BIOURBANISM TOWARDS AN HUMAN ORIENTED DESIGN by Antonio Caperna

Gazi University, Department of Architecture

EWTA 2011EWTA 2011

International Design Workshops T i d A hit ton Tourism and Architecture

Elective Course for Architectural Last Year Students

6/18 June, Aycalik (Turkey)

Dr. Arch. Antonio Caperna, PhD

E-mail: [email protected]

Antonio Caperna, PhD

BIOURBANISMTOWARDS AN HUMAN ORIENTED DESIGN

PART ONE

Architecture and context: XX centuryArchitecture and context: XX century

i. paradigm

ii. Policies, economy and society

iii. Architecture and urbanism

PART TWOPART TWO

Introduction to Biourbanism

G E N E R A L O V E R V I E W

History, philosophy, policy, religion, science, etc.CITY

Philosophy / culture

XVII Century

Scientific revolution

Industrial revolution

Shift paradigm

Pollution waste social and

UNSUSTAINABLE SYSTEMENERGYECONOMY

Ξ Pollution, waste, social and economical divide, urbanization, globalization, …

CITY Ξ

POLICIES

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The Cartesian-Newtonian paradigm contends that the physical world is made up of basic entities with distinct p y pproperties distinguishing one element from another.

Isolating and reducing the physical world to is most basicIsolating and reducing the physical world to is most basic entities, its separate parts, provides us with completely knowable, predictable, and therefore controllable physical ni erseuniverse. . .

The Cartesian-Newtonian paradigm contends that the physical.The Cartesian Newtonian paradigm contends that the physical universe is governed by immutable laws and therefore is determined and predictable, like an enormous machine. In principle knowledge of the world could be complete in all itsprinciple, knowledge of the world could be complete in all its details. (De Jong)

Antonio Caperna,

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According to Descartes, our world is:

-The machine metaphor - universe as clockwork

Ph b d d t i l- Phenomena can be reduced to simple cause & effect relationships governed by linear laws

- possible to comprehend it thought its parts

- formed by objects

- relationships are not important

Cultural, economical, Environmental andCultural, economical, Environmental and Architectural pattern.

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Global Policy since 1950 has been an emphasis on:

1 f t i th “ th f ti h”1. faster economic growth “growth fetish”2. the pursuit of economic growth is a sole measure of national

success3 I i i f h d3. Increasing power in fewer hands4. Profit motive bottom line of corps5. lack of true cost accounting--environmental costs not included--it is

t t d bli d d th l it dtreated as public good and thus exploited6. Unregulated economic globalization without concern for social and

environmental consequences7 Economic gro th is meas red b real rate of gro th in a co ntr 's total7. Economic growth is measured by real rate of growth in a country's total

output of goods and services or real GDP8. Elite powerbrokers/nations erected new politics, ideologies, and

institutions predicated on these ideas/principlesinstitutions predicated on these ideas/principles9. Harnessing fossil fuels played a central role in widening int’l wealth &

power

B I OURBANISM

“Instead of an existentially grounded plastic and spatial experience, architecture has adopted the psychological strategy of advertising and instant persuasion; buildings have turned into image products detached from existential depth and sincerity” (J. Pallasmaa)

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MOBILITY’S IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

30% of the world’s energy consumption is used by the transport sector;People spend 10% of their time in transport People spend 10% of their time in transport Mobility is critical for the functioning of our society

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Peak oil

Th i hi h iti d d t h ll b d i d i th f t h ll

Source: Energy Information Administration

The way in which cities and gadgets shall be designed in the future shall be directly affected by the availability of fuels and resources. Will technology be the catalyst that allows us to deal with a resource shortage? shortage? Is the rate at which our society progresses sustainable when our most important primary resource is running out?

Since 1979, the size of the summer polar ice cap has shrunk more than 20 percent. (Illustration from NASA) (http://www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/qthinice.asp)

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What will Climate Change mean?What will Climate Change mean?

Rising sea levelsgincreased flooding and droughthotter summerswetter wintersmore freak weather eventsmillions of people on the move in millions of people on the move in Africa and Asia -hunger, unrest, homelessness, diseaseconflict - water, food, resources

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The 20th Century ModelIncreased ConsumptionMore Waste GenerationWorldwide fossil fuel consumption Worldwide fossil fuel consumption

quintupled since 1950Freshwater consumption doubled

since 1960

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I. More environmental degradation than any pt in historyII. More inequality between humans than any pt in historyIII. More complexity to problems themselvesIV. Ideology that technology is part of “progress” that will save

day; abstraction of natureday; abstraction of natureV. massive population increase: both from increased

consumption of earth’s resources and our ecological footprint (straining earth’s carrying capacity)(straining earth’s carrying capacity)

VI. rapid technological innovation: permits massive extraction and exploitation of resourcesp

VII. an explosion in energy use: 1 & 2 facilitate energy use, complemented by elite discourse promoting consumptive behaviorbehavior

VIII. 4) economic integration: promoted through globalization (Fordism) led to mass consumerism and the “growth i ti ”imperative”

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essential problems of architecture1. There are issues of value, that cannot be separated from the main task of serving functional needs. Thus, aesthetics—dismissed as subjective in much contemporary science—lies at the core of architecture.

2. There is the issue of context—a building grows out of, and must complement, the place where it appears.

3. There is the issue of design and creation - processes capable of generating unity.

4 There is the issue of human feeling: since of course no building can be considered4. There is the issue of human feeling: since, of course, no building can be considered if it does not connect, somehow, to human feeling as an objective matter.

5. There is the issue of ecological and sustainable and biological connection to the landland.

6. There is the vital issue of social agreement regarding decision making in regards to a complex system: this arises naturally when hundreds of people need to make decisions together – often the case in the human environmentdecisions together – often the case in the human environment.

7. There is the issue of emerging beauty of shape, as the goal and outcome of all processes.

BIOURBANISM: A GENERAL OVERVIEW

Democratic (Bottom-up) processes ENERGY

City formGreen BuildingsRenewable energies

Policy

up) processesSocietal, glo-cale-gov

e-democracy

ENERGY Renewable energiesGrid energy system

e-democracyP2P urbanism

BIOBIO HUMAN ORIENTED BIOURBANISM

BIOURBANISM

DESIGNNETWORK

Reinforcement of life systemsBiophilia HypothesisParticipatory Design

Morphogenetic DesignMorphogenetic DesignEnvironmental Psychology

NeurophysiologySensory Urbanism

Change of PatternsCultural

Economical Complex approachSHIFT PARADIGM

EconomicalEducational

Complex approach

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BIOURBANISM MANIFESTOAntonio Caperna, Alessia Cerqua, Alessandro Giuliani, Nikos A. Salingaros, Stefano Serafini

Biourbanism focuses on the urban organism, considering it as a hypercomplexsystem, according to its internal and external dynamics and their mutualinteractionsinteractions.The urban body is composed of several interconnected layers of dynamic structure,all influencing each other in a non-linear manner. This interaction results in emergentproperties, which are not predictable except through a dynamical analysis of thep ope t es, c a e ot p ed ctab e e cept t oug a dy a ca a a ys s o t econnected whole. This approach therefore links Biourbanism to the Life Sciences,and to Integrated Systems Sciences like Statistical Mechanics, Thermodynamics,Operations Research, and Ecology in an essential manner. The similarity ofp gy yapproaches lies not only in the common methodology, but also in the content of theresults (hence the prefix “Bio”), because the city represents the livingenvironment of the human species.Biourbanism recognizes “optimal forms” defined at different scales (from the purelyphysiological up to the ecological levels) which, through morphogenetic processes,guarantee an optimum of systemic efficiency and for the quality of life of theinhabitants. A design that does not follow these laws produces anti-natural, hostileenvironments, which do not fit into an individual’s evolution, and thus fail to enhancelife in any way.

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BIOURBANISM MANIFESTO

The aim of Biourbanism is to make a scientific contribution towards: (i) the development and implementation of the premises of Deep Ecology on social-environmental grounds; (ii) the identification and actualization of environmental enhancement according to the natural needs of human beings andenhancement according to the natural needs of human beings and the ecosystem in which they live; (iii) managing the transition of the fossil fuel economy towards a

fnew organizational model of civilization; and (iv) deepening the organic interaction between cultural and physical factors in urban reality (as, for example, the geometry of socialfactors in urban reality (as, for example, the geometry of social action, fluxes and networks study, etc.).

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SHIFT PARADIGM

Complexity science is a science of understanding changeù

A loosely bound collection of ideas, principles and influences from a number of other bodies of knowledge, including

chaos theoryfractal geometrycyberneticsycomplex adaptive systemspostmodernismsystems thinkingsystems thinking

Discovery of similar patterns, processes and relationships in a wide variety of phenomena

related to the nature and dynamics of changerelated to the nature and dynamics of change

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Complex systemsComplex systemsCollection of parts which collectivelyCollection of parts, which collectively have a range of dimensionsParts share an physical or symbolicParts share an physical or symbolic environment / spaceAction by any part can affect the wholeAction by any part can affect the whole

E.g. individuals, families, communities, cities, markets societies populations economiesmarkets, societies, populations, economies, nations, planets

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… it includes a passage from:… it includes a passage from:

the part to the wholestructure to processstructure to processobjective science to epistemologybuilding to network as metaphor for knowledgetruth to approximate descriptionstruth to approximate descriptions

Shifting Attitudes about the EnvironmentThings versus Relations between ThingsEconomy and Ecology versus IntegrationTechno-development versus Eco-development

Complexity also means that systems need to be understood at different scalesy y

Atom

Communities

Atom

Organisms

MoleculeTissue

Cell

Organs

RECENT STUDY

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RECENT STUDY

Stress (Ulrich, 1993)heart rate blood pressure relax muscleheart rate, blood pressure, relax muscle tension, increase alpha waves that associated with relaxation. (Ulrich et al., 1991)1991)immune system functioning (Parsons, 1991)anxiety, fear, anger, aggression and a ety, ea , a ge , agg ess o a dincreased feelings of well begin are common responses to natural settings (Ulrich, 1979, Hartig, Mang, & Evans, ( , , g, g, ,1991)Interaction in natural environments also increase problem solving, creativity, capacity to concentrate and focus (Ulrich, 1993, Katcher& Wilkins, 1993)Enhances feelings of awe, mystery, spiritual transcendence (Besthorn& Saleeby, 2003)

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MorphogeneticsDesign Process Design Process

(MDP)

MORPHOGENESYS

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MORPHOGENESYS

The process can be seen clearly in embryogenesis where the whole The process can be seen clearly in embryogenesis, where the whole organism is going through a continuous transformation that preserves the whole, but also articulates new structures. And the process is clearly coded according to simple chemical operations at the molecular clearly coded according to simple chemical operations at the molecular scale – but operations that quickly become vastly complex and interactive at larger scales.

Comparison of bat and mouse limb embryogenesis – a process of stepwise differentiation ofwholes with new parts – but always preserving the whole

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fractals in typical Ethiopian village architecture

… organisms, computer programs, buildings,programs, buildings, neighbourhoods, and cities share the same general rules governing ageneral rules governing a complex hierarchical system.

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Gloucester, cathedral, chiostro

Granada : Alhambra

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Traditional urban geometry isgeometry is characterized by fractal interfaces

Cobweb(Batty and Longley, 1994; Bovill, 1996; Frankha ser 1994)

Aerial view of

Frankhauser, 1994). The simplest definition of a fractal is a view of

Chinese town

of a fractal is a structure that shows complexity at any magnification

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Musei Vaticani, Rome

Nodes: chemicals (substrates)

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Neuronal Network

Metabolic NetworkNodes: chemicals (substrates)

Links: bio-chemical reactions

Neuronal Network

InternetMusic

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P2PURBANISMP2PURBANISM

P2P urbanism

Definition prepared by the “Peer-to-peer Urbanism Task Force” consisting of Antonio Caperna, Michael Mehaffy, Geeta Mehta, Federico Mena-Quintero, Agatino Rizzo, Nikos A. Salingaros, Stefano Serafini, and Emanuele Strano

RECENT STUDY

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RECENT STUDY

Stress (Ulrich, 1993)heart rate blood pressure relax muscleheart rate, blood pressure, relax muscle tension, increase alpha waves that associated with relaxation. (Ulrich et al., 1991)1991)immune system functioning (Parsons, 1991)anxiety, fear, anger, aggression and a ety, ea , a ge , agg ess o a dincreased feelings of well begin are common responses to natural settings (Ulrich, 1979, Hartig, Mang, & Evans, ( , , g, g, ,1991)Interaction in natural environments also increase problem solving, creativity, capacity to concentrate and focus (Ulrich, 1993, Katcher& Wilkins, 1993)Enhances feelings of awe, mystery, spiritual transcendence (Besthorn& Saleeby, 2003)

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BIOPHILIAis the innately emotional affiliation ofis the innately emotional affiliation of human beings to other living organisms

“Wilson and other Biophilia theorists assert that human beings not only derive specific aesthetic benefits from interacting with nature but that theinteracting with nature, but that the human species has an instinctive, genetically determined need togenetically determined need to deeply affiliate with natural setting and life-forms.” (Besthorn& Saleeby, 2003)

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What is Biophilia?

“For human survival and mental health and fulfillment, we need the natural setting in which h h i d l i l l d d i the human mind almost certainly evolved and in

which culture has developed over these millions of years of evolution ” of years of evolution.

An intersection between psychology and biology the p y gy gyconnection is genetic – it resides in the common parts of our DNA

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What role does Green Space play in the Urban Environment?

BENEFIT FROM BIOPHILIC DESIGN

a o do pa p ay U ba o

• Environmental

• Psychological

• Neurophysiological• Neurophysiological

• Physical Health• Physical Health

• Social

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• Contact with nature has been found to enhance healing and recovery g yfrom illness and major surgical procedures, including direct contact ( l li h i i )(e.g., natural lighting, vegetation), as well as representational and symbolic depictions of nature (e g pictures)depictions of nature (e.g., pictures).

Photos courtesy of Legacy Health System

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• Contact with nature has been linked to cognitive functioning g gon tasks requiring concentration and memory.

• Healthy childhood maturation and development has beenand development has been correlated with contact with natural features and settings.g

• The human brain responds f ti ll t ttfunctionally to sensory patterns and cues emanating from the natural environmentnatural environment.

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• Communities with higher-quality environments reveal q ymore positive valuations of nature, superior quality

f lifof life, greater neighborliness, and a stronger sense of placestronger sense of place than communities of lower environmental quality. q yThese findings also occur in poor urban as well as

ffl t d b bmore affluent and suburban neighborhoods.

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Neurophysiology is the study of nervous system functionfunction

Understand how our brain i t t ith b interact with urban environment in psychological, biological, emotional termbiological, emotional term

Urban environment as communication system in physical, sensorial, psychological and biological term

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Environmental Environmental Gardens & green space can account for 30-50% of city space and help mitigate many of the environmental problems associated with the built environmentthe built environment

Urban ‘Heat Island’ effect Concrete & other building material absorb heat Concrete & other building material absorb heat “Heat wave” in 2003 thought to cause 35,000 premature deaths in

central Europe Turf 25oC cooler than AsphaltTurf 25oC cooler than AsphaltParks can be 5.9oC cooler at night than suburbs‘Leafy’ suburb 2-3oC cooler than new suburb –(Wolf 2004)Trees in school playgrounds –surface temp 25oC cooler, air temp p yg p , p

10oC cooler –(Moog-Soulis, 2002)10% increase in city Greenspace–reduce temps by 4oC –(Gill et al.

2007)

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Building emulate nature

The most astonishing ventilation syste h h b d l d b ms, however, have been developed by

various species of termites.

one example of sustainablearchitecture that uses dramatically less energy by imitating the successful strategiesing the successful strategiesof indigenous natural systems. The building, the country's largest commercial and shopping complex, uses the shopping complex, uses the same heating and cooling principles as a local termite mound

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BEST PRACTICESBEST PRACTICES

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access to open and/or moving waterp / g

These more conventional water features are also accessible to the majority are easier to maintain and majority, are easier to maintain and cleaner than the traditional paddling pool.

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Vegetable Façade

• Edable fruits (e g Wine)• Edable fruits (e.g. Wine)• Biomass production• Dust reduction• Heavy metal reduction• Thermal insulation• Energy savings• Noise reduction• Biodiversity• Biodiversity• Evapotranspiration cooling

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Vegetable Façade

COPENHAGEN (DK) - In central Copenhagen a living map of Europe has appeared on the facade of the European Environment Agency (EEA) offices. Designed by architect Johanna Rossbach, with Mangor & Nagel Arkitektirma, the vegetative, custom-fitted screen celebrates the old continent's biodiversity, with plants arranged according to their respective regional origins. Reflecting a burgeoning trend toward living facades in urban contexts, the forward-thinking project stresses the use of indigenous species when choosing to 'green' the urban environment, an essential step toward the preservation of local ecologies.

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By absorbing rainwater, the new Academy’s living roof will prevent up to 3.6 million y g y g p pgallons of runoff from carrying pollutants into the ecosystem each year (about 98% of all storm water).Reclaimed water from the City of San Francisco will be used to flush the toilets, reducing the use of potable water for wastewater conveyance by 90%reducing the use of potable water for wastewater conveyance by 90%.

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Folding Bamboo Houses

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ufficio nei boschi realizzato dagli architetti Jose Selgas e Lucia Cano Architects

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Vertical Garden, Fair Street Housing, London, United Kingdom

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A sensory garden: A self-contained area that concentrates a wide range of sensory experiences. range of sensory experiences.

The Sonic Garden Lab at "Castello del Bisarno“, Firenze

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RestorationRestoration of Angelo Mai’s of Angelo Mai’s RestorationRestoration of Angelo Mai’s of Angelo Mai’s GardenGardenGardenGarden

Byy

Katarzyna Urbanowicz

Kalina Dobija – Dziubczynska

Angelo Mai. Courtyard and garden

Angelo Mai. Map of diagnosis

PATTERNSPATTERNS

schemes and trees of the main pattrens of the main pattrens

PLANPLAN

A - ASECTIONSSECTIONSSECTIONSSECTIONS

B - B

WATER WATER CIRCULATIONCIRCULATION

all the pools and fountains are connected, water circulates using the differences of the ground levels (with a pomp in one place)

LABIRYNTHLABIRYNTHLABIRYNTHLABIRYNTHThis part of the garden is more

natural and created as an organic labirynth with kind of ‘theme rooms’labirynth with kind of theme rooms .

DIFFERENT KINDS OF SEAT SPOTS

THE POOL WITH ‘GLASS BALLS’

CENTER 2’

Antonio Caperna, PhD

THE POOL WITH ‘GLASS BALLS’

CENTER 2’

Antonio Caperna, PhD

WATER WALL CENTER 3’

Antonio Caperna, PhD

THE POOL WITH WOODEN-BLOCK-PATHS

On the north boundary, there is quite a big but also very shallow pool. Many stones or wooden blocks h h f h h f h which finish over the water surface create paths on

the water and let people choose thair own way of passing.

The pool has two has two levels and is finished with kind of steps.

Antonio Caperna, PhD

THE POOL WITH WOODEN-BLOCK-PATHS

ROOF TERRACES

COFFEE – BOOKSHOP TERRACE

Antonio Caperna, PhD

COFFEE – BOOKSHOP TERRACE

Antonio Caperna, PhD

ReferencesAlexander, Christopher (2000) The Nature of Order (New York, Oxford University Press). (in press)Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., Silverstein, M., Jacobson, M., Fiksdahl-King, I. and Angel, S. (1977) A Pattern Language (New York, Oxford University Press).g g ( , y )Alexander, C., Neis, H., Anninou, A. and King, I. (1987) A New Theory of Urban Design (New York, Oxford University Press).Batty, Michael and Longley, Paul (1994) Fractal Cities (London, Academic Press).Bovill, Carl (1996) Fractal Geometry in Architecture and Design (Boston, Birkhäuser)., ( ) y g ( , )Salingaros, Nikos A. (1995) "The Laws of Architecture from a Physicist's Perspective", Physics Essays, Vol. 8 pp. 638-643.Salingaros, Nikos A. (1998) "Theory of the Urban Web", Journal of Urban Design, Vol. 3 pp. 53-71. [Earlier version published electronically by Resource for Urban Design Information in 1997[ p y y gSalingaros, Nikos A. (1999) "Urban Space and its Information Field", Journal of Urban Design,Vol. 4 pp. 29-49.Salingaros, Nikos A. (2000) "Structure of Pattern Languages", Architectural Research Quarterly,Vol. 4 pp. 149-161.ppSalingaros, Nikos A. and West, Bruce J. (1999) "A Universal Rule for the Distribution of Sizes", Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, Vol. 26 pp. 909-923.Caperna A., Introduction to The Pattern Language, www.archimagazine.comCaperna A., ICT per un Progetto Urbano Sostenibile, www.tesionline.itp p g

http://www.biourbanism.orghttp://www.pism.uniroma3.ithttp://www.pism.uniroma3.it

ReferencesNikos Salingaros, Twelve Lectures on Architecture. Algorithmic Sustainable Design, Solingen: Umbau

Verlag, 2010. Nikos Salingaros, Antonio Caperna, Michael Mehaffy, Geeta Mehta, Federico Mena--Quintero, Agatino

Rizzo, Stefano Serafini, Emanuele Strano, «A Definition of P2P (Peer-To‐Peer) Urbanism», AboutUsWiki, , , , ( ) , ,the P2P Foundation, DorfWiki, Peer to Peer Urbanism (September 2010). Presented by Nikos Salingaros at the International Commons Conference, Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, 1st November 2010.

Milena De Matteis, Stefano Serafini (eds.), Progettare la città a misura d’uomo. L’alternativa ecologica del Gruppo Salìngaros: una città più bella e più giusta, Rome: SIBU, 2010. pp g p p g , ,

Joseph P. Zbilut, Alessandro Giuliani, Simplicity. The Latent Order of Complexity, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2007.

Christopher Alexander, The Nature of Order, 4 vol., Berkeley, CA: Center for Environmental Structure, 2002-2005.

Grant Hildebrand, Origins of architectural pleasure, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999. Stephen R. Kellert, Edward O. Wilson (eds.), The Biophilia Hypotesis, Washington: Island Press, 1993. René Thom, Esquisse d’une Sémiophysique, Paris: InterEditions, 1991. Antonio Lima-de-Faria, Evolution without Selection. Form and Function by Autoevolution, London – New y

York – Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1988. Gregory Bateson, Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity (Advances in Systems Theory, Complexity, and the

Human Sciences), Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 1979.Conrad H. Waddington, Tools for Thought, London: Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1977. g g pEdgar Morin, La Méthode: La Nature de la Nature, Paris: Seuil, 1977.Ludwig von Bertalanffy, General System Theory, New York: George Braziller, 1968.

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