& Beyond The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL spread world- wide Communism GOAL.

& Beyond

WHAT IS THE COLD WAR?

The Ideological StruggleSoviet &

Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron

Curtain”]

US & the Western

Democracies

GOAL spread world-wide Communism

GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan]

METHODOLOGIES:

Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

Arms Race [nuclear proliferation]

Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist & command economy vs. Democratic & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”

Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

The “Iron Curtain”

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. - Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Established 1945

Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe develop as buffer between Democracies of Western Europe

Truman Doctrine [1947]

1. Civil War in Greece.

2. Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.

3. The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.

4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.CONTAIN COMMUNISM

Marshall Plan [1948]

1. “European Recovery Program.”

2. Secretary of State, George Marshall

3. The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.

4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].

Provide aid to Europe & prevent the spread of COMMUNISM

Mao’s Revolution: 1949

Communist takeover of China in 1949

Creates 2nd world power that is

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)

United States

Belgium

Britain

Canada

Denmark

France

Iceland

Italy

Luxemburg

Netherlands

Norway

Portugal

1952: Greece & Turkey

1955: West Germany

1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U.S.S.R.

} Albania

} Bulgaria

} Czechoslovakia

} East Germany

} Hungary

} Poland

} Rumania

Korean War -1950-53 • A divided Korea led to war,

separated family members, and cost a million lives, including 48,000 Americans.

• Created divided Korea: North (Communist) South (Democratic)

Vietnam War -1963-1972 • Three million people died in

the Vietnam War, including 58,000 Americans.

• Communist -supported North defeated US-supported South

The Cold War was very costly in

lives.

Sputnik I (1957)

The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the

technological edge!

Berlin Wall (1961)• Divided the city into communist

East Berlin and free (democratic) West Berlin

• Historic symbol of Communism• Taken down in 1989

Cuban

Rev

olut

ion

• Fidel Castro led a communist takeover of Cuba• Feared U.S. b/c of close proximity• Bay of Pigs Invasion - U.S. attempted to remove

Castro• U.S. trained Cuban refugees, failed due to U.S. not providing air

support

Video

Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

• U.S. demanded Soviet nuclear missiles be removed from Cuba

• Created a 13 day standoff between U.S. and U.S.S.R.

• Closest the world has ever come to nuclear war

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Conflicts of the Cold War• Nicaragua (1979)

– Contra’s (U.S. Supported) vs. Sandinistas (Communist Supported)

– Iran/ Contra Affair

• Afghanistan (1979)– Soviet attempt to take over Afghanistan with

communism & military– Defeated by Tribal Rebels (U.S. Supported)

• El Salvador (1982)– Revolution between dictatorships and socialist

backed guerillas. – U.S. supported military dictatorships

Soviet Communismvs.

Chinese Communism

Link

Soviet Communism vs. Chinese Communism

Political Systems and their characteristics:

1. Theocracy – Government run by religious leaders

2. Absolute Monarchy – Ruler w/ complete authority

3. Democracy – Government in which the people hold the power

4. Republic – Government where officials are chosen by the people

5. Oligarchy – Government where the ruling power belongs to a few people

6. Limited Monarchy – Government where a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch’s power

7. Totalitarianism – Government where a one-party dictatorship regulates every aspect of citizens’ lives

Factors that led to Communism in China

Japanese Imperialism extreme devastation of Chinese cities and the

economy by the Japanese invasion during WW II

Bayonetting practice

Public executions

Live human dissections

Japanese Aggression1931 - 1945

Japanese Aggression1931 - 1945

Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai

Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai

The Japanese Invasion 1937

The Japanese Invasion 1937

Japanese Bayonet Practice

Japanese Bayonet Practice

Remains of Chinese Children Bayoneted

by Japanese Soldiers

Remains of Chinese Children Bayoneted

by Japanese Soldiers

Beheadings Took Place in Public!

Beheadings Took Place in Public!

Chinese Prisoners Were Often

Beheaded & Displayed

Chinese Prisoners Were Often

Beheaded & Displayed

UNIT 731: Live Human Dissections

UNIT 731: Live Human Dissections

Factors that led to Communism in China

Communist Revolution, 1946-1949

A civil war between Mao Zedong’s Communist Red Army and Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) national forces at the end of WWII

Soviet Union supported the Red Army (Mao)

U.S. supported the Nationalist Army (Chain Kai-shek)

The Peoples’ Liberation Army, 1949

The Peoples’ Liberation Army, 1949

Factors that led to Communism in China

Mao defeated the nationalists in 1949 Established a Communist government on the mainland

The Nationalist retreated to Taiwan

Communists took over Tibet in 1950

Great Leap Forward, 1958

Great Leap Forward, 1958► 5 year plan to increase

agriculture and industry

► Communes groups of people who live &

work together property held in common had production quotas

► Failed due to poor quality of products & poor weather hurt agriculture

Communist China Under Mao

Communist China Under Mao

► Designed to renew revolutionary spirit and establish a more equitable society

► Mao wanted to put “intellectuals” in their place

► Schools shut down & students revolted

► Red Guards – students who attacked professors, government officials, factory managers

Communism Comparisons

Soviet: Proletariat (worker)

Revolution

Five-Year Plan(s)

Great Purges

Industrialization

Chinese:

Peasant Revolution

Great Leap Forward

Red Guards

Agrarian Society

Soviet vs. Chinese

Contributing factor: Extreme devastation of cities and the economy by Japanese

invasion during WWII

Chinese

Soviet vs. Chinese

Contributing factor: inequality of the classes, famine, and devastation during

WWI.

Soviet

Soviet vs. Chinese

One-party totalitarian state

Both

Soviet vs. Chinese

Civil War between Communists and Nationalist

Both

Soviet vs. Chinese

Proletariat (worker) revolution

Soviet

Soviet vs. Chinese

Communist government established in 1949

Chinese

Soviet vs. Chinese

Peasant revolution

Chinese

Soviet vs. Chinese

Five-Year Plan

Soviet

Soviet vs. Chinese

Great Leap Forward

Chinese

Soviet vs. Chinese

Great Purges

Soviet

Soviet vs. Chinese

Red Guards

Chinese

Soviet vs. Chinese

Took over Tibet in 1950

Chinese

Soviet vs. Chinese

Collectivization: the pooling of resources to increase efficiency

Both

Soviet vs. Chinese

Industrial Economy

Soviet

Soviet vs. Chinese

Agrarian (agriculture) society

Chinese

Soviet vs. Chinese

Maintained control over satellite states in Central an Eastern Europe

Soviet