sensitized Solar Cell", Nanoscale 5, 9181 (2013).

■ T.-H. Yeh, C.-W. Liu, H.-S. Chen, and K.-W. Wang*(王冠文), "Preparation of Carbon-supported PtM (M = Au, Pd, or Cu) Nanorods and Their Application in Oxygen Reduc-tion Reaction", Electrochem. Commun. 31, 125 (2013).

01C2 SWLS – X-ray Powder Diffraction■ I. Baginskiy, T.-C. Lai, L.-C. Cheng, Y.-C. Chan, K.-

Y. Yang, R.-S. Liu*(劉如熹), M. Hsiao*(蕭宏昇), C.-H. Chen, S.-F. Hu, L.-J. Her, and D. P. Tsai*(蔡定平), "Chitosan-modified Stable Colloidal Gold Nanostars for the Photothermolysis of Cancer Cells", J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 2396 (2013).

■ S. J. Blamires, C.-C. Wu, C.-L. Wu, H.-S. Sheu, and I.-M. Tso*(卓逸民), "Uncovering Spider Silk Nanocrystalline

96


Variations That Facilitate Wind-induced Mechanical Prop-erty Changes", Biomacromolecules 14, 3484 (2013).

■ A.-J. Chen, I.-J. Hsu, W.-Y. Wu, Y.-T. Su, F.-Y. Tsai*(蔡福裕), and C.-Y. Mou*(牟中原), "A Fluorescent Organic Nanotube Assembled from Novel p-Phenylene Ethynylene-based Dicationic Amphiphiles", Langmuir 29, 2580 (2013).

■ C. L. Chen*(陳啟亮), C. L. Dong*(董崇禮), Y. K. Ho, C. C. Chang, D. H. Wei, T. S. Chan, J. L. Chen, W. L. Jang, C. C. Hsu, K. Kumar, and M. K. Wu, "Electronic and Atomic Structures of Gasochromic V2O5 Films", EPL-Europhys. Lett. 101, 17006 (2013).

■ C. S. Chen*(陳敬勳), Y. T. Lai, T. W. Lai, J. H. Wu, C. H. Chen, J. F. Lee, and H. M. Kao*(高憲明), "Formation of Cu Nanoparticles in SBA-15 Functionalized with Carb-oxylic Acid Groups and Their Application in the Water−Gas Shift Reaction", ACS Catalysis 3, 667 (2013).

■ M.-S. Chen, S.-H. Wu*(吳溪煌), and W. K. Pang, "Effects of Vanadium Substitution on the Cycling Performance of Olivine Cathode Materials", J. Power Sources 241, 690 (2013).

■ T.-Y. Chen*(陳燦耀), I.-L. Chen, Y.-T. Liu, T.-L. Lin, P.-W. Yang, C.-Y. Wu, C.-C. Hu, T.-J. M. Luo, and C.-H. Lee, "Core-dependent Growth of Platinum Shell Nanocrystals and Their Electrochemical Characteristics for Fuel Cells", CrystEngComm 15, 982 (2013).


■ H.-H. Chiu, M.-C. Shen, C.-C. Wang*(王志傑), G.-H. Lee, and H.-S. Sheu, "Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Thermal Stability of A One-dimensional Chain-like Coordination Polymer, [Fe(bpno)2(NCS)3]", J. Chin. Chem. Soc.-Taip. 60, 719 (2013).

■ P.-C. Chiu, R. Y.-T. Su, J.-Y. Yeh, C.-Y. Yeh, and R. C.-C. Tsiang*(蔣見超), "Synthesis and Optoelectronic Properties of Nanocomposites Comprising of Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene)-Block-Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Block Copolymer and Graphene Nanosheets", J. Nanosci. Nano-techno. 13, 3910 (2013).


■ Y.-C. Chou, C.-Y. Tai, J.-F. Lee, T.-S. Chan, and J.-M. Zen*(曾志明), "A Nanostructured AuCu3 Alloy Electrode for Highly Sensitive Detectionof Hydrazine at Low Po-tential in Neutral Medium", Electrochim. Acta 104, 104 (2013).

■ N. Chouhan, R.-S. Liu*(劉如熹), and S.-F. Hu*(胡淑芬), "Cd-ZnGeON Solid Solution: the Effect of Local Electronic Environment on the Photocatalytic Water Cleavage Abil-ity", J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 7422 (2013).

■ K.-S. Goh, H.-S. Sheu, T.-E. Hua, M.-H. Kang, and C.-W. Li*(李家維), "Uric Acid Spherulites in the Reflector Layer of Firefly Light Organ", PLoS One 8, e56406 (2013).

■ S.-C. Haw, J.-M. Lee, S.-A. Chen, K.-T. Lu, F.-C. Chou, N. Hiraoka, H. Ishii, K.-D. Tsuei, C.-H. Lee, and J.-M. Chen*(陳錦明), "Electronic Structure and Crystal Struc-ture of Multiferroic o-YMnO3 at High Temperature", J. Phys. Soc. JPN. 82, 124801 (2013).

■ Y. K. Ho, C. C. Chang, D. H. Wei, C. L. Dong, C. L. Chen*(陳啟亮), J. L. Chen, W. L. Jang, C. C. Hsu, T. S. Chan, K. Kumar, C. L. Chang, and M. K. Wu, "Charac-terization of Gasochromic Vanadium Oxides Films by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy", Thin Solid Films 544, 461 (2013).

■ W.-Y. Huang, F. Yoshimura, K. Ueda, Y. Shimomura, H.-S. Sheu, T.-S. Chan, H. F. Greer, W. Zhou, S.-F. Hu, R.-S. Liu*(劉如熹), and J. P. Attfield, "Nanosegregation and Neighbor-Cation Control of Photoluminescence in Carbi-donitridosilicate Phosphors", Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 52, 8102 (2013).

■ J.-F. Jheng, Y.-Y. Lai, J.-S. Wu, Y.-H. Chao, C.-L. Wang*(王建隆), and C.-S. Hsu*(許千樹), "Influences of the Non-covalent Interaction Strength on Reaching High Solid-state Order and Device Performance of a Low Band-gap Polymer with Axisymmetrical Structural Units", Adv. Mater. 25, 2445 (2013).

■ S.-Y. Ke, C.-C. Wang*(王志傑), G.-H. Lee, Y.-C. Chuang, and K.-L. Lu, "Highly Thermal-stable Supramolecular Assembly of a Hydrogen-bonded Mononuclear Nickel(II) Histidine Compound", J. Chin. Chem. Soc.-Taip. 60, 807 (2013).

■ A. N. Khan*, P.-D. Hong*(洪伯達), and W.-T. Chaung, "Relaxation Behavior of Poly (Trimethylene 2,6-naphthal-ate) in Nanoclay Confinement", J. Polym. Res. 20, 280 (2013).

■ Y.-H. Lai*(賴英煌), S.-W. Cheng, S.-W. Chen, J.-W. Chang, C.- J. Su, A.-C. Su, H.-S. Sheu, C.-Y. Mou, and U.-

97

APPENDIX

S. Jeng*(鄭有舜), "Interplay of Formation Kinetics for Highly Oriented and Mesostructured Silicate-surfactant Films at the Air-water Interface", RSC Adv. 3, 3270 (2013).

■ T.-J. Li, C.-C. Huang, P.-W. Ruan, K.-Y. Chuang, K.-J. Huang, D.-B. Shieh*(謝達斌), and C.-S. Yeh*(葉晨聖), "In Vivo Anti-cancer Efficacy of Magnetite Nanocrystal-based System Using Locoregional Hyperthermia Combined with 5-fluorouracil Chemotherapy", Biomaterials 34, 7873 (2013).

■ C.-C. Lin, H.-C. Wu, J.-P. Pan, C.-Y. Su, T.-H. Wang, H.-S. Sheu, and N.-L. Wu*(吳乃立), "Investigation on Sup-pressed Thermal Runaway of Li-ion Battery by Hyper-branched Polymer Coated on Cathode", Electrochim. Acta 101, 11 (2013).

■ H.-Y. Lin, C.-Y. Chin, H.-L. Huang, W.-Y. Huang, M.-J. Sie, L.-H. Huang, Y.-H. Lee, C.-H. Lin, K.-H. Lii, X. Bu, S.-L. Wang*(王素蘭), "Crystalline Inorganic Frameworks with 56-Ring, 64-Ring, and 72-Ring Channels", Science 339, 811 (2013).

■ J.-H. Lin*(林建宏), Z.-Y. Zeng, Y.-T. Lai, and C.-S. Chen, "Low-temperature Growth of Bamboo-like Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Over an Atomic Layer Epitaxy-Cu/SiO2 Catalyst via Metal-support Interaction", RSC Adv. 3, 1808 (2013).

■ W. S. Lin, Z. J. Jian, H. M. Lin*(林鴻明), L. C. Lai, W. A. Chiou, Y. K. Hwu, S. H. Wu, W. C. Chen, and Y. D. Yao, "Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Nanowires", J. Chin. Chem. Soc.-Taip. 60, 85 (2013).

■ B. Liu, H. M. Chen, C. Liu, S. C. Andrews, C. Hahn, and P. Yang*(楊培東), "Large-scale Synthesis of Transition-metal-doped TiO2 Nanowires with Controllable Overpoten-tial", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 9995 (2013).

■ Y.-T. Liu, T.-Y. Chen, W. G. Mackebee, L. Ruhl, A. Ven-gosh, and H. Hsu-Kim*, "Selenium Speciation in Coal Ash Spilled at the Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Site", Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 14001 (2013).

■ C.-F. Sheu, S.-M. Chen, G.-H. Lee, Y.-H. Liu, Y.-S. Wen, J.-J. Lee, Y.-C. Chuang, and Y. Wang*(王瑜), "Structure and Magnetism of the Iron(III) Spin-crossover Complex [FeIII{N-ethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-salicylaldiminate}2]ClO4", Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2013, 894 (2013).

■ H.-S. Sheu*(許火順) and Y.-C. Jean, "Water Improve Crystal Quality in Dragline of Cyrtophora Spider", J. Chin. Chem. Soc.-Taip. 60, 865 (2013).

■ F. Taufany, C.-J. Pan, F.-J. Lai, H.-L. Chou, L. S. Sar-ma, J. Rick, J.-M. Lin, J.-F. Lee, M.-T. Tang, and B.-J.

Hwang*(黃炳照), "Relating the Composition of PtxRu100-x Nanoparticles to Their Structural Aspects and Electro-catalytic Activities in the Methanol Oxidation Reaction", Chem.-Eur. J. 19, 905 (2013).

■ C.-C. Tsai, W.-T. Chuang*(莊偉綜), Y.-F. Tsai*(蔡祐輔), J.-T. Li, Y.-F. Wu, and C.-C. Liao, "Intra- and Intermolecu-lar Hydrogen Bonds Enhance the Fluoride-responsiveness of Functionalized Glycolipid-based Gelators", J. Mater. Chem. B 1, 819 (2013).

■ S.-S. Wang, W.-T. Chen, Y. Li, J. Wang, H.-S. Sheu, and R.-S. Liu*(劉如熹), "Neighboring-cation Substitution Tuning of Photoluminescence by Remote-controlled Activa-tor in Phosphor Lattice", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 12504 (2013).

■ L. C. Wen, C. Y. Hsieh, Y. I. Tsai, H. K. Lin, S. C. Chang, H.-C. I. Kao*(高惠春), H. S. Sheu, M. C. Lee, and Y. S. Lee, "Electrical Properties of Sm-doped Ceria (SDC) and SDC Carbonate Composite", J. Chin. Chem. Soc.-Taip. 60, 1359 (2013).

■ Y.-H. Wu*(吳宇瀚), K.-C. Hsu, and C.-H. Lee*(李志浩), "Study of Relationships among Synthesis, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Lithium Aluminosilicate Glass-ceramics Containing ZnO and MgF2 by synchrotron XRD and XANES", J. Mater. Sci. 48, 4427 (2013).

■ C.-H. Yang, T.-T. Chen, W.-T. Tsai*(蔡文達), and B. H. Liu, "In Situ Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Study on the Improved Dehydrogenation Performance of NaAlH4-Mg(AlH4)2 Mixture", J. Alloy. Compd. 577, 6 (2013).

■ W. Zheng*(鄭偉), Z. C. Feng*(馮哲川), R. S. Zheng*(鄭瑞生), H. H. Lin, X. Q. Wang, T. S. Chan, L. Y. Jang, and C. W. Liu, "Study of High Indium InxGa1-xN Alloys with Syn-chrotron Radiation", Telkomnika 11, 906 (2013).

03A1 BM – (HF-CGM) Gas Phase/Photo-luminescence■ L. Li, L. H. Li*, Y. Chen*, X. J. Dai, P. R. Lamb, B.-M.

Cheng, M.-Y. Lin, and X. Liu, "High-quality Boron Nitride Nanoribbons: Unzipping during Nanotube Synthesis", An-gew. Chem. Int. Edit. 52, 4212 (2013).

■ H.-C. Lu*(盧曉琪), Y.-C. Peng, M.-Y. Lin, S.-L. Chou, J.-I. Lo, and B.-M. Cheng*(鄭炳銘), "Photoluminescence of a CVD Diamond Excited with VUV Light from a Synchro-tron", Opt. Photon. J. 3, 25 (2013).

■ B. Sivaraman*, B. G. Nair, J.-I. Lo, S. Kundu, D. Davis, V. Prabhudesai, B. N. R. Sekhar, N. J. Mason, B.-M. Cheng, and E. Krishnakumar, "Vacuum Ultraviolet and Infrared

98


Spectra of Condensed Methyl Acetate on Cold Astrochem-ical Dust Analogs", Astrophys. J. 778, 157 (2013).

■ Y.-J. Wu*(吳宇中), H.-F. Chen, S.-J. Chuang, and T.-P. Huang, "Ultraviolet and Infrared Spectra of Electron-bombarded Solid Nitrogen and Methane Diluted in Solid Nitrogen", Astrophys. J. 768, 83 (2013).

■ Y.-J. Wu*(吳宇中), H. F. Chen, S.-J. Chuang, and T.-P. Huang, "Far Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra of N3 and N2

+ Generated by Electrons Impacting Gaseous N2", Astrophys. J. 779, 40 (2013).

04B1 BM – (Seya) SRCD■ Y.-R. Chen, H.-B. Huang, C.-J. Lo, C.-C. Wang, L.-K.

Ho, H.-T. Liu, M.-S. Shiao, T.-H. Lin*(林達顯), and Y.-C. Chen*(陳怡成), "Effect of Alanine Replacement of L17 and F19 on the Aggregation and Neurotoxicity of Arctic-type Aβ40", PLoS One 8, e61874 (2013).

■ J. I. Lo, C. C. Chu*(朱慶琪), H. S. Fung, Y. Y. Lee, and T. S. Yih, "Ionization Spectrum of Mg Near the Ionization Limit Influenced by an External Electric Field", Chinese J. Phys. 51, 56 (2013).

05B2 EPU – PEEM■ Y.-J. Hsu*(許瑤真), Y.-L. Lai, C.-H. Chen, Y.-C. Lin, H.-

Y. Chien, J.-H. Wang*(王禎翰), T.-N. Lam, Y.-L. Chan, D. H. Wei, H.-J. Lin, and C.-T. Chen, "Enhanced Magnetic Anisotropy via Quasi-molecular Magnet at Organic-ferro-magnetic Contact", J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4, 310 (2013).

■ Y.-T. Shih, C.-W. Tsai, C.-Y. Su, W. Pan*(潘瑋), D.-H. Wei, Y.-L. Chan, and H.-C. Chang, "Spin Alignment of Surface Oxidized CoxNi1–x/Cu(001)", J. Appl. Phys. 113, 17B518 (2013).

■ B.-Y. Wang, J.-Y. Hong, K.-H. O. Yang, Y.-L. Chan, D.-H. Wei, H.-J. Lin, and M.-T. Lin*(林敏聰), "How Antiferro-magnetism Drives the Magnetization of a Ferromagnetic Thin Film to Align Out of Plane", Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 117203 (2013).

07A1 IASW – X-ray Scattering■ T.-Y. Chen*(陳燦耀), I.-L. Chen, Y.-T. Liu, T.-L. Lin, P.-

W. Yang, C.-Y. Wu, C.-C. Hu, T.-J. M. Luo, and C.-H. Lee, "Core-dependent Growth of Platinum Shell Nanocrystals and Their Electrochemical Characteristics for Fuel Cells", CrystEngComm 15, 982 (2013).

■ M.-J. Deng*(鄧名傑), P.-J. Ho, C.-Z. Song, S.-A. Chen, J.-F. Lee, J.-M. Chen*(陳錦明), and K.-T. Lu*(盧桂子),

"Fabrication of Mn/Mn Oxide Core-Shell Electrodes with Three-dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Structures for High-capacitance Supercapacitors", Energ. Environ. Sci. 6, 2178 (2013).

■ H.-C. Su, M.-J. Huang, H.-J. Lin*(林宏基), C.-H. Lee, C.-T. Chen, C.-H. Liu, H.-F. Hsu, K.-W. Lin, and J. V. Lierop, "Connection between Orbital Moment Enhancement and Exchange Bias in a [Ni80Fe20/Mn]3 Multilayer", Phys. Rev. B 87, 014402 (2013).

■ B. Y. Wang, H. T. Wang, S. B. Singh, Y. C. Shao, Y. F. Wang, C. H. Chuang, P. H. Yeh, J. W. Chiou, C. W. Pao, H. M. Tsai, H. J. Lin, J. F. Lee, C. Y. Tsai, W. F. Hsieh, M.-H. Tsai, and W. F. Pong*(彭維鋒), "Effect of Geometry on the Magnetic Properties of CoFe2O4-PbTiO3 Multiferroic Composites", RSC Adv. 3, 7884 (2013).

■ Y. Zhou, N. J. Lawrence, L. Wang, L. Kong, T.-S. Wu, J. Liu, Y. Gao, J. R. Brewer, V. K. Lawrence, R. F. Sabiria-nov, Y.-L. Soo, X. C. Zeng, P. A. Dowben, W. N. Mei, and C. L. Cheung*(張千里), "Resonant Photoemission Observa-tions and DFT Study of s-d Hybridization in Catalytically Active Gold Clusters on Ceria Nanorods", Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 52, 6936 (2013).

08A1 BM – (L-SGM) XPS, UPS■ P. Balasubramanian*, H. S. Nair, H. M. Tsai, S. Bhattachar-

jee, M. T. Liu, R. Yadav, J. W. Chiou, H. J. Lin, T. W. Pi, M. H. Tsai, S. Elizabeth, C. W. Pao, B. Y. Wang, C. H. Chuang, and W. F. Pong, "Valence Band Electronic Struc-ture of Nd1-xYxMnO3 Using X-ray Absorption, Photoemis-sion and GGA+U Calculations", J. Electron Spectrosc. 189, 51 (2013).

■ Y.-T. Chang, J.-K. Chang, Y.-T. Lee, P.-S. Wang, J.-L. Wu, C.-C. Hsu, I.-W. Wu, W.-H. Tseng, T.-W. Pi, C.-T. Chen*(陳錦地), and C.-I. Wu*(吳志毅), "High-efficiency Small-molecule-based Organic Light Emitting Devices with Solution Processes and Oxadiazole-based Electron Trans-port Materials", ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 10614 (2013).

■ C.-P. Cheng*(鄭秋平), T. L. Li*(李宗隆), C.-H. Kuo, and T.-W. Pi, "Electronic Structures of Pristine and Potassium-doped Rubrene Thin Films", Org. Electron. 14, 942 (2013).

■ C.-P. Cheng*(鄭秋平), C.-W. Lee, Y.-Y. Chu, C.-H. Wei, and T.-W. Pi, "The Effect of Magnesium Added at C60/Rubrene Heterointerfaces", J. Appl. Phys. 114, 243704 (2013).

■ R.-L. Chu, W.-J. Hsueh, T.-H. Chiang, W.-C. Lee, H.-Y. Lin, T.-D. Lin, G. J. Brown, J.-I. Chyi, T.-S. Huang, T.-W.

99

APPENDIX

Pi*(皮敦文), J. R. Kwo*(郭瑞年), and M. Hong*(洪銘輝), "Surface Passivation of GaSb(100) Using Molecular Beam Epitaxy of Y2O3 and Atomic Layer Deposition of Al2O3: A Comparative Study", Appl. Phys. Express 6, 121201 (2013).

■ M.-K. Lin, Y. Nakayama, C.-H. Chen, C.-Y. Wang, H.-T. Jeng, T.-W. Pi, H. Ishii, and S.-J. Tang*(唐述中), "Tuning Gap States at Organic-metal Interfaces via Quantum Size Effects", Nat. Commun. 4, 2925 (2013).

■ T. W. Pi*(皮敦文), H. Y. Lin, T. H. Chiang, Y. T. Liu, G. K. Wertheim, J. Kwo*(郭瑞年), and M. Hong*(洪銘輝), "Interfacial Electronic Structure of Trimethyl-aluminum and Water on an In0.20Ga0.80As(001)-4×2 Surface: a High-resolution Core-level Photoemission Study", J. Appl. Phys. 113, 203703 (2013).

■ T. W. Pi*(皮敦文), H. Y. Lin, T. H. Chiang, Y. T. Liu, Y. C. Chang, T. D. Lin, G. K. Wertheime*, J. Kwo*(郭瑞年), M. Hong*(洪銘輝), "Surface Atoms Core-level Shifts in Single Crystal GaAs Surfaces: Interactions with Trimethylalum-inum and Water Prepared by Atomic Layer Deposition", Appl. Surf. Sci. 284, 601 (2013).

■ T.-W. Pi*(皮敦文), H.-Y. Lin, Y.-T. Liu, T.-D. Lin, G. K. Wertheim*, J. N. Kwo*(郭瑞年), and M. H. Hong*(洪銘輝), "Atom-to-atom Interactions for Atomic Layer Depos-ition of Trimethylaluminum on Ga-rich GaAs(001)-4x6 and As-rich GaAs(001)-2x4 Surfaces: a Synchrotron Radiation Photoemission Study", Nanoscale Res. Lett. 8, 169 (2013).

■ F. Strigari*, T. Willers, Y. Muro, K. Yutani, T. Takabatake, Z. Hu, S. Agrestini, C.-Y. Kuo, Y.-Y. Chin, H.-J. Lin, T. W. Pi, C. T. Chen, E. Weschke, E. Schierle, A. Tanaka, M. W. Haverkort, L. H. Tjeng, and A. Severing, "Crystal Field Ground State of the Orthorhombic Kondo Semiconductors CeOs2Al10 and CeFe2Al10", Phys. Rev. B 87, 125119 (2013).

■ B.-Y. Tsui*(崔秉鉞), T.-T. Su, B.-Y. Shew, and Y.-T. Huang, "Effect of Surface Preparation on the Radiation Hardness of High-dielectric Constant Gate Dielectric", Solid State Electron. 81, 119 (2013).

■ S.-H. Zhao, J.-K. Chang, J.-J. Fang, H.-W. Tsai, I.-H. Liu, W.-H. Tseng, T.-W. Pi, and M.-H. Chen*(陳美杏), "Effi-ciency Enhancement Caused by Using LiF to Change Elec-tronic Structures in Polymer Photovoltaics", Thin Solid Films 545, 361 (2013).

08B1 BM – AGM■ Y.-J. Chen, A. Ciaravella*, G. M. Munoz Caro, C. Cecchi-

Pestellini, A. Jimenez-Escobar, K.-J. Juang, and T.-S. Yih, "Soft X-ray Irradiation of Methanol Ice: Formation of

Products as a Function of Photon Energy", Astrophys. J. 778, 162 (2013).

■ C. W. Chong, M. J. Huang, H. C. Han, Y. K. Lin, J. M. Chiu, Y. F. Huang, H. J. Lin, T. W. Pi, J. G. Lin*(林昭吟), L. C. Chen*(林麗瓊), K. H. Chen, and Y. F. Chen, "Re-sistance Memory Device of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 on Si Nanotips Template", Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 211606 (2013).

■ M.-J. Huang*(黃孟傑), G. Deng, Y. Y. Chin*(秦伊瑩), Z. Hu, J.-G. Cheng, F. C. Chou, K. Conder, J.-S. Zhou, T.-W. Pi, J. B. Goodenough, H.-J. Lin*(林宏基), and C. T. Chen, "Determination of Hole Distribution in Sr14-xCaxCu24O41

Using Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy at the Cu L3 Edge", Phys. Rev. B 88, 014520 (2013).

09A1 U50 – SPEM■ T.-P. Chen, K.-H. Lee, S.-P. Chang*(張勝博), S.-J. Chang,

and P.-C. Chang, "Effect of Surface Modification by Self-as-sembled Monolayer on the ZnO Film Ultraviolet Sensor", Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 022101 (2013).

■ C.-E. Cheng, C.-Y. Lin, H.-Y. Chang, C.-H. Huang, H.-Y. Lin, C.-H. Chen, C.-C. Hsu, C.-S. Chang, and F. S.-S. Chien*(簡世森), "Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering of Graphene with Photo-assisted-synthesized Gold Nanopar-ticles", Opt. Express 21, 6547 (2013).

■ K.-H. Lee, S.-P. Chang*(張勝博), K.-W. Liu, P.-C. Chang, S.-J. Chang, T.-P. Chen, H.-W. Shiu, L.-Y. Chang, and C.-H. Chen, "Epitaxial Growth of InN Nanorods on Nitridated Chromium Nanoislands under the In-rich Regime", Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 8, 3212 (2013).

■ J.-H. Lin, H.-C. Chiu, Y.-R. Lin, T.-K. Wen, R. A. Patil, R. S. Devan, C.-H. Chen, H.-W. Shiu, Y. Liou, and Y.-R. Ma*(馬遠榮), "Electrical and Chemical Characteristics of Probe-induced Two-dimensional SiOx Protrusion Layers", Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 031603 (2013).

■ H.-C. Lu*(盧曉琪), M.-Y. Lin, S.-L. Chou, Y.-C. Peng, J.-I. Lo, H. W. Shiu, C.-H. Chen, and B.-M. Cheng*(鄭炳銘), "Linear and Folded Films of a Zwitterionic Polysquar-aine", RSC Adv. 3, 21294 (2013).

■ H. W. Shiu, L. Y. Chang, K.-H. Lee, H.-Y. Chen, S. Gwo, and C.-H. Chen*(陳家浩), "Graphene as Tunable Trans-parent Electrode Material on GaN: Layer-number-depend-ent Optical and Electrical Properties", Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 081604 (2013).

■ H. W. Shiu, L. Y. Chang, J. L. Lou, C. P. Wu, and C.-H. Chen*(陳家浩), "Does Scandium Resemble Transition or Rare Earth Metals When It Is Grown on Silicon Surfaces?",

100


J. Appl. Phys. 113, 043701 (2013).

■ C.-C. Weng, J.-C. Hsueh, J.-D. Liao*(廖峻德), C.-H. Chen, and M. Yoshimura, "Rapid Micro-scale Patterning of Alkanethiolate Self-assembled Monolayers on Au Surface by Atmospheric Micro-plasma Stamp", Plasma Process. Polym. 10, 345 (2013).

09A2 U50 – Spectroscopy■ C.-S. Chao, Y.-D. Li, B.-W. Hsu, W.-R. Lin, H.-C. Hsu,

T.-C. Hung, C.-C. Wang, and M.-F. Luo*(羅夢凡), "Two-channel Decomposition of Methanol on Pt Nanoclusters Supported on a Thin Film of Al2O3/NiAl(100)", J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 5667 (2013).

■ Y.-J. Hsu*(許瑤真), Y.-L. Lai, C.-H. Chen, Y.-C. Lin, H.-Y. Chien, J.-H. Wang*(王禎翰), T.-N. Lam, Y.-L. Chan, D. H. Wei, H.-J. Lin, and C.-T. Chen, "Enhanced Magnetic Anisotropy via Quasi-molecular Magnet at Organic-ferro-magnetic Contact", J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4, 310 (2013).

■ K.-T. Lu*(盧桂子), J.-M. Chen*(陳錦明), J.-M. Lee, and S.-C. Haw, "Enhanced Production of Anionic and Excited Neutral Fragments of Gaseous HCCl3 Near the Cl 2p1/2,3/2 Ionization Threshold", RSC Adv. 3, 8836 (2013).

■ S. H. Su, H.-H. Chen, T.-H. Lee, Y.-J. Hsu, and J. C. A. Huang*(黃榮俊), "Thermally Activated Interaction of Co Growth with ZnO(101̅0) Surface", J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 17540 (2013).

■ K. W. Tsai, S. H. Hsieh, T. F. Guo, Y. J. Hsu, and T. C. Wen*(溫添進), "Enhancing the Hole Injection Ability of Indium Tin Oxide via Ammonium Salts in Polymer Light-emitting Diodes", J. Mater. Chem. C 1, 531 (2013).

11A1 BM – (Dragon) MCD, XAS (PRT) ■ P. Balasubramanian*, H. S. Nair, H. M. Tsai, S. Bhattachar-

jee, M. T. Liu, R. Yadav, J. W. Chiou, H. J. Lin, T. W. Pi, M. H. Tsai, S. Elizabeth, C. W. Pao, B. Y. Wang, C. H. Chuang, and W. F. Pong, "Valence Band Electronic Struc-ture of Nd1-xYxMnO3 Using X-ray Absorption, Photoemis-sion and GGA+U Calculations", J. Electron Spectrosc. 189, 51 (2013).

■ C.-P. Chang, J. G. Lin, H. T. Jeng, S.-L. Cheng, W. F. Pong, Y. C. Shao, Y. Y. Chin, H.-J. Lin, C. W. Chen, J.-R. Yang, C. H. Chen, and M.-W. Chu*(朱明文), "Atomic-scale Ob-servation of a Graded Polar Discontinuity and a Localized Two-dimensional Electron Density at an Insulating Oxide Interface", Phys. Rev. B 87, 075129 (2013).

■ S. W. Chen, M. J. Huang, P. A. Lin, H. T. Jeng, J. M. Lee,

S. C. Haw, S. A. Chen, H. J. Lin, K. T. Lu, D. P. Chen, S. X. Dou, X. L. Wang*(王曉臨), and J. M. Chen*(陳錦明), "Orbital Structure of FeTiO3 Ilmenite Investigated with Polarization-dependent X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Band Structure Calculations", Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 042107 (2013).

■ Y.-J. Chen, Y.-H. Hsieh, S.-C. Liao, Z. Hu, M.-J. Huang, W.-C. Kuo, Y.-Y. Chin, T.-M. Uen, J.-Y. Juang, C.-H. Lai, H.-J. Lin*(林宏基), C.-T. Chen, and Y.-H. Chu*(朱英豪), "Strong Magnetic Enhancement in Self-assembled Multi-ferroic-ferrimagnetic Nanostructures", Nanoscale 5, 4449 (2013).

■ D.-Y. Cho, S. Tappertzhofen, R. Waser, and I. Valov*, "Bond Nature of Active Metal Ions in SiO2-based Electro-chemical Metallization Memory Cells", Nanoscale 5, 1781 (2013).

■ F. Guillou*, Q. Zhang, Z. Hu, C. Y. Kuo, Y. Y. Chin, H. J. Lin, C. T. Chen, A. Tanaka, L. H. Tjeng, and V. Hardy, "Coupled Valence and Spin State Transition in (Pr0.7Sm0.3)0.7Ca0.3CoO3", Phys. Rev. B 87, 115114 (2013).

■ J.-L. Guo, Y.-D. Chiou, W.-I. Liang, H.-J. Liu, Y.-J. Chen, W.-C. Kuo, C.-Y. Tsai, K.-A. Tsai, H.-H. Kuo, W.-F. Hsieh, J.-Y. Juang, Y.-J. Hsu, H.-J. Lin, C.-T. Chen, X.-P. Liao, B. Shi, and Y.-H. Chu*(朱英豪), "Complex Oxide-noble Metal Conjugated Nanoparticles", Adv. Mater. 25, 2040 (2013).

■ T. Harano*, G.Shibata, K. Yoshimatsu, K. Ishigami, V. K. Verma, Y. Takahashi, T. Kadono, T. Yoshida, A. Fujimori, T. Koide, F.-H. Chang, H.-J. Lin, D.-J. Huang, C.-T. Chen, P.-H. Xiang, H. Yamada, and A. Sawa, "Phase Diagram of Ca1-xCexMnO3 Thin Films Studied by X-ray Magnetic Cir-cular Dichroism", Solid State Commun. 174, 30 (2013).

■ N. Hollmann, Z. Hu, A. Maignan, A. Gunmther, L. Y. Jang, A. Tanaka, H. J. Lin, C. T. Chen, P. Thalmeier, and L. H. Tjeng*, "Correlation Effects in CaCu3Ru4O12", Phys. Rev. B 87, 155122 (2013).

■ Y.-H. Hsieh, H.-H. Kuo, S.-C. Liao, H.-J. Liu, Y.-J. Chen, H.-J. Lin, C.-T. Chen, C.-H. Lai, Q. Zhan, Y.-L. Chueh, and Y.-H. Chu*(朱英豪), "Tuning the Formation and Function-alities of Ultrafine CoFe2O4 Nanocrystals via Interfacial Coherent Strain", Nanoscale 5, 6219 (2013).

■ Y.-J. Hsu*(許瑤真), Y.-L. Lai, C.-H. Chen, Y.-C. Lin, H.-Y. Chien, J.-H. Wang*(王禎翰), T.-N. Lam, Y.-L. Chan, D. H. Wei, H.-J. Lin, and C.-T. Chen, "Enhanced Magnetic Anisotropy via Quasi-molecular Magnet at Organic-ferro-magnetic Contact", J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4, 310 (2013).

101

APPENDIX

■ M.-J. Huang*(黃孟傑), G. Deng, Y. Y. Chin*(秦伊瑩), Z. Hu, J.-G. Cheng, F. C. Chou, K. Conder, J.-S. Zhou, T.-W. Pi, J. B. Goodenough, H.-J. Lin*(林宏基), and C. T. Chen, "Determination of Hole Distribution in Sr14-xCaxCu24O41 Using Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy at the Cu L3 Edge", Phys. Rev. B 88, 014520 (2013).

■ J.-W. Liao, K.-F. Huang, L.-W. Wang, W.-C. Tsai, W.-C. Wen, C.-C. Chiang, H.-J. Lin, F.-H. Chang, and C.-H. Lai*(賴志煌), "Highly (001)-oriented Thin Continuous L10 FePt Film by Introducing an FeOx Cap Layer", Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 062420 (2013).

■ C.-R. Lin*(林啟瑞), W.-H. Liao, D.-H. Wei*(魏大華), Y.-R. Shen, C.-L. Chen, C.-L. Dong, and W.-C. Fang, "Fab-rication of Highly Transparent Ultrananocrystalline Dia-mond Films from Focused Microwave Plasma Jets", Surf. Coat. Tech. 231, 594 (2013).

■ H.-J. Liu, V.-T. Tra, Y.-J. Chen, R. Huang, C.-G. Duan, Y.-H. Hsieh, H.-J. Lin, J.-Y. Lin, C.-T. Chen, Y. Ikuhara, and Y.-H. Chu*(朱英豪), "Large Magnetoresistance in Magnetically Coupled SrRuO3-CoFe2O4 Self-assembled Nanostructures", Adv. Mater. 25, 4753 (2013).

■ S. H. Nie, Y. Y. Chin, W. Q. Liu, J. C. Tung, J. Lu, H. J. Lin, G. Y. Guo*(郭光宇), K. K. Meng, L. Chen, L. J. Zhu, D. Pan, C. T. Chen, Y. B. Xu, W. S. Yan, and J. H. Zhao*(趙建華), "Ferromagnetic Interfacial Interaction and the Proximity Effect in a Co2FeAl/(Ga, Mn) Bilayer", Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 027203 (2013).

■ F. Strigari*, T. Willers, Y. Muro, K. Yutani, T. Takabatake, Z. Hu, S. Agrestini, C.-Y. Kuo, Y.-Y. Chin, H.-J. Lin, T. W. Pi, C. T. Chen, E. Weschke, E. Schierle, A. Tanaka, M. W. Haverkort, L. H. Tjeng, and A. Severing, "Crystal Field Ground State of the Orthorhombic Kondo Semiconductors CeOs2Al10 and CeFe2Al10", Phys. Rev. B 87, 125119 (2013).

■ H.-C. Su, M.-J. Huang, H.-J. Lin(林宏基)*, C.-H. Lee, C.-T. Chen, C.-H. Liu, H.-F. Hsu, K.-W. Lin, and J. V. Lierop, "Connection between Orbital Moment Enhancement and Exchange Bias in a [Ni80Fe20/Mn]3 Multilayer", Phys. Rev. B 87, 014402 (2013).

■ C.-L. Sun*(孫嘉良), C.-W. Pao*(包志文), H.-M. Tsai, J.-W. Chiou, S. C. Ray*, H.-W. Wang, M. Hayashi, L.-C. Chen, H.-J. Lin, J.-F. Lee, L. Chang, M.-H. Tsai, K.-H. Chen, and W.-F. Pong*(彭維鋒), "Atomistic Nucleation sites of Pt Nanoparticles on N-doped Carbon Nanotubes", Nanoscale 5, 6812 (2013).

■ B. Y. Wang, H. T. Wang, S. B. Singh, Y. C. Shao, Y. F. Wang, C. H. Chuang, P. H. Yeh, J. W. Chiou, C. W. Pao, H. M. Tsai, H. J. Lin, J. F. Lee, C. Y. Tsai, W. F. Hsieh, M.-

H. Tsai, and W. F. Pong*(彭維鋒), "Effect of Geometry on the Magnetic Properties of CoFe2O4-PbTiO3 Multiferroic Composites", RSC Adv. 3, 7884 (2013).

■ B.-Y. Wang, J.-Y. Hong, K.-H. O. Yang, Y.-L. Chan, D.-H. Wei, H.-J. Lin, and M.-T. Lin*(林敏聰), "How Antiferro-magnetism Drives the Magnetization of a Ferromagnetic Thin Film to Align Out of Plane", Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 117203 (2013).

■ C.-Y. Yang, Y.-C. Tseng*(曾院介), and H.-J. Lin, "Ele-ment-specific Study of the Coupled Magneto-structural and Magneto-electronic Properties of CoNi Nanoarrays", J. Nanopart. Res. 15, 1542 (2013).

■ C.-Y. Yang, L.-W. Wang, P.-A. Chen, H.-J. Lin, C.-H. Lai, and Y.-C. Tseng*(曾院介), "Sharp Variation in Coercivity and Magnetic Interactions in Patterned CoxNi1-x Nano-arrays", J. Appl. Phys. 114, 063902 (2013).

13A1 SW60 – X-ray Scattering■ H.-P. Fang, Y.-H. Wu, and H.-C. Lin*(林宏洲), "Synthesis

and Study of Novel Supramolecular Nanocomposites Con-taining Aryl-imidazo-phenanthroline-based Metallo-poly-mers (H-donors) and Surface-modified ZnO Nanoparticles (H-acceptors)", Tetrahedron 69, 293 (2013).

■ M.-T. Lee*(李明道), T.-L. Sun, W.-C. Hung*(洪偉清), and H. W. Huang*(黃惠文), "Process of Inducing Pores in Membranes by Melittin", P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 14243 (2013).

■ J.-F. Lin, W.-C. Yen, C.-Y. Chang, Y.-F. Chen*(陳永芳), and W.-F. Su*(林唯芳), "Enhancing Organic-inorganic Hybrid Solar Cell Efficiency Using Rod-coil Diblock Poly-mer Additive", J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 665 (2013).

■ C.-J. Su, S.-S. Wu, U.-S. Jeng*(鄭有舜), M.-T. Lee*(李明道), A.-C. Su, K.-F. Liao, W.-Y. Lin, Y.-S. Huang(, and C.-Y. Chen, "Peptide-induced Bilayer Thinning Structure of Unilamellar Vesicles and the Related Binding Behavior as Revealed by X-ray Scattering", BBA-Biomembranes 1828, 528 (2013).

■ Y.-F. Su, Y.-L. Cheng, and Y.-H. Shih*(施養信), "Removal of Trichloroethylene by Zerovalent Iron/Activated Carbon Derived from Agricultural Wastes", J. Environ. Manage. 129, 361 (2013).

■ C.-H. Wu, C.-Y. Chin, T.-Y. Chen, S.-N. Hsieh, C.-H. Lee, T.-F. Guo, A. K.-Y. Jen, and T.-C. Wen*(溫添進), "Enhanced Performance of Polymer Solar Cells Using Solution-processed Tetra-n-alkyl Ammonium Bromides as Electron Extraction Layers", J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 2582 (2013).

102


■ M.-C. Wu*(吳明忠), H.-C. Liao, Y.-C. Cho, Geza Toth, Y.-F. Chen, W.-F. Su, and K. Kordas, "Photo-Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy for Photocatalytic Performance Charac-terization of Single Filament of TiO2 Nanofiber Photocata-lysts", J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 5715 (2013).

13B1 SW60 – Protein Crystallography■ R. Alag, A. M. Balakrishna, S. Rajan, I. Qureshi*, J. Shin,

J. Lescar, G.. Grüber, and H. S. Yoon, "Structural Insights into Substrate Binding by PvFKBP35, a Peptidylprolyl cis-trans Isomerase from the Human Malarial Parasite Plas-modium vivax", Eukaryot. Cell 12, 627 (2013).

■ S.-Q. An, K.-H. Chin, M. Febrer, Y. McCarthy, J.-G. Yang, C.-L. Liu, D. Swarbreck, J. Rogers, J. M. Dow, S.-H. Chou*(周三和), and R. P. Ryan*, "A Cyclic GMP-depend-ent Signalling Pathway Regulates Bacterial Phytopatho-genesis", EMBO J. 32, 2430 (2013).

■ S. Basak, J. Lim, M. S. S. Manimekalai, A. M. Balak-rishna, and G. Grüber*, "Crystal and NMR Structures Give Insights into the Role and Dynamics of Subunit F of the Eukaryotic V-ATPase from Saccharomyces Cerevisiae", J. Biol. Chem. 288, 11930 (2013).

■ T.-H. Chang, S.-J. Chang, F.-L. Hsieh, T.-P. Ko, C.-T. Lin, M.-R. Ho, I. Wang, S.-T. D. Hsu, R.-T. Guo, W. Chang*(張雯), and A. H. J. Wang*(王惠鈞), "Crystal Structure of Vaccinia Viral A27 Protein Reveals a Novel Structure Critical for Its Function and Complex Formation with A26 Protein", PLoS Pathog. 9, e1003563 (2013).

■ Y.-M. Chang, C. K.-M. Chen, T.-P. Ko, M. W. Chang-Chien, and A. H.-J. Wang*(王惠鈞), "Structural Analysis of the Antibiotic-recognition Mechanism of MarR Pro-teins", Acta Crystallogr. D 69, 1138 (2013).

■ Y.-Y. Chang, C.-H. Hung, T.-S. Hwang, and C.-H. Hsu*(徐駿森), "Cloning, Overexpression, Purification and Crystal-lization of Malate Dehydrogenase from Thermus Therm-ophilus", Acta Crystallogr. F 69, 1249 (2013).

■ I.-J. Chen, J.-M. P. Yuann, Y.-M. Chang, S.-Y. Lin, J. Zhao, S. Perlman, Y.-Y. Shen, T.-H. Huang, and M.-H. Hou*(侯明宏), "Crystal Structure-based Exploration of the Import-ant Role of Arg106 in the RNA-binding Domain of Human Coronavirus OC43 Nucleocapsid Protein", BBA-Proteins Proteomics 1834, 1054 (2013).

■ S.-C. Chen, C.-H. Huang, Y.-R. Chen, C. S. Yang, C.-T. Lin, and Y. Chen*(陳曄), "Crystallization and Preliminary X-ray Diffraction Analysis of the DNA-binding Domain of the Response Regulator SaeR from Staphylococcus Epi-dermidis", Acta Crystallogr. F 69, 689 (2013).

■ S.-C. Chen, C.-Y. Shen, T.-M. Yen, H.-C. Yu, T.-H. Chang, W.-L. Lai*(賴雯玲), and S.-H. Liaw*(廖淑惠), "Evolution of Vitamin B2 Biosynthesis: Eubacterial RibG and Fungal Rib2 Deaminases", Acta Crystallogr. D 69, 227 (2013).

■ Y.-D. Chen, Y.-Y. Chang, S.-H. Wu, and C.-H. Hsu*(徐駿森), "Crystallization and Preliminary X-ray Diffraction Analysis of the α Subdomain of Lon Protease from Breviba-cillus Thermoruber", Acta Crystallogr. F 69, 899 (2013).

■ Y.-W. Cheung, J. Kwok, A. W. L. Law, R. M. Watt, M. Ko-taka*, and J. A. Tanner*, "Structural Basis for Discrimina-tory Recognition of Plasmodium Lactate Dehydrogenase by a DNA Aptamer", P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 15967 (2013).

■ K.-H. Chin, Z.-L. Tu, Y.-C. Su, Y.-J. Yu, H.-C. Chen, Y.-C. Lo, C.-P. Chen, G. N. Barber, M. L.-C. Chuah, Z.-X. Li-ang, and S.-H. Chou*(周三和), "Novel c-di-GMP Recogni-tion Modes of the Mouse Innate Immune Adaptor Protein STING", Acta Crystallogr. D 69, 352 (2013).

■ T.-L. Chou, T.-P. Ko, C.-Y. Ko, T.-Y. Lin, R.-T. Guo, T.-F. Yu, H.-C. Chan, J.-F. Shaw*(蕭介夫), and, A. H.-J.Wang*(王惠鈞), "Mechanistic Insights to Catalysis by a Zinc-dependent Bi-functional Nuclease from Arabidopsis Thaliana", Biocatal. Agric. Biotech. 2, 191 (2013).

■ P. Chuankhayan, T.-T. Kao, C.-C. Lin, H.-H. Guan, A. Nakagawa, T.-F. Fu*(傅子芳), and C.-J. Chen*(陳俊榮), "Structural Insights into the Hydrolysis and Polymorphism of Methotrexate Polyglutamate by Zebrafish γ-glutamyl Hydrolase", J. Med. Chem. 56, 7625 (2013).

■ X. Han, J. Gao, N. Shang, C.-H. Huang, T.-P. Ko, C.-C. Chen, H.-C. Chan, Y.-S. Cheng, Z. Zhu, J. Wiegel, W. Luo*(羅文華), R.-T. Guo*(郭瑞庭), and Y. Ma*(馬延和), "Structural and Functional Analyses of Catalytic Domain of GH10 Xylanase from Thermoanaerobacterium Sac-charolyticum JW/SL-YS485", Proteins 81, 1256 (2013).

■ A. Harikishore*, M. Niang*, S. Rajan*, P. R. Preiser, and H. S. Yoon, "Small Molecule Plasmodium FKBP35 Inhibitor as a Potential Antimalaria Agent", Sci. Rep.-UK 3, 2501 (2013).

■ K. Hew, S.-L. Dahlroth, R. Venkatachalam, F. Nasertorabi, B. T. Lim, T. Cornvik, and P. Nordlund*, "The Crystal Structure of the DNA-binding Domain of vIRF-1 from the Oncogenic KSHV Reveals a Conserved Fold for DNA Binding and Reinforces Its Role as a Transcription Fac-tor", Nucleic Acids Res. 41, 4295 (2013).

■ Y.-C. Hsieh, M.-C. Chen, C.-C. Hsu, S. I. Chan, Y.-S. Yang*(楊裕雄), and C.-J. Chen*(陳俊榮), "Crystal Struc-

103

APPENDIX

tures of Vertebrate Dihydropyrimidinase and Complexes from Tetraodon Nigroviridis with Lysine Carbamylation", J. Biol. Chem. 288, 30645 (2013).

■ Y.-C. Hsieh, T. S. Chia, H.-K. Fun, and C.-J. Chen*(陳俊榮), "Crystal Structure of Dimeric Flavodoxin from Desul-fovibrio Gigas Suggests a Potential Binding Region for the Electron-transferring Partner", Int. J. Mol. Sci. 14, 1667 (2013).

■ M.-F. Hsu, T.-F. Yu, C.-C. Chou, H.-Y. Fu, C.-S. Yang*(楊啟伸), and A. H. J. Wang*(王惠鈞), "Using Haloarcula Marismortui Bacteriorhodopsin as a Fusion Tag for En-hancing and Visible Expression of Integral Membrane Pro-teins in Escherichia Coli", PLoS One 8, e56363 (2013).

■ Y. Hu, S. Jia, F. Ren, C.-H. Huang, T.-P. Ko, D. A. Mitch-ell, R.-T. Guo, and Y. Zheng*(鄭迎迎), "Crystallization and Preliminary X-ray Diffraction Analysis of YisP Protein from Bacillus Subtilis Subsp. Subtilis Strain 168", Acta Crystallogr. F 69, 77 (2013).

■ Y. Hua, S. Sansenya, C. Saetang, S. Wakuta, and J. R. K. Cairns*, "Enzymatic and Structural Characterization of Hydrolysis of Gibberellin A4 Glucosyl Ester by a Rice β-D-glucosidase", Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 537, 39 (2013).

■ C.-H. Hung, T.-S. Hwang, Y.-Y. Chang, H.-R. Luo, S.-P. Wu, and C.-H. Hsu*(徐駿森), "Crystal Structures and Mo-lecular Dynamics Simulations of Thermophilic Malate De-hydrogenase Reveal Critical Loop Motion for Co-substrate Binding", PLoS One 8, e83091 (2013).

■ T. Jiang, H.-C. Chan, C.-H. Huang, T.-P. Ko, T.-Y. Huang, J.-R. Liu, and R.-T. Guo*(郭瑞庭), "Substrate Binding to a GH131 β-glucanase Catalytic Domain from Podospora Anserina", Biochem. Biophy. Res. Co. 438, 193 (2013).

■ V. Kumar, V. P. R. Chichili, L. Zhong, X. Tang, A. Velaz-quez-Campoy, F.-S. Sheu, J. Seetharaman, N. Z. Gerges, and J. Sivaraman*, "Structural Basis for the Interaction of Unstructured Neuron Specific Substrates Neuromodulin and Neurogranin with Calmodulin", Sci. Rep.-UK 3, 1392 (2013).

■ J.-H. Kuo, Y.-P. Chen, J.-S. Liu, A. Dubrac, C. Quemener, H. Prats, A. Bikfalvi, W.-G. Wu*(吳文桂), and S.-C. Sue*(蘇士哲), "Alternative C-terminal Helix Orientation Alters Chemokine Function: Structure of the Anti-angio-genic Chemokine, CXCL4L1", J. Biol. Chem. 288, 13522 (2013).

■ E. A. Larsson*, A. Jansson, F. M. Ng, S. W. Then, R. Pan-icker, B. Liu, K. Sangthongpitag, V. Pendharkar, S. J. Tai, J. Hill, C. Dan, S. Y. Ho, W. W. Cheong, A. Poulsen, S. Blan-

chard, G. R. Lin, J. Alam, T. H. Keller, and P. Nordlund*, "Fragment-based Ligand Design of Novel Potent Inhibitors of Tankyrases", J. Med. Chem. 56, 4497 (2013).

■ J.-K. Li, J.-H. Liao, H. Li, C.-I. Kuo, K.-F. Huang, L.-W. Yang, S.-H. Wu, and C.-I. Chang*(張崇毅), "The N-terminal Substrate-recognition Domain of a LonC Protease Exhibits Structural and Functional Similarity to Cytosolic Chaperones", Acta Crystallogr. D 69, 1789 (2013).

■ J.-H. Liao, K. Ihara, C. I. Kuo, K.-F. Huang, S. Wakatsuki, S.-H. Wu*(吳世雄), and C.-I. Chang*(張崇毅), "Struc-tures of an ATP-independent Lon-like Protease and Its Complexes with Covalent Inhibitors", Acta Crystallogr. D 69, 1395 (2013).

■ S. M. Lim, D. Chen, H. Teo, A. Roos, A. E. Jansson, T. Nyman, L. tresaugues, K. Pervushin*, and P. Nordlund*, "Structural and Dynamic Insights into Substrate Binding and Catalysis of Human Lipocalin Prostaglandin D Synth-ase", J. Lipid Res. 54, 1630 (2013).

■ Y.-S. Lo, W.-H. Tseng, C.-Y. Chuang, and M.-H. Hou*(侯明宏), "The Structural Basis of Actinomycin D-binding Induces Nucleotide Flipping Out, a Sharp Bend and a Left-handed Twist in CGG Triplet Repeats", Nucleic Acids Res. 41, 4284 (2013).

■ S.-C. Luo, Y.-C. Lou, M. Rajasekaran, Y.-W. Chang, C.-D. Hsiao, and C. Chen*(陳金榜), "Structural Basis of a Physical Blockage Mechanism for the Interaction of Response Regulator PmrA with Connector Protein PmrD from Klebsiella Pneumoniae", J. Biol. Chem. 288, 25551 (2013).

■ M. Maestre-Reyna, W.-J. Wu, and A. H.-J. Wang*(王惠鈞), "Structural Insights into RbmA, a Biofilm Scaffolding Protein of V. Cholerae", PLoS One 8, e82458 (2013).

■ A. Padavannil, C. Jobichen, E. Mills, A. Velazquez-Cam-poy, M. Li , K. Y. Leung, Y. K. Mok, I. Rosenshine, and J. Sivaraman*, "Structure of GrlR–GrlA Complex That Pre-vents GrlA Activation of Virulence Genes", Nat. Commun. 4, 2546 (2013).

■ Y.-H. Peng, H.-Y. Shiao, C.-H. Tu, P.-M. Liu, J. T.-A. Hsu, P. K. Amancha, J.-S. Wu, M. S. Coumar, C.-H. Chen, S.-Y. Wang, W.-H. Lin, H.-Y. Sun, Y.-S. Chao, P.-C. Lyu, H.-P. Hsieh*(謝興邦), and S.-Y. Wu*(伍素瑩), "Protein Kinase Inhibitor Design by Targeting the Asp-Phe-Gly (DFG) Mo-tif: the Role of the DFG Motif in the Design of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors", J. Med. Chem. 56, 3889 (2013).

■ F. Ren, X. Feng, T.-P. Ko, C.-H. Huang, Y. Hu, H.-C. Chan,

104


Y.-L. Liu, K. Wang, C.-C. Chen, X. Pang, M. He, Y. Li, E. Oldfield*, and R.-T. Guo*(郭瑞庭), "Insights Into TIM-barrel Prenyl Transferase Mechanisms: Crystal Structures of PcrB from Bacillus Subtilis and Staphylococcus Aureus", ChemBioChem 14, 195 (2013).

■ W. Srisimarat, S. Murakami, P. Pongsawasdi*, and K. Krusong*, "Crystallization and Preliminary X-ray Crystal-lographic Analysis of the Amylomaltase from Corynebac-terium Glutamicum", Acta Crystallogr. F 69, 1004 (2013).

■ A. Tankrathok, J. Iglesias-Fernández, S. Luang, R. C. Robinson, A. Kimura, C. Rovira, M. Hrmova, and J. R. K. Cairns*, "Structural Analysis and Insights Into Glycon Specificity of the Rice GH1 Os7BGlu26 β-D-mannosidase", Acta Crystallogr. D 69, 2124 (2013).

■ J.-Y. Tsai, C.-C. Chu, Y.-H. Yeh, L.-J. Chen, H.-M. Li*(李秀敏), and C,-D, Hsiao*(蕭傳鐙), "Structural Charac-terizations of the Chloroplast Translocon Protein Tic110", Plant J. 75, 847 (2013).

■ J.-Y. Tung, Y.-C. Li, T.-W. Lin, and C.-D. Hsiao*(蕭傳鐙), "Structure of the Sgt2 Dimerization Domain Complexed with the Get5 UBL Domain Involved in the Targeting of Tail-anchored Membrane Proteins to the Endoplasmic Re-ticulum", Acta Crystallogr. D 69, 2081 (2013).

■ S. Vavassori, A. Kumar, G. S. Wan, G. S. Ramanjaneyulu, M. Cavallari, S. E. Daker, T. Beddoe, A. Theodossis, N. K. Williams, E. Gostick, D. A. Price, D. U. Soudamini, K. K. Voon, M. Olivo, J. Rossjohn, L. Mori, and G. D. Libero*, "Butyrophilin 3A1 Binds Phosphorylated Antigens and Stimulates Human γδ T Cells", Nat. Immunol. 14, 908 (2013).

■ H.-C. Wang, M.-L. Wu, T.-P. Ko, and A. H.-J. Wang*(王惠鈞), "Neisseria Conserved Hypothetical Protein DMP12 is a DNA Mimic that Binds to Histone-like HU Protein", Nucleic Acids Res. 41, 5127 (2013).

■ J. Wang, S. Pengthaisong, J. R. K. Cairns*, and Y. Liu*(劉永軍), "X-ray Crystallography and QM/MM Investiga-tion on the Oligosaccharide Synthesis Mechanism of Rice BGlu1 Glycosynthases", BBA-Proteins Proteomics 1834, 536 (2013).

■ C.-C. Wu, Y.-C. Li, Y.-R. Wang, T.-K. Li*(李財坤), and N.-L. Chan*(詹迺立), "On the Structural Basis and Design Guidelines for Type II Topoisomerase-targeting Anticancer Drugs", Nucleic Acids Res. 41, 10630 (2013).

■ C.-G. Wu, S.-C. Cheng, S.-C. Chen, J.-Y. Li, Y.-H. Fang, Y.-H. Chen, and C.-Y. Chou*(周記源), "Mechanism for Controlling the Monomer-dimer Conversion of SARS

Coronavirus Main Protease", Acta Crystallogr. D 69, 747 (2013).

■ J.-M. Wu, C.-T. Chen, M. S. Coumar, W.-H. Lin, Z.-J. Chen, J. T.-A. Hsu, Y.-H. Peng, H.-Y. Shiao, W.-H. Lin, C.-Y. Chu, J.-S. Wu, C.-T. Lin, C.-P. Chen, C.-C. Hsueh, K.-Y. Chang, L.-P. Kao, C.-Y. F. Huang, Y.-S. Chao, S.-Y. Wu*(伍素瑩), H.-P. Hsieh*(謝興邦), and Y.-H. Chi*(紀雅惠), "Aurora Kinase Inhibitors Reveal Mechanisms of HURP in Nucleation of Centrosomal and Kinetochore Microtubules", P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, E1779 (2013).

■ B. Xue, J. Y. Chow, A. Baldansuren, L. L. Yap, Y. H. Gan, S. A. Dikanov, R. C. Robinson*, and W. S. Yew*, "Structural Evidence of a Productive Active Site Architecture for an Evolved Quorum-quenching GKL Lactonase", Biochem-istry 52, 2359 (2013).

13C1 SW60 – Protein Crystallography■ S.-Q. An, K.-H. Chin, M. Febrer, Y. McCarthy, J.-G. Yang,

C.-L. Liu, D. Swarbreck, J. Rogers, J. M. Dow, S.-H. Chou*(周三和), and R. P. Ryan*, "A Cyclic GMP-depend-ent Signalling Pathway Regulates Bacterial Phytopatho-genesis", EMBO J. 32, 2430 (2013).

■ Y.-Y. Chang, C.-H. Hung, T.-S. Hwang, and C.-H. Hsu*(徐駿森), "Cloning, Overexpression, Purification and Crystal-lization of Malate Dehydrogenase from Thermus Therm-ophilus", Acta Crystallogr. F 69, 1249 (2013).

■ S.-C. Chen, C.-Y. Shen, T.-M. Yen, H.-C. Yu, T.-H. Chang, W.-L. Lai*(賴雯玲), and S.-H. Liaw*(廖淑惠), "Evolution of Vitamin B2 Biosynthesis: Eubacterial RibG and Fungal Rib2 Deaminases", Acta Crystallogr. D 69, 227 (2013).

■ Y.-D. Chen, Y.-Y. Chang, S.-H. Wu, and C.-H. Hsu*(徐駿森), "Crystallization and Preliminary X-ray Diffraction Analysis of the α Subdomain of Lon Protease from Breviba-cillus Thermoruber", Acta Crystallogr. F 69, 899 (2013).

■ K.-H. Chin, Z.-L. Tu, Y.-C. Su, Y.-J. Yu, H.-C. Chen, Y.-C. Lo, C.-P. Chen, G. N. Barber, M. L.-C. Chuah, Z.-X. Li-ang, and S.-H. Chou*(周三和), "Novel c-di-GMP Recogni-tion Modes of the Mouse Innate Immune Adaptor Protein STING", Acta Crystallogr. D 69, 352 (2013).


■ X. Han, J. Gao, N. Shang, C.-H. Huang, T.-P. Ko, C.-C. Chen, H.-C. Chan, Y.-S. Cheng, Z. Zhu, J. Wiegel, W.

105

APPENDIX

Luo*(羅文華), R.-T. Guo*(郭瑞庭), and Y. Ma*(馬延和), "Structural and Functional Analyses of Catalytic Domain of GH10 Xylanase from Thermoanaerobacterium Sac-charolyticum JW/SL-YS485", Proteins 81, 1256 (2013).

■ K. Hew, S.-L. Dahlroth, R. Venkatachalam, F. Nasertorabi, B. T. Lim, T. Cornvik, and P. Nordlund*, "The Crystal Structure of the DNA-binding Domain of vIRF-1 from the Oncogenic KSHV Reveals a Conserved Fold for DNA Binding and Reinforces Its Role as a Transcription Fac-tor", Nucleic Acids Res. 41, 4295 (2013).

■ Y.-C. Hsieh, M.-C. Chen, C.-C. Hsu, S. I. Chan, Y.-S. Yang*(楊裕雄), and C.-J. Chen*(陳俊榮), "Crystal Struc-tures of Vertebrate Dihydropyrimidinase and Complexes from Tetraodon Nigroviridis with Lysine Carbamylation", J. Biol. Chem. 288, 30645 (2013).


■ C.-H. Hung, T.-S. Hwang, Y.-Y. Chang, H.-R. Luo, S.-P. Wu, and C.-H. Hsu*(徐駿森), "Crystal Structures and Mo-lecular Dynamics Simulations of Thermophilic Malate De-hydrogenase Reveal Critical Loop Motion for Co-substrate Binding", PLoS One 8, e83091 (2013).

■ T. Jiang, H.-C. Chan, C.-H. Huang, T.-P. Ko, T.-Y. Huang, J.-R. Liu, and R.-T. Guo*(郭瑞庭), "Substrate Binding to a GH131 β-glucanase Catalytic Domain from Podospora Anserina", Biochem. Biophy. Res. Co. 438, 193 (2013).

■ S.-M. Kuan, H.-C. Chen, C.-H. Huang, C.-H. Chang, S.-C. Chen, C. S. Yang, and Y. Chen*(陳曄), "Crystallization and Preliminary X-ray Diffraction Analysis of the Nif3-family Protein MJ0927 from Methanocaldococcus Jan-naschii", Acta Crystallogr. F 69, 80 (2013).


■ X. Li, X. Han, T.-P. Ko, C.-C. Chen, Z. Zhu, E. Hua, R.-T. Guo, and C.-H. Huang*(黃駿翔), "Preliminary X-ray Dif-fraction Analysis of Octaprenyl Pyrophosphate Synthase from Escherichia Coli", Acta Crystallogr. F 69, 328 (2013).

■ J.-H. Liao, K. Ihara, C. I. Kuo, K.-F. Huang, S. Wakatsuki, S.-H. Wu*(吳世雄), and C.-I. Chang*(張崇毅), "Struc-

tures of an ATP-independent Lon-like Protease and Its Complexes with Covalent Inhibitors", Acta Crystallogr. D 69, 1395 (2013).

■ S. M. Lim, D. Chen, H. Teo, A. Roos, A. E. Jansson, T. Nyman, L. tresaugues, K. Pervushin*, and P. Nordlund*, "Structural and Dynamic Insights into Substrate Binding and Catalysis of Human Lipocalin Prostaglandin D Synth-ase", J. Lipid Res. 54, 1630 (2013).

■ W. Luo, J.-W. Huang, C.-H. Huang, T.-Y. Huang, H.-C. Chan, J.-R. Liu, R.-T. Guo, and C.-C. Chen*(陳純琪), "Preliminary X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Thermostable β-1, 4-mannanase from Aspergillus Niger BK01", Acta Crystallogr. F 69, 1100 (2013).


■ N. Nordin, A. Guskov, T. Phua, N. Sahaf, Y. Xia, S. Lu, H. Eshaghi, and S. Eshaghi*, "Exploring the Structure and Function of Thermotoga Maritima CorA Reveals the Mechanism of Gating and Ion Selectivity in Co2+/Mg2+ Transport", Biochem. J. 451, 365 (2013).

■ Y.-H. Peng, H.-Y. Shiao, C.-H. Tu, P.-M. Liu, J. T.-A. Hsu, P. K. Amancha, J.-S. Wu, M. S. Coumar, C.-H. Chen, S.-Y. Wang, W.-H. Lin, H.-Y. Sun, Y.-S. Chao, P.-C. Lyu, H.-P. Hsieh*(謝興邦), and S.-Y. Wu*(伍素瑩), "Protein Kinase Inhibitor Design by Targeting the Asp-Phe-Gly (DFG) Mo-tif: the Role of the DFG Motif in the Design of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors", J. Med. Chem. 56, 3889 (2013).

■ F. Ren, X. Feng, T.-P. Ko, C.-H. Huang, Y. Hu, H.-C. Chan, Y.-L. Liu, K. Wang, C.-C. Chen, X. Pang, M. He, Y. Li, E. Oldfield*, and R.-T. Guo*(郭瑞庭), "Insights Into TIM-barrel Prenyl Transferase Mechanisms: Crystal Structures of PcrB from Bacillus Subtilis and Staphylococcus Aureus", ChemBioChem 14, 195 (2013).

■ C.-C. Wu, Y.-C. Li, Y.-R. Wang, T.-K. Li*(李財坤), and N.-L. Chan*(詹迺立), "On the Structural Basis and Design Guidelines for Type II Topoisomerase-targeting Anticancer Drugs", Nucleic Acids Res. 41, 10630 (2013).

■ J.-M. Wu, C.-T. Chen, M. S. Coumar, W.-H. Lin, Z.-J. Chen, J. T.-A. Hsu, Y.-H. Peng, H.-Y. Shiao, W.-H. Lin, C.-Y. Chu, J.-S. Wu, C.-T. Lin, C.-P. Chen, C.-C. Hsueh, K.-Y. Chang, L.-P. Kao, C.-Y. F. Huang, Y.-S. Chao, S.-Y. Wu*(伍素瑩), H.-P. Hsieh*(謝興邦), and Y.-H. Chi*(紀雅惠), "Aurora Kinase Inhibitors Reveal Mechanisms of HURP in Nucleation of Centrosomal and Kinetochore Microtubules", P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, E1779 (2013).

106


14A1 BM – IR Microscopy■ M. Bahou, Y.-J. Wu*(吳宇中), and Y.-P. Lee*(李遠鵬), "Formation and Infrared Absorption of Protonated Naphthalenes (1-C10H9

+ and 2-C10H9+) and Their Neutral

Counterparts in Solid Para-hydrogen", Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 1907 (2013).

■ H.-F. Chen and Y.-J. Wu*(吳宇中), "Structure, Stability, and Vibrational Fundamentals of Low-lying Isomers of C6H7

+", Comput. Theo. Chem. 1006, 100 (2013).

■ L.-F. Chiu, P.-Y. Huang, W.-F. Chiang, T.-Y. Wong, S.-H. Lin, Y.-C. Lee*(李耀昌), and D.-B. Shieh*(謝達斌), "Oral Cancer Diagnostics Based on Infrared Spectral Markers and Wax Physisorption Kinetics", Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 405, 1995 (2013).

■ C.-C. Liu, S. Kar, J.-S. Jean*(簡錦樹), C.-H. Wang, Y.-C. Lee, O. Sracek, Z. Li, J. Bundschuh, H.-J. Yang, and C.-Y. Chen, "Linking Geochemical Processes in Mud Volcanoes with Arsenic Mobilization Driven by Organic Matter", J. Hazard. Mater. 262, 980 (2013).

■ R. R. Reisz*, T. D. Huang, E. M. Roberts, S. R. Peng, C. Sullivan, K. Stein, A. R. H. LeBlanc, D. Shieh, R. S. Chang, C. C. Chiang, C. Yang, and S. Zong, "Embryology of Early Jurassic Dinosaur from China with Evidence of Preserved Organic Remains", Nature 496, 210 (2013).

15A1 Biopharmaceuticals Protein Crys-tallography■ S.-Q. An, K.-H. Chin, M. Febrer, Y. McCarthy, J.-G. Yang,

C.-L. Liu, D. Swarbreck, J. Rogers, J. M. Dow, S.-H. Chou*(周三和), and R. P. Ryan*, "A Cyclic GMP-depend-ent Signalling Pathway Regulates Bacterial Phytopatho-genesis", EMBO J. 32, 2430 (2013).


16A1 BM – Tender X-ray Absorption, Dif-fraction■ P. E. R. Blanchard, S. Liu, B. J. Kennedy*, C. D. Ling, Z.

Zhang, M. Avdeev, B. C. C. Cowie, L. Thomsen, and L.-Y. Jang, "Investigating the Order-disorder Phase Transition in Nd2-xYxZr2O7 via Diffraction and Spectroscopy", Dalton T. 42, 14875 (2013).

■ E. D. Burton*, S. G. Johnston, P. Kraal, R. T. Bush, and S.

Claff, "Sulfate Availability Drives Divergent Evolution of Arsenic Speciation during Microbially Mediated Reductive Transformation of Schwertmannite", Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 2221 (2013).

■ E. D. Burton*, S. G. Johnston, B. Planer-Friedrich, "Coup-ling of Arsenic Mobility to Sulfur Transformations During Microbial Sulfate Reduction in the Presence and Absence of Humic Acid", Chem. Geol. 343, 12 (2013).

■ I.-L. Chen, T.-Y. Chen, C.-C. Hu*(胡啟章), and C.-H. Lee, "Thermal-induced Growth of RuO2 Nanorods from a Bi-nary Ru-Ti Oxide Composite and Alteration in Supercapa-citive Characteristics", J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 2039 (2013).


■ Y.-C. Chuang, Y.-W. Li, I.-J. Hsu, G.-H. Lee, and Y. Wang*(王瑜), "Bond Characterization of a Unique Thia-thiophthene Derivative: Combined Charge Density Study and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy", Inorg. Chem. 52, 10958 (2013).

■ B.-Q. Dai, F. Low, A. D. Girolamo, X. Wu, and L. Zhang*(張立安), "Characteristics of Ash Deposits in a Pulverized Lignite Coal-fired Boiler and the Mass Flow of Major Ash-forming Inorganic Elements", Energy Fuels 27, 6198 (2013).

■ M. de los Reyes*, K. R. Whittle, Z. Zhang, S. E. Ashbrook, M. R. Mitchell, L.-Y. Jang, and G. R. Lumpkin*, "The Pyro-chlore to Defect Fluorite Phase Transition in Y2Sn2-xZrxO7", RSC Adv. 3, 5090 (2013).

■ N. Hollmann, Z. Hu, A. Maignan, A. Gunmther, L. Y. Jang, A. Tanaka, H. J. Lin, C. T. Chen, P. Thalmeier, and L. H. Tjeng*, "Correlation Effects in CaCu3Ru4O12", Phys. Rev. B 87, 155122 (2013).

■ P. Kraal*, E. D. Burton, and R. T. Bush, "Iron Monosulfide Accumulation and Pyrite Formation in Eutrophic Estuar-ine Sediment", Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac. 122, 75 (2013).

■ E. M. Likosova*, R. N. Collins, J. Keller, and S. Freguia, "Anodic Reactivity of Ferrous Sulfide Precipitates Changing over Time due to Particulate Speciation", En-viron. Sci. Technol. 47, 12366 (2013).

■ W. S. Lin, Z. J. Jian, H. M. Lin*(林鴻明), L. C. Lai, W. A. Chiou, Y. K. Hwu, S. H. Wu, W. C. Chen, and Y. D. Yao, "Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Nanowires", J.

107

APPENDIX

Chin. Chem. Soc.-Taip. 60, 85 (2013).

■ H.-J. Liu, V.-T. Tra, Y.-J. Chen, R. Huang, C.-G. Duan, Y.-H. Hsieh, H.-J. Lin, J.-Y. Lin, C.-T. Chen, Y. Ikuhara, and Y.-H. Chu*(朱英豪), "Large Magnetoresistance in Magnetically Coupled SrRuO3-CoFe2O4 Self-assembled Nanostructures", Adv. Mater. 25, 4753 (2013).

■ E. Reynolds, P. E. R. Blanchard, B. J. Kennedy*, C. D. Ling, S. Liu, M. Avdeev, Z. Zhang, G. J. Cuello, A. Tadich, and L.-Y. Jang, "Anion Disorder in Lanthanoid Zirconates Gd2-xTbxZr2O7", Inorg. Chem. 52, 8409 (2013).

■ T.-Y. Tan, N. Martin, Q. Zhou, B. J. Kennedy*, Q. Gu, J. A. Kimpton, Z. Zhang, and L.-Y. Jang, "Valence Changes of Manganese and Structural Phase Transitions in Sr1-x PrxM-nO3 (0.1≦x≦0.6)", J. Solid State Chem. 201, 115 (2013).

■ L. C. Wen, Y. I. Tsai, H. K. Lin, S. C. Chang, M. Y. Lin, H. S. Chang, H.-C. I. Kao*(高惠春), L. Y. Jang, M. C. Lee, and Y. S. Lee, "Electrical Properties of the (Y2-xLix)Ti2O7-x Samples with LiO0.5 Self-flux", Solid State Ionics 253, 227 (2013).

■ V. N. L. Wong*, S. G. Johnston, E. D. Burton, R. T. Bush, L. A. Sullivan, and P. G. Slavich, "Seawater-induced Mobil-ization of Trace Metals from Mackinawite-rich Estuarine Sediments", Water Res. 47, 821 (2013).

■ Z. Zhang*(張兆明), S. C. Middleburgh, M. de los Reyes, G. R. Lumpkin, B. J. Kennedy, P. E. R. Blanchard, E. Rey-nolds, and L.-Y. Jang, "Gradual Structural Evolution from Pyrochlore to Defect-Fluorite in Y2Sn2-xZrxO7: Average vs Local Structure", J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 26740 (2013).


■ W. Zheng*(鄭偉), L. Y. Jang, J. M. Lee, R. S. Zheng*(鄭瑞生), C. W. Liu, P. Becla, and Z. C. Feng*(馮哲川), "Manganese K- and L3-edge X-ray Absorption Fine Struc-ture Study of Zn1-xMnxTe ", Adv. Mater. Res. 634, 2489 (2013).

17A1 W200 – X-ray Powder Diffraction■ S.-Y. Chang, H.-C. Liao, Y.-T. Shao, Y.-M. Sung, S.-H.

Hsu, C.-C. Ho, W.-F. Su*(林唯芳), and Y.-F. Chen*(陳永芳), "Enhancing the Efficiency of Low Bandgap Con-ducting Polymer Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Using P3HT as a Morphology Control Agent", J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 2447 (2013).

■ W.-C. Chu, J.-G. Li, and S.-W. Kuo*(郭紹偉), "From Flexible to Mesoporous Polybenzoxazine Resins Templated

by Poly (Ethylene Oxide-b-ε-caprolactone) Copolymer through Reaction Induced Microphase Separation Mechan-ism", RSC Adv. 3, 6485 (2013).

■ H.-M. Kuo, H.-W. Cheng, H.-S. Sheu, and C. K. Lai*(賴重光), "Room Temperature Mesogens Formed by H-bonded Schiff-bases α,β,γ-triketonates", Tetrahedron 69, 5945 (2013).

■ H.-M. Kuo, S.-L. Tsai, G.-H. Lee, H.-S. Sheu, C. K. Lai*(賴重光), "Heterocyclic 3,5-disubstituted Phenylpyra-zoles and Isoxazoles: Synthesis and Mesomorphic Behav-ior", Tetrahedron 69, 618 (2013).

■ H.-M. Kuo, C.-H. I, H.-S. Sheu, and C. K. Lai*(賴重光), "Symmetric Mesogenic Twins Derived from Sali-cylaldimines", Tetrahedron 69, 4226 (2013).

■ Y.-H. Lee, T.-C. Wu, C.-W. Liaw, T.-C. Wen, S.-W. Feng, J.-J. Lee, Y.-T. Wu*(吳耀庭), and T.-F. Guo*(郭宗枋), "Non-doped Active Layer, Benzo[k]fluoranthene-based Linear Acenes, for Deep Blue-to Green-emissive Organic Light-emitting Diodes", Org. Electron. 14, 1064 (2013).

■ H.-C. Liao, C.-S. Tsao*(曹正熙), Y.-T. Shao, S.-Y. Chang, Y.-C. Huang, C.-M. Chuang, T.-H. Lin, C.-Y. Chen, C.-J. Su, U.-S. Jeng, Y.-F. Chen, and W.-F. Su*(林唯芳), "Bi-hierarchical Nanostructures of Donor-acceptor Copolymer and Fullerene for High Efficient Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells", Energ. Environ. Sci. 6, 1938 (2013).

■ S.-H. Liao, H.-J. Jhuo, Y.-S. Cheng, and S.-A. Chen*(陳壽安), "Fullerene Derivative-doped Zinc Oxide Nanofilm as the Cathode of Inverted Polymer Solar Cells with Low-bandgap Polymer (PTB7-Th) for High Performance", Adv. Mater. 25, 4766 (2013).

■ I.-H. Lin, C.-C. Cheng*(鄭智嘉), W.-T. Chuang, J.-K. Chen, U.-S. Jeng, F.-H. Ko, C.-W. Chu, C.-F. Huang, and F.-C. Chang*(張豐志), "Bioinspired Assembly of Function-al Block-copolymer Nanotemplates", Soft Matter 9, 9608 (2013).

■ K.-T. Lin, H.-M. Kuo, H.-S. Sheu, and C. K. Lai*(賴重光), "Unsymmetric 1,3,4-oxa(thia)diazoles of Quinoxaline-naphthalene Conjugates", Tetrahedron 69, 9045 (2013).

■ Y.-H. Lin, Y. Ezhumalai, Y.-L. Yang, C.-T. Liao, H.-F. Hsu*(徐秀福), and C. Wu, "Influence of Mesogenic Prop-erties of Cruciform-Shaped Liquid Crystals by Incorporat-ing Side-arms with a Laterally-substituted-fluorine", Crys-tals 3, 339 (2013).

■ H.-J. Liu, V.-T. Tra, Y.-J. Chen, R. Huang, C.-G. Duan, Y.-H. Hsieh, H.-J. Lin, J.-Y. Lin, C.-T. Chen, Y. Ikuhara, and Y.-H. Chu*(朱英豪), "Large Magnetoresistance in Magnetically

108


Coupled SrRuO3-CoFe2O4 Self-assembled Nanostructures", Adv. Mater. 25, 4753 (2013).

■ K.-H. Liu, Y. Zhang, J.-J. Lee, C.-C. Chen, Y.-Q. Yeh, S.-H. Chen, and C.-Y. Mou*(牟中原), "Density and Anomalous Thermal Expansion of Deeply Cooled Water Confined in Mesoporous Silica Investigated by Synchrotron X-ray Dif-fraction", J. Chem. Phys. 139, 064502 (2013).

■ K.-H. Lo, M.-C. Li, R.-M. Ho*(何榮銘), Y.-C. Zhao, F. Massuyeau, W.-T. Chuang, J.-L. Duvail*, S. Lefrant, and C.-S. Hsu*(許千樹), "Luminescence Enhancement of Pyr-ene/Dispersant Nanoarrays Driven by the Nanoscale Spa-tial Effect on Mixing", Langmuir 29, 1627 (2013).

■ S.-H. Lo, C.-H. Chien, Y.-L. Lai, C.-C. Yang, J. J. Lee, D. S. Raja, and C.-H. Lin*(林嘉和), "A Mesoporous Alumin-ium Metal-organic Framework with 3 nm Open Porest", J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 324 (2013).

■ Y.-H. Ooi, G.-Y. Yeap*, C.-C. Han, H.-C. Lin, K. Kubo, and M. M. Ito, "Synthesis and Smectogenic Properties of Novel Phloroglucinol-based Star-shaped Liquid Crystals Containing Three Peripheral Alkyloxylated Schiff Base Arms", Liq. Cryst. 40, 516 (2013).

■ M. Shellaiah, H.-P. Fang, Y.-L. Lin, Y.-C. Hsu, J.-T. Lin, and H.-C. Lin*(林宏洲), "Synthesis of Metal-free Organic Dyes Containing Tris(dodecyloxy)Phenyl and Dithieno-thiophenyl Units and a Study of Their Mesomorphic and Photovoltaic Properties", Tetrahedron 69, 2124 (2013).

■ B.-T. Truong-Le, A. Prasannan, P.-D. Hong*(洪伯達), W.-T. Chuang, and N. Somanathan, "Facile Synthesis of the Structural Hierarchy in Chrysanthemum-snowball-like Self-organized Polyaniline", Colloid Polym. Sci. 291, 563 (2013).

■ H.-Y. Wu, S.-Z. Huang, C.-C. Ting, J. R. Deka, and H.-M. Kao*(高憲明), "A Facile and Rapid Sonochemical Route to Synthesize Highly Ordered Mesoporous Silicas MCM-48 and Al-MCM-48 with Ia3d Cubic Structure Using Gemini Surfactant", J. Chin. Chem. Soc.-Taip. 60, 831 (2013).

■ H.-Y. Wu, F.-K. Shieh, H.-M. Kao*(高憲明), Y.-W. Chen, J. R. Deka, S.-H. Liao, and K. C.-W. Wu*(吳嘉文), "Syn-thesis, Bifunctionalization, and Remarkable Adsorption Performance of Benzene-bridged Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas Functionalized with High Loadings of Carb-oxylic Acids", Chem.-Eur. J. 19, 6358 (2013).

■ Y.-H. Wu*(吳宇瀚), K.-C. Hsu, and C.-H. Lee*(李志浩), "Study of Relationships among Synthesis, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Lithium Aluminosilicate Glass-ceramics Containing ZnO and MgF2 by synchrotron

XRD and XANES", J. Mater. Sci. 48, 4427 (2013).

■ Y.-R. Wu, Y.-C. Wu, and S.-W. Kuo*(郭紹偉), "Trans-forming the Self-assembled Structures of Diblock Co-polymer/POSS Nanoparticle Composites through Com-plementary Multiple Hydrogen Bonding Interactions", Macromol. Chem. Phys. 214, 1496 (2013).

17B1 W200 – X-ray Scattering■ C.-H. Chang, D. K. Mishra, and J.-M. Ting*(丁志明),

"CuInSe2 Coatings Prepared Using Solvothermal-synthe-sized CuInSe2 Particles", Surf. Coat. Tech. 231, 452 (2013).

■ W.-H. Chang, S.-Y. Wu, C.-H. Lee, T.-Y. Lai, Y.-J. Lee, P. Chang, C.-H. Hsu*(徐嘉鴻), T.-S. Huang, J. R. Kwo, and M. H. Hong*(洪銘輝), "Phase Transformation of Molecu-lar Beam Epitaxy-grown Nanometer-thick Gd2O3 and Y2O3 on GaN", ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 1436 (2013).

■ W.-Y. Chen, T.-C. Chiu*(邱琮傑), K.-L. Lin, A. T. Wu, W.-L. Jang, C.-L. Dong, and H.-Y. Lee, "Anisotropic Dissolu-tion Behavior of the Second Phase in SnCu Solder Alloys under Current Stress", Scripta Mater. 68, 317 (2013).

■ Y.-J. Chen, Y.-H. Hsieh, S.-C. Liao, Z. Hu, M.-J. Huang, W.-C. Kuo, Y.-Y. Chin, T.-M. Uen, J.-Y. Juang, C.-H. Lai, H.-J. Lin*(林宏基), C.-T. Chen, and Y.-H. Chu*(朱英豪), "Strong Magnetic Enhancement in Self-assembled Multi-ferroic-ferrimagnetic Nanostructures", Nanoscale 5, 4449 (2013).

■ S.-J. Chiu, Y.-T. Liu, H.-Y. Lee*(李信義), .G.-P. Yu*(喻冀平), and J.-H. Huang, "Strain Enhanced Ferroelectric Properties of Multiferroic BiFeO3/SrTiO3 Superlattice Structure Prepared by Radio Frequency Magnetron Sput-tering", Thin Solid Films 539, 75 (2013).

■ S.-J. Chiu, Y.-T. Liu, G.-P. Yu*(喻冀平), H.-Y. Lee*(李信義), and J.-H. Huang, "Enhancement of Epitaxial LaNiO3 Electrode on the Ferroelectric Property of La-doped BiFeO3/SrTiO3 Artificial Superlattice Structure by Rf Sput-tering", J. Cryst. Growth 368, 1 (2013).

■ S.-J. Chiu, Y.-T. Liu, G.-P. Yu*(喻冀平), H.-Y. Lee, and J.-H. Huang, "The Structure and Ferroelectric Property of La-doped BiFeO3/SrTiO3 Artificial Superlattice Structure by Rf Sputtering: Effect of Deposition Temperature", Thin Solid Films 529, 85 (2013).

■ Y.-T. Chiu*(邱盈達), K.-L. Lin, A. T. Wu, W.-L. Jang, C.-L. Dong, and Y.-S. Lai, "Electrorecrystallization of Metal Alloy ", J. Alloy. Compd. 549, 190 (2013).

■ J. H. Hong, H. Y. Lee, and A. T. Wu*(吳子嘉), "Massive Spalling and Morphological Change of Intermetallic Com-

109

APPENDIX

pound Affected by Adding Pd in Co-based Surface Fin-ishes", J. Alloy. Compd. 580, 195 (2013).

■ J.-M. Huang, C.-S. Ku, H.-Y. Lee*(李信義), C.-M. Lin, and S.-Y. Chen, "Growth of High-quality Epitaxial ZnO Films on (10-10) Sapphire by Atomic Layer Deposition with Flow-rate Interruption Method", Surf. Coat. Tech. 231, 323 (2013).

■ C.-H. Lee*(李志浩), K. S. Liang, and M. Y. Chern, "The Structures of Yttrium Iron Garnet/Gadolinium Gallium Garnet Superlattice Thin Films Studied by Synchrotron X-ray Surface Scattering", J. Chin. Chem. Soc.-Taip. 60, 870 (2013).

■ K.-H. Lee*(李凱璿), P.-C. Chang, T.-P. Chen, S.-P. Chang, H.-W. Shiu, L.-Y. Chang, C.-H. Chen, and S.-J. Chang, "Synchrotron Radiation Based Cross-sectional Scanning Photoelectron Microscopy and Spectroscopy of n-ZnO:Al/p-GaN: Mg Heterojunction", Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 072104 (2013).

■ Y.-Y. Lin, H.-Y. Lee, C.-S. Ku, L.-W. Chou, and A. T. Wu*(吳子嘉), "Bandgap Narrowing in High Dopant Tin Oxide Degenerate Thin Film Produced by Atmosphere Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition", Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 111912 (2013).

■ Y.-T. Liu, S.-J. Chiu, H.-Y. Lee*(李信義), and S.-Y. Chen, "Fabrication and Ferroelectric Properties of BiFeO3/LaNiO3 Artificial Superlattice Structures Grown by Radio-frequency Magnetron-sputtering", Thin Solid Films 529, 66 (2013).

■ A.-C. Sun*(孫安正), C.-F. Huang, F. T. Yuan, and J.-H. Hsu*(許仁華), "Microstructures and Magnetic Properties of L11 CoPt Thin Films with Additions of SiO2 and MgO", Thin Solid Films 531, 476 (2013).

■ A.-C. Sun*(孫安正), S. H. Huang, and C.-F. Huang, "For-mation of Rhombohedral L11 CoPt Thin Film on Glass and MgO(111) Substrate", J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 345, 282 (2013).

■ C.-H. Tsai, S.-Y. Chen, J.-M. Song*(宋振銘), I.-G. Chen, and H.-Y. Lee, "Thermal Stability of Cu@Ag Core-Shell Nanoparticles", Corros. Sci. 74, 123 (2013).

■ A. J. Tzou, K. F. Chien, H. Y. Lai, J. T. Ku, L. Lee, W. C. Fan, and W. C. Chou*(周武清), "The Study of Self-assembled ZnO Nanorods Grown on Si(111) by Plasma-assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy", J. Cryst. Growth 378, 466 (2013).

■ C.-H. Wu, C.-Y. Chin, T.-Y. Chen, S.-N. Hsieh, C.-H. Lee, T.-F. Guo, A. K.-Y. Jen, and T.-C. Wen*(溫添進),

"Enhanced Performance of Polymer Solar Cells Using Solution-processed Tetra-n-alkyl Ammonium Bromides as Electron Extraction Layers", J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 2582 (2013).

■ T.-T. Wu and J.-M. Ting*(丁志明), "Preparation and Characteristics of Graphene Oxide and Its Thin Films", Surf. Coat. Tech. 231, 487 (2013).

■ Y.-H. Wu*(吳宇瀚), K.-C. Hsu, and C.-H. Lee*(李志浩), "Study of Relationships among Synthesis, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Lithium Aluminosilicate Glass-ceramics Containing ZnO and MgF2 by synchrotron XRD and XANES", J. Mater. Sci. 48, 4427 (2013).

17C1 W200 – EXAFS■ N. An, S. Li, P. N. Duchesne, P. Wu, W. Zhang, J.-F. Lee, S.

Cheng, P. Zhang, M. Jia*(賈明君), and W. Zhang*(張文祥), "Size Effects of Platinum Colloid Particles on the Structure and CO Oxidation Properties of Supported Pt/Fe2O3 Cata-lysts", J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 21254 (2013).

■ E. D. Burton*, S. G. Johnston, P. Kraal, R. T. Bush, and S. Claff, "Sulfate Availability Drives Divergent Evolution of Arsenic Speciation during Microbially Mediated Reductive Transformation of Schwertmannite", Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 2221 (2013).

■ E. D. Burton*, S. G. Johnston, B. Planer-Friedrich, "Coup-ling of Arsenic Mobility to Sulfur Transformations During Microbial Sulfate Reduction in the Presence and Absence of Humic Acid", Chem. Geol. 343, 12 (2013).

■ D. Carlier*, J.-H. Cheng, C.-J. Pan, M. Ménétrier, C. Del-mas, and B.-J. Hwang, "DFT+U Calculations and XAS Study: Further Confirmation of the Presence of CoO5 Square-based Pyramids with IS-Co3+ in Li-overstoichio-metric LiCoO2", J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 26493 (2013).

■ S. I. Chan*(陳長謙), Y.-J. Lu, P. Nagababu, S. Maji, M.-C. Hung, M. M. Lee, I.-J. Hsu, P. D. Minh, J. C.-H. Lai, K. Y. Ng, S. Ramalingam, S. S.-F. Yu*(俞聖法) and M. K. Chan*(陳文博), "Efficient Oxidation of Methane to Methanol by Dioxygen Mediated by Tricopper Clusters", Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 52, 3731 (2013).

■ C. L. Chen*(陳啟亮), C. L. Dong*(董崇禮), Y. K. Ho, C. C. Chang, D. H. Wei, T. S. Chan, J. L. Chen, W. L. Jang, C. C. Hsu, K. Kumar, and M. K. Wu, "Electronic and Atomic Structures of Gasochromic V2O5 Films", EPL-Europhys. Lett. 101, 17006 (2013).

■ C. S. Chen*(陳敬勳), Y. T. Lai, T. W. Lai, J. H. Wu, C. H. Chen, J. F. Lee, and H. M. Kao*(高憲明), "Formation of

110


Cu Nanoparticles in SBA-15 Functionalized with Carb-oxylic Acid Groups and Their Application in the Water−Gas Shift Reaction", ACS Catalysis 3, 667 (2013).

■ K.-J. Chen, W.-N. Su, C.-J. Pan, S.-Y. Cheng, J. Rick, S.-H. Wang, C.-C. Liu, C.-C. Chang*(張君照), Y.-W. Yang, C.-H. Wang, and B.-J. Hwang*(黃炳照), "Dendritic Platinum-decorated Gold Nanoparticles for Non-enzymatic Glucose Biosensing", J. Mater. Chem. B 1, 5925 (2013).

■ S. W. Chen, M. J. Huang, P. A. Lin, H. T. Jeng, J. M. Lee, S. C. Haw, S. A. Chen, H. J. Lin, K. T. Lu, D. P. Chen, S. X. Dou, X. L. Wang*(王曉明), and J. M. Chen*(陳錦明), "Orbital Structure of FeTiO3 Ilmenite Investigated with Polarization-dependent X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Band Structure Calculations", Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 042107 (2013).

■ T.-Y. Chen*(陳燦耀), Y.-T. Liu, H.-S. Chen, K.-W. Wang, C.-T. Yang, T.-J. M. Luo, C.-H. Lee*(李志浩), and T.-L. Lin, "Crystal Growth of Platinum-ruthenium Bimetallic Nanocrystallite and Their Methanol Electrooxidation Ac-tivity", CrystEngComm 15, 3932 (2013).


■ H.-Y. Cheng, J.-W. Chiou, J.-M. Ting*(丁志明), J.-M. Chen, J.-F. Lee, and Y. Tzeng, "Electronic Structure of Chromium-containing Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon Thin Films Studied by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy", Appl. Surf. Sci. 264, 202 (2013).


■ M.-J. Deng*(鄧名傑), P.-J. Ho, C.-Z. Song, S.-A. Chen, J.-F. Lee, J.-M. Chen*(陳錦明), and K.-T. Lu*(盧桂子), "Fabrication of Mn/Mn Oxide Core-Shell Electrodes with Three-dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Structures for High-capacitance Supercapacitors", Energ. Environ. Sci. 6, 2178 (2013).

■ G. Dixit*, J. P. Singh, C. L. Chen, C. L. Dong, R. C. Sriv-astava, H. M. Agrawal, W. F. Pong, and K. Asokan, "Study of Structural, Morphological and Electrical Properties of Ce Doped NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles and Their Electronic Structure Investigation", J. Alloy. Compd. 581, 178 (2013).

■ Y. K. Ho, C. C. Chang, D. H. Wei, C. L. Dong, C. L. Chen*(陳啟亮), J. L. Chen, W. L. Jang, C. C. Hsu, T. S. Chan, K. Kumar, C. L. Chang, and M. K. Wu, "Charac-terization of Gasochromic Vanadium Oxides Films by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy", Thin Solid Films 544, 461 (2013).

■ Y.-F. Hsieh, Y.-C. Hsieh, Y.-C. Tseng*(曾院介), P.-W. Wu, C. G. Chao, P. Lin, and J.-F. Lee, "Structural Characteriza-tions of Cu3Pt Electrocatalyst Featuring Pt-rich Surface Layers Synthesized via Mechanical Alloying and Selective Dissolution Routes", J. Alloy. Compd. 552, 329 (2013).

■ S.-P. Hsu, C.-W. Liu, H.-S. Chen, T.-Y. Chen, C.-M. Lai, C.-H. Lee, J.-F. Lee, T.-S. Chan, L.-D. Tsai, and K.-W. Wang*(王冠文), "The Effect of Mn Addition on the Promo-tion of Oxygen Reduction Reaction Performance for PtCo/C Catalysts", Electrochim. Acta 105, 180 (2013).

■ K.-L. Hsueh, L.-K. Yu, Y.-H. Chen, Y.-H. Cheng, Y.-C. Hsieh, S.-C. Ke, K.-W. Hung, C.-J. Chen, and T.-H. Huang*(黃太煌), "FeoC from Klebsiella Pneumoniae Contains a [4Fe-4S] Cluster", J. Bacteriol. 195, 4726 (2013).

■ H.-C. Huang, C.-H. Wang*(王丞浩), I. Shown, S.-T. Chang, H.-C. Hsu, H.-Y. Du, L.-C. Chen, and K.-H. Chen, "High-performance Pyrolyzed Iron Corrole as a Poten-tial Non-precious Metal Catalyst for PEMFCs", J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 14692 (2013).

■ H. Husin, W.-N. Su*(蘇威年), C.-J. Pan, J.-Y. Liu, J. Rick, S.-C. Yang, W.-T. Chuang, H.-S. Sheu, and B.-J. Hwang*(黃炳照), "Pd/NiO Core/shell Nanoparticles on La0.02Na0.98TaO3 Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution from Water and Aqueous Methanol Solution", Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 38, 13529 (2013).

■ W.-L. Jang, Y.-M. Lu, Y.-R. Lu, C.-L. Chen, C.-L. Dong*(董崇禮), W.-C. Chou, J.-L. Chen, T.-S. Chan, J.-F. Lee, C.-W. Pao, and W.-S. Hwang, "Effects of Oxygen Par-tial Pressure on Structural and Gasochromic Properties of Sputtered VOx Thin Films", Thin Solid Films 544, 448 (2013).

■ Y.-H. Kao, S.-W. Wang, S. K. Maji, C.-W. Liu*(劉振宇), P.-L. Wang, F.-J. Chang, and C.-M. Liao, "Hydrochemical, Mineralogical and Isotopic Investigation of Arsenic Dis-tribution and Mobilization in the Guandu Wetland of Tai-wan", J. Hydrol. 498, 274 (2013).

■ T.-G. Kim*, S.-J. Kim, C. C. Lin, R.-S. Liu*(劉如熹), T.-S. Chan, and S.-J. Im, "Melilite-type Blue Chromophores Based on Mn3+ in a Trigonal-bipyramidal Coordination Induced by Interstitial Oxygen", J. Mater. Chem. C 1, 5843

111

APPENDIX

(2013).

■ S. Kumar*, C. L. Chen, C. L. Dong, Y. K. Ho, J. F. Lee, T. S. Chan, R. Thangavel, T. K. Chen, B. H. Mok, S. M. Rao, and M. K. Wu, "Room Temperature Ferromagnetism in Ni Doped ZnS Nanoparticles", J. Alloy. Compd. 554, 357 (2013).

■ S. Kumar*, C. L. Chen, C. L. Dong, Y. K. Ho, J. F. Lee, T. S. Chan, R. Thangavel, T. K. Chen, B. H. Mok, S. M. Rao, and M. K. Wu, "Structural, Optical, and Magnetic Char-acterization of Co and N Co-doped ZnO Nanopowders", J. Mater. Sci. 48, 2618 (2013).

■ C.-W. Kuo, I. T. Lu, L.-C. Chang, Y.-C. Hsieh, Y.-C. Tseng, P.-W. Wu*(吳樸偉), and J.-F. Lee, "Surface Modification of Commercial PtRu Nanoparticles for Methanol Electro-oxidation", J. Power Sources 240, 122 (2013).

■ F.-T. Kuo, S.-Y. Chen, T.-H. Lin, J.-F. Lee, and S. Cheng*(鄭淑芬), "Effect of Combination Sequence of Pre-cursors on the Structural and Catalytic Properties of Ti-SBA-15", RSC Adv. 3, 12604 (2013).

■ K.-S. Lin*(林錕松), A. K. Adhikari, C.-Y. Wang, P.-J. Hsu, and H.-Y. Chan, "Synthesis and Characterization of Nickel and Zinc Ferrite Nanocatalysts for Decomposition of CO2 Greenhouse Effect Gas", J. Nanosci. Nanotechno. 13, 2538 (2013).

■ K.-S. Lin*(林錕松), K. Dehvari, Y.-J. Liu, H. Kuo, and P.-J. Hsu, "Synthesis and Characterization of Porous Zero-valent Iron Nanoparticles for Remediation of Chromium-contaminated Wastewater", J. Nanosci. Nanotechno. 13, 2675 (2013).

■ K.-S. Lin*(林錕松), A. K. Adhikari, M.-T. Tu, C.-H. Wang, and C.-L. Chiang, "Preparation, Characterization, and Hydrogen Storage Capacity of MIL-53 Metal-organic Frameworks", J. Nanosci. Nanotechno. 13, 2549 (2013).

■ S.-H. Liu*(劉守恒) and J.-R. Wu, "Porous Carbon Sup-ported Fe-N-C for Applications as Cathodic Electrocata-lysts in Fuel Cells", Micropor. Mesopor. Mat. 170, 150 (2013).

■ X. Liu, A. Wang, L. Li, T. Zhang, C.-Y. Mou*(牟中原), and J.-F. Lee, "Synthesis of Au-Ag Alloy Nanoparticles Supported on Silica Gel via Galvanic Replacement Reac-tion", Prog. Nat. Sci. 23, 317 (2013).

■ Y.-T. Liu, T.-Y. Chen, W. G. Mackebee, L. Ruhl, A. Ven-gosh, and H. Hsu-Kim*, "Selenium Speciation in Coal Ash Spilled at the Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Site", Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 14001 (2013).

■ F. Low and L. Zhang*(張立安), "Arsenic Emissions and Speciation in the Oxy-fuel Fly Ash Collected from Lab-scale Drop-tube Furnace", Proc. Combust. Inst. 34, 2877 (2013).

■ C.-Y. Lu and W.-F. Liaw*(廖文峯), "Formation Path-way of Roussin's Red Ester (RRE) via the Reaction of a {Fe(NO)2}10 Dinitrosyliron Complex (DNIC) and Thiol: Facile Synthetic Route for Synthesizing Cysteine-con-taining DNIC", Inorg. Chem. 52, 13918 (2013).

■ Y.-F. Su, Y.-L. Cheng, and Y.-H. Shih*(施養信), "Removal of Trichloroethylene by Zerovalent Iron/Activated Carbon Derived from Agricultural Wastes", J. Environ. Manage. 129, 361 (2013).

■ C.-L. Sun*(孫嘉良), C.-W. Pao*(包志文), H.-M. Tsai, J.-W. Chiou, S. C. Ray*, H.-W. Wang, M. Hayashi, L.-C. Chen, H.-J. Lin, J.-F. Lee, L. Chang, M.-H. Tsai, K.-H. Chen, and W.-F. Pong*(彭維鋒), "Atomistic Nucleation sites of Pt Nanoparticles on N-doped Carbon Nanotubes", Nanoscale 5, 6812 (2013).

■ C.-H. Syu, P.-Y. Jiang, H.-H. Huang, W.-T. Chen, T.-H. Lin, and D.-Y. Lee*(李達源), "Arsenic Sequestration in Iron Plaque and Its Effect on As Uptake by Rice Plants Grown in Paddy Soils with High Contents of As, Iron Oxides, and Organic Matter", Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 59, 463 (2013).

■ D. N. Talwar*, Z. C. Feng, J.-F. Lee, and P. Becla, "Struc-tural and Dynamical Properties of Bridgman-grown CdSexTe1-x(0＜x≦0.35) Ternary Alloys", Phys. Rev. B 87, 165208 (2013).

■ C.-C. Tsou, F.-T. Tsai, H.-Y. Chen, I.-J. Hsu*(許益瑞), and W.-F. Liaw*(廖文峰), "Insight Into One-electron Oxida-tion of the {Fe(NO)2}9 Dinitrosyl Iron Complex (DNIC): Aminyl Radical Stabilized by [Fe(NO)2] Motif", Inorg. Chem. 52, 1631 (2013).

■ Y.-J. Tu*(涂耀仁), C.-F. You*(游鎮烽), C.-K. Chang, and S.-L. Wang, "XANES Evidence of Arsenate Removal from Water with Magnetic Ferrite", J. Environ. Manage. 120, 114 (2013).

■ A. Wang, X. Y. Liu, C.-Y. Mou, and T. Zhang*(張濤), "Understanding the Synergistic Effects of Gold Bimetallic Catalysts", J. Catal. 308, 258 (2013).

■ B. Y. Wang, H. T. Wang, S. B. Singh, Y. C. Shao, Y. F. Wang, C. H. Chuang, P. H. Yeh, J. W. Chiou, C. W. Pao, H. M. Tsai, H. J. Lin, J. F. Lee, C. Y. Tsai, W. F. Hsieh, M.-H. Tsai, and W. F. Pong*(彭維鋒), "Effect of Geometry on the Magnetic Properties of CoFe2O4-PbTiO3 Multiferroic Composites", RSC Adv. 3, 7884 (2013).

112



■ Y.-F. Wang, M.-C. Hsieh, J.-F. Lee, and C.-M. Yang*(楊家銘), "Nonaqueous Synthesis of CoOx/TiO2 Nanocomposites Showing High Photocatalytic Activity of Hydrogen Gen-eration", Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 142, 626 (2013).


■ L.-C. Wu, T.-C. Weng, I.-J. Hsu*(許益瑞), Y.-H. Liu, G.-H. Lee, J.-F. Lee, and Y. Wang*(王瑜), "Chemical Bond Characterization of a Mixed-valence Tri-cobalt Complex, Co3(μ-admtrz)4(μ-OH)2(CN)6 • 2H2O", Inorg. Chem. 52, 11023 (2013).

■ T.-H. Yeh, C.-W. Liu, H.-S. Chen, and K.-W. Wang*(王冠文), "Preparation of Carbon-supported PtM (M = Au, Pd, or Cu) Nanorods and Their Application in Oxygen Reduc-tion Reaction", Electrochem. Commun. 31, 125 (2013).

18B1 BM – LIGA■ Q.-L. Deng, C.-Y. Chen*(陳建宇), W.-L. Lin, B.-Y.

Shew*(許博淵), D. Chiang, Y.-H. Tang, and B.-S. Lin, "Transfer of a Continuous-relief Lenticular Array onto a Quartz Substrate by Using SIL Combined with the Dry-etching Method", J. Micromech. Microeng. 23, 035021 (2013).

■ W.-C. Yang, Y.-S. Huang, B.-Y. Shew, and C.-C. Fu*(傅建中), "Study on Diffraction Effect and Microstructure Profile Fabricated by One-step Backside Lithography", J. Micromech. Microeng. 23, 035004 (2013).

20A1 BM – (H-SGM) XAS■ D. Carlier*, J.-H. Cheng, C.-J. Pan, M. Ménétrier, C. Del-

mas, and B.-J. Hwang, "DFT+U Calculations and XAS Study: Further Confirmation of the Presence of CoO5 Square-based Pyramids with IS-Co3+ in Li-overstoichio-metric LiCoO2", J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 26493 (2013).

■ C. L. Chen*(陳啟亮), C. L. Dong*(董崇禮), Y. K. Ho, C. C. Chang, D. H. Wei, T. S. Chan, J. L. Chen, W. L. Jang, C. C. Hsu, K. Kumar, and M. K. Wu, "Electronic and Atomic

Structures of Gasochromic V2O5 Films", EPL-Europhys. Lett. 101, 17006 (2013).

■ S. C. Chen, K. Y. Sung, W. Y. Tzeng, K. H. Wu*(吳光雄), J. Y. Juang, T. M. Uen, C. W. Luo, J.-Y. Lin, T. Kobayashi, and H. C. Kuo, "Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Oxidized Titanium Nitride Thin Films in situ Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition", J. Phys. D- Appl. Phys. 46, 075002 (2013).

■ Y.-J. Chen, M. G. Jiang, C. W. Luo, J.-Y. Lin*(林俊源), K. H. Wu*(吳光雄), J. M. Lee, J. M. Chen, Y. K. Kuo, J. Y. Juang, and C.-Y. Mou, "Doping Evolution of Zhang-rice Singlet Spectral Weight: A Comprehensive Examination by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy", Phys. Rev. B 88, 134525 (2013).

■ H.-Y. Cheng, J.-W. Chiou, J.-M. Ting*(丁志明), J.-M. Chen, J.-F. Lee, and Y. Tzeng, "Electronic Structure of Chromium-containing Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon Thin Films Studied by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy", Appl. Surf. Sci. 264, 202 (2013).

■ T.-L. Chou, T.-S. Chan, J.-M. Chen, H. Yamauchi, and M. Karppinen*, "X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study of Par-ent Misfit-layered Cobalt Oxide [Sr2O2]qCoO2", J. Solid State Chem. 202, 27 (2013).


■ M.-J. Deng*(鄧名傑), C.-Z. Song, P.-J. Ho, C.-C. Wang, J.-M. Chen*(陳錦明), and K.-T. Lu*(盧桂子), "Three-di-mensionally Ordered Macroporous Cu2O/Ni Inverse Opal Electrodes for Electrochemical Supercapacitors", Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 7479 (2013).

■ G. Dixit*, J. P. Singh, C. L. Chen, C. L. Dong, R. C. Sriv-astava, H. M. Agrawal, W. F. Pong, and K. Asokan, "Study of Structural, Morphological and Electrical Properties of Ce Doped NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles and Their Electronic Structure Investigation", J. Alloy. Compd. 581, 178 (2013).

■ S. Gautam, A. Thakur, A. Vij, J. Suk, I.-J. Lee, Y.-J. Park, T.-J. Shin, M.-G. Kim, H.-J. Shin, J.-M. Lee, J.-M. Chen, J. Song, and K. H. Chae*, "X-ray Spectroscopy Study of ZnxSn1-xO2 Nanorods Synthesized by Hydrothermal Tech-nique", Thin Solid Films 546, 250 (2013).

■ Y. K. Ho, C. C. Chang, D. H. Wei, C. L. Dong, C. L. Chen*(陳啟亮), J. L. Chen, W. L. Jang, C. C. Hsu, T. S. Chan, K. Kumar, C. L. Chang, and M. K. Wu, "Charac-

113

APPENDIX

terization of Gasochromic Vanadium Oxides Films by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy", Thin Solid Films 544, 461 (2013).

■ C. G. Jin, T. Yu, Y. Yang, Z. F. Wu, L. J. Zhuge, X. M. Wu*(吳雪梅), and Z. C. Feng*(馮哲川), "Ferromagnetic and Photoluminescence Properties of Cu-doped ZnO Nanorods by Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering", Mater. Chem. Phys. 139, 506 (2013).

■ T.-G. Kim*, S.-J. Kim, C. C. Lin, R.-S. Liu*(劉如熹), T.-S. Chan, and S.-J. Im, "Melilite-type Blue Chromophores Based on Mn3+ in a Trigonal-bipyramidal Coordination Induced by Interstitial Oxygen", J. Mater. Chem. C 1, 5843 (2013).

■ S. Kumar*, C. L. Chen, C. L. Dong, Y. K. Ho, J. F. Lee, T. S. Chan, R. Thangavel, T. K. Chen, B. H. Mok, S. M. Rao, and M. K. Wu, "Structural, Optical, and Magnetic Char-acterization of Co and N Co-doped ZnO Nanopowders", J. Mater. Sci. 48, 2618 (2013).

■ T.-H. Lin, B.-Y. Lin, T. Hao, H.-Y. Chien, J.-H. Wang*(王禎翰), and W.-H. Hung*(洪偉修), "Adsorption and Ther-mal Reaction of Short-Chain Alcohols on Ge(100)", J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 2760 (2013).

■ K.-T. Lu*(盧桂子), J.-M. Chen*(陳錦明), J.-M. Lee, and S.-C. Haw, "Enhanced Production of Anionic and Excited Neutral Fragments of Gaseous HCCl3 Near the Cl 2p1/2,3/2

Ionization Threshold", RSC Adv. 3, 8836 (2013).

■ K. J. Sankaran, Y.-F. Lin, W.-B. Jian, H.-C. Chen, K. Panda, B. Sundaravel, C.-L. Dong, N.-H. Tai*(戴念華), and I.-N. Lin*(林諭男), "Structural and Electrical Prop-erties of Conducting Diamond Nanowires", ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 1294 (2013).

■ K. J. Sankaran, K. Srinivasu, H. C. Chen, C. L. Dong, K. C. Leou, C. Y. Lee, N. H. Tai*(戴念華), and I. N. Lin*(林諭男), "Improvement in Plasma Illumination Properties of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Films by Grain Boundary Engineering", J. Appl. Phys. 114, 054304 (2013).

■ P. Satyarthi, S. Ghosh, B. Pandey, P. Kumar, C. L. Chen, C. L. Dong, W. F. Pong, D. Kanjilal, K. Asokan, and P. Sriv-astava*, "Coexistence of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Origins of Room Temperature Ferromagnetism in as Implanted and Thermally Annealed ZnO Films Probed by X-ray Absorp-tion Spectroscopy", J. Appl. Phys. 113, 183708 (2013).

■ J. Shalini, K. J. Sankaran, C.-L. Dong, C.-Y. Lee*(李紫原), N.-H. Tai, and I.-N. Lin*(林諭男), "In Situ Detection of Dopamine Using Nitrogen Incorporated Diamond Nanow-ire Electrode", Nanoscale 5, 1159 (2013).

■ A. Singh*, A. Vij, D. Kumar, P. K. Khanna, M. Kumar, S. Gautam, and K. H. Chae, "Investigation of Phase Segrega-tion in Sol-gel Derived ZnMgO Thin Films", Semicond. Sci. Technol. 28, 025004 (2013).

■ J. P. Singh*, S. Gautam, P. Kumar, A. Tripathi, J.-M. Chen, K. H. Chae, and K. Asokan, "Correlation between the Di-electric Properties and Local Electronic Structure of Cop-per Doped Calcium Titanate", J. Alloy. Compd. 572, 84 (2013).

■ P. F. Teh, S. S. Pramana, C. Kim, C.-M. Chen, C.-H. Chuang, Y. Sharma, J. Cabana, and S. Madhavi*, "Electrochemical Reactivity with Lithium of Spinel-type ZnFe2-yCryO4 (0 ≤ y ≤ 2)", J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 24213 (2013).

■ A. N. Vasiliev*, T. M. Vasilchikova, O. S. Volkova, A. A. Kamenev, A. R. Kaul, T. G. Kuzmova, D. M. Tsymbarenko, K. A. Lomachenko, A. V. Soldatov, S. V. Streltsov, J.-Y. Lin, C. N. Kao, J.-M. Chen, M. Abedl-Hafiez, A. Wolter, and R. Klingeler, "Spin-state Transition, Magnetism and Local Crystal Structure in Eu1-xCaxCoO3-δ", J. Phys. Soc. JPN. 82, 044714 (2013).

■ A. Vij*, S. Gautam, V. Kumar, R. Brajpuriya, R. Kumar, N. Singh, and K. H. Chae*, "X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Photoluminescence Study of Rare Earth Ions Doped Strontium Sulphide Phosphors", Appl. Surf. Sci. 264, 237 (2013).

■ C.-H. Wang*(王丞浩), C.-T. Wang, H.-C. Huang, S.-T. Chang, and F.-Y. Liao, "High Stability Pyrolyzed Vitamin B12 as a Non-precious Metal Catalyst of Oxygen Reduc-tion Reaction in Microbial Fuel Cells", RSC Adv. 3, 15375 (2013).



■ W. Zheng*(鄭偉), L. Y. Jang, J. M. Lee, R. S. Zheng*(鄭瑞生), C. W. Liu, P. Becla, and Z. C. Feng*(馮哲川), "Manganese K- and L3-edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Struc-ture Study of Zn1-xMnxTe ", Adv. Mater. Res. 634, 2489 (2013).

114


21A1 U90 – (White Light) Chemical Dy-namics (PRT)■ C.-H. Chin, W.-K. Chen, W.-J. Huang, Y.-C. Lin, and S.-H.

Lee*(李世煌), "Identification of C4H5, C4H4, C3H3 and CH3 Radicals Produced from the Reaction of Atomic carbon with Propene: Implications for the Atmospheres of Titan and Giant Planets and for the Interstellar Medium", Icarus 222, 254 (2013).

■ S.-H. Lee*(李世煌), W.-K. Chen, C.-H. Chin, and W.-J. Huang, "Dynamics of the C/H and C/F Exchanges in the Reaction of 3P Carbon Atoms with Vinyl Fluoride", J. Chem. Phys. 139, 064311 (2013).

■ S.-H. Lee*(李世煌), W.-K. Chen, C.-H. Chin, and W.-J. Huang, "Exploring the Dynamics of C/H and C/Cl Exchan-ges in the C(3P) + C2H3Cl Reaction", J. Chem. Phys. 139, 134301 (2013).

■ S.-H. Lee*(李世煌), W.-K. Chen, C.-H. Chin, and W.-J. Huang, "Dynamics of Carbon-hydrogen and Carbon-methyl Exchanges in the Collision of 3P Atomic Carbon with Propene", J. Chem. Phys. 139, 174317 (2013).

21B1 U90 – (CGM) Angle-resolved UPS■ D.-A. Luh*(陸大安), C.-H. Huang, C.-M. Cheng, and K.-

D. Tsuei, "Chemical Composition on the Top of a Surface Determined with the Evolution of Surface States", Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 181601 (2013).

■ C. W. Luo*(羅志偉), H. J. Wang, S. A. Ku, H.-J. Chen, T. T. Yeh, J.-Y. Lin*(林俊源), K. H. Wu, J. Y. Juang, B. L. Young, T. Kobayashi, C.-M. Cheng, C.-H. Chen, K.-D. Tsuei, R. Sankar, F. C. Chou, K. A. Kokh, O. E. Teresh-chenko, E. V. Chulkov, Yu. M. Andreev, and G. D. Gu, "Snapshots of Dirac Fermions near the Dirac Point in Topological Insulators", Nano Lett. 13, 5797 (2013).

■ C. W. Luo*(羅志偉), C. C. Lee, H.-J. Chen, C. M. Tu, S. A. Ku, W. Y. Tzeng, T. T. Yeh, M. C. Chiang, H. J. Wang, W. C. Chu, J.-Y. Lin, K. H. Wu, J. Y. Juang, T. Kobayashi, C.-M. Cheng, C.-H. Chen, K.-D. Tsuei, H. Berger, R. Sankar, F. C. Chou, and H. D. Yang, "THz Generation and Detection on Dirac Fermions in Topological Insulators", Adv. Opt. Mater. 1, 804 (2013).

23A1 IASW – Small/Wide Angle X-ray Scattering■ Y. Özcan*, S. Ide*, U. Jeng*(鄭有舜), V. Bütün, Y. H. Lai,

and C. H. Su, "Micellization Behavior of Tertiary Amine-methacrylate-based Block Copolymers Characterized by

Small-angle X-ray Scattering and Dynamic Light Scatter-ing", Mater. Chem. Phys. 138, 559 (2013).

■ C.-Y. Chen, C.-S. Tsao*(曹正熙), Y.-C. Huang, H.-W. Liu, W.-Y. Chiu, C.-M. Chuang, U.-S. Jeng, C.-J. Su, W.-R. Wu, W.-F. Sue, and L. Wang*(王立義), "Mechanism and Control of the Structural Evolution of a Polymer Solar Cell from a Bulk Heterojunction to a Thermally Unstable Hier-archical Structure", Nanoscale 5, 7629 (2013).

■ H.-C. Chen*(陳協志), Y.-H. Chen, C.-H. Liu, Y.-H. Hsu, Y.-C. Chien, W.-T. Chuang, C.-Y. Cheng, C.-L. Liu, S.-W. Chou, S.-H. Tung*(童世煌), and P.-T. Chou*(周必泰), "Fluorinated Thienyl-quinoxaline-based D-π-A-type Co-polymer Toward Efficient Polymer Solar Cells: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photovoltaic Properties", Polym. Chem. 4, 3411 (2013).

■ Y.-T. Chen and C.-T. Lo*(羅介聰), "Self-assembled Structures in Block Copolymer/Graft Copolymer Blends with Hydrogen Bonding Interaction", Soft Matter 9, 1756 (2013).

■ T.-Y. Chi, H.-Y. Yeh, J.-J. Lin, U.-S. Jeng, and S.-H. Hsu*(徐善慧), "Amphiphilic Silver-delaminated Clay Nanohybrids and Their Composites with Polyurethane: Physico-chemical and Biological Evaluations", J. Mater. Chem. B 1, 2178 (2013).

■ W.-S. Chiang, E. Fratini, F. Ridi, S.-H. Lim, Y.-Q. Yeh, P. Baglioni, S.-M. Choi, U.-S. Jeng, and S.-H. Chen*(陳守信), "Microstructural Changes of Globules in Calcium-sili-cate-hydrate gels with and without Additives Determined by Small-angle Neutron and X-ray Scattering", J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 398, 67 (2013).

■ H.-Y. Hsueh, H.-Y. Chen, Y.-C. Hung, Y.-C. Ling, S. Gwo, and R.-M. Ho*(何榮銘), "Well-defined Multibranched Gold with Surface Plasmon Resonance in Near-infrared Region from Seeding Growth Approach Using Gyroid Block Copolymer Template", Adv. Mater. 25, 1780 (2013).

■ J.-B. Jheng, W.-T. Chuang*(莊偉綜), P.-D. Hong*(洪伯達), Y.-C. Huang, U.-S. Jeng, C.-J. Su, and G.-R. Pan, "Formation of Mesomorphic Domains Associated with Dimer Aggregates of Phenyl Rings in Cold Crystallization of Poly(trimethylene terephthalate)", Polymer 54, 6242 (2013).

■ J.-F. Jheng, Y.-Y. Lai, J.-S. Wu, Y.-H. Chao, C.-L. Wang*(王建隆), and C.-S. Hsu*(許千樹), "Influences of the Non-covalent Interaction Strength on Reaching High Solid-state Order and Device Performance of a Low Band-gap Polymer with Axisymmetrical Structural Units", Adv. Mater. 25, 2445 (2013).

115

APPENDIX

■ P.-C. Kuo, C.-T. Lo*(羅介聰), and C.-Y. Chen, "Crystal-lization and Microstructure of Poly(Butylene Oxalate)", Polymer 54, 6654 (2013).

■ C.-S. Lai, C.-C. Ho, H.-L. Chen*(陳信龍), and W.-F. Su, "Phase Behavior of the Blend of Rod-coil Diblock Copolymer and the Corresponding Coil Homopolymer", Macromolecules 46, 2249 (2013).

■ Y.-H. Lai*(賴英煌), S.-W. Cheng, S.-W. Chen, J.-W. Chang, C.- J. Su, A.-C. Su, H.-S. Sheu, C.-Y. Mou, and U.-S. Jeng*(鄭有舜), "Interplay of Formation Kinetics for Highly Oriented and Mesostructured Silicate-surfactant Films at the Air-water Interface", RSC Adv. 3, 3270 (2013).

■ C.-C. Lee, S.-Y. Lai, W.-B. Su, H.-L. Chen, C.-L. Chung, and J.-H. Chen*(陳建宏), "Relationship between the Microstructure Development and the Photoluminescence Efficiency of Electrospun Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) Fibers", J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 20387 (2013).

■ M.-T. Lee*(李明道), T.-L. Sun, W.-C. Hung*(洪偉清), and H. W. Huang*(黃惠文), "Process of Inducing Pores in Membranes by Melittin", P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 14243 (2013).

■ J.-G. Li, W.-C. Chu, U.-S. Jeng, and S.-W. Kuo*(郭紹偉), "In Situ Monitoring of the Reaction-induced Self-assembly of Phenolic Resin Templated by Diblock Copolymers", Macromol. Chem. Phys. 214, 2115 (2013).

■ J.-G. Li, R.-B. Lin, and S.-W. Kuo*(郭紹偉), "Phase Be-havior of Hierarchical Mesoporous Silicas Prepared Using ABC Triblock Copolymers as Single Templates", RSC Adv. 3, 17411 (2013).

■ H.-C. Liao, C.-S. Tsao*(曹正熙), Y.-T. Shao, S.-Y. Chang, Y.-C. Huang, C.-M. Chuang, T.-H. Lin, C.-Y. Chen, C.-J. Su, U.-S. Jeng, Y.-F. Chen, and W.-F. Su*(林唯芳), "Bi-hierarchical Nanostructures of Donor-acceptor Copolymer and Fullerene for High Efficient Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells", Energ. Environ. Sci. 6, 1938 (2013).

■ I.-H. Lin, C.-C. Cheng*(鄭智嘉), W.-T. Chuang, J.-K. Chen, U.-S. Jeng, F.-H. Ko, C.-W. Chu, C.-F. Huang, and F.-C. Chang*(張豐志), "Bioinspired Assembly of Function-al Block-copolymer Nanotemplates", Soft Matter 9, 9608 (2013).

■ C.-M. Liu, M.-S. Su, J.-M. Jiang, Y.-W. Su, C.-J. Su, C.-Y. Chen, C.-S. Tsao, and K.-H. Wei*(韋光華), "Distribu-tion of Crystalline Polymer and Fullerene Clusters in Both Horizontal and Vertical Directions of High-efficiency Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells", ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 5413 (2013).

■ K.-H. Liu, Y. Zhang, J.-J. Lee, C.-C. Chen, Y.-Q. Yeh, S.-H. Chen, and C.-Y. Mou*(牟中原), "Density and Anomalous Thermal Expansion of Deeply Cooled Water Confined in Mesoporous Silica Investigated by Synchrotron X-ray Dif-fraction", J. Chem. Phys. 139, 064502 (2013).

■ X. Liu, M. Hammel, Y. He, J. A. Tainer, U.-S. Jeng, L. Zhang, S. Wang*(王淑鶯), and X. Wang*(王新泉), "Struc-tural Insights into the Interaction of IL-33 with Its Recep-tors", P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 14918 (2013).

■ C.-T. Lo*(羅介聰) and W.-T. Lin, "Effect of Rod Length on the Morphology of Block Copolymer/Magnetic Nanorod Composites", J. Phys. Chem. B 117, 5261 (2013).

■ C.-W. Njauw, C.-Y. Cheng, V. A. Ivanov, A. R. Khokhlov, and S.-H. Tung*(童世煌), "Molecular Interactions be-tween Lecithin and Bile Salts/Acids in Oils and Their Ef-fects on Reverse Micellization", Langmuir 29, 3879 (2013).

■ C.-J. Su, S.-S. Wu, U.-S. Jeng*(鄭有舜), M.-T. Lee*(李明道), A.-C. Su, K.-F. Liao, W.-Y. Lin, Y.-S. Huang, and C.-Y. Chen, "Peptide-induced Bilayer Thinning Structure of Unilamellar Vesicles and the Related Binding Behavior as Revealed by X-ray Scattering", BBA-Biomembranes 1828, 528 (2013).

■ J.-Y. Tsai, C.-C. Chu, Y.-H. Yeh, L.-J. Chen, H.-M. Li*(李秀敏), and C.-D. Hsiao*(蕭傳鐙), "Structural Charac-terizations of the Chloroplast Translocon Protein Tic110", Plant J. 75, 847 (2013).

■ C.-S. Tsao*(曹正熙), E.-W. Huang*(黃爾文), M.-H. Wen, T.-Y. Kuo, S.-L. Jeng, U.-S. Jeng, and Y.-S. Sun, "Phase Transformation and Precipitation of an Al-Cu Alloy During Non-isothermal Heating Studied by in Situ Small-angle and Wide-angle Scattering", J. Alloy. Compd. 579, 138 (2013).

■ Y.-T. Wang, P.-H. Kuo, C.-H. Chiang, J.-R. Liang, Y.-R. Chen, S. Wang, J. C. K. Shen, and H. S. Yuan*(袁小琀), "The Truncated C-terminal RNA Recognition Motif of TDP-43 Protein Plays a Key Role in Forming Protein-aceous Aggregates", J. Biol. Chem. 288, 9049 (2013).

■ H. Waters, J. Kettle*, S.-W. Chang, C.-J. Su, W.-R. Wu, U.-S. Jeng, Y.-C. Tsai, and M. Horie*, "Organic Photovoltaics Based on a Crosslinkable PCPDTBT Analogue; Synthesis, Morphological Studies, Solar Cell Performance and En-hanced Lifetime", J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 7370 (2013).


116


■ H.-C. Wu, W.-Y. Lee, C.-J. Lin, W.-C. Chen*(陳文章), "Highly Air Stable Branched Octithiophene Oligomer for Organic Field Effect Transistor and pH Sensor Applica-tions", Mater. Chem. Phys. 138, 542 (2013).

■ P.-W. Yang, T.-L. Lin*(林滄浪), T.-Y. Lin, C.-H. Yang, Y. Hu, and U.-S. Jeng, "Packing DNA with Disc-shaped Bi-celles", Soft Matter 9, 11542 (2013).

24A1 BM – (WR-SGM) XPS, UPS■ K.-J. Chen, W.-N. Su, C.-J. Pan, S.-Y. Cheng, J. Rick, S.-H.

Wang, C.-C. Liu, C.-C. Chang*(張君照), Y.-W. Yang, C.-H. Wang, and B.-J. Hwang*(黃炳照), "Dendritic Platinum-decorated Gold Nanoparticles for Non-enzymatic Glucose Biosensing", J. Mater. Chem. B 1, 5925 (2013).

■ T.-Y. Chen*(陳燦耀), Y.-T. Liu, H. M. Nguyen, L.-J. Fan, C.-Y. Wu, T.-J. M. Luo, C.-H. Lee, Y.-W. Yang, T.-C. Wen, and T.-L. Lin*(林滄浪), "Ruthenium Core-activated Platinum Monolayer Shell High Redox Activity cathodic Electrocatalysts for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells", J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 5660 (2013).

■ W.-F. Huang, P.-J. Wu, W.-C. Hsu, C.-W. Wu, K. S. Liang, and M. C. Lin*(林明璋), "Carbon-doped TiO2 Nanotubes: Experimental and Computational Studies", J. Theor. Com-put. Chem. 12, 1350007 (2013).

■ Y.-F. Lai, J.-H. Huang, Y.-C. Chen, C.-P. Liu*(劉全璞), and Y.-W. Yang, "Growth of Large-area Non-polar ZnO Film without Constraint to Substrate Using Oblique-angle Sputtering Deposition", J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 33, 1809 (2013).

■ J.-F. Lin, G.-Y. Tu, C.-C. Ho, C.-Y. Chang, W.-C. Yen, S.-H. Hsu, Y.-F. Chen, and W.-F. Su*(林唯芳), "Molecular Structure Effect of Pyridine-based Surface Ligand on the Performance of P3HT:TiO2 Hybrid Solar Cell", ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 1009 (2013).

■ J.-L. Lin*(林榮良), C.-W. Kuo, C.-M. Yang, Y.-S. Lin, T.-S. Wu, and P.-Y. Chao, "Adsorption and Reactions of ICH2CN on Cu(100) and O/Cu(100)", J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 19916 (2013).

■ T.-H. Lin, B.-Y. Lin, T. Hao, H.-Y. Chien, J.-H. Wang*(王禎翰), and W.-H. Hung*(洪偉修), "Adsorption and Ther-mal Reaction of Short-Chain Alcohols on Ge(100)", J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 2760 (2013).

■ C.-H. Wang, A. K. M. M. Islam, Y.-W. Yang*(楊耀文), T.-Y. Wu, J.-W. Lue, C.-H. Hsu, S. Sinha, and M. Mukherjee, "Crystalline Growth of Rubrene Film Enhanced by Vertical Ordering in Cadmium Arachidate Multilayer Substrate",

Langmuir 29, 3957 (2013).

SP12B1 BM – Materials X-ray Study■ A.-J. Chen, I.-J. Hsu, W.-Y. Wu, Y.-T. Su, F.-Y. Tsai*(蔡福裕), and C.-Y. Mou*(牟中原), "A Fluorescent Organic Nanotube Assembled from Novel p Phenylene Ethynylene-based Dicationic Amphiphiles", Langmuir 29, 2580 (2013).

■ T.-Y. Chen*(陳燦耀), I.-L. Chen, Y.-T. Liu, T.-L. Lin, P.-W. Yang, C.-Y. Wu, C.-C. Hu, T.-J. M. Luo, and C.-H. Lee, "Core-dependent Growth of Platinum Shell Nanocrystals and Their Electrochemical Characteristics for Fuel Cells", CrystEngComm 15, 982 (2013).

■ F. Taufany, C.-J. Pan, F.-J. Lai, H.-L. Chou, L. S. Sar-ma, J. Rick, J.-M. Lin, J.-F. Lee, M.-T. Tang, and B.-J. Hwang*(黃炳照), "Relating the Composition of PtxRu100-x Nanoparticles to Their Structural Aspects and Electro-catalytic Activities in the Methanol Oxidation Reaction", Chem.-Eur. J. 19, 905 (2013).

SP12B2 BM – Protein X-ray Crystallog-raphy■ T.-H. Chang, S.-J. Chang, F.-L. Hsieh, T.-P. Ko, C.-T. Lin,

M.-R. Ho, I. Wang, S.-T. D. Hsu, R.-T. Guo, W. Chang*(張雯), and A. H. J. Wang*(王惠鈞), "Crystal Structure of Vaccinia Viral A27 Protein Reveals a Novel Structure Critical for Its Function and Complex Formation with A26 Protein", PLoS Pathog. 9, e1003563 (2013).

■ Y.-M. Chang, C. K.-M. Chen, T.-P. Ko, M. W. Chang-Chien, and A. H.-J. Wang*(王惠鈞), "Structural Analysis of the Antibiotic-recognition Mechanism of MarR Pro-teins", Acta Crystallogr. D 69, 1138 (2013).

■ Y.-C. Hsieh, M.-C. Chen, C.-C. Hsu, S. I. Chan, Y.-S. Yang, and C.-J. Chen*(陳俊榮), "Crystal Structures of Vertebrate Dihydropyrimidinase and Complexes from Tetraodon Nig-roviridis with Lysine Carbamylation", J. Biol. Chem. 288, 30645 (2013).



■ Y.-H. Peng, H.-Y. Shiao, C.-H. Tu, P.-M. Liu, J. T.-A. Hsu, P. K. Amancha, J.-S. Wu, M. S. Coumar, C.-H. Chen, S.-Y.

117

APPENDIX

Wang, W.-H. Lin, H.-Y. Sun, Y.-S. Chao, P.-C. Lyu, H.-P. Hsieh*(謝興邦), and S.-Y. Wu*(伍素瑩), "Protein Kinase Inhibitor Design by Targeting the Asp-Phe-Gly (DFG) Mo-tif: the Role of the DFG Motif in the Design of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors", J. Med. Chem. 56, 3889 (2013).

SP12U1 U32 – Inelastic X-ray Scattering■ T.-L. Chou, J.-M. Lee, S.-A. Chen, S.-C. Haw, E. Huang,

K.-T. Lu, S.-W. Chen, M.-J. Deng, H. Ishii, N. Hiraokai, C.-M. Lin, K.-D. Tsuei, and J.-M. Chen*(陳錦明), "Pres-sure and Temperature Dependence of Local Structure and Electronic Structure of Orthorhombic DyMnO3", J. Phys. Soc. JPN. 82, 064708 (2013).

■ K. Fujino*, D. Nishio-Hamane, Y. Kuwayama, N. Sata, S. Murakami, M. Whitaker, A. Shinozaki, H. Ohfuji, Y. Kojima, T. Irifune, N. Hiraoka, H. Ishii, and K.-D. Tsuei, "Spin Transition and Substitution of Fe3+ in Al-bearing Post-Mg-perovskite", Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 217, 31 (2013).

■ S.-C. Haw, J.-M. Lee, S.-A. Chen, K.-T. Lu, F.-C. Chou, N. Hiraoka, H. Ishii, K.-D. Tsuei, C.-H. Lee, and J.-M. Chen*(陳錦明), "Electronic Structure and Crystal Struc-ture of Multiferroic o-YMnO3 at High Temperature", J. Phys. Soc. JPN. 82, 124801 (2013).

N. Hiraoka*(平岡望), H. Fukui, H. Tanida, H. Toyokawa, Y. Q. Cai, and K. D. Tsuei, "An X-ray Raman Spectrometer for EXAFS Studies on Minerals: Bent Laue Spectrometer with 20 keV X-rays", J. Synchrotron Radiat. 20, 266 (2013).

■ I. Jarrige*, H. Yamaoka, J.-P. Rueff, J.-F. Lin, M. Taguchi, N. Hiraoka, H. Ishii, K. D. Tsuei, K. Imura, T. Matsu-mura, A. Ochiai, H. S. Suzuki, and A. Kotani, "Unified Understanding of the Valence Transition in the Rare-earth Monochalcogenides under Pressure", Phys. Rev. B 87, 115107 (2013).

■ S. R. Shieh*(謝瑞祥), I. Jarrige, M. Wu, N. Hiraoka, J. S. Tse, Z. Mi, L. Kaci, J.-Z. Jiang, and Y. Q. Cai, "Electronic Structure of Carbon Dioxide under Pressure and Insights into the Molecular-to-nonmolecular Transition", P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 18402 (2013).

■ W. B. Wu, N. Hiraoka*(平岡望), D. J. Huang, S. W. Huang, K. D. Tsuei, M. V. Veenendaal, J. V. D. Brink, Y. Sekio, and T. Kimura, "Effective Orbital Symmetry of CuO: Examination by Nonresonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering", Phys. Rev. B 88, 205129 (2013).

SP44XU U32 – Macromolecular Assem-blies■ K.-H. Chin, Z.-L. Tu, Y.-C. Su, Y.-J. Yu, H.-C. Chen, Y.-C.

Lo, C.-P. Chen, G. N. Barber, M. L.-C. Chuah, Z.-X. Li-ang, and S.-H. Chou*(周三和), "Novel c-di-GMP Recogni-tion Modes of the Mouse Innate Immune Adaptor Protein STING", Acta Crystallogr. D 69, 352 (2013).


■ Y.-C. Hsieh, M.-C. Chen, C.-C. Hsu, S. I. Chan, Y.-S. Yang*(楊裕雄), and C.-J. Chen*(陳俊榮), "Crystal Struc-tures of Vertebrate Dihydropyrimidinase and Complexes from Tetraodon Nigroviridis with Lysine Carbamylation", J. Biol. Chem. 288, 30645 (2013).


■ J.-H. Liao, K. Ihara, C. I. Kuo, K.-F. Huang, S. Wakatsuki, S.-H. Wu*(吳世雄), and C.-I. Chang*(張崇毅), "Struc-tures of an ATP-independent Lon-like Protease and Its Complexes with Covalent Inhibitors", Acta Crystallogr. D 69, 1395 (2013).

■ J.-Y. Tung, Y.-C. Li, T.-W. Lin, and C.-D. Hsiao*(蕭傳鐙), "Structure of the Sgt2 Dimerization Domain Complexed with the Get5 UBL Domain Involved in the Targeting of Tail-anchored Membrane Proteins to the Endoplasmic Re-ticulum", Acta Crystallogr. D 69, 2081 (2013).

■ H.-C. Wang, M.-L. Wu, T.-P. Ko, and A. H.-J. Wang*(王惠鈞), "Neisseria Conserved Hypothetical Protein DMP12 is a DNA Mimic that Binds to Histone-like HU Protein", Nucleic Acids Res. 41, 5127 (2013).

Publications related to the Accelerator Facility■ A. Bardorfer*, P. Leban, K. T. Hsu, C. H. Kuo, and P. C.

Chiu, "Fast Orbit Feedback at Taiwan Photon Source", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ C. K. Chan, C. C. Chang*(張進春), C. L. Chen, C. S. Yang, K. H. Hsu, Y. T. Huang, C. K. Kuan, H. P. Hsueh, S.

118


N. Hsu, P. J. Chou, G. Y. Hsiung, and J. R. Chen, "Beam Injection System on a Movable Plate for the Taiwan Photon Source", Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 709, 56 (2013).

■ C. C. Chang(張進春), "Microstructure in Hot Cracking Mechanism of Welded Aluminium Alloys", Mater Sci Tech-LOND 29, 504 (2013).

■ C.-C. Chang*(張進春), C.-K. Chan, H.-P. Hsueh, G.-Y. Hsiung, and J.-R. Chen, "The Mechanical Design, Fabrica-tion, and Performance of the DCCT for TPS", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ J. C. Chang*(張瑞麒), Z. D. Tsai, Y. C. Lin, T. S. Ueng, I. Liu, W. S. Chan, Y. F. Chiu, C. Y. Liu, Y. C. Chung, K. K. Kuo, C. W. Hsu, and J. R. Chen, "Status of the Utility Sys-tem Construction for the 3 GeV TPS Storage Ring", Inter-national Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ J. C. Chang*(張瑞麒), T. S Ueng, Z. D. Tsai, Y. C. Lin, C. Y. Liu, Y. C. Chung, Y. F. Chiu, and C. W. Hsu, "Power Saving Status in the NSRRC", International Particle Accel-erator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ F. H. Chao*(趙芙涵), C. H. Chen, Y. C. Huang, and P. J. Chou, "THz Electron-pulse-train Dynamics in a MeV Photo-injector", International Particle Accelerator Confer-ence (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ C.-S. Chen*(陳志昇) and Z.-D. Tsai, "The FPGA-based Power Monitoring System for TPS Facility", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ C.-S. Chen*(陳志昇), Y.-H. Liu, C.-S. Yang, K.-H. Hsu, and C.-K. Chan, "The Leakage Current Induced by Stray Capacitance in the Pulse Magnet System", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ H.-C. Chen*(陳鴻樵), H.-H. Chen, S. Fann, S.-J. Huang, J.-A. Li, Y.-K.g Lin, C.-C. Liang, and Y.-C. Liu, "A Gun to Linac Operation Analysis of the Taiwan Light Source Injector", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ M. L. Chen*(陳美玲), M. H. Wu, P. S. D. Chuang, H. C. Lin, H. C. Ho, W. Y. Lai, K. H. Hsu, S. Y. Perng, P. L. Sung, C. S. Lin, H. S. Wang, C. J. Lin, H. M. Luo, D. G. Huang, T. C. Tseng, and J. R. Chen, "Adjusting and Cali-bration Method for TPS Laser PSD System", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ Y. S. Cheng*(鄭永森), C. H. Kuo, J. Chen, C. Y. Liao, P. C. Chiu, Y. T. Chang, and K. T. Hsu, "Implementation of the EPICS Data Archive System for the TPS Project", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC),China (2013).

■ Y. S. Cheng*(鄭永森), J. Chen, C. Y. Wu, C. Y. Liao, P. C. Chiu, and K. T. Hsu, "Power Supply Control and Applica-tions Development for the TPS Storage Ring Quadrupole and Sextupole Magnet", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ C. C. Chiang*(江政錦) and P. J. Chou, "Injection Simula-tions for TPS Storage Ring", International Particle Acceler-ator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ M. S. Chiu*(邱茂森), F. H. Tseng, H. P. Chang, and P. J. Chou, "Development of MATLAB-based Application Pro-grams for the Optics Matching, Beam Steering, and Injec-tion Conditioning in TPS Commissioning", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ P. C. Chiu*(邱斐珍), C. H. Kuo, K. H. Hu, C. Y. Wu, and K. T. Hsu, "Fast Orbit Feedback Scheme and Implementation for Taiwan Photon Source", International Particle Acceler-ator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ P. C. Chiu*(邱斐珍), K. H. Hu, C. H. Kuo, Y. S. Cheng, S. Y. Hsu, J. Chen, and K. T. Hsu, "TLS Booster Measurement and Observation by New BPM Electronics", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ M. C. Chou*(周明昌), W. K. Lau, and A. P. Lee, "Oper-ation of the Drive Laser System for the 2998 MHz NSRRC Photoinjector", International Particle Accelerator Confer-ence (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ Y. L. Chu*(朱耘諒), C. S. Yang, F. Y. Lin, C. S. Fann, C. Y. Kuo, J. C. Jan, C. S. Hwang, C. H. Chang, "Field Perform-ance of Septum and Kicker Magnets for the TPS Booster Ring", IEEE Pulsed Power Cinference(PPC), San Fran-cisco, USA (2013).

■ F. T. Chung*(鍾福財), Ch. Wang, L. H. Chang, M. S. Yeh, M. C. Lin, T. T. Yang, C. H. Lo, M. H. Tsai, Y. H. Lin, M. H. Chang, T. C. Yu, L. J. Chen, and Z. K. Liu, "The Electronic System Design and Realization for 1st Set 500 MHz KEKB SRF Module High Power Test", International Particle Ac-celerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ T.-Y. Chung*(鍾廷翊), J.-C. Huang, C.-S. Hwang, J.-T. Chen, F.-Y. Lin, J.-C. Jan, and C.-H. Chang, "Multipole and End-field Shimming Results of EPU46 at the TPS", Inter-

119

APPENDIX

national Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ T.-Y. Chung*(鍾廷翊), J.-C. Huang, S.-D. Chen, M.-H. Huang, C.-Y. Kuo, F.-Y. Lin, C.-K. Yang, J.-C. Jan, C.-H. Chang, and C.-S. Hwang, "A Prototype Phase Shifter for Phase Matching between Undulators at TPS", J. Phys.-Conf. Ser. 425, 032006 (2013).

■ C. S. Fann*(范棋翔), K. L. Tsai, C. L. Chen, A. P. Lee, S. Y. Hsu, K. T. Hsu, and K. K. Lin, "The Pulsed Power Supply System for TPS Project", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ G. Y. Hsiung*(熊高鈺), C. C. Chang, C. L. Chen, L. H. Wu, C. M. Cheng, C. K. Chan, Y. C. Yang, H. P. Hsueh, S. N. Hsu, and J. R. Chen, "Aluminium Ultrahigh Vacuum Sys-tem for the 3 GeV TPS Synchrotron Light Source", J. Phys.-Conf. Ser. 439, 012034 (2013).

■ G. Y. Hsiung*(熊高鈺), H. P. Hsueh, Y. T. Huang, C. M. Cheng, Y. C. Yang, C. K. Chan, L. H. Wu, C. H. Chang, C. S. Huang, S. W. Chang, T. Y. Lee, Y. P. Chang, Z. W. Chen, Y. T. Cheng, S. N. Hsu, C. C. Chang, C. L. Chen, and J. R. Chen, "Construction Status of the TPS Vacuum Systems", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ C. W. Hsu*(許晋維), Z. D. Tsai, C. Y. Liu, and C. S. Chen, "Event Based System to Manage the Maintenance of Tai-wan Photon Source", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ H. P. Hsueh*(薛心白), Y. P. Chang, Y. C. Yang, C. C. Chang, Y. T. Cheng, G. Y. Hsiung, and J.-R. Chen, "The Optimization of Transverse Stripline Kicker", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ I. T. Huang*(黃英子), C. C. Chang, H. P. Hsueh, G. Y. Hsiung, and J. R. Chen, "Baking Tests and Results of A1050 Diamond Edge Gasket", International Particle Ac-celerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ J.-C. Huang*(黃睿哲), T.-Y. Chung, J.-T. Chen, and C.-S. Hwang, "Performance of an Elliptical Polarization Un-dulator in TPS", J. Phys.-Conf. Ser. 425, 032018 (2013).

■ J. C. Jan*(詹智全), C. Y. Kuo, C. H. Chang, Y. L. Chu, Y. T. Yu, F. Y. Lin, H. H. Chen, H. M. Huang, C. S. Yang, and C. S. Hwang, "Magnetic Field Character of TPS Booster Magnets", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ C. K. Kuan*(管建銧), I. C. Sheng, H. Y. Lin, P. A. Lin, Y. T. Cheng, J. Y. Chuang, Y. K. Liu, T. C. Tseng, and J. R.

Chen, "Heat-transfer Analysis of a Water-cooled Channel for the TPS Front-end Components", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ C. C. Kuo*(郭錦城) and H. J. Tsai, "Design of Low Mo-mentum Compaction Lattices for the TPS Storage Ring", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ C. Y. Kuo*(郭政穎), H. H. Chen, M. H. Huang, J. C. Huang, J. C. Jan, F. Y. Lin, Y. L. Chu, C. S. Hwang, and C. H. Chang, "Design and Measurement of the Transfer Line Magnets for the Taiwan Photon Source", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ W. Y. Lai*(賴惟揚), C. J. Lin, P. S. D. Chuang, P. L. Sung, S. Y. Perng, C. S. Lin, M. H. Wu, M. L. Chen, H. S. Wang, D. G. Huang, H. M. Luo, H. C. Ho, K. H. Hsu, H. C. Lin, C. K. Kuan, T. C. Tseng, and J. R. Chen, "Alignment Design and Status of Taiwan Photon Source", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ A. P. Lee*(李安平), M. C. Chou, J. Y. Hwang, W. K. Lau, C. C. Liang, P. Y. Chiu, N. Y. Huang, and P. Wang, "Operation of the NSRRC 2998 MHz Photo-cathode RF Gun", Inter-national Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ C. C. Liang*(梁成志), T. F. Lin, C. K. Chou, Y. C. Liu, J. Chen, C. Y. Wu, K. H. Hu, K. T. Hsu, Y. K. Lin, D. Lin, H. C. Chen, J. A. Li, and S. Fann, "TLS Operation Informa-tion Management: Automatic Logging Tools", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ C. Y. Liao*(廖志裕), C. Y. Wu, J. Chen, P. C. Chiu, and K. T. Hsu, "Rejuvenation of Control System of the Undulator 50 in Taiwan Light Source", International Particle Acceler-ator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ C.-S. Lin*(林章生), H.-C. Ho, S.-Y. Perng, K.-H. Hsu, M.-L. Chen, W.-Y. Lai, M.-H. Wu, H.-C. Lin, P.-S. Chuang, P.-L. Sung, D.-G. Huang, C.-K. Kuan, H.-S. Wang, C.-J. Lin, H.-M. Luo, T.-C. Tseng, and J.-R. Chen, "An Application of Laser Position Sensing Detector for Magnet Centraliz-ing System", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ M. C. Lin*(林明泉), C. Wang, M. H. Chang, F. T. Chung, M. S. Yeh, Y. H. Lin, L. J. Chen, M. H. Tsai, T. T. Yang, C. H. Lo, T. C. Yu, T. H. Chang, F. Z. Hsiao, H. H. Tsai, W. S. Chiou, H. C. Li, T. F. Lin, "Operational Characteristics of the 200-m Flexible Cryogenic Transfer System", J. Super-cond. Nov. Magn. 26, 1479 (2013).

120


■ T.-F. Lin*(林再福), H. C. Li, F. Z. Hsiao, W. S. Chiou, S. H. Chang, H. H. Tsai, C. P. Liu, and C. K. Kuan, "The Con-trol System for the Purification Station at NSRRC", Inter-national Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ Y.-H. Lin*(林于寒), M.-S. Yeh, Ch. Wang, F.-T. Chung, L.-J. Chen, M.-H. Tsai, T.-C. Yu, L.-H. Chang, M.-C. Lin, C.-H. Lo, M.-H. Chang, and Z.-K. Liu, "Data Acquisition and Monitoring for TPS SRF Module Horizontal Tests", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ C. Y. Liu, Y. C. Hsieh*(謝耀慶), K. B. Liu, and D. G. Huang, "Analysis of the White Circuit System of the NSRRC TLS Bosster", Adv. Mater. Res. 740, 817 (2013).

■ C.-Y. Liu*(柳振堯), K.-B. Liu, Y.-C. Hsieh, A. Elkiær, and D.-G. Huang, "Upgrade of the NSRRC Booster Power Sup-ply", EPE J. 23, 27 (2013).

■ C.-Y. Liu*(柳振堯), K.-B. Liu, and D.-G. Huang, "Design of a Power Transformer for a LLC Resonant Power Con-verter", Adv. Mater. Res. 740, 823 (2013).

■ C.-Y. Liu*(柳振堯) and K.-B. Liu, "Design and Modeling of an Isolation Step-down Transformer by Piezoelectric Material", Appl. Mech. Mater. 431, 231 (2013).

■ C.-Y. Liu*(柳振堯), D.-G Huang, K.-B Liu, "Design and Implementation of the 3-D Simulation Model for TPS Power Supply Cable Engineering", Appl. Mech. Mater. 420, 333 (2013).

■ C.-Y. Liu*(柳振堯) and K.-B. Liu, "Measurement and Testing of the NSRRC Power Supply for Conduction EMI", Adv. Mater. Res. 818, 153 (2013).

■ C.-Y. Liu*(柳振堯), D.-G. Huang, K.-B. Liu, and B.-S. Wang, "The Cable Engineering Project for the TPS Power Supply", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ Y. C. Liu*(劉毅志), Y.-H. Lin, M.-S. Yeh, Y.-K. Lin, J.-A. Li, S. Fann, C.-C. Liang, S.-J. Huang, H.-C. Chen, and H.-H. Chen, "Operation Experience at Taiwan Light Source", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ Y.-H. Liu*(劉永慧), C.-S. Chen, C.-K. Chan, C.-S. Yang, Y.-T. Huang, H.-P. Hsueh, K.-H. Hsu, H.-H. Chen, and J.-R. Chen, "The HV Withstands Test for In Vacuum Booster Kicker", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ H. H. Tsai*(蔡黃修), F. Z. Hsiao, H. C. Li, S. H. Chang, T.

F. Lin, W. S. Chiou, C. P. Liu, and C. K. Kuan, "The Instal-lation and Commissioning of the Helium Cryogenic System for the TPS Project", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ M.-H. Tsai*(蔡明訓), M.-C. Lin, C. Wang, L.-L. Han, T.-T. Tsung, and T. Furuya, "Structural Reinforcement on a Superconducting Radio-frequency Cavity", IEEE T. Appl. Supercon. 23, 3500105 (2013).

■ T.-S. Ueng*(翁宗賢), Y.-F. Chiu, Y.-C. Lin, K.-C. Kuo, and J.-C. Chang, "Performance Enhancement of Electrical Power System at NSRRC", International Particle Acceler-ator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ B.-S. Wang*(王寶勝), C.-Y. Liu, Y.-C. Chien, and K.-B. Liu, "The Multi-channel Measuring Data Acquisition Inter-face for TPS Quadrupole and Sextupole Magnet Power Supplies by using Labview as the Developing Tool", Inter-national Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ B.-S. Wang*(王寶勝) and K.-B. Liu, "Development of a Digital Control Interface Card with a Labview Control Program for TLS Corrector Magnet Power Supply", Inter-national Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ C. Y. Wu*(吳俊億), C. Y. Liao, J. Chen, Y. S. Cheng, P. C. Chiu, and K. T. Hsu, "Control System of In-vacuum Un-dulator in Taiwan Photon Source", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ L.-H. Wu*(吳怜慧), J.-C. Huang, C.-K. Ya, C.-K. Chan, S.-N. Hsu, H.-P. Hsueh, G.-Y. Hsiung, and J.-R. Chen, "Baking Test for an In-vacuum Undulator", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ M. H. Wu*(吳孟修), W. Y. Lai, M. L. Chen, T. C. Tseng, H. S. Wang, H. C. Lin, K. H. Hsu, S. Y. Perng, H. C. Ho, P. L. Sung, C. S. Lin, H. S. Wang, C. J. Lin, H. M. Luo, P. S. D. Chuang, D. G. Huang, and J. R. Chen, "Design and Experiment on Auto-alignment Control System of Taiwan Photon Source", International Particle Accelerator Confer-ence (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ C. K. Yang*(楊謹綱), C. S. Hwang, F. Y. Lin, J. C. Huang, M. H. Huang, C. H. Chang, H. C. Ho, and T. Y. Chung, "Design, Construction and Test of Performance of a System to Measure a Magnetic Field in a Vacuum Chamber", J. Phys.-Conf. Ser. 425, 212016 (2013).

■ M.-K. Yeh, M.-C. Lin*(林明泉), H.-Y. Kuo, and Ch. Wang, "Application of Multi-physics Computation on De-

121

APPENDIX

sign of a Superconducting Radio-frequency Cavity", IEEE T. Appl. Supercon. 23, 3500405 (2013).

■ T. C. Yu*(尤宗旗), Ch. Wang, L. H. Chang, M. S. Yeh, M. C. Lin, T. T. Yang, C. H. Lo, M. H. Tsai, F. T. Chung, Y. H. Lin, M. H. Chang, L. J. Chen, and Z. K. Liu, "Dual Chip in Single Module Solid-State Power Amplifier Design for Compact Transmitter Architecture", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ T. C. Yu*(尤宗旗), Ch. Wang, L. H. Chang, M. S. Yeh, M. C. Lin, F. T. Chung, T. T. Yang, C. H. Lo, M. H. Tsai, Y. H. Lin, M. H. Chang, L. J. Chen, and Z. K. Liu, "Planar Balun Design with Advanced Heat Dissipation Structure for kW Level Solid-state Amplifier Module Development", International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

■ T. C. Yu*(尤宗旗), L. H. Chang, Ch. Wang, M. S. Yeh, M. C. Lin, F. T. Chung, T. T. Yang, C. H. Lo, M. H. Tsai, Y. H. Lin, M. H. Chang, L. J. Chen, and Z. K. Liu, "Petra Cavity Vacuum RF Condition with Field Balance Mechanism for TPS Storage Ring in NSRRC", International Particle Accel-erator Conference (IPAC), Shanghai, China (2013).

Beamline/Station Instrumentation■ S. H. Chang, G. C. Yin, D. J. Wang, C. H. Chang, J. M.

Juang, L. J. Huang, C. Y. Liu, C. F. Chang, C. H. Chu, and M. T. Tang*(湯茂竹), "Design of the X-ray Nanoprobe Beamline at the Taiwan Photon Source", J. Phys.-Conf. Ser. 425, 182005 (2013).

■ C.-Y. Huang*(黃繼億), C.-S. Ku, S.-N. Hsiao, C.-C. Chen, C.-H. Chang, H.-Y. Lee, and H. Chen, "Small-offset Vir-tual Channel-cut Monochromator for Sub-micron X-ray Diffraction Beamline at Taiwan Photon Source", J. Phys.-Conf. Ser. 425, 072014 (2013).

■ S.-W. Lin, C.-F. Chang, R. Lee, C.-Y. Huang, C.-I. Ma, L.-J. Fan, and H.-S. Fung*(馮學深), "On-the-fly Scan: Improv-ing the Performance of Absorption Spectrum Measure-ment", J. Phys.-Conf. Ser. 425, 122002 (2013).

■ D. J. Wang*(王端正), C. C. Chiu, and C. M. Cheng, "De-sign of a Multi-axis Cryogenic Sample Manipulator for Soft X-ray and VUV Spectroscopy", J. Phys.-Conf. Ser. 425, 122007 (2013).

■ D. J. Wang*(王端正), S. W. Lin, H. W. Chen, C. C. Chiu, H. S. Fung, and S. Y. Perng, "Performance of an Upgraded Long Trace Profiler at NSRRC", J. Phys.-Conf. Ser. 425, 212006 (2013).

Other Publications■ B. A. Aragaw, W.-N. Su, J. Rick, and B.-J. Hwang*(黃炳照), "Highly Efficient Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide-nafion Nanocomposites with Strong Coupling for Enhanced Proton and Electron Conduction", RSC Adv. 3, 23212 (2013).

■ M. Bahou, Y.-J. Wu*(吳宇中), and Y.-P. Lee*(李遠鵬), "Infrared Spectra of Protonated Pyrene and Its Neutral Counterpart in Solid Para-hydrogen", J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4, 1989 (2013).

■ Y.-M. Chang*(張元銘), P.-H. Kao, H.-M. Tai, H.-W. Wang, C.-M. Lin, H.-Y. Lee, and J.-Y. Juang*(莊振益), "En-hanced Field Emission Characteristics in Metal-coated Si-nanocones", Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 10761 (2013).

■ C.-H. Chen, Y.-J. Su, C.-H. Lin, T.-S. Liao, Y.-S. Yang*(楊裕雄), and C.-H. Hwang*(黃吉宏), "Sloped-gate Voltage Method for Improving Measurement of Poly-Si Nanowire FET in Aqueous Environment", J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 9004 (2013).

■ Y. F. Chen, Y. F. Chiou, S. J. Chang, S. H. Jiang, and R. J. Sheu*(許榮鈞), "Effects of Source and Geometry Model-ing on the Shielding Calculations for a Spent Nuclear Fuel Dry Storage Cask", Nucl. Technol. 182, 224 (2013).

■ H.-W. Cheng, T.-C. Yu, and C.-H. Luo*(羅錦興), "Direct Current Driving Impedance Matching Method for Recten-na Using Medical Implant Communication Service Band for Wireless Battery Charging", IET Microw. Antennas Propag. 7, 277 (2013).

■ D. Chiang*(蔣東堯), C.-M. Chang, S.-W. Chen, C.-T. Yang, and W.-J. Hsueh, "Physical Properties of an Oxide Photoresist Film for Submicron Pattern Lithography", Thin Solid Films 542, 409 (2013).

■ H.-L. Chiang, S. T. Ngo, C.-J. Chen, C.-K. Hu*(胡進錕), and M. S. Li*, "Oligomerization of Peptides LVEALYL and RGFFYT and Their Binding Affinity to Insulin", PLoS One 8, e65358 (2013).

■ M. Fan, F.-J. Lai, H.-L. Chou, W.-T. Lu, B.-J. Hwang*(黃炳照), and A. G. Brolo*, "Surface-enhanced Raman Scat-tering (SERS) from Au:Ag Bimetallic Nanoparticles: the Effect of the Molecular Probe", Chem. Sci. 4, 509 (2013).

■ Felix, J.-H. Cheng, S. Hy, J. Rick, F.-M. Wang, and B.-J. Hwang*(黃炳照), "Mechanistic Basis of Enhanced Cap-acity Retention Found with Novel Sulfate-based Additive in High-voltage Li-ion Batteries", J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 22619 (2013).

122


■ J. L. Her*(何金龍), H. C. Hsu, Y. H. Matsuda, K. Kindo, and F. C. Chou, "Observation of Field-induced Anomaly in High-field Magnetization on a Complex Spin-driven Multi-ferroic Compound, LiCu2-zZnzO2", J. Low Temp. Phys. 170, 285 (2013).

■ H.-C. Huang, B.-J. Chang, L.-J. Chou, and S.-Y. Chiang*(江素玉), "Three-beam Interference with Circular Polarization for Structured Illumination Microscopy", Opt. Express 21, 23963 (2013).

■ Y.-S. Huang, C.-H. Chen, C.-H. Chen, and W.-H. Hung*(洪偉修), "Fabrication of Octadecyl and Octadecanethiolate Self-assembled Monolayers on Oxide-free Si(111) with a One-cell Process", ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 5771 (2013).

■ B. Koteswararao, R. Kumar, J. Chakraborty, B.-G. Jeon, A. V. Mahajan, I. Dasgupta, K. H. Kim, and F. C. Chou*(周方正), "PbCu3TeO7: an S=1/2 Staircase Kagome Lattice with Significant Intra-plane and Inter-plane Couplings", J. Phys.-Condens. Mat. 25, 336003 (2013).

■ C. C. Kuo, W.-R. Liu, B. H. Lin, W. F. Hsieh*(謝文峰), C.-H. Hsu*(徐嘉鴻), W. C. Lee, M. Hong, and J. Kwo, "Vertical-cavity and Randomly Scattered Lasing from Dif-ferent Thicknesses of Epitaxial ZnO Films Grown on Y2O3-buffered Si(111)", Opt. Express 21, 1857 (2013).

■ K.-H. Lee*(李凱璿), P.-C. Chang, and S.-J. Chang, "AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors Based on InGaN/GaN Multi-quantum-well Structures with Photo-chemical Vapor Deposition of SiO2 dielectrics", Microelec-tron. Eng. 104, 105 (2013).

■ T.-C. Li, K.-T. Chen, C.-J. Chung, Y.-F. Song, C.-C. Wang, and J.-F. Lin*(林仁輝), "Effects of Pre-strain Applied to a Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Substrate Before TiO2 Film Deposition on the Contact Angle of the Substrate and the Morphology of the Specimen", Mech. Mater. 58, 23 (2013).

■ C.-Y. Liao, K.-H. Tseng*(曾國雄), and H.-S. Lin, "Prep-aration of Metallic Aluminum Compound Particles by Sub-merged Arc Discharge Method in Aqueous Media", Metall. Mater. Trans. B 44, 91 (2013).

■ C.-S. Lin*(林章生) and D.-Y. Chiang, "Modal Identifica-tion from Nonstationary Ambient Response Data Using Extended Random Decrement Algorithm", Comput. Struct. 119, 104 (2013).

■ T.-H. Liu, T. Uwada*, T. Sugiyama, A. Usman, Y. Hosokawa, H. Masuhara, T.-W. Chiang, and C.-J. Chen, "Single Femtosecond Laser Pulse-single Crystal Forma-tion of Glycine at the Solution Surface", J. Cryst. Growth

366, 101 (2013).

■ K. Matsuda, T. Nagao, Y. Kajihara, M. Inui, K. Tamura, J. Nakamura*, K. Kimura, M. Yao, M. Itou, Y. Sakurai, and N. Hiraoka, "Electron Momentum Density in Liquid Silicon", Phys. Rev. B 88, 115125 (2013).

■ R. Mohanraman*, R. Sankar, F. C. Chou, C. H. Lee, and Y.-Y. Chen*(陳洋元), "Enhanced Thermoelectric Perform-ance in Bi-doped p-type AgSbTe2 Compounds", J. Appl. Phys. 114, 163712 (2013).

■ R. A. Pandit*, C.-J. Chen, T. A. Butt, and N. Islam, "Identi-fication and Analysis of a Novel Mutation in PEPD Gene in Two Kashmiri Siblings with Prolidase Enzyme Deficiency", Gene 516, 316 (2013).

■ T. T. B. Quyen, W.-N. Su, K.-J. Chen, C.-J. Pan, J. Rick, C.-C. Chang*(張君照), and B.-J. Hwang*(黃炳照), "Au@SiO2 Core/Shell Nanoparticle Assemblage Used for Highly Sensitive SERS-based Determination of Glucose and Uric Acid", J. Raman Spectrosc. 44, 1671 (2013).

■ M. R. Rahman, B. Koteswararao, S. H. Huang, K. H. Kim, and F. C. Chou*(周方正), "Diluted Magnetism in Mn-doped SrZnO2 Single Crystals", J. Appl. Phys. 114, 123903 (2013).

■ R. Sankar, G. J. Shu, B. K. Moorthy, R. Jayavel, and F. C. Chou*(周方正), "Growing of Fixed Orientation Plane of Single Crystal Using the Flux Growth Technique and Fer-rimagnetic Ordering in Ni3TeO6 of Stacked 2D Honeycomb Rings", Dalton T. 42, 10439 (2013).

■ G. J. Shu and F. C. Chou*(周方正), "Crystal Electric Field of P2-NaxCoO2 for the Intermediate Spin State of Co3+", Phys. Rev. B 88, 155130 (2013).

■ A.-C. Sun*(孫安正), S. H. Huang, C. F. Huang, J.-H. Hsu, F.-T. Yuan, H. C. Lu, S. F. Wang, S. N. Hsiao, and H. Y. Lee, "Enhanced Coercivity in L11CoPt Thin Film on Glass Substrate by Fine-tuning Pt Underlayer", IEEE T. Magn. 49, 3763 (2013).

■ M.-C. Tsai, J. Rick, and B.-J. Hwang*(黃炳照), "Design of Pt-based Bimetallic Alloys for the Oxidation of H2O2: a Combined Computational and Experimental Approach", ChemCatChem 5, 1709 (2013).

■ Z.-D. Tsai*(蔡宗達) and M.-H. Perng, "Defect Detection in Periodic Patterns Using a Multi-band-pass Filter", Mach. Vision Appl. 24, 551 (2013).

■ K.-H. Tseng*(曾國雄), H.-L. Lee, C.-Y. Liao, K.-C. Chen, and H.-S. Lin, "Rapid and Efficient Synthesis of Silver Nanofluid Using Electrical Discharge Machining", J.

123

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Nanomater. 2013, 174939 (2013).

■ S.-C. Yang, W.-N. Su*(蘇威年), J. Rick, S. D. Lin, J.-Y. Liu, C.- J. Pan, J.-F. Lee, and B.-J. Hwang*(黃炳照), "Oxygen Vacancy Engineering of Cerium Oxides for Car-bon Dioxide Capture and Reduction", ChemSusChem 6, 1326 (2013).

■ B.-L. Young*(楊本立), P.-Y. Chu, J. Y. Juang, G. J. Shu, and F. C. Chou, "Cobalt Magnetism in a Superstructured

Metallic Antiferromagnet Na0.825CoO2", Phys. Rev. B 88, 064418 (2013).

■ P. Yu*(余培強), K. Theodoridou, H. Xin, P.-Y. Huang, Y.-C. Lee, and B. R. Wood, "Synchrotron-based Microspectro-scopic Study on the Effects of Heat Treatments on Coty-ledon Tissues in Yellow-type Canola (Brassica) Seeds", J. Agr. Food Chem. 61, 7234 (2013).

* indicates corresponding author(s).

124


Student Dissertation

Doctorate■ N. Berezhnoy, Advisor Prof. L. Nordenskiold, School of

Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, "Biophysical Studies of Recombinant Chromatin and Nu-cleosome Core Particle (NCP) Systems Interacting with Lipids" (2013).

■ M. M. R. Bhuiyan, Advisor Prof. S.-D. Lin (林昇佃), De-partment of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan Uni-versity of Science and Technology, "Effect of CuZnMgAl Catalyst Preparation on Their Structure and Performances in Methanol Reactions" (2013).

■ P.-H. Chang (張博翔), Advisor Prof. J.-S. Jean (簡錦樹), Department of Earth Sciences, National Cheng Kung Uni-versity, "The Mechanism of Adsorption and Desorption Between Clay Minerals and Antibiotic-tetracycline" (2013).

■ Y.-S. Chang (張永昇), Advisor Prof. W.-Y. Jeng (鄭文義), University Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, "Design, Structure De-termination, and Biological Evaluation of Potent Integrin Alpha5beta1 and/or Alphavbeta3-specific Antagonists Using the Ninth and/or Tenth Modules of Fibronectin Type III Domain" (2013).

■ B.-L. Chen (陳栢林), Advisor Prof. S.-H. Chien (簡淑華), Department of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, "Gas Storage in Multilayered Titania Nanotubes Modified with Noble Metal Nanoparticles" (2013).

■ I.-L. Chen (陳怡利), Advisor Prof. C.-C. Hu (胡啟章), Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, "Synthesis of Porous Materials by Chemical Deposition of Bimetallic Ruthenium-based Oxide Super-capacitors" (2013).

■ W.-T. Chen (陳韋廷), Advisor Prof. R.-S. Liu (劉如熹), Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, "Structure and Optical Properties of Oxynitride Phos-phors" (2013).

■ L.-C. Cheng (鄭良謙), Advisor Prof. R.-S. Liu (劉如熹), Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, "Multi-functional Nano-materials in Bio-application" (2013).

■ Y.-S. Cheng (鄭雅珊), Advisor Prof. R.-T. Guo (郭瑞庭), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology and J.-R. Liu (劉嚞睿), Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, "Crystal Structural Studies and Genetic Engineering of Thermotoga Maritima Cellulase Cel12A" (2013).

■ H.-Y. Fu (傅煦媛), Advisor Prof. C.-S. Yang (楊啟伸), De-partment of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, "Many Faces of Rhodopsin in Halobac-teria" (2013).

■ S.-H. Hsu (徐韶徽), Advisor Prof. S.-H. Chien (簡淑華), Department of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, "CdS Sensi-tized Vertically Aligned Single Crystal TiO2 Nanorods on Transparent Conducting Glass with Improved Solar Cell Efficiency and Stability Using ZnS Passivation Layer" (2013).

■ H.-L. Huang (黃惠琳), Advisor Prof. S.-L. Wang (王素蘭), Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, "Syntheses, Structures and Properties of Metal Phosphites" (2013).

■ K.-W. Huang (黃凱偉), Advisor Prof. S.-W. Kuo (郭紹偉), Department of Material & Optoelectronics Engineer-ing, National Sun Yat-sen University, "Molecular Structure Design and Multiple Hydrogen bonding Interactions to Prepare Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes Nanocom-posites and DNA-like Double-helical Structures" (2013).

■ N.-Y. Huang (黃暖雅), Advisor Prof. Jow-Tsong Shy (施宙聰), Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua Univer-sity and Wai-Keung Lau (劉偉強), NSRRC and Hiroyiki Hama (濱廣幸), Department of Physics, Tohoku Univer-sity. "Advanced Linear Accelerator System for Generation of Femto-second Electron Beam toward Intense Radiation Sources" (2013).

■ S.-H. Huang (黃書豪), Advisor Prof. S.-L. Wang (王素蘭), Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, "Exploration of New Functional Materials: Syntheses, Structures and Properties of Metal Phosphates/Phosphites" (2013).

■ C.-C. Kuo (郭晉嘉), Advisor Prof. W.-F. Hsieh (謝文峰), Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University,

125

APPENDIX

"The Correlation Between Optical and Structural Proper-ties of Nonpolar ZnO Epitaxial Films on Sapphires Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition" (2013).

■ J.-H. Kuo (郭哲宏), Advisor Prof. S.-C. Su (蘇士哲), De-partment of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University and W.-G. Wu (吳文桂), Department of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, "Alternative C-terminal Helix Orientation Alters Chemokine Function: Structural Basis for Deficient Heparin Binding of the Chemokine CX-CL4L1" (2013).

■ P.-K. Liao (廖柄貴), Advisor Prof. C.-W. Liu (劉鎮維), Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, P.-K. Liao (廖柄貴), Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, and J.-H. Liao (廖健宏), Depart-ment of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, "Hydrido-copper(Silver) Complexes Supported by Dithio-donor Ligands and Their Derivatives" (2013).

■ P.-Y. Liao (廖伯諭), Advisor Prof. S.-L. Chang (張石麟), NSRRC/Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua Uni-versity, "Resonant Multi-wave X-ray Diffraction Study of Phase Problem on Silicon and Germanium" (2013).

■ B.-H. Lin (林碧軒), Advisor Prof. C.-H. Hsu (徐嘉鴻), NSRRC and W.-F. Hsieh (謝文峰), Department of Pho-tonics, National Chiao Tung University, "The Growth and Physical Properties of Polar and Non-polar ZnO Epitaxial Films Studied by Using Synchrotron Radiation" (2013).

■ H.-M. Lin (林修民), Advisor Prof. J.-G. Duh (杜正恭), Department of Material Science & Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, "Interfacial Reaction Sn/Ni-xZn Solder Joints after Reflow and Thermal Aging" (2013).

■ S.-H. Lin (林詩翔), Advisor Prof. W.-F. Su (林唯芳), De-partment of Materials Science & Engineering, National Taiwan University, "Synthesis and Self-assembly of Poly(3-alkylthiophene)- Containing Rod-Coil and Rod-Rod Block Copolymers" (2013).

■ Y.-Y. Lin (林揚益), Advisor Prof. A. T. Wu (吳子嘉), De-partment of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, "Bandgap Narrowing in High Dopant Tin Oxide and Stress Measurement of Flexible ITO Thin Film" (2013).

■ Q. Liu, Advisor Prof. L. H. Tjeng, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft and Z. Hu, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, "Synthesis, Char-acterization and Investigation on the Magnetic and Elec-tronic Structures of Strontium Iron Oxides" (2013).

■ Y.-C. Liu (劉祐禎), Advisor Prof. T.-L. Li (李宗璘), Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, "Structure- and Mechanism-based Enzyme Design for Biologically Active New Chemical Entities on Glycopeptide Antibiotics" (2013).

■ Y.-C. Pan (潘育麒), Advisor Prof. H.-M. Kao (高憲明), Department of Chemistry, National Central University, "Preparation and Characterization of Composite Poly-mer Electrolyte & The Research and Discussion of the Mesoporous Silicon Material with Phosphoric Acid Func-tional Groups by Solid-State NMR" (2013).

■ M. S. Rabie, Advisor Prof. L. H. Tjeng, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft and Z. Hu, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, "Pressure-induced Phase Transitions and Magnetic Properties of RCrO4 Oxides (R= Rare Earth)" (2013).

■ S. Sansenya, Advisor Prof. J. R. K. Cairns, Suranaree Uni-versity of Technology, "Structural Studies of Rice Beta-glucosidase Substrate Specificity" (2013).

■ D. Singh, Advisor Prof. G. Grüber, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, "Structure and Mechanistic Study on the A1 ATPase" (2013).

■ A. Tankrathok, Advisor Prof. J. R. Cairns, Schools of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Suranaree University of Tech-nology, "Structure-function Studies of Rice GH1 Beta-glucosidases and Beta-mannosidases" (2013).

■ V. T. Tra, Advisor Prof. J.-Y. Lin (林俊源), Department of Physics, National Chiao Tung University and Y.-H. Chu (朱英豪), Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, "Controlling the Inter-action in Complex Oxide Interfaces" (2013).

■ C.-F. Tseng (曾建富), Advisor Prof. J.-G. Duh (杜正恭), Department of Material Science & Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, "Interfacial Reaction Between Sn and Cu-xMn Substrate During Heating" (2013).

■ C.-W. Tseng (曾芝文), Advisor Prof. J.-R. Liu (劉嚞睿), Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, "Crystal Structural Studies of Glycoside Hydrolase Family 5 and Carbohydrate Esterase Family 16 Fibrolytic En-zymes" (2013).

■ S.-R. Wu (吳學仁), Advisor Prof. Y.-K. Hwu (胡宇光), Department of Physics, Academia Sinica, "Development of Zone Plate Based Hard-X-ray Microscopy and Its Ap-plication for Nanoscale in Situ Imaging of Electrochemical Process" (2013).

126


■ S.-Y. Wu (吳紹筠), Advisor Prof. T.-S. Huang (黃倉秀), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Na-tional Tsing Hua University, M.-H. Hong (洪銘輝), De-partment of Physics, National Taiwan University, and R.-N. Kwo (郭瑞年), Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, "Investigation of Structure and Phase Transformation of MBE Epitaxially Grown Single Crystal Gadolinium Oxide on GaN(0001), Si(111), and GaAs(111) Substrate" (2013).

■ Y.-C. Wu (伍怡蓁), Advisor Prof. S.-W. Kuo (郭紹偉), Department of Material & Optoelectronics Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, "Preparation of Self-assembled Nanostructure Through Multiple Hydrogen-bonding Interactions" (2013).

■ Y.-H. Wu (吳玉忻), Advisor Prof. S.-L. Chang (張石麟), NSRRC/Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua Uni-versity, "Focusing Effects in a Curved Two-plate Crystal Cavity" (2013).

■ C.-H. Yang (楊政賢), Advisor Prof. W.-T. Tsai (蔡文達), Department of Material, National Cheng Kung University, "Dehydrogenation Behavior of Magnesium Aluminum Hy-dride and Improvement on Its Hydrogen Desorption Per-formance" (2013).

■ S. Yang (楊松), Advisor Prof. W.-F. Hsieh (謝文峰), De-partment of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, "Optical and Structural Properties of ZnO Epitaxial Films Grown by Atomic Layer Deposition" (2013).

■ W.-C. Yang (楊文呈), Advisor Prof. C.-C. Fu (傅建中), Institute of NanoEngineering & MicroSystem, National Tsing Hua University, "High-aspect-ratio Microstructures Fabricated by Backside Lithography and Their Applica-tion" (2013).

■ Y.-Z. Zheng (鄭燕宗), Advisor Prof. S.-L. Chang (張石麟), NSRRC/Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua Uni-versity, "Waveguiding Using Three-beam Bragg-surface X-ray Diffraction" (2013).

Master’s Degree■ C.-Y. Chang (張瓊云), Advisor Prof. B.-Z. Wan (萬本儒),

Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, "Preparation of Porous Silica Low-k Films by Using Different Concentration of Structure Directing Agent TPAOH" (2013).

■ S.-H. Chang (張士航), Advisor Prof. M.-T. Lin (林敏聰), Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, "Re-sistive Switching and Magneto-transport Properties in Or-ganic Spin Valve with Self-assembled Monolayer Spacer"

(2013).

■ W.-C. Chang (張惟捷), Advisor Prof. H.-M. Kao (高憲明), Department of Chemistry, National Central University, "Direct Synthesis of Mesoporous Organosilicas Function-alized with Carboxylic Acid Groups: Study on Dye Adsorp-tion and Fabrication of Metal (Ag, Pt) Nanoparticles" (2013).

■ Y.-H. Chang (張硯翔), Advisor Prof. S.-H. Tung (童世煌), Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, "Control over the Orientation of Block Copolymer Thin Films Using Cross-linked Random Copo-lymers as Surface Modifiers" (2013).

■ Y.-T. Chang (張耀庭), Advisor Prof. T.-L. Lin (林滄浪), Department of Engineering & System Science, National Tsing Hua University, "Studies on the Distribution of Thiol-ated Gold Nanoparticles Supported by Lipid and Diblock-copolymer Monolayer" (2013).

■ S.-H. Chao (趙世華), Advisor Prof. C.-W. Ong (王志偉), Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, "Synthesis of Dibenz[a,c]anthracene and Dibenzo[f,h]pyrazino[2,3-b]quinoxaline Discogens" (2013).

■ B.-S Chen (陳柏賢), Advisor Prof. C.-S. Chen (陳敬勳), Center for General Education, Chang Gung University, "Toluene Oxidation on Pt/SBA-15 Catalysts" (2013).

■ C.-C. Chen (陳仲勤), Advisor Prof. W.-C. Wang (王雯靜), Department of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, "Crystal Structure and Inhibitor Kinetics of Hu-man Histone Demethylase Lysine-specific Demethylase 4B (KDM4B)" (2013).

■ C.-P. Chen (陳紀芃), Advisor Prof. C.-H. Cheng (鄭智馨), School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, "Effect of Sesbania Sesban Biochar Amendment on Soil Nutrients and Greenhouse Gas Emis-sion" (2013).

■ H.-X. Chen (陳衡勳), Advisor Prof. Y.-C. Wu (吳毓純), Department of Resources Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, "Spontaneous Reduction of Eu3+ in Alkali Earth Ions Doped Borosilicates" (2013).

■ H.-Y. Chen (陳虹頤), Advisor Prof. C.-Y. Chou (周記源), Department of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Uni-versity, "Structural Basis of Ubiquitin Recognition by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Papain-like Protease" (2013).

■ L.-R. Chen (陳立人), Advisor Prof. M.-T. Lin (林敏聰), Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, "Mag-netic and Electric Hysteresis Properties in Ferromagnetic/

127

APPENDIX

Self-assemble Monolayer/Ferromagnetic Organic Spin Valve" (2013).

■ S.-H. Chen (陳晟弘), Advisor Prof. M.-T. Lin (林敏聰), Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, "The Influence of Interfacial Characteristics on Magnetocapaci-tance in PTCDA-based Organic Spin Valve" (2013).

■ Y.-R. Chen (陳宥融), Advisor Prof. C.-C. Wang (王志傑), Department of Chemical, Soochow University, "Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Properties of Metal Coordination Polymers with 1,3,5-tris(-4-pyridylsulfanylmethyl)-2,4,6-trimethyl-Benzene (tpsmb) and Oxygen-containing Lig-ands" (2013).

■ Y.-T. Chen (陳彥廷), Advisor Prof. Z.-C. Feng (馮哲川), Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Na-tional Taiwan University, "Synchrotron Radiation Technol-ogy Study of Semiconductors and Heterostructures" (2013).

■ C.-H. Cheng (鄭志皞), Advisor Prof. S.-L. Chang (張石麟), NSRRC/Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, "Resonant Multi-wave X-ray Diffraction and Resonance Phase Researches on Germanium" (2013).

■ C.-K. Cheng (陳正鋼), Advisor Prof. S.-H. Chou (周三和), Department of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing Uni-versity, "Structure and Function Studies of Human STING and Mouse STING" (2013).

■ Y.-S. Cheng (鄭雅珊), Advisor Prof. J.-R. Liu (劉嚞睿), Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan Univerity, "Crystal Structural Studies and Genetic Engineering of Thermotoga Maritima Cellulase Cel12A" (2013).

■ C.-J. Chiang (江佳蓉), Advisor Prof. M.-T. Lee (李明道), NSRRC, "Studying on Interaction Between Magainin 2 and mixed lipids bilayer by Oriented Circular Dichroism (OCD) and Lamellar X-ray Diffraction(LXD)" (2013).

■ C.-L. Chiang (江昭龍), Advisor Prof. K.-S. Lin (林錕松), Department of Chemistry Engineering & Material Science, Yuan Ze University, "Preparation, Characterization and Gas Separation Efficiencies of Metal Azolate Frameworks (MAF)" (2013).

■ C.-M. Chiang (姜陳淼), Advisor Prof. H.-H. Hsieh (謝輝煌), Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National De-fense University, "Band Gap Engineering Rsearch of ZnO Films" (2013).

■ P.-C. Chiang (姜佩君), Advisor Prof. C. Su (蘇昭瑾), De-partment of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, L.-C. Chen (林麗瓊), CCMS, National Taiwan University, and K.-H. Chen (陳貴賢), IAMS, Academia Sinica, "Controlled Orientation

of Pentacene Molecules Using Substrate Templating in Or-ganic Solar Cells" (2013).

■ C.-Y. Chien (簡振宇), Advisor Prof. K.-W. Wang (王冠文), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, "The Facile Synthesis of CdSe Tetrapods and the Application in Organic Photovoltaic De-vices" (2013).

■ P.-J. Chien (簡珮珍), Advisor Prof. S.-H. Tung (童世煌), Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, "Electrospun Nanofibers as Polymer Gate Electrets on Pentacene Transistor Memory: Morphol-ogy, Structure, and Electrical Characteristics" (2013).

■ Y.-F. Chien (簡逸棻), Advisor Prof. S.-L. Wang (王素蘭), Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, "Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Properties of Organo Zincophosphates and Organo Gallop hosphates" (2013).

■ Y.-H. Chien (簡祐祥), Advisor Prof. H.-C. Kung (龔慧貞), Department of Earth Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, "The Experiment Study of Sandstones Elastic Properties and Texture" (2013).

■ C.-Y. Chin (秦志遠), Advisor Prof. S.-L. Wang (王素蘭), Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, "Syntheses and Characterizations of Novel Metal Phos-phites with Chiral Frameworks and Extra-large Channels" (2013).

■ C.-M. Chiou (邱繼盟), Advisor Prof. A.-C Sun (孫安正), Department of Chemistry Engineering & Material Science, Yuan Ze University, "Study on the Interlayer Magnetic Coupling of Chemically Ordered CoPt Thin Films with Perpendicular Anisotropy" (2013).

■ Y.-H. Chiu (邱奕樺), Advisor Prof. S.-L. Chang (張石麟), NSRRC/Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua Uni-versity, "Anisotropic Resonant Multi-wave Dynamical X-ray Diffraction" (2013).

■ P.-C. Chu (朱沛全), Advisor Prof. J.-S. K. Yu (尤禎祥), In-stitute of Bioinformatics, National Chiao Tung University and S.-Y. Chiang (江素玉), NSRRC, "Theoretical Study and the Circular Dichroism of the N-S Acyl Rearrangement in the Intein-Mediated Protein Splicing Process" (2013).

■ Y.-W. Fan (范揚文), Advisor Prof. H.-M. Philip Chen (陳皇銘), Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung Uni-versity and Y.-J. Hsu (許瑤真), NSRRC, "Sensing Mech-anism of Surface Modified Poly-Si Nanowire FET " (2013).

■ D.-H. Fu (傅道鴻), Advisor Prof. T.-C. Wen (溫添進), Department of Chemistry Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, "The Application of Silver Nanocubes on

128


the Mirror of Different Metals in Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering" (2013).

■ T. Harano, Advisor Prof. A. Fujimori, Department of Phys-ics, University of Tokyo, "X-ray Magnetic Circular Di-chroism Study of Perovskite-type Manganese Oxide Thin Films" (2013).

■ J.-Y. He (何健暘), Advisor Prof. K.-L. Lin (林光隆), De-partment of Material, National Cheng Kung University, "Crystal Structure Evolution of Eutectic SnZn Solder Alloy induced by Electromigration" (2013).

■ J.-H. Hong (洪嘉宏), Advisor Prof. A. T. Wu (吳子嘉), Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Na-tional Central University, "Massive Spalling and Morpho-logical Change of Intermetallic Compound Affected by Adding Pd in Co-based Surface Finishes" (2013).

■ C.-Y. Hsiao (蕭甄昀), Advisor Prof. C.-M. Yang (楊家銘), Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, "Preparation of Carbon and Metal Mesoporous Hollow Nanospheres for Applications in Gas Sensing and Electro-catalysis" (2013).

■ Y.-J. Hsiao (蕭依茹), Advisor Prof. A.-C. Su (蘇安仲), Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, "Structural Evolution during the Initial Stage of Cold Crystallization of Syndiotactic Polypropylene" (2013).

■ M.-H. Hsieh (謝明翰), Advisor Prof. H.-H. Hsieh (謝輝煌), Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National De-fense University, "The Growth and Property Research of ZnO Dilute Magnetic Semiconductor" (2013).

■ M.-Y. Hsieh (謝明宇), Advisor Prof. T.-C. Wen (溫添進), Department of Chemistry Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, "SERS Substrate with Hot Spots Derived from Massive Nanogaps Between Silver Nanocubes and Nanowires" (2013).

■ Y.-C. Hsieh (謝一正), Advisor Prof. J.-W. Chiou (邱昭文), Department of Applied Physics, National University of Kaohsiung, "Investigate the Electronic and Atomic Struc-tures of Nonpolar A-Plane GaN Thin Films" (2013).

■ C.-E. Hsu (許嘉恩), Advisor Prof. Y.-J. Sun (孫玉珠), De-partment of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, "Structural and Functional Investigation of Spo0J from Helicobacter Pylori" (2013).

■ C.-H. Hsu (徐嘉宏), Advisor Prof. C.-M. Lin (林志明), Department of Applied Science, National Hsinchu Uni-versity of Education, "The Structure Properties of Ferrous Selenide (FeSe) Under High Pressure" (2013).

■ S.-P. Hsu (徐淑萍), Advisor Prof. K.-W. Wang (王冠文), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Na-tional Central University, "The Effect of Mn Addition on the Promotion of Oxygen Reduction Reaction Performance for PtCo/C Catalysts" (2013).

■ W.-C. Hsu (許維哲), Advisor Prof. W.-T. Tsai (蔡文達), Department of Material, National Cheng Kung University, "Effect of Additives on Dehydrogenation Behavior of Lith-ium Aluminum Hydride" (2013).

■ H.-Y. Hu (胡瀚陽), Advisor Prof. H.-C. Kung (龔慧貞), Department of Earth Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, "Study of Relationship Between Sr2SiO4 Poly-morphic and Grain Size and Their High Temperature Be-haviors" (2013).

■ B.-H. Huang (黃柏翰), Advisor Prof. Y.-F. Song (宋艷芳), NSRRC and P.-W. Wu (吳樸偉), Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, "Fabrication of Silver Inverse Opals for Structural Char-acterization by Transmission X-ray Microscopy" (2013).

■ C.-L. Huang (黃從龍), Advisor Prof. Z.-C. Feng (馮哲川), Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, "Optical and Structure Analy-sis of ZnO oxide based and AlN Semiconductor materials" (2013).

■ J.-Y. Huang (黃瀞誼), Advisor Prof. T.-S. Yih (易台生), Department of Physics, National Central University, "Pho-tolysis Study of H2O Effect on Pluto Relative Ice Analogs" (2013).

■ S.-H. Huang (黃世勳), Advisor Prof. Y.-J. Sun (孫玉珠), Department of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua Univer-sity, "Biophysical Characteristics of C-terminal Domain of LipL41 from Pathogenic Leptospira" (2013).

■ T.-H. Huang (黃資惠), Advisor Prof. C.-C. Fu (傅建中), Institute of NanoEngineering & MicroSystem, National Tsing Hua University, "Localized Two Steps Controlled Re-leased Microneedle Patch for Transdermal Drug Delivery" (2013).

■ W.-J. Huang (黃偉哲), Advisor Prof. T.-C. Wen (溫添進), Department of Chemistry Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, "Study on Polymer Light-emitting Diodes by Using Surfactants as Electron Injection Layer" (2013).

■ Y.-C. Huang (黃詠琪), Advisor Prof. Y.-S. Cheng (鄭貽生), Department of Life Science & Institute of Plant Biol-ogy, National Taiwan University, "Molecular Function of Ipomoelin in Oligomerization for Antibacterial and Insecti-cidal Ability" (2013).

129

APPENDIX

■ Y.-L. Huang (黃育立), Advisor Prof. E.-W. Huang (黃爾文), Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, "Molecular Dynamics Study for Plastic Deformation of the Nano-precipitate Strength-ened Ni-based Alloy" (2013).

■ Y.-S. Huang (黃譯陞), Advisor Prof. C.-M. Lin (林志明), Department of Applied Science, National Hsinchu Uni-versity of Education, "Raman Scattering Study of Cobalt Doped Zinc Oxide Under High Pressure" (2013).

■ Y.-T. Huang (黃鈺婷), Advisor Prof. J.-R. Chang (張仁瑞), Department of Chemistry Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, "Catalytic Oxidation of 1,2-dichloro-benzene over Silica Supported Vanadia Catalysts: Role of TiO2, WO3, MoO3 Promoter" (2013).

■ J.-H. Hung (洪瑞鴻), Advisor Prof. W. Pan (潘瑋), De-partment of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, "Statistical Method Resolving Spatial Correlation Between Ferromagnetic Spins and Antiferromagnetic Spins from PEEM Images" (2013).

■ Y.-R. Jhang (張宜叡), Advisor Prof. C.-H. Hsu (徐駿森), Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, "Structure and Functional Analysis of Zebrafish Spermidine/Spermine N1-acetyltransferase: Insight into the Substrate Recognition" (2013).

■ C.-Y. Jiang (江淳喻), Advisor Prof. Y.-C. Tseng (曾院介), Department of Material Science & Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, "The Dependence of Magnetic Properties with Size and Local Structure of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles" (2013).

■ S.-F. Jiang (江世帆), Advisor Prof. S.-W. Kuo (郭紹偉), Department of Material & Optoelectronics Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, "Mesoporous Materials Fabricated from Multiblock Copolymers as Templates" (2013).

■ Y. Jiang (江岳), Advisor Prof. D.-A. Luh (陸大安) , De-partment of Physics, National Central University, "Sulfur Adsorption on Au(100): XPS, LEED and STM Study" (2013).

■ M.-W. Kang (康邁文), Advisor Prof. S.-H. Chou (周三和), Department of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, "Biochemical and Structural Studies of DacA and LSm14A, a c-di-AMP Synthetase and a DNA Sensor, Respectively" (2013).

■ C. Kao (高晨), Advisor Prof. Wei-Ning Huang (黃維寧), Department of Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, "The Synchrotron Radiation Circular Dichroism (SRCD) and the

Estimation of Secondary Structure of Proteins" (2013).

■ D.-S. Kao (高得翔), Advisor Prof. C.-H. Hsu (徐駿森), Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, "Structural Basis for the Interaction of UBZ4-Type UBD from Spartan with Ubiquitin" (2013).

■ C.-C. Kuo (郭晉嘉), Advisor Prof. T.-C. Lu (盧廷昌), Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, "The Optical and Crystalline Properties of Nonpolar ZnO on Sapphire" (2013).

■ H. Kuo (郭驊), Advisor Prof. K.-S. Lin (林錕松), Depart-ment of Chemistry Engineering & Material Science, Yuan Ze University, "Decontamination of High-explosive and Antibiotic Pollutants Groundwater by Zero-valent Iron Nanoparticles" (2013).

■ C.-Y. Lee (李俊逸), Advisor Prof. M.-H. Hong (洪銘輝), Department of Physics, National Taiwan University and R.-N. Kwo (郭瑞年), Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, "Study on PLD-grown SrRuO3 and Sr2RuO4 Thin Film" (2013).

■ M.-H. Li (李銘軒), Advisor Prof. C.-T. Lo (羅介聰), De-partment of Chemistry Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, "Effect of Molecular Weight on the Arrange-ment of Magnetic Nanorods in Homopolymer and BlocK Copolymer" (2013).

■ S. Liang (梁軒), Advisor Prof. S.-L. Chang (張石麟), NS-RRC/Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua Univer-sity, "Investigating Interface Strains for Thin-film SiGe on Si Substrate Using Surface Diffraction" (2013).

■ W.-H. Liang (梁維翰), Advisor Prof. C.-F. Cheng (鄭吉豐), Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian Uni-versity, "Synthesis, Characterization and Anion-exchange-able Application of SBA-15 Tethered with R2(dabco) and R(dabco)" (2013).

■ J.-Y. Liao (廖哲儀), Advisor Prof. E.-W. Huang (黃爾文), Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, "Micromechanisms Study of a Dendrite/Zr-based Bulk-Metallic – Glass Composite Sub-jected to Plastic Deformation via in-situ Synchronous X-ray Measurements and Molecular Dynamics Simulation" (2013).

■ C.-O. Lin (林奇歐), Advisor Prof. S.-F. Yu (俞聖法), De-partment of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, "The Role of Fur Bound DNIC, the Ferric Iron Uptake Regulatory Protein in Escherichia Coli" (2013).

■ D.-F. Lin (林大方), Advisor Prof. C.-H. Cheng (鄭智馨), School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National

130


Taiwan University, "Effect of Feedstock and Pyrolytical Temperature on Agronomic Performance of Biochar" (2013).

■ F.-Y. Lin (林峯儀), Advisor Prof. Y.-H. Shih (施養信), Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, "Degradation of Pentachlorophenol in Soil by the Combination of Surfactants and Ni/Fe Bimetallic Nanoparticles" (2013).

■ J.-H. Lin (林人浩), Advisor Prof. C.-H. Lai (賴志煌), Department of Material Science & Engineering, Na-tional Tsing Hua University, "Chemical Bath Deposited ZnS(O,OH) Thin Film Applied on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells and the Light-soaking Effect Mechanism" (2013).

■ T.-Y. Lin (林天鈺), Advisor Prof. E.-W. Huang (黃爾文), Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , Na-tional Central University, "Using Synchrotron Radiation Mapping to Investigate the Iron-addition Effects on the Nickel-aluminide Alloys" (2013).

■ Y.-H. Lin (林于萱), Advisor Prof. H.-M. Kao (高憲明), Department of Chemistry, National Central University, "Synthesis and Application of Carboxylic Acid-Functional-ized Cubic Mesoporous Silica Materials" (2013).

■ Y.-H. Lin (林鈺祥), Advisor Prof. Y.-W. Yang (楊耀文), NSRRC, "In-situ Growth and Electrical Characterization Studies of Rubrene Thin Film Transistors" (2013).

■ Y.-J. Lin (林毓潔), Advisor Prof. S.-R. Song (宋聖榮), De-partment of Geology, National Taiwan University, "Source of Quartz in the Soils of Tatun Volcano Group" (2013).

■ Y.-T. Lin (林易霆), Advisor Prof. S.-H. Liaw (廖淑惠), Department of Life Science, National Yang-Ming Univer-sity, "Mutational Analysis of Poly(3-hydroxylbutyrate) De-polymerase from Bacillas Thuringiensis" (2013).

■ Y.-Y. Lin (林元御), Advisor Prof. S.-D. Lin (林昇佃), Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, "Comparison of Copper-zinc Interface and Copper-cerium Interface on the Kinetics of Methanol Steam Reforming" (2013).

■ Y.-S. Lo (羅羽昇), Advisor Prof. M.-H. Hou (侯明宏), Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, "Structural Basis for Unusual DNA Conformations: Implications for Neurological Diseases" (2013).

■ M.-H. Lu (呂孟涵), Advisor Prof. C.-P. Cheng (鄭秋平), Department of Electrophysics, National Chiayi University, "Synchrotron-radiation Photoemission Study of Electronic Structures of the C60/Cs-doped Rubrene Heterointerface"

(2013).

■ C.-H. Luo (羅啟宏), Advisor Prof. M.-T. Lin (林敏聰), Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, "Low Temperature Scanning Tunneling Microscope Investigation of Morphology and Electronic Properties of Monolayer MoS2 Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition" (2013).

■ C.-W. Mao (毛志維), Advisor Prof. C. K. Lin (林中魁), School of Oral Hygiene, Taipei Medical University and Y.-K Hwu (胡宇光), Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, "Synchrotron X-ray Reduction Synthesis of Bimetallic Au-Pd Nanoparticles" (2013).

■ P. D. Minh, Advisor Prof. S.-F. Yu (俞聖法), Department of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, "Rapid and Versatile Nano-diamond-based Sample Preparation for Improved Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Membrane Proteins" (2013).

■ J.-H. Ou (歐顓豪), Advisor Prof. C.-H. Du (杜昭宏), De-partment of Physics, Tamkang University, "Study of the Surface/Interface Structure of the Magnetic Thin Films Using X-ray Reflectivity" (2013).

■ C.-C. Peng (彭照棋), Advisor Prof. S.-L. Chang (張石麟), NSRRC/Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua Uni-versity, "Feasibility Studies on Realization of X-ray Multi-cavity of Sapphire and Designing a Four-crystal High Resolution Monochromator" (2013).

■ C.-S. Shiu (徐千翔), Advisor Prof. K.-S. Lin (林錕松), Department of Chemistry Engineering & Material Science, Yuan Ze University, "Preparation, Characterization, and Hydrogen Storage Capacity of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frame-works" (2013).

■ C.-W. Shu (許嘉威), Advisor Prof. K.-S. Lin (林錕松), Department of Chemistry Engineering & Material Science, Yuan Ze University, "Enhancement of Production Tech-nology for Biodiesel Using Solid Superacidic/Superbasic Catalysts" (2013).

■ H.-M. Su (蘇泓銘), Advisor Prof. C.-H. Cheng (鄭智馨), School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, "Effects of Fertilization on Forest Pro-duction and Greenhouse Gas Emission" (2013).

■ P.-C. Su (蘇柏誠), Advisor Prof. K.-W. Wang (王冠文), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nation-al Central University, "Enhancement of Electrochemical Properties of Pd/C Catalysts Toward Ethanol Oxidation Reaction in Alkaline Solution Through Ni and Au Alloying" (2013).

■ W.-J. Su (蘇尉禎), Advisor Prof. S.-W. Kuo (郭紹偉), Department of Material & Optoelectronics Engineering,

131

APPENDIX

National Sun Yat-sen University, "The Application of Hy-drogen Bonding in Polybenzoxazine Composites" (2013).

■ W.-T. Sung (宋文德), Advisor Prof. W.-J. Wang (王文竹), Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, "Metallo-liquid Crystals Formed by Oxamide Core" (2013).

■ S.-W. Tai (戴淑玟), Advisor Prof. Y.-W. Yang (楊耀文), NSRRC, "Organic Field Effect Transistors of Crystalline Rubrene Thin Films on Magnesium Arachidate Multilayer: Fabrication and Characterization" (2013).

■ H.-C. Tsai (蔡欣潔), Advisor Prof. W.-F. Su (林唯芳), Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National Taiwan University, "Synthesis, Characterization and Physical Properties of Amphiphilic Rod-coil DEH-PPV-b-PNIPAM Block Copolymers" (2013).

■ Y.-L. Tsai (蔡宜霖), Advisor Prof. H.-M. Kao (高憲明), Department of Chemistry, National Central University, "Synthesis and Characterization of Mesoporous Carbons with Two Dimensional and Three Dimensional Pore Struc-ture and Its Application in Adsorption" (2013).

■ N.-U. Tsao (曹乃弘), Advisor Prof. C. Su (蘇昭瑾), De-partment of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, K.-H. Chen (陳貴賢), IAMS, Academia Sinica, and L.-C. Chen (林麗瓊), CCMS, National Taiwan University, "The Effect of CuOx Thin Film Oxidation State on the Enhancement of Hole Transporta-tion in the Inverted Polymer Solar Cell" (2013).

■ S.-C. Tsao (曹書綺), Advisor Prof. C.-T. Lo (羅介聰), De-partment of Chemistry Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, "Synthesis and Self-assembly of Azobenzene-containing Diblock Copolymers" (2013).

■ S.-M. Tseng (曾善美), Advisor Prof. C.-F. Cheng (鄭吉豐), Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian Univer-sity, "Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxylic Fluor-escence Dyes and Mesoporous Silica Materials with Dyes" (2013).

■ Y.-R. Tseng (曾宇如), Advisor Prof. Y.-W. Chiang (江昀緯), Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua Univer-sity, "Study of Protein Dynamics in Reverse Micelle Using ESR" (2013).

■ K.-L. Tsung (叢可蘭), Advisor Prof. H.-M. Lai (賴喜美), Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, "Preparation of Starch Porous Microspheres with Rice Starch of Different Amylose Contents" (2013).

■ C.-W. Wang (王佳瑋), Advisor Prof. J.-R. Chang (張仁瑞), Department of Chemistry Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, "Sulfur Poisoning of Pt Isomerization

Catalysts: Effects of Binder and Silica to Alumina Ratio of Zeolite" (2013).

■ C.-Y. Wang (王照燕), Advisor Prof. K.-S. Lin (林錕松), Department of Chemistry Engineering & Material Science, Yuan Ze University, "High-surface-area Sulfurized Activat-ed Carbon Using Carbon Black from Waste Tire Pyrolysis Process and Its Application on Mercury Removal" (2013).

■ L.-W. Wang (王亮崴), Advisor Prof. B.-D. Hsu (徐邦達), Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University and S.-T. Hsu (徐尚德) Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, "Multiparametric Characterization of the Folding Mechanism of a Pseudo-knotted Protein from Helicobacter Pylori" (2013).

■ S.-S. Wang (王筱姍), Advisor Prof. R.-S. Liu (劉如熹), Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, "Neighboring-cation Substitution-driven Remote-controlled Activator in CaALSiN3:Eu Lattice" (2013).

■ Z.-Y. Wei (魏子喻), Advisor Prof. Keh-Chyang Leou (柳克強), Department of Engineering & System Science, National Tsing Hua University and Wai-Keung Lau (劉偉強), NSRRC, "Design and Analysis of a Thermionic Cath-ode Radio Frequency Electron Gun with On-axis Coupled Structure" (2013).

■ C.-K. Wen (溫智匡), Advisor Prof. J.-Y. Lin (林俊源), Department of Physics, National Chiao Tung University, "Spin Configurations and Valence State Study of Transition Metal Ions in Octahedral Environment by X-ray Absorp-tion Spectroscopy" (2013).

■ M.-H. Wen (溫明憲), Advisor Prof. E.-W. Huang (黃爾文), Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, "Precipitation Evolution and Mechanical Properties in an Al-Cu Alloy as a Function of Environmental Temperatures" (2013).

■ C.-G. Wu (吳承剛), Advisor Prof. H.-M. Kao (高憲明), Department of Chemistry, National Central University, "Synthesis Design and Electrochemical Studies of Solid (Gel) State Polymer Electrolyte with Different Repeating Units of Long Chain Branching Type" (2013).

■ J.-R. Wu (吳佳容), Advisor Prof. S.-L. Wang (王素蘭), Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, "Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Characterizations of a New Family of Alkaline Metal Phosphites and Some Novel Metal Phosphates" (2013).

■ C.-H. Yang (楊景皓), Advisor Prof. K.-S. Lin (林錕松), Department of Chemistry Engineering & Material Science, Yuan Ze University, "Application of Silver-lined Titania

132


Nanotubes on Dye-sensitized Solar Cells" (2013).

■ C.-W. Yang (楊智崴), Advisor Prof. C.-H. Wang (王丞浩), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, "Nanocomposite of Fe3O4@Co as an Active and Durable Catalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Alkaline Media" (2013).

■ K.-J. Yang (楊凱政), Advisor Prof. M.-T. Lin (林敏聰), Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, "In-vestigating Fe-PTCDA On Au(111) Self-assembly Structure and Charge Transfer by Scanning Tunneling Microcopy" (2013).

■ T.-Y. Yang (楊姿筠), Advisor Prof. Y.-J. Sun (孫玉珠), De-partment of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, "Structural and Functional Analysis of the Chromosome Segregation Protein Soj from Helicobacter Pylori" (2013).

■ Z.-Y. Yang (楊智宇), Advisor Prof. J.-R. Chang (張仁瑞), Department of Chemistry Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, "Development of Technology for Bio-diesel" (2013).

■ Y.-T. Ye (葉雅王亭), Advisor Prof. S.-L. Chang (張石麟), NSRRC/Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua Uni-versity, "Investigation of Probing E-Field Inside the Thin-film ZnO on Al2O3 Substrate Using X-ray Multiple Diffrac-tion" (2013).

■ T.-H. Yeh (葉子豪), Advisor Prof. K.-W. Wang (王冠文), Department of Materials Science and Engineering,

National Central University, "The Preparation of Carbon-supported PtM (M=Au, Pd, or Cu) Nanorods and Their Oxygen Reduction Reaction" (2013).

■ C.-N. Yen (顏嘉男), Advisor Prof. M.-T. Lin (林敏聰), Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, "Fab-rication and Characterization of Nanopore Devices and Iron Nitride Thin Films" (2013).

■ H.-P. Yi (易修平), Advisor Prof. C.-S. Yang (楊啟伸), De-partment of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, "Establishment of an Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)-coated Electrochemical Device for Monitoring the Dynamic Movements of Ions and Microbial Rhodopsins" (2013).

■ C.-Y. Yu (游濟陽), Advisor Prof. J.-G. Duh (杜正恭), Department of Material Science & Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, "Interfacial Reaction Between Sn and Cu-xZn Substrate After Reflow and Thermal Aging" (2013).

■ Y.-T. Yu (游雅婷), Advisor Prof. S.-H. Chou (周三和), De-partment of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing Univer-sity, "Studies of the Xcc Hrp Regulatory Protein FhrR and Human Innate Immunity dsRNA Receptor Protein DDX1-DDX21 Complex" (2013).

■ J.-X. Zhang (張景翔), Advisor Prof. J.-R. Chang (張仁瑞), Department of Chemistry Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, "Petro-chemicals from Ethanol" (2013).

ACTIVITY REPORT

2013

ACTIVITY REPORT

2013National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center

ISSN 1814-7879

NS

RR

C A

ctivity

Rep

ort 2013

101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, TaiwanTel: +886-3-578-0281 Fax: +886-3-578-3892 http://www.nsrrc.org.tw

...C EP 201 Publisher National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center Editorial Committee Huang, Di-Jing (Editor in Chief) Chen, Chun-Jung (Associate Editor in Chief) Chen, Yen-Ju Chu

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